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are connected in parallel to the signaling path so that the current flow is monitored to indicate a closure of the circuit path by any connected detector when smoke or other similar environmental stimuli sufficiently influences any detector. The resulting increase in current flow (or a dead short) is interpreted and processed by the control unit as a confirmation of the presence of smoke and a fire alarm signal is generated. In a conventional system, smoke detectors are typically wired together in each zone and a single fire alarm control panel usually monitors several zones which can be arranged to correspond to different areas of a building. In the event of a fire, the control panel can identify which zone or zones contain the detector or detectors in alarm. However, they cannot identify which individual detector or detectors are in a state of alarm.
186:. In the late 1930s, Swiss physicist Walter Jaeger attempted to invent a sensor for poison gas. He expected the gas entering the sensor to bind to ionized air molecules and thereby alter an electric current in a circuit of the instrument. However, his device did not achieve its purpose as small concentrations of gas did not affect the sensor's conductivity. Frustrated, Jaeger lit a cigarette and was surprised to notice that a meter on the instrument had registered a drop in current. Unlike poison gas, the smoke particles from his cigarette were able to alter the circuit's current. Jaeger's experiment was one of the developments that paved the way for the modern smoke detector. In 1939, Swiss physicist Ernst Meili devised an ionization chamber device capable of detecting combustible gases in mines. He also invented a
1521:) data revealing serious performance problems with ionization technology in the early, smoldering stage of a fire, a rise in litigation involving ionization smoke alarms, and increasing legislation mandating the installation of photoelectric smoke alarms. The speech cited in May 2013, World Fire Safety Foundation report published in the Australian Volunteer Firefighter Association's magazine titled, 'Can Australian and U.S. Smoke Alarm Standards be Trusted?' The speech concluded with a request for one of the world's largest ionization smoke alarm manufacturers and the CSIRO to disclose the level of visible smoke required to trigger the manufacturers' ionization smoke alarms under CSIRO scientific testing. The US state of California banned the sale of smoke detectors with replaceable batteries.
526:
electronic circuit detects that a current difference has developed between the open and sealed chambers, and sounds the alarm. The circuitry also monitors the battery used to supply or back up power. It sounds an intermittent warning when it nears exhaustion. A user-operated test button simulates an imbalance between the ionization chambers and sounds the alarm if and only if the power supply, electronics, and alarm device are functional. The current drawn by an ionization smoke detector is low enough for a small battery used as a sole or backup power supply to be able to provide power for years without the need for external wiring.
1011:(NFPA) focused on understanding the cause of the higher number of deaths in such high-risk groups. Initial research into the effectiveness of the various alerting methods is sparse. Research findings suggest that a low frequency (520 Hz) square wave output is significantly more effective at awakening high-risk individuals. Wireless smoke and carbon monoxide detectors linked to alert mechanisms such as vibrating pillow pads for the hearing impaired, strobes, and remote warning handsets are more effective at waking people with serious hearing loss than other alarms.
1201:
determination of a wide range of faults in detection capabilities of smoke detectors. Detectors become contaminated usually as a result of the build-up of atmospheric particulates in the detectors being circulated by the heating and air-conditioning systems in buildings. Other causes include carpentry, sanding, painting, and smoke in the event of a fire. Panels can also be interconnected to monitor a large number of detectors in multiple buildings. This is most commonly used in hospitals, universities, resorts and other large centres or institutions.
4027:
1171:(FACP). These are the most common type of detector and are usually significantly more expensive than single-station battery-operated residential smoke alarms. They are used in most commercial and industrial facilities and other places such as ships and trains, but are also part of some security alarm systems in homes. These detectors do not need to have built-in alarms, as alarm systems can be controlled by the connected FACP, which will set off relevant alarms, and can also implement complex functions such as a staged evacuation.
218:. This greatly reduced the detectors' cost and size and made it possible to monitor battery life. The previous alarm horns which required special batteries were replaced with horns that were more energy-efficient and allowed the use of widely available batteries. These detectors could also function with smaller amounts of radioactive source material, and the sensing chamber and smoke detector enclosure were redesigned to make the operation more effective. The rechargeable batteries were often replaced by a pair of
421:(NFPA), "photoelectric smoke detection is generally more responsive to fires that begin with a long period of smoldering". Studies by Texas A&M and the NFPA cited by the City of Palo Alto, California state, "Photoelectric alarms react slower to rapidly growing fires than ionization alarms, but laboratory and field tests have shown that photoelectric smoke alarms provide adequate warning for all types of fires and have been shown to be far less likely to be deactivated by occupants."
1020:
chirp repeatedly if the battery is low in power. It has been found that battery-powered smoke detectors in many houses have dead batteries. It has been estimated that in the UK, over 30% of smoke alarms have dead or removed batteries. In response public information campaigns have been created to remind people to change smoke detector batteries regularly. In
Australia, for example, a public information campaign suggests that smoke alarm batteries should be replaced on
1152:
1143:
Regulations in
England, Wales and Scotland recommend that BS 5839: Pt.6 should be followed, but as a minimum a Grade D, LD3 system should be installed. Building Regulations in Northern Ireland require a Grade D, LD2 system to be installed, with smoke alarms fitted in the escape routes and the main living room and a heat alarm in the kitchen; this standard also requires all detectors to have a mains supply and a battery backup.
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also includes additional requirements for smoke alarms, which are suitable for use in leisure accommodation vehicles. However, much of EN14604 is voluntary. A study published in 2014 assessed six areas of compliance and found that 33% of devices claiming to meet this standard did not do so in one or more of the specifics. The study also found 19% of the products to have a problem with actual fire detection.
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Several detectors (whether standalone or interconnected) are normally used in the rooms of a dwelling. There are inexpensive smoke alarms that may be interconnected so that any detector triggers all alarms. They are powered by mains electricity, with disposable or rechargeable battery backup. They may be interconnected by wires, or wirelessly. They are required in new installations in some jurisdictions.
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habits, routines, and lifestyle. Since smart smoke detectors are connected to the internet, they are vulnerable to hacking. An unauthorized person could potentially access the device and the data it collects. In extreme cases, if the device includes a camera or microphone, a hacker could use it to spy on the home's inhabitants.
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smoke alarm in the dwelling. This is so all would be activated together. From that date, all replacement smoke alarms must be photoelectric; from
January 1, 2022, all dwellings sold, leased, or where a lease is renewed must comply as for new dwellings; and from January 1, 2027, all dwellings must comply as for new dwellings.
624:), corresponding to about 0.3 μg of the isotope. This provides sufficient ion current to detect smoke while producing a very low level of radiation outside the device. Some Russian-made smoke detectors, most notably the RID-6m and IDF-1m models, contain a small amount of plutonium (18 MBq), rather than the typical
1921:
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The word "conventional" is slang used to distinguish the method used to communicate with the control unit in newer addressable systems. So-called "conventional detectors" are smoke detectors used in older interconnected systems and resemble electrical switches by their way of working. These detectors
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72, National Fire Alarm and
Signaling Code. Laws governing the installation of smoke detectors vary depending on the locality. However, some rules and guidelines for existing homes are relatively consistent throughout the developed world. For example, Canada and Australia require a building to have a
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Regular cleaning can prevent false alarms caused by the build-up of dust and insects, particularly on optical-type alarms as they are more susceptible to these factors. A vacuum cleaner can be used to clean domestic smoke detectors to remove detrimental dust. Optical detectors are less susceptible to
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Batteries are used either as sole or as backup power for residential smoke detectors. Mains-operated detectors have disposable or rechargeable batteries; others run only on 9-volt disposable batteries. When the battery is exhausted, a battery-only smoke detector becomes inactive; most smoke detectors
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Some models have a hush or temporary silence feature that allows silencing, typically by pressing a button on the housing, without removing the battery. This is especially useful in locations where false alarms can be relatively common (e.g. near a kitchen), or situations where users might remove the
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Smoke alarm systems used in a home or residential environment are typically smaller and less expensive than commercial units. The system may include one or more individual standalone units, or multiple, interconnected units. They typically generate a loud acoustic warning signal as their only action.
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to flow. The currents in both chambers should be the same as they are equally affected by air pressure, temperature, and the ageing of the source. If any smoke particles enter the open chamber, some of the ions will attach to the particles and not be available to carry the current in that chamber. An
78:
from the detector itself or several detectors if there are multiple devices interlinked. Household smoke detectors range from individual battery-powered units to several interlinked units with battery backup. With interlinked units, if any unit detects smoke, alarms will trigger at all of the units.
