616:. When courting they will spread their wings, wave their heads, and rap their bills together while braying. Wanderers have a large range of displays from screams and whistles to grunts and bill clapping. They lay one egg that is white, with a few spots, and is about 10 cm (3.9 in) long. They lay between 10 December and 5 January. The nests are large bowls built of grassy vegetation and soil peat, that is 1 meter wide at the base and half a meter wide at the apex. Incubation takes about 11 weeks and both parents are involved. The 11-week incubation period is among the longest of any bird. During the early stages of the chick's development, the parents take turns sitting on the nest while the other searches for food. Later, both adults search for food and visit the chick at irregular intervals. Researchers previously assumed that chicks went without food for the whole winter after a weaning period of roughly 12 to 16 weeks. Later studies disproved this concept, as chicks were found to be feeding during this period. They are a
506:, adult male snowy albatrosses averaged 10.92 kg (24.1 lb) while adult females averaged 8.87 kg (19.6 lb). Another sampling of adult body masses from the same colony found males to average 11.09 kg (24.4 lb) and females to average 9.1 kg (20 lb). Immature birds have been recorded weighing as much as 16.1 kg (35 lb) during their first flights (at which time they may still have fat reserves that will be shed as they continue to fly). On South Georgia, fledglings were found to average 10.9 kg (24 lb). Albatrosses from outside the "snowy" wandering albatross group (
487:, adults averaged 3.05 m (10 ft 0 in) in wingspan. The longest-winged specimens have been about 3.7 m (12 ft 2 in). Two specimens have been reported having wingspans of 4.22 m (13 ft 10 in) and 5.3 m (17 ft 5 in), but these reports remain unverified. As a result of its large wingspan, it is capable of remaining in the air without flapping its wings for several hours at a time (traveling 22m for every meter of drop). The length of the body is about 107 to 135 cm (3 ft 6 in to 4 ft 5 in) with females being slightly smaller than males.
464:
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71:
27:
115:
239:
90:
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Snowy albatrosses travel vast distances to find food, and tend to feed further out in open oceans and in colder waters further south, whereas other albatross such as the related royal albatross tend to forage in somewhat shallower waters and closer to continental shelves. They feed at the surface,
449:
varies with age, with the juveniles starting chocolate brown. As they age they become whiter. The adults have white bodies with black and white wings. Males have whiter wings than females, with just the tips and trailing edges of the wings black. The snowy albatross is the whitest of the wandering
661:
killing them was seen as extremely bad luck. The metaphor of "an albatross around his neck" also comes from the poem and indicates an unwanted burden causing anxiety or hindrance. In the days of sail the bird often accompanied ships for days, not merely following it, but wheeling in wide circles
558:
three times, covering more than 120,000 km (75,000 mi), in one year. Snowy albatrosses spend most of their life in flight, landing only to breed and feed. Distances traveled each year are difficult to measure, but one banded bird was recorded traveling 6,000 km (3,700 mi) in
454:
that is situated above the nasal passage and helps desalinate their bodies, due to the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe. They excrete a high saline solution from their nose, which is a probable cause for the pink-yellow stain seen on some animals' necks.
650:
used to capture the birds for their long wing bones, from which they made tobacco pipe stems. The early explorers of the great
Southern Sea were cheered by the companionship of the albatross in their dreary solitudes, and as shown in
635:
450:
albatross species complex, the other species having a great deal more brown and black on the wings and body, very closely resembling immature wandering albatrosses. The large bill is pink, as are the feet. They also have a
669:
of New
Zealand used albatrosses as a food source. They caught them using baited hooks. Because the wing bones of albatross are light but very strong, Māori used them to make a number of different items including
2594:
707:
status. Adult mortality is 5% to 7.8% per year as of 2003. It has an occurrence range of 64,700,000 km (25,000,000 sq mi), although its breeding range is only 1,900 km (730 sq mi).
2020:
498:, males averaged 9.44 kg (20.8 lb) while females averaged 7.84 kg (17.3 lb). However, 10 unsexed adults from the Crozet Islands averaged 9.6 kg (21 lb). On
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3006:
1368:
1080:
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2711:
1920:
Cherel, Y.; Weimerskirch, H.; Duhamel, G. (1996). "Interactions between longline vessels and seabirds in
Kerguelen water and a method to reduce seabird mortality".
