199:
each day. With this heavy smoking, researchers have found that there is an increase in risk as high as 66% for the child to have a chronic tic disorder. Maternal smoking during pregnancy is also associated with psychiatric disorders such as ADHD. Concerning the increase risk for
Tourette syndrome, there is an increased risk when two or more psychiatric disorders are also existent as maternal smoking leads to a higher chance of having a psychiatric disorder.
2313:
258:(SIDS) is the sudden death of an infant that is unexplainable by the infant's history. The death also remains unexplainable upon autopsy. Infants exposed to smoke, both during pregnancy and after birth, are found to be more at risk of SIDS due to the increased levels of nicotine often found in SIDS cases. Infants exposed to smoke during pregnancy are up to three times more likely to die of SIDS than children born to non-smoking mothers.
4057:
466:
unknown, studies conducted on animals have indicated that nicotine may affect brain functions that deal with eating impulses and energy metabolism. These differences appear to have a significant effect on the maintenance of a healthy, normal weight. As a result of this alteration to brain function, teenage obesity can in turn lead to a variety of health problems including
518:. For some pregnant smokers, NRT might still be the most beneficial and helpful solution to quit smoking. Research in the UK has also shown that e-cigarettes could be more effective than nicotine patches, and because of this, could lead to better pregnancy outcomes. It is important that smokers talk to doctor to determine the best course of action on an individual basis.
612:
111:, which means that the amniotic sac will rupture prematurely, and will induce labour before the baby is fully developed. Although this complication generally has a good prognosis (in Western countries), it causes stress as the premature child may have to stay in the hospital to gain health and strength to be able to sustain life on their own.
552:, especially diarrhea. Even in babies exposed to the harmful effects of nicotine through breast milk, the likelihood of acute respiratory illness is significantly diminished when compared to infants whose mothers smoked but were formula fed. Regardless, the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the risks of nicotine exposure.
224:
Smoking during pregnancy can result in lower birth weight as well as deformities in the fetus. Smoking nearly doubles the risk of low birthweight babies. In 2004, 11.9% of babies born to smokers had low birthweight as compared to only 7.2% of babies born to nonsmokers. More specifically, infants born
228:
The nicotine in cigarette smoke constricts the blood vessels in the placenta and carbon monoxide, which is poisonous, enters the fetus' bloodstream, replacing some of the valuable oxygen molecules carried by hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Moreover, because the fetus cannot breathe the smoke out,
165:
which transfers oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood to the placenta, cannot transfer enough oxygen and nutrients to the fetus, which will not be able to fully grow and develop. These conditions can result in heavy bleeding during delivery that can endanger mother and baby, although cesarean
59:
Women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant are advised to stop smoking. It is important to examine these effects because smoking before, during and after pregnancy is not an unusual behavior among the general population and can have detrimental health impacts, especially among both mother
50:
Because of the associated risks, people are advised not to smoke before, during or after pregnancy. If this is not possible, however, reducing the daily number of cigarettes smoked can minimize the risks for both the mother and child. This is especially true for people in developing countries, where
465:
and 33% more abdominal fat than similar aged teenagers with non-smoking mothers. This increase in body fat may result from the effects of smoking during pregnancy, which is thought to impact fetal genetic programming in relation to obesity. While the exact mechanism for this difference is currently
198:
and OCD. According to a study published in 2016 in the
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, there is an especially high risk for children to be born with a chronic tic disorder if their mother is a heavy smoker. Heavy smoking can be defined as ten or more cigarettes
500:
than expectant mothers who have never smoked. The study found that the risk posed to the expectant mother's child increases both with the quantity of cigarettes smoked, as well as the length of time during pregnancy during which the mother continues to smoke. This, per the study, renders a more
81:
According to a study conducted in 2008 by the
Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) that interviewed people in 26 states in the United States, approximately 13% of women reported smoking during the last three months of pregnancy. Of women who smoked during the last three months of
448:
Smoking can also cause other birth defects, reduced head circumference, altered brainstem development, altered lung structure, and cerebral palsy. Recently the U.S. Public Health
Service reported that if all pregnant women in the United States stopped smoking, there would be an estimated 11%
229:
it has to wait for the placenta to clear it. These effects account for the fact that, on average, babies born to smoking mothers are usually born too early and have a low birth weight (less than 2.5 kilograms or 5.5 pounds), making it more likely the baby will become ill or die.
599:
A grandmother who smokes during her daughter's pregnancy transmits an increased risk of asthma to her grandchildren, even if the second-generation mother does not smoke. The multigenerational epigenetic effect of nicotine on lung function has already been demonstrated.
938:
123:, where in the placenta grows in the lowest part of the uterus and covers all or part of the opening to the cervix. Placenta previa may cause economic stress for the patient in countries without free healthcare, due to the fact that it necessitates a
2221:
Jacoby PA, Coates HL, Arumugaswamy A, Elsbury D, Stokes A, Monck R, et al. (May 2008). "The effect of passive smoking on the risk of otitis media in
Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in the Kalgoorlie-Boulder region of Western Australia".