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Many users have taken steps to protect their privacy when using smart smoke detectors. This can include using strong, unique passwords for their devices, disabling unnecessary features, and regularly updating device software to protect against security vulnerabilities. Some users may also choose to
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An additional (harmonised) EN14604 also exists, which tends to be the standard usually cited at the domestic point of sale. This standard expands on the EN54 recommendations for domestic smoke alarms and specifies requirements, test methods, performance criteria, and manufacturer's instructions. It
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An addressable system gives each detector an individual number or address. Addressable systems allow the exact location of an alarm to be plotted on the FACP while allowing several detectors to be connected to the same zone. In certain systems, a graphical representation of the building is provided
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The US National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA) recommends that homeowners replace smoke detector batteries at least once per year when they start chirping (a signal that the battery is low on power output). Batteries should also be replaced when or if they fail a test, which the NFPA recommends
1006:
While current technology is very effective at detecting smoke and fire conditions, the deaf and hard-of-hearing community has raised concerns about the effectiveness of the alerting function in awakening sleeping individuals in certain high-risk groups. People part of groups like the elderly, those
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program. The NEOFPA tests showed ionization smoke alarms were failing to activate in the early, smoldering stage of a fire. The combination ionization/photoelectric alarms failed to activate for an average of over 20 minutes after the stand-alone photoelectric smoke alarms. This vindicated the June
742:
In
November 2013, the Ohio Fire Chiefs' Association (OFCA) published a position paper supporting the use of photoelectric technology in Ohioan residences. The OFCA's position states, "In the interest of public safety and to protect the public from the deadly effects of smoke and fire, the Ohio Fire
723:
In June 2006, the
Australian Fire & Emergency Service Authorities Council, the peak representative body for all Australian and New Zealand fire departments, published an official report, 'Position on Smoke Alarms in Residential Accommodation'. Clause 3.0 states, "Ionization smoke alarms may not
712:. Ionization smoke detectors respond faster (typically 30–60 seconds) to the flaming stage of a fire. The smoke from the flaming stage of a fire is typically made up of microscopic combustion particles between 0.01 and 0.3 μm. Also, ionization detectors are weaker in high airflow environments.
663:
The amount of americium-241 contained in ionizing smoke detectors does not represent a significant radiological hazard. If the americium is left in the ionization chamber of the alarm, the radiological risk is insignificant because the chamber acts as a shield to the alpha radiation. A person would
397:
or projected-beam smoke detectors are used instead of a chamber within the unit: a wall-mounted unit emits a beam of infrared or ultraviolet light which is either received and processed by a separate device or reflected to the receiver by a reflector. In some types, particularly optical beam types,
202:
and
Stanley Bennett Peterson. It was an individual, replaceable, battery-powered unit that could be easily installed. The "SmokeGard 700" was beehive-shaped, fire-resistant, and made of steel. The company began mass-producing these units in 1975. Studies in the 1960s determined that smoke detectors
28:
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Many smart device manufacturers share user data with third parties, often for advertising or data analysis purposes. This can be a significant privacy concern if the data includes sensitive or personally identifiable information. Some manufacturers may also cooperate with law enforcement agencies,
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mandated all smoke alarms in new dwellings (or where a dwelling is substantially renovated) must be photoelectric, and not also contain an ionization sensor. They also were to be hardwired to the mains power supply with a secondary power source (i.e. battery) and be interconnected with every other
1200:
Addressable systems are usually more expensive than conventional non-addressable systems, and offer extra options, including a custom level of sensitivity (sometimes called Day/Night mode) which can determine the amount of smoke in a given area and contamination detection from the FACP that allows
193:
In 1951, ionization smoke detectors were first sold in the United States. In the following years, they were used only in major commercial and industrial facilities due to their large size and high cost. In 1955, simple "fire detectors" for homes were developed, which detected high temperatures. In
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devices, can collect and transmit a significant amount of data. This can include data about when and where the device is used, the frequency of alarms, and even audio and video data if the device includes a microphone or camera. This data can potentially infer sensitive information about a user's
1485:
In June 2013, a World Fire Safety
Foundation report titled, 'Can Australian and U.S. Smoke Alarm Standards be Trusted?' was published in the official magazine of the Australian Volunteer Firefighter Association. The report brings into question the validity of testing criteria used by American and
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model building codes begin requiring smoke alarms to be interconnected and located in all sleeping rooms. In 1989 NFPA 74 first required smoke alarms to be interconnected in every new home construction, and 1993 NFPA 72 first required that smoke alarms be installed in all bedrooms. The NFPA began
1142:
In the UK, the installation of smoke alarms in new builds must comply with
British Standard BS5839 pt6. BS 5839: Pt.6: 2004, which recommends that a new-build property consisting of no more than 3 floors (less than 200 square metres per floor) should be fitted with a Grade D, LD2 system. Building
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brand ionization smoke detector failed to sound. The cause of the fire was a frayed electrical cord behind a couch that smoldered for hours before engulfing the house with flames and smoke. The ionization smoke detector was found to be defectively designed, and in 2006 a jury in the United States
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Although photoelectric alarms are highly effective at detecting smoldering fires and do provide adequate protection from flaming fires, fire safety experts and the NFPA recommend installing what are called combination alarms, which are alarms that either detect both heat and smoke or use both the
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A dozen or more detectors may be connected via wiring or wirelessly such that if one detects smoke, the alarms will sound on all the detectors in the network, improving the likelihood that occupants will be alerted even if smoke is detected far from their location. Wired interconnection is more
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working smoke detector on every level. The United States NFPA code, cited earlier, requires smoke detectors on every habitable level and within the vicinity of all bedrooms. Habitable levels include attics that are tall enough to allow access. Many other countries have comparable requirements.
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report concluded that "Smoke alarms of either the ionization type or the photoelectric type consistently provided time for occupants to escape from most residential fires," and, "Consistent with prior findings, ionization type alarms provided somewhat better response to flaming fires than
573:(electromagnetic) radiation, is used for two reasons: the alpha particles can ionize enough air to make a detectable current; and they have low penetrative power, meaning they will be stopped, safely, by the air or the plastic shell of the smoke detector. During the alpha decay,
719:
have banned the use of domestic ionization smoke alarms because of concerns that they are not reliable enough as compared to other technologies. Where an ionizing smoke detector has been the only detector, fires in the early stages have not always been effectively detected.
738:
In December 2011, the Volunteer Firefighter's Association of Australia published a World Fire Safety Foundation report, "Ionization Smoke Alarms are DEADLY", citing research outlining substantial performance differences between ionization and photoelectric technology.
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Ionization smoke detectors are usually less expensive to manufacture than optical detectors. Ionization detectors may be more prone than photoelectric detectors to false alarms triggered by non-hazardous events, and are much slower to respond to typical house fires.
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2097:
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In June 2013, in an Australian Parliamentary speech, the question was asked, "Are ionization smoke alarms defective?" This was further to the Australian Government's scientific testing agency (the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation –
486:, to ionize air; a difference due to smoke is detected and an alarm is generated. Ionization detectors are more sensitive to the flaming stage of fires than optical detectors, while optical detectors are more sensitive to fires in the early smouldering stage.
1123:, depending on local codes. Smoke detectors on the outside will detect fires more quickly, assuming the fire does not begin in the bedroom, but the sound of the alarm will be reduced and may not wake some people. Some areas also require smoke detectors in
676:
Disposal regulations and recommendations for ionization smoke detectors vary from region to region. The government of New South Wales, Australia considers it safe to discard up to 10 ionization smoke detectors in a batch with domestic rubbish. The U.S.
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734:
In May 2011, the Fire Protection Association of Australia's (FPAA) official position on smoke alarms stated, "The Fire Prevention Association of Australia considers that all residential buildings should be fitted with photoelectric smoke alarms..."
437:
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55:. Smoke detectors/Alarms are usually housed in plastic enclosures, typically shaped like a disk about 150 millimetres (6 in) in diameter and 25 millimetres (1 in) thick, but shape and size vary. Smoke can be detected either optically (
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Due to the varying levels of detection capabilities between detector types, manufacturers have designed multi-criteria devices which cross-reference the separate signals to both rule out false alarms and improve response times to real fires.
