1077:
31:
1065:
970:
oscillate from a positive to a negative phase, but during the last past 40 years, the AO index has remained in the positive phase. Studies have shown that warmer springs trigger an early breeding behavior in the snow buntings that mismatches the peak of their food sources, leading to a lower success rate of the hatchlings. Even more, the higher temperatures will bring to the Arctic other species that will compete with the snow bunting. It is also thought that higher temperatures might allow greater survival of second broods in the snow bunting species.
982:
644:. The song becomes an indicator of the parental care qualities of the male, since having an effective foraging behavior will provide a better probability of survival of the nestlings. Females will then choose their mates based on their song rate. Within snow buntings, vocalizations in males are unique to each individual, although there is certain syllable sharing between one another. The uniqueness of each song reveals a capacity of recognition between individuals and has an effect in the
1038:
998:
1026:
1014:
92:
218:
1053:
748:
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67:
549:
576:. It measures 15 cm with a wingspan of 32–38 cm (13–15 in) and weights 30 to 40 grams. The bill is normally yellow with a black tip, however the bill is all black in the summer for male snow buntings. The plumage is white underneath and the wings and back have black and white on them. The female and male have a different plumage. During the
799:
that can number into the hundreds. They will leave the Arctic at the middle and end of
September, although some will start the migration at the beginning of November. The female leaves first and tends to winter in more southern territories than the male, while the juveniles will leave the Arctic even
787:
to the Arctic to breed and they are the first migrant species that arrives in these territories. The males will arrive first at the beginning of April, when the temperature could reach −30 degrees
Celsius. This early migration could be explained by the fact that this species is highly territorial and
634:
Snow buntings use vocalizations to communicate among each other and males will have a song to attract the female. The communication calls are done by both the male and the female and they tend to be emitted in flight or in the ground, while the males will often emit the song from a perching position
829:
thermogenesis through muscle contractions. As they reach the Arctic, snow buntings must be ready to engage in breeding and courtship. Their fat reserves also provide energy for reproduction during this time. Once the breeding season is over, snow buntings lose most of their extra fat to fly back to
952:
The courtship behaviour of snow buntings varies in different parts of the world. In
Greenland, the male will have a threat display to ensure his territory. This display will consist of very loud calls, the male will lower its head down and will turn completely to face the newcomer. The males will
927:
behaviour in which the males have a positive impact in the reproductive success of the female, although they are not essential to the survival of the nestling. The male will follow the female during her fertile period to make sure that she will not mate with any other male. The nest sites provide
969:
index that helps to predict ecological processes. In the Arctic, when the AO index is in a positive phase, there are higher winter temperatures and precipitation, followed by an earlier and warmer spring, and the summer is cloudy and humid with lower temperatures. Usually the AO index tends to
807:
in order to guide themselves to their breeding and overwinter territory. The orientation of the snow bunting during migration is independent of any type of visual cue. Furthermore, studies have shown that only those individuals with adequate energy storage will be able to select seasonally
652:. The songs have duration of 2 seconds and have a frequency of 2 to 6 kHz. Each song is composed of similar and dissimilar figures that create different motifs that will alternate and repeat, resulting in a unique pattern for every male individual.
2132:
580:, the male is white with black wingtips and a black back, while the female has black wingtips and a rufous back. During the winter, they will both have a rufous colouration in the back. In the spring, the buntings will not go through a moult as other
816:
Right before the breeding season, snow buntings undergo significant physiological changes to prepare for their journey to higher Arctic regions. One of the most obvious changes is an increase in body weight. They undergo the process of
639:
of a male. The rate of a song measured by the number of strophes per minute is limited by the foraging needs of the male; therefore, a male that is able to sing more frequently shows that he is more successful and effective in his
928:
safety but bring other challenges to snow buntings, since in rock cracks and fissures the microclimate could be harsh, the incubation time might be longer for this species and there is a risk that the lower temperatures kill the
635:
or in a flight display. The males will start singing as soon as they will reach the breeding grounds, and will stop once they find a mate. Studies have shown that the quality and the rate at which a song is emitted affect the
953:
also have a ceremonial flight to attract the female, in which they will reach a height of 30 to 50 feet, then they will glide, they will sing the song very loudly and will then keep on singing from a perching position.