1241:
492:, the cessation of maternal smoking during any point during pregnancy reduces the risk of negative pregnancy outcomes when compared to smoking throughout the entire nine months of pregnancy, especially if it is done within the
461:. While no significant differences could be found between young teenagers with smoking mothers as compared to young teenagers with nonsmoking mothers, older teenagers with smoking mothers were found to have on average 26% more
117:, wherein there is premature separation of the placenta from the attachment site. The fetus can be put in distress, and can even die. The mother can lose blood and can have a haemorrhage; she may need a blood transfusion.
1112:
Vardavas CI, Chatzi L, Patelarou E, Plana E, Sarri K, Kafatos A, et al. (June 2010). "Smoking and smoking cessation during early pregnancy and its effect on adverse pregnancy outcomes and fetal growth".
377:
504:
There are many resources to help pregnant women quit smoking such as counseling and drug therapies. For non-pregnant smokers, an often-recommended aid to quitting smoking is through the use of
1238:
1613:
293:
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247:(organogenesis stage); the period where the organs and system of the baby as developing will be affected. There is 50 β 80% chance of having a congenital defect to your unborn child
1777:
Milerad J, Vege A, Opdal SH, Rognum TO (August 1998). "Objective measurements of nicotine exposure in victims of sudden infant death syndrome and in other unexpected child deaths".
1469:
Bajanowski T, Brinkmann B, Mitchell EA, Vennemann MM, Leukel HW, Larsch KP, Beike J (January 2008). "Nicotine and cotinine in infants dying from sudden infant death syndrome".
161:
Smoking can also impair the general development of the placenta, which is problematic because it reduces blood flow to the fetus. When the placenta does not develop fully, the
1742:
McMartin KI, Platt MS, Hackman R, Klein J, Smialek JE, Vigorito R, Koren G (February 2002). "Lung tissue concentrations of nicotine in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)".
82:
pregnancy, 52% reported smoking five or fewer cigarettes per day, 27% reported smoking six to 10 cigarettes per day, and 21% reported smoking 11 or more cigarettes per day.
60:
and child, as a result. In 2011, approximately 10% of pregnant women in data collected from 24 U.S. states reported smoking during the last three months of their pregnancy.
1562:
496:. The study found that expectant mothers who smoke at any time during the first trimester increase the risk that their child will develop birth defects, particularly
2121:
Richards GA, Terblanche AP, Theron AJ, Opperman L, Crowther G, Myer MS, et al. (February 1996). "Health effects of passive smoking in adolescent children".
2928:
1348:
1239:
https://www.elsevier.com/about/press-releases/research-and-journals/maternal-smoking-could-lead-to-an-increased-risk-for-tourette-syndrome-and-tic-disorders
3823:
2897:
1026:
3967:
1314:
2167:
AvΕar A, Darka O, TopaloΔlu B, Bek Y (October 2008). "Association of passive smoking with caries and related salivary biomarkers in young children".
1384:
1589:
1410:
133:
65:
232:
Premature and low birth weight babies face an increased risk of serious health problems as newborns have chronic lifelong disabilities such as
3322:
3093:
3023:
2207:
1817:
1420:
1004:
745:
Oncken C, Kranzler H, O'Malley P, Gendreau P, Campbell WA (May 2002). "The effect of cigarette smoking on fetal heart rate characteristics".
2598:
4096:
3197:
2365:
561:
4101:
3818:
3063:
2029:
DiFranza JR, Aligne CA, Weitzman M (April 2004). "Prenatal and postnatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure and children's health".
3952:
3768:
3098:
2963:
1683:
March, Penny D., and Carita Caple. "Smoking
Cessation and Pregnancy." Ed. Diane Pravikoff. Cinahl Information Systems (2010). Print.
3929:
3202:
2902:
2427:
1515:"Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects: a systematic review based on 173 687 malformed cases and 11.7 million controls"
4017:
3254:
2968:
1566:
891:
Castles A, Adams EK, Melvin CL, Kelsch C, Boulton ML (April 1999). "Effects of smoking during pregnancy. Five meta-analyses".
4070:
3992:
3888:
3868:
3018:
2150:
488:
175:
108:
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positive outcome for women who cease smoking for the remainder of their pregnancy relative to women who continue to smoke.
3934:
3604:
3043:
2950:
2452:
594:
4106:
3803:
3666:
3048:
3008:
2507:
570:
527:
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470:(a condition in which the affected individual's blood glucose level is too high and the body is unable to regulate it),
255:
127:, which requires a longer recovery period in the hospital. There can also be complications, such as maternal hemorrhage.
2157:, The Collaborative on Health and the Environment's Learning and Developmental Disabilities Initiative, 7 November 2007
548:
than to completely avoid this practice altogether. There is evidence that breastfeeding offers protection against many
3778:
2877:
2688:
2661:
1237:
E. (n.d.). Maternal
Smoking Could Lead to an Increased Risk for Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders. Retrieved from
3863:
3680:
3450:
3083:
2920:
2678:
2603:
2573:
1344:
1978:
Dybing E, Sanner T (April 1999). "Passive smoking, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and childhood infections".
3763:
3738:
3529:
3315:
3133:
2745:
2485:
2409:
1637:"Electronic cigarettes versus nicotine patches for smoking cessation in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial"
1023:
625:
539:
509:
40:
3693:
2495:
497:
347:
478:(any condition related to the heart but most commonly the thickening of arteries due to excess fat build-up).