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2776:
499:
2012:
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species, usually for life. Adolescents return to the colony within six years; however, they will not start breeding until 11 to 15 years. About 31.5% of
581:
mainly during daylight hours, and are not well adapted for diving. During flight, speeds of 135 km/h (84 mph) have been recorded. They feed on
1572:
Xavier, J.; Croxall, J.; Trathan, P.; Rodhouse, P. (2003). "Inter-annual variation in the cephalopod component of the diet of the wandering albatross,
2941:
1697:"Extreme variation in migration strategies between and within snowy albatross populations during their sabbatical year and their fitness consequences"
346:. It has the greatest known wingspan of any living bird and is also one of the most far-ranging birds. Some individual snowy albatrosses are known to
662:
around it without ever being observed to land on the water. It continued its flight, apparently untired, in tempestuous as well as moderate weather.
2685:
2737:
3001:
1474:"Heart rate and energy expenditure of incubating wandering albatrosses: basal levels, natural variation, and the effects of human disturbance"
2835:
2377:
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2335:
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and get caught in the same way as the fish; however, pollution is also taking a toll, mainly from plastics and abandoned fishing hooks. The
3016:
2991:
2976:
2874:
2160:
1419:
723:
of albatrosses around South
Georgia by 99%, and other regional fishing commissions are taking similar measures to reduce fatalities. The
490:
Adults can weigh from 5.9 to 12.7 kg (13 to 28 lb), although most will weigh 6.35 to 11.91 kg (14.0 to 26.3 lb). On
2399:
1755:
2986:
2633:
2971:
2966:
1017:
908:
Schodde, Richard; Tennyson, Alan J.D.; Groth, Jeff G.; Lai, Jonas; Scofield, Paul; Steinheimer, Frank D. (2017). "Settling the name
862:. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 113–116, 118–119.
502:, 52 males were found to average 9.11 kg (20.1 lb) while 53 females were found to average 7.27 kg (16.0 lb). On
811:
3011:
2887:
1753:
Endangered seabirds / New fishing techniques undercut an old talisman : Modern mariners pose rising threat to the albatross.
2646:
2511:
657:
371:
229:
2742:
1619:
Burg, T. M.; Croxall, J. P. (2004). "Global population structure and taxonomy of the wandering albatross species complex".
2961:
2763:
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of any living bird, reaching upwards of 3.5 m (11 ft), with a mean span of 3.1 m (10 ft 2 in) in
2482:
2180:
1501:
2411:
2126:
2956:
2724:
2558:
2493:
402:
for "exile" or "wanderer" referring to its extensive flights. The type locality has been restricted to South
Georgia.
2879:
494:, three males averaged 8.4 kg (19 lb) and three females averaged 6.2 kg (14 lb). In parts of the
2951:
2664:
476:
2781:
463:
2677:
114:
2789:
572:
480:
343:
2918:
652:
503:
321:
589:. The species has been shown to be attracted to fishing vessels, foraging on bait, caught fish, and offal.
2794:
2532:
2435:
2423:
2417:
479:. Wingspan measured an average of 3 m (9 ft 10 in) in 123 birds measured off the coast of
2848:
2563:
1362:
724:
550:, and ranges in all the southern oceans from 28° to 60°. Some individual snowy albatrosses are known to
531:
209:
2473:
788:
2405:
2367:
1154:
2892:
2814:
2620:
2524:
1968:
1929:
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1792:
1708:
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Weimerskirch, Henri; Delord, Karine; Guitteaud, Audrey; Phillips, Richard A.; Pinet, Patrick (2015).
1628:
1585:
1326:
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693:
519:
419:
313:
44:
1185:
Dunn, Jon L.; Alderfer, Jonathon (2006). "Accidentals, Extinct
Species". In Levitt, Barbara (ed.).
1113:
Sanchez, Gerardo; Salazar, Ryan D.; Hassanalian, Mostafa; Abdelkefi, Abdessattar (8 January 2018).