443:
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214: (equivalent to $ 980.72 in 2023) and sold at a rate of a few hundred thousand units per year. Several developments in smoke detector technology occurred between 1971 and 1976, including the replacement of cold-cathode tubes with
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is the standard for smoke detectors. European standards are developed to allow free movement of goods in the EU countries. EN 54 is widely recognized around the world. The EN 54 certification of each device must be issued annually.
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34:
33:
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29:
63:). Detectors may use one or both sensing methods. Sensitive alarms can be used to detect and deter smoking in banned areas. Smoke detectors in large commercial and industrial buildings are usually connected to a central
35:
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photoelectric alarms (57 to 62 seconds faster response), and photoelectric alarms provided (often) considerably faster response to smoldering fires than ionization type alarms (47 to 53 minutes faster response)."
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In other types, typically chamber types, the light is not directed at the sensor, which is not illuminated in the absence of particles. If the air in the chamber contains particles (smoke or dust), the light is
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BS 5839-6:2013 Fire detection and fire alarm systems for buildings - Code of practice for the design, installation, commissioning and maintenance of fire detection and fire alarm systems in domestic premises
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Photoelectric smoke detectors respond faster to fire that is in its early, smoldering stage. The smoke from the smoldering stage of a fire is typically made up of large combustion particles between 0.3 and
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731:(IAFF) passed a resolution recommending the use of photoelectric smoke alarms, saying that changing to photoelectric alarms "Will drastically reduce the loss of life among citizens and firefighters."
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particles, and dark or black smoke, while more modern photoelectric detectors are best at detecting slow-smouldering fires with larger 0.4–10.0 micron particles, and light-coloured white/grey smoke.
2978:"Single and Multiple Station Smoke Alarms, UL 1971: Signaling Devices for the Hearing Impaired, UL 268: Smoke Detectors for Fire Alarm Signaling Systems" (Document). Underwriters Laboratories 217.
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from particulates of smoke, air-borne dust, or other substances; the circuitry detects the light intensity and generates the alarm if it is below a specified threshold, potentially due to smoke.
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on the screen of the FACP which shows the locations of all of the detectors in the building, while in others the address and location of the detector or detectors in alarm are simply indicated.
393:. In spot-type detectors, all of these components are arranged inside a chamber where air, which may contain smoke from a nearby fire, flows. In large open areas such as atria and auditoriums,
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757:
2235:
Residential Smoke Alarm Performance, Thomas Cleary, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, UL Smoke and Fire Dynamics Seminar. November, 2007.
1498:, enacted a photoelectric-only legislation after a unanimous decision by the Albany City Council; several other Californian and Ohioan cities enacted similar legislation shortly afterwards.
598:
The amount of elemental americium-241 in ionization smoke detectors is small enough to be exempt from the regulations applied to larger deployments. A smoke detector contains about 37
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3678:. Australia: Hansard – Mr Christopher Gulaptis MP, Private Member's Statements, New South Wales Parliamentary Debates, Legislative Assembly, New South Wales. 20 June 2013. p. 22218.
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797:. Obscuration is the effect smoke has in reducing light intensity, expressed in percent absorption per unit length; higher concentrations of smoke result in higher obscuration levels.
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levels are the fastest fire indicators. Unlike ionization and optical detectors, they can also detect fires that do not generate smoke, such as those fueled by alcohol or gasoline.
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861:, which may build up due to faulty ventilation where there are combustion appliances such as gas heaters and cookers, although there is no uncontrolled fire outside the appliance.
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with hearing loss, and those who are intoxicated, may have a more difficult time using sound-based detectors. Between 2005 and 2007, research sponsored by the United States
198:(USAEC) granted the first license to distribute smoke detectors that used radioactive material. In 1965, the first low-cost smoke detector for domestic use was developed by
2016:
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In the United States, the first standard for home smoke alarms was established in 1967. In 1969, the USAEC allowed homeowners to use smoke detectors without a license. The
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Inside a basic ionization smoke detector. The black, round structure at the right is the ionization chamber. The white, round structure at the upper left is the
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1461:(NFPA 101), passed by the US National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) in 1976, first required smoke alarms in homes. Smoke alarm sensitivity requirements in
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reports that the ionization detector is the best at detecting incipient-stage fires with invisibly small particles, fast-flaming fires with smaller 0.01–0.4
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Chiefs' Association endorses the use of photoelectric smoke alarms in both new construction and when replacing old smoke alarms or purchasing new alarms."
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which may be undesirable and harmful, but not indicative of a fire. This type of sensor can also be used to detect and warn of the much higher levels of
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as part of a fire alarm system. Usually, an individual commercial smoke detector unit does not issue an alarm; some, however, have built-in sounders.
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enacted Australia's first residential photoelectric legislation mandating the use of photoelectric smoke alarms in all new Northern Territory homes.
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The first single-station smoke detector was invented in 1970 and was brought out the next year. It was an ionization detector powered by a single
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considers ionizing smoke detectors safe to dispose with household trash. Alternatively, smoke detectors can be returned to the manufacturer.
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detectors are not susceptible to false alarms due to particles making them particularly suitable for use in dusty and dirty environments.
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An integrated locking mechanism for commercial building doors. Inside an enclosure are a locking device, smoke detector and power supply.
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The photoelectric (optical) smoke detector was invented by Donald Steele and Robert Emmark from Electro Signal Lab and patented in 1972.
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In new construction, minimum requirements are typically more stringent. For example, all smoke detectors must be hooked directly to the
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for backup with a life of typically ten years. After this, it is recommended that the detector be replaced. User-replaceable disposable
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that is a mandatory standard for every product that is going to be delivered and installed in any country in the European Union (EU).
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668:. The radiation risk of exposure to an ionizing smoke detector operating normally is much smaller than natural background radiation.
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ionization and photoelectric smoke sensing methods. Some combination alarms may also include a carbon monoxide detection capability.
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764:(IAFF). Both the AFAC and the IAFF recommend photoelectric smoke alarms, but not combination ionization/photoelectric smoke alarms.
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Photoelectric detectors and ionization detectors differ in their performance depending on the type of smoke generated by a fire.
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tube that could amplify the small signal generated by the detection mechanism so that it was strong enough to activate an alarm.
86:. Some smoke alarms use a combination of the 2; usually using the 9V battery as an extra power source in the event of an outage.
1482:(UL) changed smoke alarm labeling requirements so that all smoke alarms must have a manufactured date written in plain English.
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In June 2014, tests by the Northeastern Ohio Fire Prevention Association (NEOFPA) on residential smoke alarms were broadcast on
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Tactile stimulation (e.g. bed or pillow shaker), although no standards existed as of 2008 for tactile stimulation alarm devices
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A 2007 U.S. guide to placing smoke detectors, suggesting that one be placed on every floor of a building, and in each bedroom
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battery permanently to avoid the annoyance of false alarms, preventing the alarm from detecting a fire should one break out.
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2249:"Performance of Home Smoke Alarms Analysis of the Response of Several Available Technologies in Residential Fire Settings"
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The type and sensitivity of light source and photoelectric sensor and type of smoke chamber differ between manufacturers.
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493:, one open to the air, and a reference chamber which does not allow the entry of particles. The radioactive source emits
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reports 0.53 deaths per 100 fires in homes with working smoke detectors compared to 1.18 deaths without (2009–2013).
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the light emitted by the light source passes through the air being tested and reaches the photosensor. The received
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use traditional smoke detectors that do not connect to the internet, to completely avoid these privacy concerns.
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District Court for the Northern District of New York decided that First Alert, and its then parent company,
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Optical smoke detector with the cover removed; the angled plastic in an arc across the top is a light baffle
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2095:, Donald F. Steele & Robert B. Enemark, "Optical Smoke Detector", issued 1975-01-28
1028:, campaigns may suggest that people change their batteries when they change their clocks or on a birthday.
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regarding the required number and placement of smoke detectors are based upon standards established in
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3454:"BS EN 54-11:2001 - Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Manual call points – BSI British Standards"
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Francis R. Upton of Newark, Mr. Edison's oldest associate, has been elected President of the Pioneers.
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3528:"Compliance of Smoke Alarm Devices to EN 14604 - Statistical Analysis of Market Surveillance Results"
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due to component constraints (Audio advancements for persons with hearing impairments have been made)
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664:
have to open the sealed chamber and ingest or inhale the americium for the dose to be comparable to
5383:
5239:
5229:
5096:
5025:
5005:
4416:
4323:
2489:
1039:, which last at least twice as long as alkaline batteries, are also available for smoke detectors.