97:
Smoking during pregnancy can lead to a plethora of health risks and damage to both the mother and the fetus.
3813:
3455:
3364:
3068:
2933:
2671:
2432:
2399:
2358:
237:
1833:"Developing asthma in childhood from exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke: insights from a meta-regression"
1322:
3957:
3828:
3501:
3430:
3425:
3380:
3187:
3003:
2568:
2447:
475:
194:. There is a link between chronic tic disorders, which include Tourette syndrome and other disorders like
101:
47:
among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the foetus.
1373:
3688:
3390:
3182:
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2988:
2983:
2807:
2760:
2755:
2723:
2543:
2317:
630:
3788:
1426:
303:
178:, but not when the pregnancy is with multiple babies (i.e. it has no effect on twins, triplets, etc.).
3944:
3924:
3840:
3620:
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3460:
3405:
3395:
3308:
3289:
3228:
3088:
2945:
2869:
2777:
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2563:
2464:
2442:
2074:"Active and passive smoking in childhood is related to the development of inflammatory bowel disease"
1987:
86:
4065:
3793:
3747:
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3440:
3192:
3103:
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2459:
2419:
2148:
Scientific
Consensus Statement on Environmental Agents Associated with Neurodevelopmental Disorders
549:
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2247:
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1605:
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916:
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770:
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Infants exposed to smoke, both during pregnancy and after birth, are found to be more at risk of
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578:
996:
990:
4012:
3855:
3808:
3656:
3625:
3599:
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1179:
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1000:
908:
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686:
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A recent study has proposed that maternal smoking during pregnancy can lead to future teenage
225:
to smokers weigh on average 200 grams less than infants born to people who do not smoke.
187:
124:
70:
934:
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4042:
3919:
3883:
3783:
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1597:
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1259:"Maternal Cigarette Smoking and Cleft Lip and Palate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
1210:
1169:
1122:
1081:
1073:
900:
858:
850:
801:
754:
717:
676:
666:
367:
337:
655:"Health outcomes of smoking during pregnancy and the postpartum period: an umbrella review"
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3703:
3661:
3415:
3410:
3331:
3177:
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2437:
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2321:
2312:
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1245:
1174:
1157:
1030:
617:
566:
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If one does continue to smoke after giving birth, however, it is still more beneficial to
493:
244:
150:
120:
89:
are 30% more likely to smoke during pregnancy than those whose pregnancies were intended.
32:
961:"Preventing Smoking and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Before, During, and After Pregnancy"
704:
Ness RB, Grisso JA, Hirschinger N, Markovic N, Shaw LM, Day NL, Kline J (February 1999).
153:
is roughly 50% higher for women who smoke during pregnancy, going from around 8% to 11%.
1991:
1635:
Hajek P, Przulj D, Pesola F, Griffiths C, Walton R, McRobbie H, et al. (May 2022).
17:
4022:
3223:
3138:
2844:
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2269:
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1955:
1930:
1906:
1881:
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1719:
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1283:
1258:
1086:
1061:
1024:
Preventing
Smoking and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Before, During, and After Pregnancy
968:
Preventing
Smoking and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Before, During, and After Pregnancy
863:
838:
681:
654:
233:
162:
100:
Women who smoke during pregnancy are about twice as likely to experience the following
69:, smoking prior to pregnancy is strongly related to an increased risk of developing an
39:
causes many detrimental effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general
2180:
1790:
904:
758:
4085:
3987:
3845:
3698:
3233:
3123:
2912:
2887:
2639:
2480:
2394:
1609:
1300:
992:
The best intentions: unintended pregnancy and the well-being of children and families
582:
387:
138:
2107:
2015:
1498:
1142:
920:
823:
774:
4032:
4027:
3713:
3269:
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2802:
2750:
2708:
2251:
471:
397:
313:
283:
208:
191:
2147:
2058:
1048:
1882:"Parent reported longstanding health problems in early childhood: a cohort study"
960:
854:
186:
Other effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy include an increased risk for
4002:
3962:
3907:
3798:
3259:
2854:
2812:
2730:
1043:
722:
705:
427:
317:
44:
1999:
1652:
1601:
671:
3264:
2782:
2704:
2583:
2378:
2286:
1482:
1274:
1126:
1077:
607:
545:
275:
2042:
1946:
43:. A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in
3878:
2374:
1755:
1530:
36:
2343:
2305:
2243:
2188:
2099:
2050:
2007:
1964:
1915:
1866:
1763:
1728:
1710:
1695:"Breastfeeding and smoking: short-term effects on infant feeding and sleep"
1670:
1548:
1490:
1292:
1224:
1134:
1095:
912:
872:
815:
766:
690:
2134:
1798:
1215:
1198:
1183:
806:
789:
731:
4007:
3718:
3708:
3143:
2859:
1897:
577:, lung infections, impaired respiratory function and slowed lung growth,
467:
462:
327:
2123:
South African Medical Journal = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Geneeskunde
2666:
1060:
Anderka M, Romitti PA, Sun L, Druschel C, Carmichael S, Shaw G (2010).
458:
51:
breastfeeding is essential for the child's overall nutritional status.
