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A shed skin is much longer than the snake that shed it, as the skin covers the top and bottom of each scale. If the skin is shed intact, each scale is unwrapped on the top and bottom side of the scale which almost doubles the length of the shed skin. While a snake is in the process of shedding the skin over its eye, the eye may become milky. Scales over the snakes eyes harden, to be shed with the rest of the old skin. When the process is complete the snake emerges with its color deepened, the scales polished, the surfaces bright and undulled by contact with scratching brush, and with their total loss of vision completely restored.
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species of snake, sometimes frequently, other times only after shedding or molting. It is thought that scale polishing is used as a method of waterproofing, and it may also play a role in chemical messaging or friction reduction. Lastly, scales and snake skin provide protection in the form of keratin. It has been found, that beta-keratins aid in formation of scales, as the keratin proteins produce a pre-corneous layer of densely packed epidermal scales creating a thick
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200:), respectively. The dermis of a snake resides beneath the epidermis. The dermis of snakes is generally fibrous in nature, and not very prominent. The dermis houses pigment cells, nerves, and collagen fibers. Nerve fibers extend into the snake epidermis and anchor near scales, generally at the rostral, or head, end of the snake. Specifically, nerves anchor to sensory spines and pits, which are touch and thermal detection organs, respectively. The
547:
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389:, emu, camel, among others. With crocodile and lizard leathers, it belongs to the category of reptile leathers, with a scaly appearance. There is evidence that the harvest in at least some species of snakes killed for the leather industry is unsustainable and carried out in violation of national legislation in source countries.
337:
A new layer of epidermis is grown beneath the old. When it is finished, the snake secretes a fluid between the new skin and the old. The fluid gives the skin a silvery cast. Snakes will work their heads against rough surfaces until the old skin breaks, after which the snake can work itself out of it.
272:
The skin that lies beneath snake's scales is also responsible for snakes' flexibility. The regions between snake scales is made of soft integument called an alpha-layer, which is composed of alpha-keratin that allows for flexibility and movement. Snake mobility is dependent on the skin's contact to a
222:
protective layer. Parts of this keratin covering are shaved back to make the snake's scales, the less restricted portion of each scale overlapping the scale behind it. Between scales lies shaved back connecting material, also of keratin, also part of the epidermis. This material allows for the poised
135:
yield coloration when light shines through the corneal layer of the epidermis. There are many kinds of chromatophores. Melanophores yield brown pigmentation, and when paired with guanophores, yield grey. When paired with guanophores and lipophores, yellow results. When guanophores and allophores are
97:
can be ornately patterned. They can be striped, banded, solid, green, blue, yellow, red, black, orange, brown, spotted, or have a unique pattern all their own. These color schemes can serve many functions, including camouflage, heat absorption or reflection, or may play other, less understood roles.
172:, is more than just patterns and scales. Scales and patterning are features of snakeskin, and they are derived from a soft and complex integument. These scale patterns are unique to species, and the scales themselves help in locomoting by providing a friction buffer between the snake and the ground
243:
skins, and that aquatic snakes have a more permeable skin that can sometimes trap water to prevent drying out. Some snakes may change their environment throughout the year, and may subsequently change their skin's permeability as a result. For instance, aquatic snakes may latch on to more water if
212:
Snakeskin is composed of a soft, flexible inner layer (alpha-layer), as well as a hard, inflexible outer surface (beta-layer). Snake bodies are in contact with a surface at all times, causing a large amount of friction. As a result, they have to both minimize friction in order to move forward, and
217:
which serve as cytoskeletal proteins for a mechanical form of resistance against traction. Additionally, to reduce friction some snakes polish their scales. They secrete an oil from their nasal passage, and then rub the secretion over the scales. This is done at varying intervals depending on the
524:
122:
Coloration of snakes is largely due to pigment cells and their distribution. Some scales have lightly colored centers, which arise from regions with a reduced cuticle. A thinner cuticle indicates that some sensory organ is present. Scales in general are numerous and coat the
488:
277:
of the snake skin allows for quick and precise changes in direction. For smooth gliding to occur, snakeskin is composed of sharp spines and interlocking longitudinal ridges. The snakeskin also contains highly organized 'micro-hairs' along the
213:
generate their own friction in order to create enough propulsion to move. Scale and skin orientation accomplish this, as it has been demonstrated by studies of the nanostructures on their scales. Specifically, the inner alpha-layer contains
282:(underneath) surface, oriented in a caudal (towards the back) direction. With both of these features, the snake is able to efficiently slide forward on surfaces of low friction, and create high friction when needing to retreat backwardly.