617:
608:
The snowy albatross mates for life and breeds every other year. At breeding time they occupy loose
325:
317:
79:
2270:
2240:
2210:
2087:"Provisioning Rate and Attendance Patterns of Wandering Albatrosses at Bird Island, South Georgia"
70:
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2545:
1902:
1652:
1601:
1350:
1280:
1094:
Tickell, W.L.N. (2011). "Plumage contamination on
Wandering Albatrosses – an aerodynamic model".
1074:
987:
885:
Latin Names
Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals
704:
246:
109:
94:
2853:
1560:
Alternative foraging strategies and resource allocation by male and female wandering albatrosses
1299:
2716:
1472:
Weimerskirch, H.; Shaffer, S. A.; Mabille, G.; Martin, J.; Boutard, O.; Rouanet, J. L. (2002).
1056:
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1994:
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1937:
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2050:, Antarctic Research Series, Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, pp. 1–56,
2822:
2550:
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1759:
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Foraging effort in relation to the constraints of reproduction in free-ranging albatrosses
1423:
414:
387:
339:
186:
1251:"Functional significance of sexual dimorphism in Wandering Albatrosses, Diomedea exulans"
765:
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2498:
1972:
1933:
1882:
1843:
1796:
1712:
1632:
1589:
1330:
1266:
967:
819:
2672:
2659:
1989:
1956:
1729:
1696:
1434:"Encyclopedia of the Antarctic, v. 1 & v. 2. Beau Riffenburgh (Editor). Routledge,
1049:
948:
736:
732:
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609:
555:
523:
495:
484:
399:
351:
297:
1387:
Harrison, Colin; Greensmith, Alan (1993). "Non-Passerines". In
Bunting, Edward (ed.).
1115:"Sizing and performance analysis of albatross-inspired tilt-wing unmanned air vehicle"
2935:
2750:
2156:
2151:
1941:
1640:
1275:
1250:
1220:
975:
949:"Global population structure and taxonomy of the wandering albatross species complex"
858:
Robertson, C. J. R. (2003). "Albatrosses (Diomedeidae)". In
Hutchins, Michael (ed.).
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367:
225:
99:
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991:
238:
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2327:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds: Ratites to ducks. Vol. 1
2325:
2304:
2861:
2768:
2698:
2651:
2467:
2044:"The Biology of the Great Albatrosses, Diomedea Exulahs and Diomedea Epomophora"
711:
The biggest threat to their survival is that they are attracted by the bait for
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293:
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2900:
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three times in one year, covering more than 120,000 km (75,000 mi).
2638:
2458:
2110:
1957:"Behavioral responses to encounter of fishing boats in wandering albatrosses"
1898:
1812:
1189:(fifth ed.). Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society. p. 467.
2123:
1558:
Weimerskirch, H., Cherel, Y., Cuenot-Chaillet, F., & Ridoux, V. (1997).
1473:
677:
305:
176:
126:
2729:
1998:
1738:
1648:
1497:
1346:
983:
933:
672:
510:) are smaller but are now generally deemed to belong to different species.
2043:
1489:
688:
2827:
2452:
472:
383:
146:
1867:"Fish prey of the Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans at South Georgia"
1780:
1126:
883:
Gotch, A. F. (1995) . "Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels".
324:. When the complex was split into four species, the English name of the
2913:
2690:
2519:
2169:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 491.
2055:
1890:
1804:
720:
446:
301:
286:
1980:
1720:
2506:
1866:
1826:
Imber, M.J. (1999). "Diet and Feeding Ecology of the Royal Albatross
716:
647:
621:
136:
2703:
2429:
1851:
2612:
812:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification – Diomedea subg. Diomedea –"
2607:
2150:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
687:
631:
596:
571:
462:
332:
2625:
2420:– Video, Te Papa Channel, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
2840:
1391:(First ed.). New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley. p. 48.
912:
Linnaeus, 1758 for the Wandering Albatross by neotypification".
700:
156:
2433:
1055:(First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp.
576:
Snowy albatrosses have the longest wingspan of any living bird.
1865:
Croxall, J. P.; North, A. W.; Prince, P. A. (1 October 1988).
759:
757:
755:
20:
2414:– Collections Online, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
1545:
Shaffer, S. A., Costa, D. P., & Weimerskirch, H. (2003).