2090:
2073:
1848:
1257:
Fell M, Dack K, Chummun S, Sandy J, Wren Y, Lewis S (September 2022).
137:, smoking during pregnancy is related to a reduced risk of developing
3172:
2634:
2629:
574:
514:
407:
581:, learning difficulties and neurobehavioral effects, an increase in
3300:
3238:
3218:
2882:
2651:
512:. NRT, however, delivers nicotine to the expectant mother's child
1197:
Krotz S, Fajardo J, Ghandi S, Patel A, Keith LG (February 2002).
508:(NRT) in the form of patches, gum, inhalers, lozenges, sprays or
195:
174:
There is limited evidence that smoking reduces the incidence of
3304:
2347:
449:
reduction in stillbirths and a 5% reduction in newborn deaths.
207:
Pregnant women who smoke may be at risk of having a child with
706:"Cocaine and tobacco use and the risk of spontaneous abortion"
2072:
Mahid SS, Minor KS, Stromberg AJ, Galandiuk S (April 2007).
215:
Effects of smoking during pregnancy on the child after birth
236:(a set of motor conditions causing physical disabilities),
1590:"Is vaping better than nicotine patches during pregnancy?"
1062:"Patterns of tobacco exposure before and during pregnancy"
1563:"Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy and Childhood Obesity"
1347:. Center of Disease Control and Prevention. 29 May 2019.
3834:
Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
1315:"[Infographic] 12 Do's and Don'ts of Pregnancy"
267:
Birth defects associated with smoking during pregnancy
1693:
Mennella JA, Yourshaw LM, Morgan LK (September 2007).
569:
is associated with many risks to children, including,
265:
2339:
CDC - Tobacco Use and Pregnancy - Reproductive Health
2263:
2261:
2206:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSurgeon_General2006 (
1816:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSurgeon_General2006 (
995:. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. pp.
1199:"Hypertensive disease in twin pregnancies: a review"
3980:
3943:
3906:
3854:
3727:
3679:
3649:
3613:
3517:
3489:
3373:
3347:
3338:
3282:
3247:
3211:
3165:
3156:
3116:
2911:
2868:
2837:
2830:
2697:
2622:
2591:
2582:
2516:
2473:
2418:
2385:
1831:Vork KL, Broadwin RL, Blaisdell RJ (October 2007).
1511:Unless else specified in table, then reference is:
131:According to a 1999 meta-analysis published in the
63:According to a 1999 meta-analysis published in the
1156:Zhang J, Zeisler J, Hatch MC, Berkowitz G (1997).
1022:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2007.
585:, and an increased risk of middle ear infections.
1018:
1016:
1158:"Epidemiology of pregnancy-induced hypertension"
2201:
1811:
1415:. Canada: Nelson Education, Ltd. p. 417.
970:. CDC, Department of Health and Human Services
648:
646:
3316:
2359:
1464:
1462:
1066:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
8:
653:AvΕar TS, McLeod H, Jackson L (March 2021).
3824:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
1929:de Jongste JC, Shields MD (November 2003).
1107:
1105:
935:"Substance Use During Pregnancy | CDC"
839:"Update on medicines for smoking cessation"
486:According to a 2010 study published in the
3912:
3731:
3344:
3323:
3309:
3301:
3162:
2834:
2588:
2366:
2352:
2344:
149:Some studies show that the probability of
2295:
2285:
2089:
1954:
1905:
1856:
1718:
1660:
1538:
1513:Hackshaw A, Rodeck C, Boniface S (2011).
1282:
1214:
1173:
1085:
862:
805:
721:
680:
670:
1471:International Journal of Legal Medicine
893:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
642:
134:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
66:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
1931:"Cough . 2: Chronic cough in children"
1368:
1366:
1351:from the original on 20 September 2020
2270:"The management of asthmatic smokers"
1616:from the original on 11 November 2022
1263:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal
1175:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017954
941:from the original on 18 December 2022
7:
1390:from the original on 19 January 2017
886:
884:
882:
794:Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
790:"Maternal smoking and breastfeeding"
3198:Psychiatric disorders of childbirth
1980:Human & Experimental Toxicology
1588:Beeston, Amelia (4 November 2022).
1442:"Smoking and pregnancy health risk"
710:The New England Journal of Medicine
562:Risk to children of passive smoking
157:Implications for the umbilical cord
3819:Tobacco packaging warning messages
2236:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01801.x
166:delivery can prevent most deaths.
85:In the United States, women whose
25:
2181:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.05.007
1837:Environmental Health Perspectives
4056:
4055:
3930:Smoking bans in private vehicles
3203:Postpartum physiological changes
2903:Postpartum physiological changes
2428:Assisted reproductive technology
2316: This article incorporates
2311:
2224:The Medical Journal of Australia
1886:Archives of Disease in Childhood
788:Najdawi F, Faouri M (May 1999).
610:
27:Tobacco smoking during pregnancy
4018:Smoking in association football
3255:Adaptation to extrauterine life
2268:Chatkin JM, Dullius CR (2016).
1374:"2004 Surgeon General's Report"
3993:Tobacco consumption by country
3889:Smoking and female infertility
2898:Maternal physiological changes
1880:Spencer N, Coe C (July 2003).