52:
of a dead snake. Snakeskin and scales can have varying patterns and color formations, providing protection via camouflage from predators. The colors and iridescence in these scales are largely determined by the types and amount of
437:
188:. A snake's epidermis is composed of four layers. The outer layer of a snake's skin is shed periodically, and is therefore a temporary layer, and is highly keratinized. Beneath the outer layer is the corneal layer (
152:
reside in the dermis, and are responsible for the iridescent appearance of many dark-colored snakes. Males and females may show varied coloration, as might hatchlings and adults of the same species.
256:, meaning that the gland's cells are secreted along with the substance the gland makes. These holocrine glands in snakes do not have their own blood supply, and thus lie closely with vascularized
61:
of the snake skin. The snake's skin and scales are also an important feature to their locomotion, providing protection and minimizing friction when gliding over surfaces.
425:
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69:
In a living snake, its skin often deals with various forms of abrasion. To combat rough substrates, snakes have formed specialized and multilayered organizational
85:
The large scutes on the right side cover the ventral, or belly side of the snake. The smaller scales cover the rest of the snake. Note how the scales overlap.
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306:). The species belonging to both of these subgroups likewise share similar skin features with snakes, with unique adaptations and features, respectively.
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individuals result. Snakes do not possess blue or green pigments, instead these arise from guanophores, which are also called iridocytes.
239:
Skin permeability may change seasonally in snakes to help with the problem of drying out. It is known that desert snakes have generally
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264:
that helps remove excess salt that they have consumed. Most glands in reptiles are poorly understood due to their scarcity.
118:
The variation of scale colors as caused by different chromatophores, located on the dorsal (top) surface of a Garter snake.
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Close up of garter snake scales. Note the presence of soft integument, or skin, between the scales and how they overlap.
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226:
803:
Yang, Zhe; Zhu, Liangliang; Li, Botong; Sun, Shuocheng; Chen, Youlong; Yan, Yuan; Liu, Yilun; Chen, Xi (2016-09-01).
106:
of a snake is colored differently than their hard scales. This is often utilized as a method of predator determent.
924:
Martinez, Alejandro; Nguyen, Damon; Basson, Mandeep S.; Medina, Josh; Irschick, Duncan J.; Baeckens, Simon (2021).
31:
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in the skin often overlap and form complex patterns and sheets that are highly recognizable. Sometimes the soft
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is common, and results in the entire outer layer of epidermis being lost. In the case of snakes, it is called
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540:, Lamia has human legs and a snakeskin around her waist. There is also a small snake on her right forearm.
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also help produce orange and red colors. Dark snakes (dark brown or black in color) appear as such due to
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1119:
743:"Modelling of the frictional behaviour of the snake skin covered by anisotropic surface nanostructures"
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Snakeskin is used to make clothing such as vests, belts, boots or shoes or fashion accessories such as
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103:
298:, which includes all snakes and lizards, and all but two species of Lepidosauria that belong to the
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structures to provide a safe and efficient sliding locomotion when maneuvering over rough surfaces.
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260:. Snakes also possess glands that aid in attracting mates, and some marine snake species possess a
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they are in an environment that is drying out by attracting a layer of water under their scales.
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127:, and come in all shapes and colors. They are helpful in identification of snake species.
