29:
89:
had been debated by users, medical experts, and governments alike since its introduction to
European culture. Hard evidence for the ill effects of smoking became apparent with the results of several long-term studies conducted in the early to middle twentieth century, such as the epidemiology studies
381:
The report's publication had wide effects across the United States. It was deliberately published on a
Saturday to minimize the negative effect on the American stock markets, while maximizing the coverage in Sunday newspapers. The release of the report was one of the top news stories of 1964. It led
110:
issued a report on March 7, 1962, which "clearly indicted cigarette smoking as a cause of lung cancer and bronchitis" and argued that "it probably contributed to cardiovascular disease as well." After pressure from the
363:" (or sudden-and-rapid-cessation) method has been found to be the most successful in terms of stopping smoking over long periods of time. However, in a controversial move in 1989, a later Surgeon General, Dr.
355:
In the years that followed the
Surgeon General's report, millions of Americans successfully chose to quit smoking, with two-thirds to three-quarters of ex-smokers quitting unaided by
134:
authorized
Surgeon General Terry's creation of the Advisory Committee. The committee met from November 1962 to January 1964 and analyzed over 7,000 scientific articles and papers.
515:
440:
102:"declared it the official position of the U.S. Public Health Service that the evidence pointed to a causal relationship between smoking and lung cancer". A committee of the
721:
273:
258:
701:
433:
383:
716:
670:
390:
of 1969, which mandated warning labels on cigarettes and instituted a ban on the broadcasting of cigarette advertisements on radio and/or television.
70:
726:
469:
344:
during this period, but possibly influenced by the fact that they were all smokers themselves, the
Committee defined cigarette smoking as a "
172:
429:
298:
156:(1935–40). Former President, Joint Administrative Board, Cornell University. New York Hospital Medical Center (1947–52): Former president,
46:
387:
157:
74:
746:
124:
642:
120:
510:
41:
was a landmark report published on
January 11, 1964, by the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health, chaired by
666:
128:
741:
698:
399:
486:
107:
352:". Committee members agreed that for most Americans, the smoking habit was often strong but still possible to break.
311:
The report's conclusions were almost entirely focused on the negative health effects of cigarette smoking. It found:
229:
116:
444:
341:
86:
50:
22:
731:
736:
183:
153:
112:
630:
333:
38:
Smoking and Health: Report of the
Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service
458:
LeMaistre, M. D.; Shopland, Donald R.; Farber, M. D.; Guthrie, M. D.; Hamill, M. D. (March 19, 2024).
146:
329:
a causative link between smoking and a ten- to twenty-fold increase in the occurrence of lung cancer
69:. The release of the report was one of the top news stories of 1964, leading to policy such as the
99:
54:
434:
Smoking and Health: Report of the
Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the United States
648:
638:
634:
623:
600:
465:
367:, M.D., shifted course and redefined cigarette smoking as "an addiction" rather than a habit.
356:
251:
520:
590:
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376:
364:
211:
197:
131:
595:
566:
103:
95:
567:"The Global Research Neglect of Unassisted Smoking Cessation: Causes and Consequences"
28:
710:
571:
553:
461:
Clearing the Air: The Untold Story of the 1964 Report on
Smoking and Health
62:
674:
618:
537:
91:
42:
625:
For Your Own Good : The Anti-Smoking
Crusade and the Tyranny of Public Health
585:
228:
Professor of Pathology. Columbia University. Director of Pathology Laboratories,
360:
345:
315:
cigarette smokers had a seventy percent increase in age-corrected mortality rate
192:
Field: Mathematical Statistics with: Special Application to Biological Problems.
160:(1929). Former president, American Society of Pathology and Bacteriology (1940).
66:
541:
496:
652:
459:
349:
243:
Chairman, Department of Internal Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis.
58:
604:
287:
Chairman, Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
547:
264:
Fields: Internal Medicine. Pulmonary Diseases, Preventative Medicine.
217:
Sheldon Emory. Professor of Organic Chemistry. Harvard University.
27:
246:
Fields: Internal Medicine. Physiology of Cardiopulmonary Disease.
439:(Report). Vol. Public Health Service Publication No. 1103.
142:
The Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health:
667:"History of the Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health"
491:
321:
a correlation between smoking, emphysema, and heart disease.
279:
Field: Health and its relationship to the Total Environment.
203:
Chairman. Department of Pathology. University of Pittsburgh.
163:
Field: Nature and Causation of Disease in Human Populations.
318:
cigarette smoke was the primary cause of chronic bronchitis
290:
Field: Pharmacology of Anesthesia and Habit-Forming Drugs.