1383:. Center for Disease Control.
1381:Chapter 5 Reproductive Effects
1115:European Journal of Pediatrics
989:Eisenberg L, Brown SH (1995).
489:European Journal of Pediatrics
243:If you are smoking during the
176:pregnancy-induced hypertension
170:Pregnancy-induced hypertension
109:premature rupture of membranes
1:
3935:Tobacco-free college campuses
2453:partner-assisted reproduction
1791:10.1016/S0022-3476(98)70225-2
905:10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00089-0
759:10.1016/S0029-7844(02)01948-8
595:Epigenetic effects of smoking
3804:Smoking and male infertility
2274:Asthma Research and Practice
855:10.18773/austprescr.2015.038
659:BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
571:sudden infant death syndrome
528:sudden infant death syndrome
506:nicotine replacement therapy
256:Sudden infant death syndrome
251:Sudden infant death syndrome
93:Effects on ongoing pregnancy
3779:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
2689:Traditional birth attendant
2078:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
837:McDonough M (August 2015).
723:10.1056/NEJM199902043400501
474:(high blood pressure), and
87:pregnancies were unintended
4123:
4097:Health issues in pregnancy
3864:Breastfeeding difficulties
2921:Brain health and pollution
2000:10.1191/096032799678839914
1653:10.1038/s41591-022-01808-0
1602:10.3310/nihrevidence_54425
1409:Engebretson, Joan (2013).
1345:"Smoking During Pregnancy"
672:10.1186/s12884-021-03729-1
592:
559:
537:
4102:Health effects of tobacco
4051:
3915:
3769:Schizophrenia and smoking
3764:Prevalence of tobacco use
3739:Health effects of tobacco
3734:
3134:Chorionic villus sampling
2486:Obstetric ultrasonography
2410:Pre-conception counseling
2287:10.1186/s40733-016-0025-7
1779:The Journal of Pediatrics
1744:The Journal of Pediatrics
1519:Human Reproduction Update
1483:10.1007/s00414-007-0155-9
1275:10.1177/10556656211040015
1127:10.1007/s00431-009-1107-9
1078:10.3109/00016341003692261
1029:11 September 2011 at the
747:Obstetrics and Gynecology
626:Health effects of tobacco
540:Smoking and breastfeeding
482:Quitting during pregnancy
238:intellectual disabilities
41:health effects of tobacco
3694:Islamic views on tobacco
3024:Intrahepatic cholestasis
2169:Archives of Oral Biology
2043:10.1542/peds.113.S3.1007
1947:10.1136/thorax.58.11.998
1244:18 December 2022 at the
1044:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
589:Multigenerational effect
498:congenital heart defects
378:gastrointestinal defects
77:Smoking during pregnancy
55:Smoking before pregnancy
18:Smoking during pregnancy
3814:Tobacco-free pharmacies
3094:Motor vehicle emissions
2955:Concomitant conditions
2929:environmental toxicants
2672:Auxiliary nurse midwife
2433:artificial insemination
2400:Natural family planning
1756:10.1067/mpd.2002.121937
1412:Materinity Nursing Care
522:Smoking after pregnancy
240:and learning problems.
102:pregnancy complications
3188:Postpartum confinement
2448:in vitro fertilisation
2037:(4 Suppl): 1007β1015.
1711:10.1542/peds.2007-0488
476:cardiovascular disease
304:limb reduction defects
294:musculoskeletal defect
4071:Electronic cigarettes
3894:Smoking and pregnancy
3689:Smoking in Jewish law
3183:Postpartum depression
3064:Pruritic folliculitis
2808:Unassisted childbirth
2153:27 March 2009 at the
1531:10.1093/humupd/dmr022
1216:10.1375/1369052022848
1162:Epidemiologic Reviews
843:Australian Prescriber
807:10.26719/1999.5.3.450
631:Alcohol and pregnancy
3925:List of smoking bans
3884:Ptosis of the breast
3841:World No Tobacco Day
3290:Gravidity and parity
3270:Congenital disorders
3229:Lactation consultant
3099:Pre-existing disease
2778:Childbirth positions
2768:Rupture of membranes
2465:Unintended pregnancy
2443:fertility medication
2320:available under the
2202:Surgeon General 2006
1898:10.1136/adc.88.7.570
1812:Surgeon General 2006
4107:Drugs and pregnancy
3794:Stomatitis nicotina
3748:Nicotine withdrawal
3193:Sex after pregnancy
3000:Endocrine diseases
2946:Prenatal depression
2818:Placental expulsion
2736:Uterine contraction
2719:cervical effacement
2460:Fertility awareness
1992:1999HETox..18..202D
1429:on 29 October 2016.
753:(5 Pt 1): 751β755.
550:infectious diseases
268:
262:Other birth defects
115:placental abruption
4038:Nicotine marketing
3998:History of smoking
3945:Country and region
3789:Smoker's melanosis
3743:Nicotine poisoning
2969:Hypercoagulability
2798:Natural childbirth
2647:Postterm pregnancy
2405:Male contraceptive
2204:, pp. 293β309
1569:on 4 November 2016
510:sublingual tablets
418:undescended testes
266:
4079:
4078:
4013:Smoking fetishism
3976:
3975:
3902:
3901:
3856:Women and smoking
3809:Smoking cessation
3675:
3674:
3298:
3297:
3283:Obstetric history
3278:
3277:
3239:Confinement nanny
3152:
3151:
3019:Acute fatty liver
2826:
2825:
2714:cervical dilation
2091:10.1002/ibd.20070
1849:10.1289/ehp.10155
1843:(10): 1394β1400.