1187:
National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America
331:
The snowy albatross is one of the two largest members of the
1119:
Dynamic Loads, Response, and Stability of Aerospace Vehicles
1317:
Rattenborg, Niels, C. (2006). "Do Birds Sleep in Flight?".
1047:
Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988).
676:(flutes), needles, tattooing chisel blades, and barbs for
409:, which they elevated to species status, and use the term
328:
was changed from wandering albatross to snowy albatross.
1781:"When do wandering albatrosses Diomedea exulans forage?"
1774:
1772:
1249:
Shaffer, S. A.; Weimerskirch, H.; Costa, D. P. (2001).
405:
Some experts considered there to be four subspecies of
38:
1121:. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
308:
and was long considered to be the same species as the
35:
A request that this article title be changed to
1955:
Collet, J.; Patrick, S.C.; Weimerskirch, H. (2017).
2442:
1528:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (2008),
1454:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992),
2324:Marchant, Stephen; Higgins, Peter Jeffrey (1990).
1048:
1018:"Wandering Albatross – BirdLife Species Factsheet"
789:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698305A132640680.en
2085:Berrow, Simon D.; Croxall, John P. (1 May 2001).
2124:Is foraging efficiency a key parameter in aging?
1670:Shirihai, Hadoram (2002) . "Great Albatrosses".
1526:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
8:
1830:– King of the Shelf Break and Inner Slope".
1367:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1079:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
887:. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 191.
52:this article until the discussion is closed.
2277:. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
2247:. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
2217:. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
2187:. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
1576:, breeding at Bird Island, South Georgia".
1382:
1380:
1378:
1222:The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats
362:The snowy albatross was first described as
3007:Fauna of Heard Island and McDonald Islands
2430:
1244:
1242:
624:survive. They can live for over 50 years.
237:
88:
69:
60:
1988:
1728:
1274:
787:
1672:Antarctic Wildlife The birds and mammals
1521:
1519:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1180:
1178:
1176:
751:
296:; they have a circumpolar range in the
2982:Birds of islands of the Atlantic Ocean
1360:
1072:
390:whose companions turned to birds, and
2241:"Uhi Ta Moko (tattooing instruments)"
1504:from the original on 29 November 2021
1148:
1146:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
538:, is seen feeding year-round off the
7:
2919:5879369A-2825-4DF6-91CC-93C81C16856A
2815:5a8f2ce9-b5e6-4900-8c0b-a5bcd1853aab
2678:7d54737d-935d-4c58-9646-5743f466fe8e
2251:from the original on 24 October 2012
2221:from the original on 24 October 2012
2191:from the original on 24 October 2012
2023:from the original on 29 January 2022
1779:Weimerskirch, H; Wilson, RP (1992).
1751:Richardson, Michael (27 Sep 2002). "
1674:. Finland: Alula Press. p. 90.
947:Burg, T. M.; Croxall, J. P. (2004).
471:The snowy albatross has the longest
300:. It is the most recently described
2042:Tickell, W. L. N. (23 March 2013),
1298:Didier, Laurent (19 October 2019).
1153:Barwell, Graham (15 October 2013).
1028:from the original on 2 January 2009
775:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
542:Peninsula on the east coast of the
417:that includes the proposed species
320:, it forms the wandering albatross
2997:Fauna of the Prince Edward Islands
2418:Do albatrosses have personalities?
1300:"Birds with the Biggest Wingspans"
1159:. Reaktion Books. pp. 12–14.
860:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
719:has introduced measures to reduce
14:
2366:Lindsey, Terence (22 June 2008).
2351:. University of Minnesota Press.
2345:Parmelee, David Freeland (1980).
1452:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
810:Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008).
612:on isolated island groups in the
2942:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
2281:from the original on 24 May 2010
2143:
1641:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02232.x
1276:10.1046/j.1365-2435.2001.00514.x
976:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02232.x
342:), being similar in size to the
113:
25:
2348:Bird Island in Antarctic Waters
1478:Journal of Experimental Biology
1016:BirdLife International (2008).
764:BirdLife International (2018).
658:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
374:, based on a specimen from the
2181:"Matau Toroa (Albatross hook)"
2046:, in Austin, Oliver L. (ed.),
1785:Marine Ecology Progress Series
518:The snowy albatross breeds on
1:
3002:Birds of subantarctic islands
2013:"What to expect on Royal Cam"
1562:. Ecology, 78(7), 2051–2063.