664:. There is no apparent limit to its northern range, while the southern range is limited by the duration of daylight, which influences their reproductive activity. This species is found in the high Arctic tundra of
607:) due to the similar colouration of their plumage. Even more, the challenge of identification becomes harder when these two species hybridize at the boundaries of their territories. Another similar species is the
1076:
943:
lays eggs as soon as the ambient temperature is above 0 degrees
Celsius The eggs are blue-green, spotted brown, and hatch in 12–13 days, and the young are already ready to fly after a further 12–14 days.
915:. The nestlings are fed exclusively on invertebrates. Snow buntings also prey on basking spiders by throwing rocks around and less regularly they will try to catch invertebrates in flight.
981:
1954:
Le Pogam, Audrey; O’Connor, Ryan S.; Love, Oliver P.; Drolet, Justine; Régimbald, Lyette; Roy, Gabrielle; Laplante, Marie-Pier; Berteaux, Dominique; Tam, Andrew; Vézina, François (2021).
932:. To overcome this challenge, the male will bring food to the female during the incubation time, in this way she will be able to constantly control the temperatures of the nest
763:, the snow bunting nests in cavities in order to protect the nestlings from any threat. During this period, buntings also look for a habitat rich in vegetation such as wet
1899:
Le Pogam, Audrey; Love, Oliver P.; Régimbald, Lyette; Dubois, Karine; Hallot, Fanny; Milbergue, Myriam; Petit, Magali; O’Connor, Ryan S.; Vézina, François (2020-11-01).
2170:
588:
colouration comes with the wearing and abrasion of the feathers. Unlike most passerines, it has feathered tarsi, an adaptation to its harsh cold environment. No other
792:. Females will arrive four to six weeks later, when the snow starts to melt. They tend to migrate in small flocks and have an undulating flight at a moderate height.
46:
315:
Arctic breeding range throughout the northern hemisphere. There are small isolated populations on a few high mountain tops south of the Arctic region, including the
2454:
821:, or increased food take, which builds up their fat reserves. Their overall fat mass increases by 30%, while their lean mass decreases by 15%. The size of their
2519:
2625:
1613:
Baldo S, Mennill D, Grant
GilchrisT G, Love O (2014). "Snow buntings sing individually distinctive songs and show inter-annual variation in song structure".
1064:
759:. Since the vegetation in the tundra is low growing, this bird and its nestlings are exposed to predators, and in order to ensure the survival of its
2405:
2467:
47:
1827:
Smith RD, Metcalfe NB (1994). "Age, sex and prior site experience have independent effects on the foraging success of wintering snow buntings".
1651:
Hofstad E, Espmark Y, Moksnes A, Haugan T, Ingebrigtsen M (2002). "The relationship between song performance and male quality in snow buntings (
1572:
1307:
1299:
1295:
2138:
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453:, which also contains the longspurs. Despite the wide distribution of this species there are only very small differences between different
997:
2428:
2353:
1205:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
1426:
1405:
30:
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2103:
871:. During this season it will forage in the snow collecting seeds from lower stems. During the summer their diet includes seeds of
2650:
2584:
2640:
2366:
775:. In the winter, they seek open habitats such as farms, barren fields, and lakeshores, where they feed on seeds in the ground.
356:
207:
2112:
961:
Several indices suggest that climate change could potentially have an important impact on the snow bunting's populations. The
2247:
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800:
later than the adults. Once the snow bunting migrates south, they are able to lose the weight they had gained for breeding.
1052:
2506:
2314:
1013:
1037:
2635:
2231:
91:
2576:
2291:
2524:
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1256:
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2397:
2222:
1466:
471:(Linnaeus, 1758) – Arctic Europe, Arctic North America. Head white, rump mostly black with a small area of white.
2660:
2124:
2433:
382:
1901:"Wintering Snow Buntings Elevate Cold Hardiness to Extreme Levels but Show No Changes in Maintenance Costs"
1348:
Montgomerie, R.; Lyon, B. (2020). Billerman, S.M.; Keeney, B.K.; Rodewald, P.G.; Schulenberg, T.S. (eds.).