1422:978-1-111-54311-2
1325:on 27 August 2016
1006:978-0-309-05230-6
446:
445:
188:Tourette syndrome
125:caesarean section
71:ectopic pregnancy
16:(Redirected from
4114:
4059:
4058:
4043:Tobacco industry
3920:Inflight smoking
3913:
3774:Sidestream smoke
3759:Third-hand smoke
3732:
3345:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3302:
3163:
3129:Cardiotocography
2835:
2741:Vaginal delivery
2614:Nesting instinct
2589:
2574:Rudimentary horn
2503:Prenatal testing
2368:
2361:
2354:
2345:
2326:
2315:
2309:
2299:
2289:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2164:
2158:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2093:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2026:
2020:
2019:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1941:(11): 998β1003.
1926:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1814:, pp. 311β9
1809:
1803:
1802:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1664:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1565:. Archived from
1559:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1425:. Archived from
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1378:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1321:. Archived from
1311:
1305:
1304:
1286:
1269:(9): 1185β1200.
1254:
1248:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1218:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1057:
1051:
1040:
1034:
1020:
1011:
1010:
986:
980:
979:
977:
975:
965:
957:
951:
950:
948:
946:
937:. 16 July 2020.
931:
925:
924:
888:
877:
876:
866:
834:
828:
827:
809:
785:
779:
778:
742:
736:
735:
725:
701:
695:
694:
684:
674:
650:
620:
615:
614:
613:
368:orofacial clefts
338:craniosynostosis
269:
220:Low birth weight
21:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4047:
3972:
3939:
3898:
3874:Cervical cancer
3850:
3754:Passive smoking
3723:
3704:Ceremonial pipe
3671:
3645:
3609:
3513:
3485:
3369:
3340:
3334:
3332:Tobacco smoking
3329:
3299:
3294:
3274:
3243:
3207:
3178:Postpartum care
3148:
3112:
3015:Liver diseases
3009:Thyroid disease
2907:
2893:Gestational age
2864:
2822:
2788:Labor induction
2693:
2684:Perinatal nurse
2657:Birth attendant
2618:
2578:
2512:
2508:Medical imaging
2469:
2438:fertility fraud
2414:
2381:
2372:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2230:(10): 599β603.
2220:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2175:(10): 969β974.
2166:
2165:
2161:
2155:Wayback Machine
2146:
2142:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2028:
2027:
2023:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1641:Nature Medicine
1634:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1440:kela, Jasmine.
1439:
1438:
1434:
1423:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1319:Pregnancy Savvy
1313:
1312:
1308:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1246:Wayback Machine
1236:
1232:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1049:Placenta previa
1041:
1037:
1031:Wayback Machine
1021:
1014:
1007:
988:
987:
983:
973:
971:
963:
959:
958:
954:
944:
942:
933:
932:
928:
890:
889:
880:
836:
835:
831:
787:
786:
782:
744:
743:
739:
703:
702:
698:
652:
651:
644:
639:
618:Medicine portal
616:
611:
609:
606:
597:
591:
579:Crohn's disease
567:Passive smoking
564:
558:
556:Passive smoking
542:
536:
524:
494:first trimester
484:
455:
282:cardiovascular/
264:
253:
245:first trimester
222:
217:
205:
184:
172:
159:
151:premature birth
147:
145:Premature birth
121:placenta previa
95:
79:
57:
33:Tobacco smoking
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4120:
4118:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4084:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4023:Smoking jacket
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3735:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3605:United Kingdom
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3305:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3224:Health visitor
3221:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3139:Nonstress test
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:Skin diseases
3053:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3006:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2845:Amniotic fluid
2841:
2839:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2793:Multiple birth
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2599:Bradley method
2595:
2593:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2491:Pregnancy test
2488:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2333:External links
2331:
2328:
2327:
2257:
2213:
2194:
2159:
2140:
2129:(2): 143β147.
2113:
2084:(4): 431β438.
2064:
2021:
1986:(4): 202β205.
1970:
1921:
1892:(7): 570β573.
1872:
1823:
1804:
1785:(2): 232β236.
1769:
1750:(2): 205β209.
1734:
1705:(3): 497β502.
1685:
1676:
1647:(5): 958β964.
1627:
1580:
1554:
1525:(5): 589β604.
1504:
1458:
1432:
1421:
1401:
1362:
1336:
1306:
1249:
1230:
1189:
1168:(2): 218β232.
1148:
1121:(6): 741β748.
1101:
1072:(4): 505β514.
1052:
1035:
1012:
1005:
981:
952:
926:
899:(3): 208β215.
878:
849:(4): 106β111.
829:
800:(3): 450β456.
780:
737:
716:(5): 333β339.