1021:
131:
96:
The risk of dying in a residential fire is cut in half in houses with working smoke detectors. The
2828:
5717:
5707:
5423:
5408:
5081:
4932:
4869:
4776:
4203:
4131:
4096:
4091:
3946:
3453:
1715:
1593:
evaluates the exposure risk as low but cites 33 keV as the primary component of gamma radiation.
1530:
1502:
1495:
1437:
Information that is in bold is the standard coverage of the detector. Smoke detector coverage is
595:, but it is low-energy and therefore not considered a significant contributor to human exposure.
490:
399:
5204:
3306:
1595:
944:
Several smoke detection methods are used and documented in industry specifications published by
3105:
1561:
Systematic Radiological Assessment of Exemptions for Source and Byproduct Materials, NUREG-1717
5588:
5448:
5443:
5045:
5020:
4990:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4515:
4406:
4388:
4278:
4116:
4026:
4011:
3655:
3215:
2285:
2216:
1839:
1766:
1596:"Radiological and Chemical Fact Sheets to Support Health Risk Analyses for Contaminated Areas"
1486:
Australian government agencies when undergoing scientific testing of ionization smoke alarms.
1164:
1151:
1112:
1036:
547:
514:
207:
199:
83:
64:
2997:
2122:"The Effects of High Air Velocity and Complex Airflow Patterns on Smoke Detector Performance"
5285:
4980:
4613:
3951:
1462:
1458:
1097:
522:
459:
3510:"CE marking to Smoke Alarm Device–EN 14604_Firefighting Device_Fire test center_FireTC.net"
5388:
5280:
5249:
5234:
5030:
4912:
4857:
4791:
4771:
4655:
4308:
4243:
4182:
4151:
4126:
4076:
4071:
3885:
3845:
2558:
2519:
2198:
2007:
1708:"Birthday Party to Edison; Men Associated with Him in the Early 80s Organize the Pioneers"
1538:
potentially providing them with access to users' data without their knowledge or consent.
1032:
992:
858:
592:
1977:
793:
is a unit of measurement that has become the standard way of specifying smoke detectors'
3509:
3027:
1159:
Commercial smoke detectors are either conventional or addressable, and are connected to
5468:
5418:
5320:
5244:
5169:
5091:
5010:
4942:
4474:
4436:
4298:
4238:
4208:
4177:
4121:
4081:
4016:
4006:
3901:
2248:
1160:
1132:
1116:
865:
494:
2339:
1878:
1119:. In addition, typically, smoke detectors are required either inside or outside every
1043:
to be carried out at least once per month by pressing the "test" button on the alarm.
5696:
5608:
5458:
5325:
5199:
5174:
5159:
5116:
5055:
4681:
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4441:
4358:
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3936:
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1631:
554:
483:
382:
366:
175:
171:
326:
5514:
5499:
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5189:
5154:
5040:
5015:
5000:
4975:
4970:
4947:
4874:
4801:
4781:
4755:
4598:
4484:
4363:
4353:
4288:
4253:
4213:
4172:
4136:
3926:
3921:
3891:
3782:
3398:
1478:
requiring the replacement of smoke detectors after ten years in 1999. In 1999, the
1084:
978:
716:
603:
538:
479:
187:
2371:
1559:
790:
3247:
3152:
5519:
5194:
5179:
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4965:
4907:
4852:
4806:
4763:
4318:
4273:
4263:
4156:
4101:
4066:
3961:
1765:. H.M. Patent Office (originally 1881) later published by S.R. Publishers 1970.
1188:
1068:
966:
558:
370:
265:
2666:. Australasian Fire & Emergency Service Authorities Council. Archived from
2551:
Smoke Detector Sensitivity testing: Siemens and Canadian Fire Alarm Association
5428:
5214:
5184:
5164:
5101:
5071:
5035:
4879:
4786:
4578:
4431:
3931:
3916:
3896:
3580:
1509:
1093:
1073:
566:
411:
403:
390:
219:
179:
60:
56:
2464:
2289:
5453:
5433:
5413:
5403:
5393:
5275:
5219:
5149:
5144:
4995:
4500:
4328:
4293:
4283:
4268:
4248:
4223:
3996:
3991:
3956:
3911:
3859:
3810:
Smoke alarm research from the National Institute of Standards and Technology
3732:"How to secure IoT devices and protect them from cyber attacks | TechTarget"
2635:. Confederation of Fire Protection Associations in Europe. 2008. p. 5.
2215:. Quincy, Massachusetts: National Fire Protection Association. p. 249.
2012:
599:
570:
562:
510:
19:
1964:
White Paper: Home Smoke Alarms and Other Fire Detection and Alarm Equipment
1465:
were modified in 1985 to reduce susceptibility to nuisance alarms. In 1988
1445:. The height from the ground is an important issue for correct protection.
466:
3581:"Albany, California Ordinance 2010-06 Photoelectric Specific Requirements"
2949:"Why are interconnected smoke alarms better than standalone smoke alarms?"
1744:, George Andrew Darby, "An Electric Heat-indicator and Fire-alarm"
1060:
false alarms in locations such as near a kitchen producing cooking fumes.
82:
Residential smoke alarms are usually powered with a 9-volt battery, or by
5509:
5504:
5345:
4917:
4816:
4593:
4303:
4258:
3981:
3971:
3870:
2717:"Position Statement – Selection of Residential Smoke Alarms – clause 5.0"
1124:
1063:
On the night of May 31, 2001, Bill Hackert and his daughter Christine of
543:
502:
362:
228:
In 1995, the 10-year-lithium-battery-powered smoke alarm was introduced.
2520:"Disposing of Smoke Detectors | Radiation Protection | US EPA"
1230:
Coverage of smoke and temperature detectors with European standard EN54
1128:
1120:
984:
963:
693:
498:
454:
290: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
183:
724:
operate in time to alert occupants to escape from a smoldering fire."
318:
174:. In 1902, George Andrew Darby patented the first European electrical
39:
Knowing this sound could save your life - it means replace the battery
701:
3759:"IoT security: How we are keeping consumers safe from cyber threats"
908:
generated by a fire. Some manufacturers say that detectors based on
3141:"Federal appeals court upholds $ 2.8M award for faulty smoke alarm"
2804:"'GMA' Investigates: Will Your Smoke Detector Respond Fast Enough?"
2694:. The International Association of Fire Fighters, California, USA.
2310:
5076:
4634:
4588:
3814:
2211:
Cote, Arthur; Bugbee, Percy (1988). "Ionization smoke detectors".
1518:
1216:
1187:
1150:
1083:
956:
783:
cloud from open fire can usually be detected before particulates.
768:
715:
Some European countries, including France, and some US states and
709:
537:
465:
453:
435:
325:
317:
75:
48:
26:
18:
1802:. United States Nuclear Regulation Commission. 4 September 2013.
249:
245:
4583:
3148:
1966:(Technical report). Public/Private Fire Safety Council. 2006. 1.
1100:
1052:
1031:
Some mains-powered detectors are fitted with a non-rechargeable
660:
mixed with titanium dioxide onto a cylindrical alumina surface.
166:
The first automatic electric fire alarm was patented in 1890 by
52:
4728:
4724:
3818:
2722:. Fire Protection Association Australia. May 2011. p. 7.
518:
259:
107:
3783:"IoT Security: Risks, Examples, and Solutions | IoT Glossary"
3702:"Law bans sale of smoke detectors with replaceable batteries"
758:
Australasian Fire & Emergency Service Authorities Council
2990:"Alarm concern from the Hearing Loss Association of America"
16:
Device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire
4544:
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
3608:. Australia: Northern Territory Fire & Rescue Service.
3560:"Can Australian and U.S. Smoke Alarm Standards be Trusted?"
2467:. Australia: New South Wales Government. 26 November 2012.
1139:
practical in new construction than for existing buildings.
3606:"Northern Territory Photoelectric smoke alarm legislation"
2692:"International Association of Fire Fighters Resolution 15"
1634:, the primary component of the gamma radiation is 60 keV.
450:
A video overview of how an ionization smoke detector works
414:
and some of it reaches the sensor, triggering the alarm.