704:. During the winter, this bird migrates to the circumglobal northern temperate zone including the south of
2630:
2278:
2184:
988:
2097:
2558:
336:
324:
186:
2296:
1127:
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2260:
2119:
2067:
2011:
1799:
1703:
789:
649:
636:
585:
2052:"Reproductive success is strongly related to local and regional climate in the Arctic snow bunting (
2155:
924:
729:
348:
56:
2498:
2029:
1936:
1784:"The effects of male mating behaviour and food provisioning on breeding success in snow buntings
1630:
1532:
1219:
962:
392:
253:
86:
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600:
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that walks, runs and could potentially jump if needed. It is fairly large and long-winged for a
510:
2459:
2545:
2485:
1977:
1928:
1920:
1881:
1568:
1422:
1401:
1303:
1181:
804:
645:
561:
2550:
2075:
2019:
1967:
1912:
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1836:
1807:
1762:
1711:
1664:
1622:
1524:
1447:
1363:
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1235:
1208:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 176.
1171:
1122:
822:
768:
701:
669:
537:
533:
529:
514:
430:
301:
2571:
2283:
217:
2532:
872:
577:
486:
477:
361:
1160:), a species breeding in the high Arctic: passage migration through temperate-zone areas"
480:, 1931 – Iceland, Faroe Islands, Scotland. Head white with a blackish collar, rump black.
2420:
2071:
2015:
1803:
1707:
1104:
2602:
2392:
2379:
2165:
2160:
1956:"Snow Buntings Maintain Winter-Level Cold Endurance While Migrating to the High Arctic"
1900:
1511:
Macdonald, Christie; Martin, T; Ludkin, R; Hussell, D; Lamble, D & Love, O (2012).
1451:
784:
747:
739:
573:
495:
445:. All these species came into existence after a broad geologically recent radiation of
434:
2050:
Fossøy F, Stokke B, Kåsi T, Dyrset K, Espmark Y, Hoset K, Wedege M, Moksnes A (2015).
2619:
2480:
2319:
1940:
1588:
1199:
1113:
888:
856:
796:
709:
697:
665:
611:, although it has a larger black tail and it has a smaller white patch on the wings.
404:
387:
375:
352:
312:
203:
163:
76:
71:
1634:
2143:
2033:
1223:
933:
892:
844:
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593:
396:
2371:
1203:
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795:
The birds overwinter in northern temperate zones in open fields and forms moving
45:
2511:
2493:
2441:
2216:
1224:"On some generic and specific appellations of North American and European birds"
818:
608:
553:
522:
464:
are recognised, which differ slightly in the plumage pattern of breeding males:
450:
426:
304:
153:
1767:
1750:
1239:
2597:
2080:
2051:
1812:
1783:
1716:
1683:
1264:
868:
860:
548:
461:
316:
1981:
1972:
1955:
1924:
843:
From the fall to the spring the snow bunting eats a variety of weeds such as
755:
During the breeding period, the snow bunting looks for rocky habitats in the
2340:
1876:
1855:
1840:
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900:
896:
864:
826:
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689:
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581:
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454:
446:
294:
143:
103:
2358:
2207:
1932:
1176:
1155:
1885:
1751:"Weichselian and Holocene bird remains from Komarowa Cave, Central Poland"
1512:
1367:
1185:
339:. The snow bunting is the most northerly recorded passerine in the world.
2201:
2150:
880:
876:
852:
677:
641:
507:
370:
320:
123:
2270:
1536:
1528:
1350:
525:
by some authors, though they are generally treated as separate species.
2537:
2410:
2255:
2024:
1999:
1567:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 1242–1645.
966:
848:
721:
713:
693:
673:
569:
2446:
498:, 1887 – Aleutian Islands, Kamchatka, coastal far eastern Siberia. As
2242:
1626:
929:
912:
772:
756:
733:
717:
705:
685:
681:
661:
518:
438:
328:
308:
113:
2178:
1668:
1438:
Voous, K (1977). "List of Recent
Holarctic Bird Species, part III".
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the southern regions where they continue to live until next season.
2345:
2332:
1916:
2327:
884:
764:
746:
738:
547:
442:
419:
366:
332:
936:
improving the hatching success and reducing the incubation time.