696:
641:
640:
638:
635:
634:
633:
628:
622:
621:
605:
602:
593:Main article:
590:
587:
560:Main article:
557:
554:
538:Main article:
535:
532:
523:
520:
483:
480:
454:
453:Future obesity
451:
444:
443:
440:
434:
433:
430:
424:
423:
420:
414:
413:
410:
404:
403:
400:
394:
393:
390:
384:
383:
380:
374:
373:
370:
364:
363:
360:
354:
353:
350:
348:facial defects
344:
343:
340:
334:
333:
330:
324:
323:
320:
310:
309:
306:
300:
299:
296:
290:
289:
286:
279:
278:
273:
263:
260:
252:
249:
234:cerebral palsy
221:
218:
216:
213:
204:
201:
183:
180:
171:
168:
163:umbilical cord
158:
155:
146:
143:
129:
128:
118:
112:
94:
91:
78:
75:
56:
53:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4119:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3988:Chain smoking
3986:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3968:United States
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3869:Breast cancer
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3846:Youth smoking
3844:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:Smoker's face
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3699:Tobacco fatwa
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3678:
3668:
3667:United States
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3650:North America
3648:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:South America
3612:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:Monthly nurse
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Amniocentesis
3122:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:Vaginal flora
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2974:Substance use
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:Fundal height
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2640:Preterm birth
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Hypnobirthing
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2481:3D ultrasound
2479:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2395:Birth control
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1628:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:NIHR Evidence
1591:
1584:
1581:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1402:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1350:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:Twin Research
1200:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1002:
998:
994:
993:
985:
982:
969:
962:
956:
953:
940:
936:
930:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
887:
885:
883:
879:
874:
870:
865:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
833:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
808:
803:
799:
795:
791:
784:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
741:
738:
733:
729:
724:
719:
715:
711:
707:
700:
697:
692:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
664:
660:
656:
649:
647:
643:
636:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
619:
608:
603:
601:
596:
588:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
555:
553:
551:
547:
541:
534:Breastfeeding
533:
531:
529:
521:
519:
517:
516:
511:
507:
502:
499:
495:
491:
490:
481:
479:
477:
473:
469:
464:
460:
452:
450:
441:
439:
436:
435:
431:
429:
426:
425:
421:
419:
416:
415:
411:
409:
406:
405:
401:
399:
396:
395:
391:
389:
388:gastroschisis
386:
385:
381:
379:
376:
375:
371:
369:
366:
365:
361:
359:
356:
355:
351:
349:
346:
345:
341:
339:
336:
335:
331:
329:
326:
325:
321:
319:
315:
312:
311:
307:
305:
302:
301:
297:
295:
292:
291:
287:
285:
284:heart defects
281:
280:
277:
274:
271:
270:
261:
259:
257:
250:
248:
246:
241:
239:
235:
230:
226:
219:
214:
212:
210:
202:
200:
197:
193:
192:tic disorders
189:
182:Tic disorders
181:
179:
177:
169:
167:
164:
156:
154:
152:
144:
142:
140:
139:pre-eclampsia
136:
135:
126:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
105:
103:
98:
92:
90:
88:
83:
76:
74:
72:
68:
67:
61:
54:
52:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
4033:Smoking room
4028:Tobacco pipe
3893:
3714:Kinnikinnick
3456:Saudi Arabia
3365:South Africa
2978:
2964:Hypertension
2951:Immunization
2934:in pregnancy
2850:Amniotic sac
2803:Silent birth
2746:Presentation
2709:Bishop score
2679:Obstetrician
2569:Interstitial
2496:home testing
2310:
2277:
2273:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2197:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2143:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2034:
2030:
2024:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1807:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1679:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1593:
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1567:the original
1557:
1522:
1518:
1507:
1477:(1): 23β28.
1474:
1470:
1449:. Retrieved
1445:
1435:
1427:the original
1411:
1404:
1394:22 September
1392:. Retrieved
1380:
1355:19 September
1353:. Retrieved
1339:
1327:. Retrieved
1323:the original
1318:
1309:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1233:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1118:
1114:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1042:
1038:
991:
984:
974:22 September
972:. Retrieved
967:
955:
945:12 September
943:. Retrieved
929:
896:
892:
846:
842:
832:
797:
793:
783:
750:
746:
740:
713:
709:
699:
662:
658:
598:
565:
543:
525:
513:
503:
487:
485:
472:hypertension
456:
447:
438:skin defects
398:anal atresia
318:extra digits
254:
242:
231:
227:
223:
209:cleft palate
206:
203:Cleft palate
185:
173:
160:
148:
132:
130:
99:
96:
84:
80:
64:
62:
58:
49:
45:miscarriages
31:
29:
4003:Smoking cap
3908:Smoking ban
3799:Smoking age
3502:New Zealand
3451:Philippines
3431:South Korea
3426:North Korea
3381:Afghanistan
3260:Apgar score
3044:Hepatitis C
3030:Infections
2870:Development
2855:Endometrium
2813:Water birth
2731:Bloody show
2662:Men's roles
2592:Preparation
2544:Heterotopic
1209:(1): 8β14.