2157:"Risk Analysis of Residential Fire Detector Performance"
565:
of 432.6 years. Alpha particle radiation, as opposed to
2661:"Position on Smoke Alarms in Residential Accommodation"
2577:"Fire and Life Safety in Mission-Critical Applications"
2881:"Low-Profile Plug-in Intelligent Laser Smoke Detector"
2465:"Safe disposal of smoke alarms – Fire and Rescue NSW"
2379:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
1604:
United States Department of Health and Human Services
760:(AFAC) and the October 2008 official position of the
134:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
3583:. The Albany City Council, Albany, California, USA.
5601:
5576:
5533:
5492:
5374:
5353:
5344:
5263:
5135:
4956:
4888:
4845:
4762:
4664:
4643:
4571:
4524:
4460:
4387:
4196:
4034:
3852:
1214:Fire detection products have the European Standard
884:. Such sensors are often used to measure levels of
79:This happens even if household power has gone out.
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
222:along with a plastic shell encasing the detector.
203:respond to fires much faster than heat detectors.
4339:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
2039:Voluntary Standards and Accreditation Act of 1977
1076:, was liable for millions of dollars in damages.
2383:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2272:"Chemistry in Pictures: Americium the beautiful"
880:) may indicate a fire, and can be detected by a
2571:
2569:
2567:
1192:An addressable Simplex TrueAlarm smoke detector
244:process. Fire without smoke can be detected by
89:Commercial smoke detectors issue a signal to a
3211:Residential Construction Academy: House Wiring
2340:"Smoke detectors and americium-241 fact sheet"
1958:
1508:From January 1, 2017, the Australian state of
1430:Smax (square meters): Maximum surface coverage
4740:
3830:
3344:"Adding Smoke Detectors to a Security System"
3053:. Augusta Margaret River Mail. Archived from
2411:"Analysis of Soviet smoke detector plutonium"
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1835:50 Best Business Ideas That Changed the World
8:
5474:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
850:Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide detection
470:An americium container from a smoke detector
2851:
2849:
1441:and temperature smoke detector coverage is
857:detect potentially fatal concentrations of
801:Typical smoke detector obscuration ratings
5350:
5306:International Association of Fire Fighters
4747:
4733:
4725:
4147:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
3837:
3823:
3815:
3134:
3132:
3130:
2602:"Lycée Blaise Pascal Rouen – Smoke alarms"
2546:
2544:
1067:, died when their house caught fire and a
762:International Association of Fire Fighters
729:International Association of Fire Fighters
4532:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3171:
3169:
3051:"Don't be a fool: change alarm batteries"
2773:"OFCA Position Statement on Smoke Alarms"
2490:"Americium in Ionization Smoke Detectors"
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1630:According to the physical study cited at
1525:Safety concerns regarding smart detectors
306:Learn how and when to remove this message
154:Learn how and when to remove this message
70:Household smoke detectors, also known as
3865:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3083:. National Fire Protection Association.
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1233:
835:0.005–20.5% obs/m (0.0015–6.25% obs/ft)
799:
606:) of radioactive element americium-241 (
248:. Incomplete burning can be detected by
130:Relevant discussion may be found on the
4511:Listing and approval use and compliance
2370:Gerberding, Julie Louise (April 2004).
2243:
2241:
1647:
1551:
98:US National Fire Protection Association
74:, generally issue an audible or visual
3660:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3653:
3399:"Contaminated (dirty) Smoke Detectors"
3189:from the original on 22 September 2014
2579:. Life Safety Magazine. Archived from
1606:Radiation Emergency Medical Management
767:According to fire tests conformant to
196:United States Atomic Energy Commission
4556:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
3753:
3751:
3376:. Westminster International Limited.
2372:"Toxicological Profile for Americium"
2072:from the original on 20 December 2015
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1219:Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems
642:source, in the form of reactor-grade
7:
5639:
5464:Modular Airborne FireFighting System
4707:
4550:National Fire Protection Association
3682:from the original on 29 October 2013
3533:. ANPI. October 2014. Archived from
3431:. Cen.eu. 2012-11-11. Archived from
3254:from the original on 2 December 2014
2831:. The World Fire Safety Foundation.
2750:. The World Fire Safety Foundation.
2748:"Ionization Smoke Alarms Are DEADLY"
2270:Bettenhausen, Craig (July 7, 2021).
2192:"Smoke Detector Technology Research"
1796:"NRC: Fact Sheet on Smoke Detectors"
1009:National Fire Protection Association
843:0.06–6.41% obs/m (0.02–2.0% obs/ft)
419:National Fire Protection Association
288:adding citations to reliable sources
3323:from the original on 29 August 2017
2164:Walker Property Evaluation Services
1763:Birmingham Inventors And Inventions
817:0.70–13.0% obs/m (0.2–4.0% obs/ft)
462:horn that produces the alarm sound.
23:Smoke detector mounted on a ceiling
5112:Self-contained breathing apparatus
4812:Firefighter assist and search team
4052:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
3562:. The World Fire Safety Foundation
2471:from the original on 20 April 2013
1529:Smart smoke detectors, like other
237:
14:
4427:Fire alarm notification appliance
3409:from the original on 29 July 2014
3354:from the original on 14 July 2014
3208:Fletcher, Gregory (18 May 2011).
2959:from the original on 4 March 2016
2857:"Carbon Dioxide – Life and Death"
2778:. Ohio Fire Chief's Association.
2436:"Backgrounder on Smoke Detectors"
2019:from the original on 14 July 2014
2011:. No. ALL-TIME 100 Gadgets.
1806:from the original on 27 July 2014
1656:"Smoke Alarms in U.S. Home Fires"
825:2.6–5.0% obs/m (0.8–1.5% obs/ft)
5674:
5662:
5650:
5638:
5627:
5626:
4837:Fire department ranks by country
4706:
4695:
4694:
4025:
3712:from the original on 3 July 2017
3700:Finney, Michael (29 July 2015).
3214:. Technology & Engineering.
3106:"Cleaning Smoke and Heat Alarms"
2530:from the original on 2 June 2013
2259:from the original on 2010-08-22.
1908:Jones, Hilton Ira (April 1955).
1889:from the original on 7 June 2014
550:on a coin-sized aluminum button.
264:
112:
5675:
5311:International Firefighters' Day
5271:Candidate Physical Ability Test
4188:Vehicle fire suppression system
3876:Combustibility and flammability
3643:from the original on 2017-02-18
3612:from the original on 2011-10-01
3587:from the original on 2012-02-03
3491:from the original on 2013-11-03
3460:from the original on 2014-10-18
3405:. Firewize Holdings Pty. 2012.
3380:from the original on 2009-11-24
3228:from the original on 8 May 2018
3116:from the original on 2015-09-25
3087:from the original on 2009-08-21
2929:from the original on 2012-01-31
2915:New York City Fire Department.
2897:from the original on 2014-05-02
2835:from the original on 2014-10-06
2810:from the original on 2014-09-03
2785:from the original on 2014-10-06
2754:from the original on 2014-04-16
2729:from the original on 2013-05-10
2698:from the original on 2013-08-28
2642:from the original on 2015-05-11
2392:from the original on 2009-09-06
2352:from the original on 2011-07-06
2277:Chemical & Engineering News
2129:AFCOM8-21.AFCOM-Miami-Admin.com
1924:from the original on 2018-05-08
1832:Wallis, Ian (1 November 2013).
1666:from the original on 2017-07-29
1115:, be interconnected and have a
698:Canadian Fire Alarm Association
400:light intensity will be reduced
275:needs additional citations for
241:
51:, typically as an indicator of
4822:Special operations firefighter
2319:Brookhaven National Laboratory
756:2006 official position of the
236:Smoke can be detected using a
1:
5361:Wildfire emergency management
4928:Hazardous materials apparatus
4538:Institution of Fire Engineers
4495:Fire Safety Evaluation System
4167:Personal protective equipment
3139:Segall, Bob (April 2, 2008).
2829:"Smoke Alarm Myths Explained"
2444:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2213:Principles of fire protection
2001:Ha, Peter (25 October 2010).
1569:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
1237:Surface area (square meters)
1024:every year. In regions using
4609:GHS precautionary statements
4447:Manual fire alarm activation
2345:. Canadian Nuclear Society.
2060:David Lucht (1 March 2013).