1083:
908:
803:
The migration is nocturnal and the birds are able to detect the
297:
133:
2182:
1565:
The Birds of the
Western Palearctic, Concise Edition, Volume 2
904:
391:
that was introduced in 1882 by the
Norwegian born zoologist
1513:"First report of a snow bunting x Lapland longspur hybrid"
513:, which differs in having even more white in the plumage.
732:, the snow bunting was widespread throughout continental
592:
can winter as far north as this species apart from the
540:
were taken in April 2011, during its spring migration.
425:
The snow bunting was formerly classified in the family
1559:
Snow, D.W.; Perrins, C.M., eds. (1998). "Snow
Bunting
987:
Illustration of adult & juvenile snow buntings by
449:
birds. However, it is now part of the narrower family
957:
Effects of climate change on snow bunting populations
660:
The snow bunting lives in very high latitudes in the
1471:
buntings and the specific status of McKay's bunting"
788:
the quality of the nesting area is crucial to their
489:, 1937 – Arctic Asia. Head white, rump mostly white.
2191:
2000:"Male parental care and monogamy in snow buntings"
1349:
1854:Sandberg, R.; Baeckman, J.; Ottosson, U. (1998).
1128:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22721043A89345729.en
743:Snow bunting young using a building as protection
1396:Byers, C., Olsson, U., & Curson, J. (1995).
1228:Proceedings of the United States National Museum
825:muscle also increases so that they can increase
1362:. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
1265:"Finches, euphonias, longspurs, Thrush-tanager"
808:appropriate directions during their migration.
2109:- USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
568:bird. This perching bird is a ground-dwelling
8:
1292:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
619:The call is a distinctive rippling whistle,
552:A female snow bunting wintering atop Mount
38:Male in breeding plumage, Thule, Greenland
2179:
1998:Lyon B, Montgomerie R, Hamilton L (1987).
385:as Lapland. It is now placed in the genus
216:
65:
43:
29:
20:
2115:(with world range map) at bird-stamps.org
2079:
2023:
1971:
1875:
1811:
1766:
1715:
1175:
1126:
1156:"Magnetic orientation of snow buntings (
365:. He placed it with the buntings in the
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1095:
977:
2161:Audubon Guide to North American Birds
2045:
2043:
1993:
1991:
1905:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
1782:Hoset K, Wedege M, Moksnes A (2009).
1734:Nethersole-Thompson, Desmond (1993).
1729:
1727:
1646:
1644:
1608:
1606:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1294:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1271:. International Ornithologists' Union
1251:
1249:
1154:Sandberg, R.; Pettersson, J. (1996).
7:
2398:e96844c1-09ab-465a-80af-3144bccdc0e4
1684:"Comparative ecology of horned lark
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1149:
1147:
1145:
599:This species is often confused with
2626:IUCN Red List least concern species
2004:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1860:) close to the magnetic north pole"
1114:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2434:snow-bunting-plectrophenax-nivalis
1960:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
1452:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1977.tb08262.x
506:It is very closely related to the
14:
2156:The Birds of North America Online
1749:Tomek, T.; Bocheński, Z. (2005).
1692:L. in subarctic and arctic zones"
1499:Checklist of North American Birds
1467:"Plumage variation in Bering Sea
1696:Contemporary Problems of Ecology
1591:. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1269:IOC World Bird List Version 12.2
1075:
1063:
1058:Adult in winter plumage, Germany
1051:
1036:
1024:
1012:
996:
980:
751:The same chicks eight days later
521:, and they have been considered
90:
1864:Journal of Experimental Biology
1856:"Orientation of snow buntings (
1164:Journal of Experimental Biology
1103:BirdLife International (2016).
867:and also eats various types of
1495:American Ornithologists' Union
805:geomagnetic field of the Earth
536:The first photographs of this
528:The species also mated with a
1:
1615:Wilson Journal of Ornithology
1031:Adult breeding male, Scotland
414:"imposter", and the specific
395:with the snow bunting as the
2139:Snow Bunting Images - ARKive
2135:at VIREO (Drexel University)
2100:- Cornell Lab of Ornithology
2098:Snow Bunting Species Account
1478:Western Field Ornithologists
629:hudidi feet feet feew hudidi
2656:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1755:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia
1657:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1421:. National Audubon Society
2677:
2133:Snow Bunting photo gallery
1768:10.3409/173491505783995743
1686:Eremophila alpestris flava
1682:Ryzhanovsky, V.N. (2015).