583:tooth decay
428:hypospadias
358:eye defects
4086:Categories
4066:Cigarettes
3391:East Timor
3341:and region
3265:Child care
3158:Postpartum
3117:Procedures
3069:Dermatoses
2925:Nutrition
2783:Home birth
2705:Pelvimetry
2584:Childbirth
2564:Unintended
2420:Conception
2379:childbirth
2031:Pediatrics
1699:Pediatrics
1620:4 November
1573:6 November
1451:27 October
1446:4BabyStuff
665:(1): 254.
637:References
546:breastfeed
276:Odds ratio
3953:Australia
3879:Menopause
3621:Argentina
3497:Australia
3461:Singapore
3406:Indonesia
3396:Hong Kong
2773:Caesarean
2539:Abdominal
2375:Pregnancy
2322:CC BY 4.0
2280:(1): 10.
1610:253360129
1329:25 August
1301:237943233
37:pregnancy
4061:Category
4008:Smokeasy
3719:Pipe bag
3709:Chanunpa
3681:Religion
3631:Colombia
3446:Pakistan
3441:Malaysia
3166:Maternal
3144:Abortion
3089:Bleeding
3039:COVID-19
3004:Diabetes
2989:Cannabis
2939:prenatal
2860:Placenta
2831:Prenatal
2761:shoulder
2756:cephalic
2724:position
2698:Delivery
2559:Postterm
2524:Cervical
2387:Planning
2324:license.
2306:27965778
2244:18484936
2189:18672230
2151:Archived
2108:46428261
2100:17206676
2051:15060193
2016:21365217
2008:10333302
1965:14586058
1916:12818898
1867:17938726
1764:11865272
1729:17766521
1671:35577966
1614:Archived
1549:21747128
1499:26325523
1491:17285322
1385:Archived
1349:Archived
1293:34569861
1242:Archived
1225:11893276
1143:20429746
1135:19953266
1096:20367429
1027:Archived
939:Archived
921:33535194
913:10198660
873:26648633
824:30513271
816:10793823
775:38760373
767:11978283
691:33771100
604:See also
573:(SIDS),
530:(SIDS).
515:in utero
468:diabetes
463:body fat
328:clubfoot
4092:Smoking
3958:England
3641:Uruguay
3636:Ecuador
3570:Ireland
3565:Iceland
3560:Hungary
3550:Germany
3540:Finland
3535:Croatia
3530:Armenia
3525:Albania
3509:Tokelau
3490:Oceania
3481:Vietnam
3360:Nigeria
3339:Country
3075:Others
3049:Malaria
2994:Opioids
2984:Alcohol
2979:Smoking
2838:Anatomy
2667:Midwife
2635:Newborn
2554:Ovarian
2534:Ectopic
2529:Cryptic
2474:Testing
2297:5142412
2252:9420655
2135:8619139
1988:Bibcode
1956:1746521
1907:1763148
1858:2022647
1799:9709711
1720:2277470
1662:9117131
1540:3156888
1284:9411693
1184:9494784
1087:6042858
864:4653977
732:9929522
682:7995767
459:obesity
314:missing
35:during
3963:France
3829:MPOWER
3728:Health
3657:Canada
3626:Brazil
3600:Turkey
3595:Sweden
3590:Russia
3585:Norway
3580:Latvia
3555:Greece
3545:France
3518:Europe
3476:Turkey
3471:Taiwan
3348:Africa
3248:Infant
3173:Lochia
2959:Anemia
2878:Embryo
2751:breech
2630:Mother
2609:Lamaze
2304:
2294:
2250:
2242:
2187:
2133:
2106:
2098:
2059:248349
2057:
2049:
2014:
2006:
1963:
1953:
1935:Thorax
1914:
1904:
1865:
1855:
1797:
1762:
1727:
1717:
1669:
1659:
1608:
1547:
1537:
1497:
1489:
1419:
1299:
1291:
1281:
1223:
1182:
1141:
1133:
1094:
1084:
1003:
919:
911:
871:
861:
822:
814:
773:
765:
730:
689:
679:
575:asthma
408:hernia
272:Defect
3981:Other
3575:Italy
3466:Syria
3436:Macau
3421:Japan
3401:India
3386:China
3355:Egypt
3219:Doula
3212:Roles
3104:Sleep
3079:Drugs
3059:Lupus
2883:Fetus
2652:Doula
2623:Roles
2549:Molar
2517:Types
2248:S2CID
2104:S2CID
2055:S2CID
2012:S2CID
1606:S2CID
1495:S2CID
1388:(PDF)
1377:(PDF)
1297:S2CID
1139:S2CID
997:68β70
964:(PDF)
917:S2CID
820:S2CID
771:S2CID
442:0.82
432:0.90
422:1.13
412:1.40
402:1.20
392:1.50
382:1.27
372:1.28
362:1.25
352:1.19
342:1.33
332:1.28
322:1.18
308:1.26
298:1.16
288:1.09
3662:Cuba
3416:Iraq
3411:Iran
3374:Asia
2913:Care
2377:and
2318:text
2302:PMID
2240:PMID
2208:help
2185:PMID
2131:PMID
2096:PMID
2047:PMID
2004:PMID
1961:PMID
1912:PMID
1863:PMID
1818:help
1795:PMID
1760:PMID
1725:PMID
1667:PMID
1622:2022
1575:2016
1545:PMID
1487:PMID
1453:2019
1417:ISBN
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