735:site, and large parts of the
703:lists the snowy albatross as
1942:10.1016/0006-3207(95)00037-2
1549:. Functional Ecology, 66–74.
3017:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2992:Fauna of the Crozet Islands
2977:Birds of the Southern Ocean
2330:. Oxford University Press.
727:are a nature preserve, the
3033:
2408:– Internet Bird Collection
477:Bird Island, South Georgia
2987:Birds of the Indian Ocean
2309:. Angus & Robertson.
2306:The Seabirds of Australia
2303:Lindsey, Terence (1986).
2133:. Physorg (23 March 2010)
2129:16 September 2011 at the
1832:Emu - Austral Ornithology
1598:10.1007/s00227-002-0962-y
1339:10.1007/s00114-006-0120-3
1225:. Guinness Superlatives.
926:10.11646/zootaxa.4236.1.7
782:: e.T22698305A132640680.
252:
245:
236:
215:
208:
110:Scientific classification
108:
86:
77:
68:
63:
2972:Birds of South Australia
2967:Birds of Southern Africa
2406:Video, photos and sounds
2396:– BirdLife International
2103:10.1093/condor/103.2.230
1422:15 February 2011 at the
816:Project: The Taxonomicon
628:Relationship with humans
514:Distribution and habitat
481:Malabar, New South Wales
344:southern royal albatross
3012:Birds described in 1758
2166:Encyclopædia Britannica
1922:Biological Conservation
2048:Antarctic Bird Studies
696:
644:
605:
577:
468:
275:white-winged albatross
2849:Paleobiology Database
1961:Ecology and Evolution
1490:10.1242/jeb.205.4.475
1412:Wandering albatross (
1219:Wood, Gerald (1983).
743:are nature reserves.
725:Prince Edward Islands
691:
643:Individual taking off
642:
600:
575:
532:Prince Edward Islands
466:
273:), also known as the
2962:Birds of New Zealand
2673:Fauna Europaea (new)
2372:. Csiro Publishing.
1051:The Birders Handbook
694:South Georgia Island
520:South Georgia Island
504:Île de la Possession
316:. Together with the
314:Antipodean albatross
255:Diomedea chionoptera
2805:wandering-albatross
2551:wandering-albatross
2271:"Matau (fish hook)"
1973:2017EcoEv...7.3335C
1934:1996BCons..75...63C
1883:1988PoBio...9....9C
1844:1999EmuAO..99..200I
1828:Diomedea epomophora
1797:1992MEPS...86..297W
1713:2015NatSR...5E8853W
1633:2004MolEc..13.2345B
1590:2003MarBi.142..611X
1331:2006NW.....93..413R
1319:Naturwissenschaften
1267:2001FuEco..15..203S
1127:10.2514/6.2018-1445
968:2004MolEc..13.2345B
822:on 21 February 2009
692:Snowy albatross at
411:wandering albatross
318:Amsterdam albatross
279:wandering albatross
80:Conservation status
39:Wandering albatross
2957:Birds of Patagonia
2600:diomedea-exulans-0
2546:BirdLife-Australia
2275:Collections Online
2245:Collections Online
2215:Collections Online
2185:Collections Online
2056:10.1029/ar012p0001
1891:10.1007/BF00441760
1805:10.3354/meps086297
1758:2009-02-21 at the
1701:Scientific Reports
1389:Birds of the World
1255:Functional Ecology
697:
645:
606:
585:, small fish, and
578:
469:
2952:Procellariiformes
2929:
2928:
2436:Taxon identifiers
2394:Species factsheet
2379:978-0-643-09852-7
2358:978-0-8166-0937-6
2337:978-0-19-553068-1
2316:978-0-207-15192-7
2065:978-1-118-66914-3
1981:10.1002/ece3.2677
1967:(10): 3335–3347.