1978:"History of Smoke Detectors"
1879:"How smoke detector is made"
1424:EN54-5: Temperature detector
948:. Alerting methods include:
666:natural background radiation
5336:World Police and Fire Games
5291:Fire protection engineering
4480:Fire protection engineering
4412:Explosive gas leak detector
4229:Electromagnetic door holder
4062:External water spray system
2606:pascal-lyc.spip.ac-rouen.fr
1920:(4). Rotary International.
1610:Argonne National Laboratory
1591:Argonne National Laboratory
1453:Australia and United States
1399:EN54-5 Clase A2,B,C,D,E,F,G
509:(voltage) between pairs of
489:The smoke detector has two
5739:
5584:Glossary of wildfire terms
5316:List of firefighting films
4764:Personnel and organization
4656:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
4047:Automatic fire suppression
3987:K-factor (fire protection)
2947:Nest Labs (17 June 2015).
2626:"Smoke Alarms in the Home"
2082:With picture of SmokeGard.
1838:. Jaico Publishing House.
1092:In the United States most
1080:Installation and placement
497:into both chambers, which
59:) or by physical process (
5622:
5296:Geography of firefighting
4827:Volunteer fire department
4690:
4562:Underwriters Laboratories
4397:Aspirating smoke detector
4057:Detonation flame arrester
4023:
3077:"SMOKE ALARM SAFETY TIPS"
2282:American Chemical Society
1910:"Peeps at Things to Come"
1761:Prosser, Richard (1970).
1494:In June 2010 the City of
1375:
1356:EN54-5 Clase A2,B,C,D,F,G
1332:
1290:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1169:fire alarm control panels
955:Varies between 2900–3500
946:Underwriters Laboratories
476:ionization smoke detector
5723:Fire detection and alarm
5614:Template:Fire protection
5331:World Firefighters Games
5225:Gaseous fire suppression
4506:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
4422:Fire alarm control panel
4402:Carbon monoxide detector
4379:Standpipe (firefighting)
4142:Gaseous fire suppression
3907:Enthalpy of vaporization
3429:"CEN – Technical Bodies"
3020:"All about Hearing Loss"
2917:"Carbon monoxide alarms"
2862:. senseair.se. p. 4
2806:. Good Morning America.
2415:Special Nuclear Material
1612:. August 2005. p. 5
1571:. June 2001. p. 2-3
1037:9-volt lithium batteries
91:fire alarm control panel
47:is a device that senses
5301:History of firefighting
4349:Pressurisation ductwork
4314:Firewall (construction)
4162:Passive fire protection
4112:Fire suppression system
3374:"Addressable Equipment"
2201:, retrieved 2011-11-07.
1480:Underwriters Laboratory
1433:Rmax (m): Maximum radio
1210:EN54 European standards
855:Carbon monoxide sensors
685:Performance differences
375:incandescent light bulb
361:, contains a source of
343:Photodiode (transducer)
250:sensing carbon monoxide
216:solid-state electronics
5703:Active fire protection
5439:Firefighting apparatus
5127:Thermal imaging camera
5107:Secure information box
4923:Firefighting apparatus
4525:Industry organizations
4490:Fire-resistance rating
4369:Smoke exhaust ductwork
4344:Penetration (firestop)
4334:Packing (firestopping)
4042:Active fire protection
4002:Spontaneous combustion
3024:www.hearinglossweb.com
2253:Bukowski, Cleary et al
2041:(S. 825). 1 March 1977
1501:In November 2011, the
1421:EN54-7: Smoke detector
1249:Ceiling slope >20°
1193:
1156:
1089:
551:
471:
463:
451:
387:photoelectric receiver
359:optical smoke detector
350:
330:Optical smoke detector
323:
246:sensing carbon dioxide
40:
24:
5484:Wildland water tender
5066:Hydraulic rescue tool
4832:Women in firefighting
4677:Template:Firefighting
4651:Arthur B. Guise Medal
4604:GHS hazard statements
4107:Fire sprinkler system
4087:Fire-retardant fabric
3456:. Shop.bsigroup.com.
2093:US patent 3863076
1689:Francis Robbins Upton
1589:A study published by
1191:
1154:
1087:
882:carbon dioxide sensor
548:americium-241 dioxide
541:
513:in the chambers; the
469:
457:
449:
329:
321:
168:Francis Robbins Upton
38:
22:
5525:Wildland fire module
5479:Wildland fire engine
5366:Wildfire suppression
4903:Fire command vehicle
4898:Airport crash tender
4797:Retained firefighter
4461:Professions, trades,
4374:Smokeproof enclosure
4234:Electromagnetic lock
3942:Flammability diagram
3853:Fundamental concepts
3763:World Economic Forum
3540:on December 22, 2018
3112:. Hav Direct. 2011.
3000:on 27 September 2007
2311:"NuDat 3.0 database"
2062:"Where Theres Smoke"
1260:Smax (square meters)
1254:Smax (square meters)
1026:daylight saving time
752:Good Morning America
727:In August 2008, the
507:potential difference
379:light-emitting diode
284:improve this article
123:factual accuracy is
5713:American inventions
5384:Aerial firefighting
5240:Stop, drop and roll
5230:Multiple-alarm fire
5097:Portable water tank
5006:Fire proximity suit
4417:Fire alarm call box
4324:Heat and smoke vent
3307:"Fire Alarm System"
3155:on December 7, 2008
1632:Americium-241#Decay
1246:Ceiling slope ≤20°
1065:Rotterdam, New York
802:
491:ionization chambers
373:light—typically an
5424:Fire retardant gel
5409:Fire lookout tower
5082:New York roof hook
4933:Light and air unit
4870:Fire lookout tower
4777:Chief fire officer
4389:Fire alarm systems
4204:Annulus (firestop)
4132:Flashback arrestor
4097:Fire-safe polymers
4092:Fire retardant gel
3947:Flammability limit
3110:SDFireAlarms.co.uk
3081:Safety Information
2557:2016-02-22 at the
2500:. 27 November 2018
2197:2016-04-20 at the
1719:. February 3, 1918
1716:The New York Times
1662:. September 2015.
1531:Internet of things
1503:Northern Territory
1496:Albany, California
1194:
1165:fire alarm systems
1157:
1090:
974:Spoken voice alert
969:loudness at 3 feet
800:
692:A presentation by
552:
472:
464:
452:
351:
324:
170:, an associate of
41:
25:
5690:
5689:
5597:
5596:
5589:List of wildfires
5449:Helicopter bucket
5444:Firefighting foam
5046:Hard suction hose
4991:Fire extinguisher
4981:Fire brigade keys
4722:
4721:
4630:Safety data sheet
4625:List of S-phrases
4620:List of R-phrases
4516:Sprinkler fitting
4407:Circuit integrity
4279:Fire extinguisher
4117:Firefighting foam
4012:Thermal radiation
3348:Wiki.hometech.com
3221:978-1-111-30621-2
3182:(72-2013). 2013.
3049:Beacham, Janine.
2583:on April 16, 2012
1845:978-81-8495-284-1
1418:
1417:
1240:Type of detector
1113:electrical wiring
847:
846:
515:electrical charge
447:
417:According to the
316:
315:
308:
200:Duane D. Pearsall
164:
163:
156:
84:mains electricity
65:fire alarm system
36:
5730:
5678:
5677:
5666:
5665:
5654:
5653:
5642:
5641:
5630:
5629:
5351:
5286:Fire photography
5068:("Jaws of life")
5026:Fireman's switch
4749:
4742:
4735:
4726:
4710:
4709:
4698:
4697:
4614:Life Safety Code
4219:Compartmentation
4029:
3952:Flammable liquid
3839:
3832:
3825:
3816:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3532:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3490:
3483:
3479:"AENOR Noticias"
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3395:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3311:
3303:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3250:(5839-6). 2013.
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3188:
3181:
3173:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3151:. Archived from
3136:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3026:. Archived from
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
2996:. Archived from
2986:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2921:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2888:SystemSensor.com
2885:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2641:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2573:
2562:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2526:. 27 June 2012.