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Snake leather is regarded as an exotic product alongside alligator, crocodile, lizard,
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Close-up of a patterned beige and brown snakeskin leather used to make a cigarette case
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805:"Mechanical design and analysis of a crawling locomotion enabled by a laminated beam"
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294:, which are reptiles with overlapping scales. They further are grouped down into the
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Exposed integument of the garter snake after the overlying scales have been removed.
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851:"Epidermis architecture and material properties of the skin of four snake species"
192:), which is thickened and flexible. Under the corneal layer is intermediary zone (
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926:"Quantifying surface topography of biological systems from 3D scans"
1069:"Harvest quotas, free markets and the sustainable trade in pythons"
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Exposed integument from the underside of a scute of a garter snake.
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Not many glands are present in snake skin. Most snake glands are
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A vintage clutch with a fold-over closure, made of red snakeskin
1108:
1332:
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741:
Filippov, Alexander E.; Gorb, Stanislov N. (23 March 2016).
849:
Klein, Marie-Christin G.; Gorb, Stanislav N. (2012-11-07).
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that are active in the epidermis. When melanin is absent,
811:. Nanomechanics: Bridging Spatial and Temporal Scales.
994:
Vertebrates: Comparative
Anatomy, Function, Evolution
223:
glide of the snake over rough stones or gritty sand.
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The molting of the skin occurs regularly in snakes.
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204:is below the dermis, this layer mainly stores fat.
691:"Alpha- and beta-keratins of the snake epidermis"
431:Pair of woman's high heeled platform shoes, 1930s
290:Snakes belong to a group of reptiles called the
48:, or to a type of leather that is made from the
689:Toni, Mattia; Alibardi, Lorenzo (2007-02-01).
443:A Texas straw hat with the ornament made of a
180:Reptiles, including snakes, possess extensive
1120:
8:
1038:Campbell, Sheldon; Shaw, Charles E. (1974).
136:added to melanophores, red pigment results.
494:Leather goods and skins of Burmese python (
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1105:
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949:
882:
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774:
1024:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
651:. New York: Sterling Publishing Company.
619:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
996:(7th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
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40:may either refer to the skin of a live
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855:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
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506:) at a local shop at Mandalay, Burma
1086:10.3897/natureconservation.48.80988
669:. London: Cornell University Press.
475:with snakeskin-covered sound board
25:
419:snakeskin cigarette case, ca 1925
208:Friction reduction and protection
44:, the shed skin of a snake after
1415:Artificial leather / Leatherette
930:Methods in Ecology and Evolution
667:Snakes - A Natural History Talks
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487:
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184:of the epidermis in the form of
1481:British Museum leather dressing
1022:The New Encyclopedia of Snakes
1020:Mattison, Christopher (2007).
909:Mattison, Christopher (1995).
617:The New Encyclopedia of Snakes
615:Mattison, Christopher (2007).
503:Python reticulatus reticulatus
1:
992:Kardong, Kenneth V. (2015).
564:Exhibition of snakeskins in
1476:Leather Archives and Museum
1040:Snakes of The American West
552:A shed snake skin in nature
536:: In this 1909 painting by
362:, and is used to cover the
27:Skin or shed skin of snakes
1559:
911:The Encyclopedia of Snakes
707:10.1016/j.zool.2006.07.001
500:) and reticulated python (
404:Snakeskin boots in Arizona
32:Snakeskin (disambiguation)
29:
1497:History of hide materials
951:10067/1774180151162165141
822:10.1016/j.eml.2016.03.014
809:Extreme Mechanics Letters
649:Snakes: A Natural History
497:Python molurus bivittatus
393:Objects made of snakeskin
1067:Nijman, Vincent (2022).
647:Bauchot, Roland (1994).
268:Movement and flexibility
1466:Igualada Leather Museum
942:10.1111/2041-210X.13603
196:) and the basal layer (
156:Structures and function
1471:Walsall Leather Museum
867:10.1098/rsif.2012.0479
351:
319:
273:friction surface, the
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119:
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65:Skin of a living snake
1461:German Leather Museum
665:Parker, H.W. (1977).
349:
317:
275:tribological behavior
229:
163:
117:
110:Color and iridescence
84:
913:. London: Blandford.