1721:10.1038/srep08853
1681:978-951-98947-0-6
1621:Molecular Ecology
1534:978-1-4200-6444-5
1460:978-0-8493-4258-5
1440:978-0-415-97024-2
1398:978-1-56458-295-9
1304:Bird Watchers Hub
1232:978-0-85112-235-9
1196:978-0-7922-5314-3
1166:978-1-78023-214-0
1136:978-1-62410-532-6
1066:978-0-671-65989-9
956:Molecular Ecology
894:978-0-8160-3377-5
869:978-0-7876-5784-0
741:Kerguelen Islands
729:Macquarie Islands
640:
603:Diomedea exulans
528:Kerguelen Islands
376:Cape of Good Hope
340:great albatrosses
310:Tristan albatross
261:
260:
167:Procellariiformes
103:
57:
56:
3024:
2922:
2921:
2909:
2908:
2906:Diomedea-exulans
2896:
2895:
2883:
2882:
2870:
2869:
2857:
2856:
2844:
2843:
2831:
2830:
2818:
2817:
2808:
2807:
2798:
2797:
2785:
2784:
2772:
2771:
2769:NHMSYS0000533259
2759:
2758:
2746:
2745:
2733:
2732:
2720:
2719:
2707:
2706:
2694:
2693:
2681:
2680:
2668:
2667:
2655:
2654:
2642:
2641:
2629:
2628:
2616:
2615:
2603:
2602:
2590:
2589:
2577:
2576:
2567:
2566:
2554:
2553:
2541:
2540:
2528:
2527:
2525:A28D8D38F9A022A4
2515:
2514:
2512:diomedea-exulans
2502:
2501:
2499:Diomedea_exulans
2489:
2488:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2474:Diomedea exulans
2463:
2462:
2461:
2444:Diomedea exulans
2431:
2426:– Expeditionsail
2383:
2362:
2341:
2320:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2211:"Koauau (flute)"
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1776:
1767:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1627:(8): 2345–2355.
1616:
1610:
1609:
1574:Diomedea exulans
1569:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1469:
1463:
1449:
1443:
1432:
1426:
1414:Diomedea exulans
1409:
1403:
1402:
1384:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1216:
1201:
1200:
1182:
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1150:
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1110:
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1103:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1070:
1054:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1013:
996:
995:
962:(8): 2345–2355.
953:
944:
938:
937:
910:Diomedea exulans
905:
899:
898:
880:
874:
873:
855:
832:
831:
829:
827:
818:. Archived from
807:
801:
800:
798:
796:
791:
768:Diomedea exulans
761:
713:longline fishing
641:
536:Macquarie Island
492:Macquarie Island
364:Diomedea exulans
270:Diomedea exulans
241:
221:
219:Diomedea exulans
118:
117:
97:
92:
91:
73:
64:Snowy albatross
61:
45:under discussion
41:
29:
28:
21:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3021:
2932:
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2917:
2912:
2904:
2899:
2891:
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2873:
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2826:
2823:Observation.org
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2598:
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2531:
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2505:
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2472:
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2466:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2438:
2412:Holotype photos
2390:
2380:
2365:
2359:
2344:
2338:
2323:
2317:
2302:
2299:
2297:Further reading
2294:
2284:
2282:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2159:, ed. (1911). "
2155:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2131:Wayback Machine
2122:
2118:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2017:www.doc.govt.nz
2011:
2010:
2006:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1852:10.1071/MU99023
1825:
1824:
1820:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1760:Wayback Machine
1750:
1746:
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1505:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1450:
1446:
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1424:Wayback Machine
1410:
1406:
1399:
1386:
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1359:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1297:
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1197:
1184:
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1107:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1071:
1067:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1015:
1014:
999:
951:
946:
945:
941:
907:
906:
902:
895:
882:
881:
877:
870:
857:
856:
835:
825:
823:
809:
808:
804:
794:
792:
763:
762:
753:
749:
686:
632:
630:
595:
570:
565:
516:
461:
443:
420:D. antipodensis
415:species complex
388:Greek mythology
360:
322:species complex
265:snowy albatross
232:
223:
217:
204:
201:D. exulans
112:
104:
93:
89:
82:
53:
37:
30:
26:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
3030:
3028:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2910:
2897:
2884:
2871:
2858:
2845:
2832:
2819:
2809:
2799:
2786:
2773:
2760:
2747:
2734:
2721:
2708:
2695:
2682:
2669:
2660:Fauna Europaea
2656:
2643:
2630:
2617:
2604:
2591:
2578:
2568:
2555:
2542:
2529:
2516:
2503:
2490:
2479:
2464:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2389:
2388:External links
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2321:
2315:
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2293:
2292:
2262:
2232:
2202:
2172:
2157:Chisholm, Hugh
2135:
2116:
2097:(2): 230–239.