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2376:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2245:
2236:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2208:
2202:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2166:. Archived from
2161:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2131:. Archived from
2126:
2117:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2003:"Smoke Detector"
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1982:The Daily Secure
1974:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1875:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1829:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1792:
1777:
1776:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1712:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1652:
1635:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1600:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1566:
1556:
1459:Life Safety Code
1443:20 square meters
1439:60 square meters
1427:SA: Surface area
1234:
1022:April Fools' Day
995:for illumination
931:
930:
929:
919:
918:
917:
907:
906:
905:
895:
894:
893:
879:
878:
877:
803:
782:
781:
780:
659:
658:
657:
650:
649:
641:
640:
639:
632:
631:
623:
622:
621:
614:
613:
590:
589:
588:
581:
580:
523:electric current
448:
311:
304:
300:
297:
291:
268:
260:
213:
210:. It cost about
159:
152:
148:
145:
139:
136:reliably sourced
116:
115:
108:
37:
5738:
5737:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5727:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5663:
5651:
5618:
5593:
5572:
5529:
5488:
5389:Controlled burn
5376:
5370:
5340:
5281:Fire engine red
5259:
5250:Two-in, two-out
5205:Fireman's carry
5131:
5031:Flame retardant
4952:
4913:Fire motorcycle
4884:
4858:Fire department
4841:
4792:Station officer
4772:Battalion chief
4758:
4753:
4723:
4718:
4686:
4660:
4639:
4567:
4520:
4462:
4456:
4383:
4309:Firestop pillow
4244:Emergency light
4197:Building design
4192:
4183:Tank blanketing
4152:Inerting system
4127:Flame retardant
4077:Fire protection
4072:Fire prevention
4030:
4021:
3886:Dangerous goods
3848:
3846:Fire protection
3843:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3791:
3789:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3767:
3765:
3757:
3756:
3749:
3740:
3738:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3685:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3631:"Archived copy"
3629:
3628:
3624:
3615:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3590:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3463:
3461:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3438:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3383:
3381:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3222:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3158:
3156:
3138:
3137:
3128:
3119:
3117:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3090:
3088:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3057:on 3 April 2011
3048:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3030:on 18 June 2010
3018:
3017:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2994:hearingloss.org
2988:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2960:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2847:
2838:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2813:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2757:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2701:
2699:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2586:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2565:
2559:Wayback Machine
2549:
2542:
2533:
2531:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2247:
2246:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2199:Wayback Machine
2189:
2185:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2075:
2073:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1877:
1876:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1831:
1830:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1794:
1793:
1780:
1773:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1722:
1720:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1527:
1492:
1455:
1379:EN54-5 Clase A1
1336:EN54-5 Clase A1
1232:
1212:
1207:
1186:
1177:
1149:
1082:
1049:
1033:lithium battery
1017:
993:Emergency light
938:
928:
925:
924:
923:
921:
916:
913:
912:
911:
909:
904:
901:
900:
899:
897:
892:
889:
888:
887:
885:
876:
873:
872:
871:
869:
864:High levels of
859:carbon monoxide
852:
779:
776:
775:
774:
772:
687:
674:
656:
654:
653:
652:
648:
646:
645:
644:
643:
638:
636:
635:
634:
630:
628:
627:
626:
625:
620:
618:
617:
616:
612:
610:
609:
608:
607:
593:gamma radiation
587:
585:
584:
583:
579:
577:
576:
575:
574:
569:(electron) and
536:
495:alpha particles
436:
434:
349:
334:Optical chamber
312:
301:
295:
292:
281:
269:
258:
234:
211:
160:
149:
143:
140:
129:
121:This section's
117:
113:
106:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5736:
5734:
5726:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5695:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5672:
5660:
5648:
5636:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5605:
5603:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5548:
5543:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5419:Fire retardant
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5380:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5357:
5355:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5267:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5245:Structure fire
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5170:Door breaching
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5141:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5122:Smoke detector
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5021:Fireman's pole
5018:
5013:
5011:Fire retardant
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4962:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4943:Rescue vehicle
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4894:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4866:
4865:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4768:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4729:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4704:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4475:Fire insurance
4472:
4466:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4452:Smoke detector
4449:
4444:
4439:
4437:Flame detector
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4299:Fire sprinkler
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4239:Emergency exit
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4209:Area of refuge
4206:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4178:Spark arrestor
4175:
4170:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4122:Flame arrester
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4082:Fire retardant
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4017:Water pressure
4014:
4009:
4007:Structure fire
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3902:Dust explosion
3899:
3894:
3889:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3819:
3813:
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3804:External links
3802:
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3787:www.emnify.com
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3692:
3676:"Smoke Alarms"
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3342:Fisher, Jeff.
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1167:controlled by
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806:Detector type
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144:September 2021
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45:smoke detector
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5264:Miscellaneous
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4683:
4682:Template:HVAC
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4470:Duct cleaning
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4359:Smoke control
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3990:
3988:
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3978:
3977:Heat transfer
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:Friction loss
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
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3950:
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3938:
3937:Fire triangle
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3881:Conflagration
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3446:
3435:on 2013-05-20
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2953:Nest Web site
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2173:on 2016-04-11
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2138:on 2012-03-20
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2120:Brazzell, D.
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2015:. p. 1.
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601:
596:
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572:
568:
564:
560:
559:alpha emitter
556:
555:Americium-241
549:
545:
540:
533:
531:
527:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
505:. There is a
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
484:americium-241
481:
477:
468:
461:
460:piezoelectric
456:
431:
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401:
396:
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389:—typically a
388:
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356:
355:photoelectric
345:
342:
340:Case moulding
339:
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285:
279:
278:
273:This section
271:
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262:
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256:Photoelectric
255:
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251:
247:
243:
240:sensor or an
239:
238:photoelectric
231:
229:
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201:
197:
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189:
185:
181:
177:
176:heat detector
173:
172:Thomas Edison
169:
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58:
57:photoelectric
54:
50:
46:
21:
5680:
5668:
5656:
5644:
5632:
5541:Ancient Rome
5515:Hotshot crew
5500:Fire lookout
5399:Fire flapper
5190:Fire control
5155:Chimney fire
5121:
5041:Halligan bar
5016:Fire shelter
5001:Fire hydrant
4976:Fire blanket
4971:Escape chair
4948:Water tender
4875:Fire station
4802:Fire marshal
4782:Fire captain
4756:Firefighting
4712:
4700:
4599:Flame spread
4485:Fireproofing
4463:and services
4451:
4364:Smoke damper
4354:Safety glass
4289:Fire hydrant
4254:Fire curtain
4214:Booster pump
4173:Relief valve
4137:Fusible link
3927:Fire loading
3922:Fire control
3892:Deflagration
3790:. Retrieved
3786:
3777:
3766:. Retrieved
3762:
3739:. Retrieved
3735:
3726:
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3706:abc7news.com
3705:
3695:
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3535:the original
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3448:
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3433:the original
3423:
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3403:Firewize.com
3402:
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3368:
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3350:. TechWiki.
3347:
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2514:
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2459:
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2439:
2430:
2419:. Retrieved
2417:. 2017-02-07
2414:
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2365:
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2334:
2324:24 September
2322:. Retrieved
2315:NNDC.BNL.gov
2314:
2305:
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2252:
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2168:the original
2163:
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2133:the original
2128:
2087:
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2065:
2055:
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2033:
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2006:
1996:
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1981:
1972:
1963:
1926:. Retrieved
1917:
1914:The Rotarian
1913:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1882:
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1799:
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1756:
1742:GB 190225805
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1659:
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1626:
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1560:
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1528:
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1223:EN 54 part 7
1222:
1215:
1213:
1199:
1195:
1178:
1175:Conventional
1158:
1141:
1137:
1110:
1091:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1041:
1030:
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809:Obscuration
789:
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733:
726:
722:
714:
706:
691:
688:
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602:(1,000
597:
553:
528:
488:
482:, typically
480:radioisotope
475:
473:
427:
423:
416:
408:
395:optical beam
358:
354:
352:
346:Infrared LED
302:
293:
282:Please help
277:verification
274:
235:
227:
224:
220:AA batteries
205:
192:
188:cold cathode
165:
150:
141:
122:
95:
88:
81:
72:smoke alarms
71:
69:
44:
42:
5534:By location
5520:Smokejumper
5377:and tactics
5255:Ventilation
5195:Fire safety
5180:False alarm
5137:Terminology
5087:PASS device
5061:Hose bridge
5051:Hazmat suit
4986:Fire bucket
4966:Bunker gear
4908:Fire engine
4853:Drill tower
4807:Fire police
4319:Grease duct
4274:Fire escape
4264:Fire damper
4157:Intumescent
4102:Fire safety
4067:Fire bucket
3962:Flash point
3544:October 22,
3258:24 November
3232:24 November
2440:NRC Library
1885:. Advameg.