538:Herbert James Draper
30:For other uses, see
1073:Nature Conservation
759:2016NatSR...623539F
368:musical instruments
1502:Leather subculture
747:Scientific Reports
518:Snakeskin artifact
352:
320:
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194:stratum granulosum
166:
120:
87:
1515:
1514:
1053:978-0-394-48882-0
861:(76): 3140–3155.
767:10.1038/srep23539
258:connective tissue
90:Pattern formation
16:(Redirected from
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100:Melanin cells
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1042:. New York:
1039:
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929:
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746:
701:(1): 41–47.
698:
694:
666:
648:
616:
565:
530:
501:
495:
384:
353:
331:
327:
321:
292:Lepidosauria
289:
271:
251:
238:
235:Permeability
211:
179:
176:Organization
167:
121:
93:
68:
37:
36:
1408:Substitutes
1389:Bookbinding
1190:Law leather
445:rattlesnake
364:sound board
241:impermeable
142:melanocytes
138:Carotenoids
1522:Categories
1435:Ultrasuede
1180:Corinthian
1079:: 99–121.
593:References
262:salt gland
202:hypodermis
170:integument
150:Iridocytes
104:integument
18:Snake skin
1440:Alcantara
1430:Presstoff
1425:Naugahyde
1343:Processes
1278:Crocodile
1251:Alligator
1225:Shearling
1095:1314-3301
968:235521715
960:2041-210X
875:1742-5689
831:2352-4316
815:: 88–95.
753:: 23539.
715:0944-2006
310:Shed skin
286:Phylogeny
125:epidermis
71:epidermal
38:Snakeskin
1381:Crafting
1356:Deliming
1303:Kangaroo
1266:Calfskin
1220:Shagreen
1170:Buckskin
893:22896567
785:27005001
723:17169542
581:See also
471:Chinese
417:Art Deco
356:handbags
328:shedding
296:Squamata
220:corneous
1528:Leather
1507:Rawhide
1490:Related
1445:Clarino
1366:Tanning
1308:Ostrich
1195:Morocco
1185:Kidskin
1175:Chamois
1150:Aniline
1136:Leather
884:3479930
776:4804221
755:Bibcode
695:Zoology
481:Gallery
473:sanxian
447:'s skin
387:ostrich
380:sanshin
378:or the
376:sanxian
360:wallets
342:Leather
333:ecdysis
324:Molting
304:tuatara
280:ventral
131:in the
77:Display
46:molting
1371:Oiling
1361:Bating
1351:Liming
1261:Cattle
1215:Russia
1210:Patent
1205:Nubuck
1165:Bonded
1160:Boiled
1155:Bicast
1093:
1050:
1000:
966:
958:
891:
881:
873:
829:
783:
773:
721:
713:
574:Mexico
570:Puebla
248:Glands
146:albino
133:dermis
95:Snakes
59:dermis
1420:Kirza
1328:Snake
1323:Sheep
1298:Horse
1271:Slunk
1256:Bison
1235:Suede
1143:Types
964:S2CID
587:Scute
533:Lamia
372:banhu
302:(the
42:snake
1533:Skin
1318:Seal
1293:Goat
1283:Deer
1200:Napa
1091:ISSN
1048:ISBN
998:ISBN
956:ISSN
889:PMID
871:ISSN
827:ISSN
781:PMID
719:PMID
711:ISSN
531:The
358:and
50:hide
1333:Yak
1313:Pig
1288:Eel
1081:doi
946:hdl
938:doi
879:PMC
863:doi
817:doi
771:PMC
763:doi
703:doi
699:110
568:in
330:or
1524::
1089:.
1077:48
1075:.
1071:.
1046:.
1030:^
1012:^
976:^
962:.
954:.
944:.
934:12
932:.
928:.
901:^
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869:.
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382:.
374:,
1128:e
1121:t
1114:v
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948::
940::
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865::
859:9
833:.
819::
813:8
787:.
765::
757::
751:6
725:.
705::
335:.
34:.
20:)
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