2077:
2064:
2034:
2004:
1947:
1912:
1857:
1838:(3): 200–211.
1818:
1768:
1764:Herald Tribune
1744:
1687:
1680:
1662:
1611:
1584:(3): 611–622.
1578:Marine Biology
1564:
1551:
1538:
1515:
1484:(4): 475–483.
1464:
1444:
1427:
1404:
1397:
1374:
1325:(9): 413–425.
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1261:(2): 203–210.
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737:Crozet Islands
733:World Heritage
685:
682:
629:
626:
614:Southern Ocean
594:
591:
569:
566:
564:
561:
556:Southern Ocean
552:circumnavigate
524:Crozet Islands
515:
512:
496:Crozet Islands
485:Crozet Islands
460:
457:
442:
439:
413:to refer to a
359:
356:
352:Southern Ocean
348:circumnavigate
298:Southern Ocean
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2206:
2203:
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2186:
2182:
2176:
2173:
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2167:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2152:public domain
2139:
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2128:
2125:
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2117:
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2096:
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2045:
2038:
2035:
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2014:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
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1966:
1962:
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1871:Polar Biology
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1418:. arkive.org
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619:
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584:
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559:twelve days.
557:
553:
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541:
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500:South Georgia
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368:Carl Linnaeus
365:
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326:nominate form
323:
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32:
23:
22:
19:
2443:
2368:
2347:
2326:
2305:
2283:. Retrieved
2274:
2265:
2253:. Retrieved
2244:
2235:
2223:. Retrieved
2214:
2205:
2193:. Retrieved
2184:
2175:
2164:
2138:
2119:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2069:, retrieved
2047:
2037:
2025:. Retrieved
2016:
2007:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1928:(1): 63–70.
1925:
1921:
1915:
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2862:SeaLifeBase
2790:Neotropical
2699:iNaturalist
2468:Wikispecies
2369:Albatrosses
2071:14 February
2027:14 February
1877:(1): 9–16.
1791:: 297–300.
1508:19 February
1096:Sea Swallow
1032:17 February
826:12 February
795:19 November
587:crustaceans
583:cephalopods
548:New Zealand
441:Description
294:Diomedeidae
177:Diomedeidae
50:do not move
2936:Categories
2901:Xeno-canto
2424:Slide show
2091:The Condor
920:(1): 135.
747:References
705:vulnerable
678:fish hooks
622:fledglings
618:monogamous
508:D. exulans
452:salt gland
435:D. gibsoni
431:D. exulans
407:D. exulans
382:refers to
95:Vulnerable
2400:Fact file
2161:Albatross
2111:0010-5422
1899:1432-2056
1813:0171-8630
1156:Albatross
1075:cite book
1022:Data Zone
653:Coleridge
483:. On the
467:In flight
306:albatross
289:from the
195:Species:
133:Kingdom:
127:Eukaryota
48:. Please
2947:Diomedea
2756:22698305
2717:10195171
2626:45511269
2538:22698305
2533:BirdLife
2453:Wikidata
2402:– ARKive
2279:Archived
2249:Archived
2219:Archived
2189:Archived
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1420:Archived
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984:15245406
934:28264342
739:and the
610:colonies
563:Behavior
540:Kaikōura
473:wingspan
384:Diomedes
380:Diomedea
358:Taxonomy
336:Diomedea
312:and the
247:Synonyms
226:Linnaeus
188:Diomedea
173:Family:
147:Chordata
143:Phylum:
137:Animalia
123:Domain:
100:IUCN 3.1
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2691:5229302
2520:Avibase
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2285:17 July
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1969:Bibcode
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1327:Bibcode
1263:Bibcode
964:Bibcode
914:Zootaxa
721:bycatch
648:Sailors
601:Egg of
568:Feeding
447:plumage
392:exulans
302:species
287:seabird
183:Genus:
163:Order:
153:Class:
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