16:
1964 US government report on the health effects of smoking
487:"Smoking and health 50 years on from landmark report"
261:. Medical Director, Woodland Hospital, Dallas, Texas.
565:
Chapman, Simon; MacKenzie, Ross (February 9, 2010).
464:. University of California Health Humanities Press.
178:
Fields: Clinical and Experimental Surgery; Genetics.
622:
53:, finding that it was linked to the occurrence of
382:to policy and public opinion changes such as the
274:University of Minnesota School of Public Health
259:University of Texas Southwestern Medical School
384:Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act
220:Field: Chemistry of Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons.
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
8:
441:Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
189:Professor of Statistics. Harvard University.
206:Field: Experimental and Clinical Pathology.
21:For health effects of tobacco smoking, see
671:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
594:
584:
532:
530:
98:. On June 12, 1957, then-Surgeon General
722:Reports of the United States government
516:Department of Health and Human Services
410:
71:Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act
173:University of Utah School of Medicine
7:
430:Surgeon General of the United States
299:Surgeon General of the United States
47:Surgeon General of the United States
511:"Luther Leonidas Terry (1961–1965)"
388:Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act
158:Society of American Bacteriologists
75:Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act
717:Health policy in the United States
125:American Public Health Association
14:
485:Hughes, Dominic (March 6, 2012).
284:Maurice H. Seevers, M.D., Ph. D.
168:Walter J. Burdette, M.D., Ph. D.
121:National Tuberculosis Association
51:health effects of tobacco smoking
295:Chairman: Luther L. Terry, M.D.
257:Professor of Internal Medicine,
348:" rather than an overpowering "
332:a positive correlation between
171:Head of Department of Surgery,
49:. It reported on the negative
1:
154:Dean, Yale School of Medicine
727:Smoking in the United States
586:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000216
543:The Surgeon General says ...
400:Tobacco in the United States
357:nicotine replacement methods
272:Professor of Epidemiology.
108:Royal College of Physicians
763:
629:(1st ed.). New York:
374:
325:In addition, it reported:
230:Francis Delafield Hospital
117:American Heart Association
20:
747:Health effects of tobacco
342:World Health Organization
336:and underweight newborns.
269:Leonard M. Schuman, M.D.
149:, M.D., LL.D. (Retired).
94:and pathology studies of
87:health effects of tobacco
23:Health effects of tobacco
546:WhyQuit.com – via
334:pregnant women who smoke
699:Full text of the report
113:American Cancer Society
523:on September 16, 2008.
499:on September 24, 2022.
235:Field: Cancer Biology.
33:
677:on September 28, 2022
540:(December 27, 2010).
240:John B. Hickam, M.D.
31:
554:audio only link here
359:. In addition, the "
147:Stanhope Bayne-Jones
742:Tobacco researchers
225:Jacob Furth, M.D.
184:William G. Cochran
55:chronic bronchitis
34:
471:979-8-9899229-2-5
447:on July 28, 2022.
252:Charles LeMaistre
175:, Salt Lake City.
138:Committee members
754:
687:
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673:. Archived from
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519:. Archived from
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495:. Archived from
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449:
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443:. Archived from
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426:
386:of 1965 and the
377:Tobacco politics
73:of 1965 and the
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732:1964 in science
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579:(2): e1000216.
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365:C. Everett Koop
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212:Louis F. Fieser
200:, M.D., Ph. D.
198:Emmanuel Farber
140:
132:John F. Kennedy
83:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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737:1964 documents
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729:
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693:External links
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375:Main article:
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104:United Kingdom
96:Oscar Auerbach
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619:Sullum, Jacob
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572:PLOS Medicine
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538:Spitzer, Joel
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63:heart disease
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679:. Retrieved
675:the original
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521:the original
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141:
100:Leroy Burney
92:Richard Doll
84:
43:Luther Terry
37:
36:
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18:
633:. pp.
552:Additional
361:cold turkey
346:habituation
340:As did the
232:, New York.
67:lung cancer
711:Categories
631:Free Press
406:References
123:, and the
81:Background
350:addiction
214:, Ph. D.
129:President
77:of 1969.
59:emphysema
702:Archived
681:July 11,
653:38206893
621:(1998).
605:20161722
432:(1964).
394:See also
307:Findings
635:234–235
596:2817714
548:YouTube
371:Effects
254:, M.D.
186:, M.A.
152:Former
651:
641:
603:
593:
468:
119:, the
115:, the
65:, and
437:(PDF)
32:Cover
683:2019
649:OCLC
639:ISBN
601:PMID
466:ISBN
85:The
591:PMC
581:doi
492:BBC
106:'s
90:of
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647:.
637:.
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