1883:MadeHow.com
1723:January 13,
1490:Legislation
1243:Height (m)
1184:Addressable
1069:First Alert
1047:Reliability
936:Residential
822:Ionization
795:sensitivity
791:Obscuration
371:ultraviolet
296:August 2016
5697:Categories
5566:Washington
5561:California
5429:Fire trail
5375:Equipment
5215:Flash fire
5185:Fire class
5165:Deluge gun
5102:Rotary saw
5072:Kelly tool
5036:Fog nozzle
4880:Hose tower
4846:Facilities
4787:Fire chief
4616:(NFPA 101)
4579:CE marking
4432:Fire drill
4035:Technology
3932:Fire point
3917:Fire class
3897:Detonation
3792:2023-05-12
3768:2023-05-12
3741:2023-05-12
3736:IoT Agenda
3686:2013-06-26
3647:2017-02-06
3616:2001-06-27
3591:2013-06-27
3566:2013-06-27
3514:firetc.net
3495:2013-08-26
3464:2014-08-22
3439:2014-08-22
3384:2010-06-09
3159:2008-10-28
3120:2015-07-31
3091:2009-05-17
2933:2012-05-28
2901:2014-05-01
2866:2018-12-21
2839:2014-09-03
2814:2014-05-29
2789:2014-10-03
2758:2001-06-27
2733:2013-06-27
2702:2013-06-27
2677:2006-06-01
2646:2015-05-11
2611:2015-12-28
2587:2011-07-01
2534:2013-06-26
2475:2013-06-26
2421:2021-12-23
2396:2009-08-29
2356:2009-08-31
2177:2022-07-19
2142:2009-05-13
1987:2020-12-27
1928:2014-11-27
1851:2014-11-20
1670:2017-07-28
1642:References
1510:Queensland
1147:Commercial
1074:BRK Brands
831:Aspirating
708:10.0
521:allows an
511:electrodes
432:Ionization
404:scattering
391:photodiode
242:ionization
194:1963, The
180:Birmingham
61:ionization
5718:Detectors
5708:Americium
5546:Australia
5493:Personnel
5454:Hose pack
5434:Firebreak
5414:Fire rake
5404:Fire hose
5394:Driptorch
5346:Wildfires
5276:Fire camp
5220:Flashover
5150:Barn fire
5145:Backdraft
4996:Fire hose
4958:Equipment
4890:Apparatus
4572:Standards
4501:Fire test
4329:Occupancy
4294:Fire pump
4284:Fire hose
4269:Fire door
4249:Exit sign
4224:Crash bar
3997:Pyrolysis
3992:Pool fire
3957:Flashover
3912:Explosive
3860:Backdraft
3314:ssspl.org
2963:7 January
2633:CFPA-E.eu
2290:0009-2347
2076:7 January
1685:US 436961
1376:SA >30
1291:SA >80
1205:Standards
1125:stairways
1015:Batteries
563:half-life
546:speck of
534:Radiation
503:molecules
501:some air
412:scattered
132:talk page
5657:Glossary
5633:Category
5602:See also
5510:Helitack
5505:Handcrew
5235:Rollover
5210:Firewall
4918:Fireboat
4817:Handcrew
4701:Category
4665:See also
4594:EN 16034
4304:Firestop
4259:Fire cut
3982:Jet fire
3972:Gas leak
3888:(HAZMAT)
3871:Boilover
3710:Archived
3680:Archived
3656:cite web
3638:Archived
3610:Archived
3585:Archived
3486:Archived
3458:Archived
3407:Archived
3378:Archived
3352:Archived
3318:Archived
3252:Archived
3226:Archived
3193:6 August
3184:Archived
3145:WTHR.com
3114:Archived
3085:Archived
3061:19 April
2957:Archived
2924:Archived
2892:Archived
2833:Archived
2808:Archived
2780:Archived
2752:Archived
2724:Archived
2696:Archived
2637:Archived
2555:Archived
2528:Archived
2469:Archived
2387:Archived
2347:Archived
2257:Archived
2195:Archived
2070:Archived
2066:Nfpa.org
2017:Archived
1922:Archived
1887:Archived
1804:Archived
1664:Archived
1660:nfpa.org
1263:Rmax(m)
1257:Rmax (m)
1129:hallways
696:and the
672:Disposal
385:, and a
381:(LED)—a
363:infrared
125:disputed
5681:Outline
5645:Commons
5556:History
5469:Pulaski
5354:General
5092:The pig
4713:Commons
4546:(NCEES)
3867:(BLEVE)
3177:NFPA 72
2494:RadTown
2442:. U.S.
2295:11 June
2045:24 July
1800:NRC.gov
1567:. U.S.
1133:garages
1127:, main
1121:bedroom
1051:A 2004
985:candela
977:Visual
962:85–100
694:Siemens
561:with a
517:on the
499:ionizes
478:uses a
402:due to
367:visible
212:US$ 125
184:England
104:History
5459:McLeod
5321:Muster
4644:Awards
4558:(SFPE)
4552:(NFPA)
4534:(FEMA)
4497:(FSES)
3413:6 June
3358:6 June
3218:
2288:
2219:
2099:
2023:9 June
1893:9 June
1842:
1810:9 June
1769:
1748:
1694:
1687:,
1473:, and
1463:UL 217
1333:SA ≤30
1294:EN54-7
1271:EN54-7
1268:SA ≤80
987:output
840:Laser
771:, the
702:micron
591:emits
557:is an
542:A 141
232:Design
5669:Index
5577:Lists
5175:Draft
5117:Siren
5077:Nomex
4938:Quint
4635:UL 94
4589:EN 54
4540:(IFE)
4169:(PPE)
3716:8 May
3641:(PDF)
3634:(PDF)
3538:(PDF)
3531:(PDF)
3489:(PDF)
3482:(PDF)
3327:8 May
3321:(PDF)
3310:(PDF)
3187:(PDF)
3180:(PDF)
3034:8 May
3004:8 May
2927:(PDF)
2920:(PDF)
2895:(PDF)
2884:(PDF)
2860:(PDF)
2783:(PDF)
2776:(PDF)
2727:(PDF)
2720:(PDF)
2671:(PDF)
2664:(PDF)
2640:(PDF)
2629:(PDF)
2390:(PDF)
2350:(PDF)
2343:(PDF)
2171:(PDF)
2160:(PDF)
2136:(PDF)
2125:(PDF)
1711:(PDF)
1599:(PDF)
1565:(PDF)
1546:Notes
1519:CSIRO
1475:SBCCI
1217:EN 54
1098:local
1094:state
769:EN 54
748:ABC's
571:gamma
369:, or
357:, or
337:Cover
76:alarm
49:smoke
4863:list
4584:EN 3
4564:(UL)
3718:2018
3662:link
3546:2022
3415:2014
3360:2014
3329:2018
3260:2014
3234:2014
3216:ISBN
3195:2014
3149:WTHR
3063:2011
3036:2018
3006:2018
2965:2016
2506:2022
2451:2022
2326:2022
2297:2023
2286:ISSN
2217:ISBN
2078:2016
2047:2014
2025:2014
2013:Time
2008:Time
1895:2014
1840:ISBN
1812:2014
1767:ISBN
1725:2011
1618:2022
1577:2022
1471:ICBO
1467:BOCA
1414:6,5
1394:6,5
1382:≤7,5
1371:5,7
1351:5,7
1339:≤7,5
1328:9,6
1309:8,7
1286:8,2
1131:and
1105:NFPA
1101:laws
1096:and
1053:NIST
983:177
567:beta
519:ions
383:lens
53:fire
2524:EPA
2498:EPA
1408:3,5
1388:3,5
1365:4,4
1359:≤ 6
1345:4,4
1325:110
1322:6,6
1303:5,7
1280:6,6
1274:≤12
1163:or
679:EPA
604:nCi
600:kBq
474:An
377:or
286:by
178:in
5699::
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3761:.
3750:^
3734:.
3708:.
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1405:20
1402:≤6
1391:40
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1368:30
1362:30
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1342:30
1319:80
1306:90
1300:60
1297:≤6
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1277:80
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957:Hz
922:CO
910:CO
898:CO
886:CO
870:CO
773:CO
710:μm
651:Pu
633:Am
615:Am
582:Am
544:ng
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