1290:Jobling, James A. (2010).
1240:10.5479/si.00963801.261.28
1019:Adult winter male, England
767:meadows and areas rich in
351:by the Swedish naturalist
2144:Interactive range map of
2081:10.1007/s00300-014-1595-6
1813:10.1007/s00300-009-0664-8
1717:10.1134/S1995425515030117
1419:The Sibley Guide to Birds
812:Physiological adaptations
605:Plectrophenax hyperboreus
517:between the two occur in
259:
252:
224:
215:
192:
185:
87:Scientific classification
85:
63:
54:
42:
37:
28:
23:
2125:Internet Bird Collection
1973:10.3389/fevo.2021.724876
1121:: e.T22721043A89345729.
963:Arctic oscillation index
656:Distribution and habitat
2651:Birds described in 1758
2171:Wild Bird Habitat Store
1877:10.1242/jeb.201.12.1859
1841:10.1163/156853994X00370
335:border, as well as the
2641:Native birds of Alaska
2166:Bird Web: Snow Bunting
1465:Withrow, J.J. (2020).
1263:, eds. (August 2022).
1177:10.1242/jeb.199.9.1899
989:John Gerrard Keulemans
752:
744:
676:, higher mountains of
560:The snow bunting is a
557:
502:, but slightly larger.
2603:Plectrophenax-nivalis
2559:Paleobiology Database
2248:plectrophenax-nivalis
2223:Plectrophenax nivalis
2193:Plectrophenax nivalis
2146:Plectrophenax nivalis
2106:Plectrophenax nivalis
2054:Plectrophenax nivalis
1858:Plectrophenax nivalis
1786:Plectrophenax nivalis
1690:Plectrophenax nivalis
1688:Gm. and snow bunting
1653:Plectrophenax nivalis
1561:Plectrophenax nivalis
1398:Buntings and Sparrows
1368:10.2173/bow.snobun.01
1353:Plectrophenax nivalis
1158:Plectrophenax nivalis
1107:Plectrophenax nivalis
1082:Eggs of snow bunting
923:Snow buntings have a
750:
742:
551:
410:, "cock’s spur", and
347:The snow bunting was
337:Cape Breton Highlands
325:Saint Elias Mountains
290:Plectrophenax nivalis
274:(Linnaeus, 1758)
196:Plectrophenax nivalis
2393:Fauna Europaea (new)
2120:"Snow Bunting media"
1003:Adult breeding male
790:reproductive success
650:reproductive success
637:reproductive success
2636:Birds of the Arctic
2072:2015PoBio..38..393F
2016:1987BEcoS..20..377L
1804:2009PoBio..32.1649H
1788:in the high Arctic"
1708:2015CPrEc...8..309R
1529:10.14430/arctic4222
1417:Sibley, D. (2000).
1220:Stejneger, Leonhard
965:(AO) is a regional
948:Courtship behaviour
381:. He specified the
311:specialist, with a
266:Linnaeus, 1758
57:Conservation status
2151:IUCN Red List maps
2025:10.1007/BF00300684
1738:. Peregrine Books.
1360:Birds of the World
1259:; Donsker, David;
783:The snow buntings
753:
745:
646:individual fitness
562:sexually dimorphic
558:
422:for "snow-white".
393:Leonhard Stejneger
349:formally described
2613:
2612:
2546:Open Tree of Life
2185:Taxon identifiers
1870:(12): 1859–1870.
1798:(11): 1649–1656.
1589:"All About Birds"
1574:978-0-19-850188-6
1309:978-1-4081-2501-4
1261:Rasmussen, Pamela
642:foraging behavior
431:American sparrows
429:, which included
399:. The genus name
281:
280:
271:Passerina nivalis
247: Nonbreeding
80:
48:
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2646:Birds of Iceland
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2512:NHMSYS0000530776
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2261:9BEBC02505B416EE
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1736:The Snow Bunting
1731:
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1639:
1638:
1627:10.1676/13-157.1
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1600:
1598:
1596:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1556:
1541:
1540:
1508:
1502:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1435:
1429:
1415:
1409:
1394:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1357:
1345:
1314:
1313:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1179:
1170:(9): 1899–1905.
1151:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1100:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1000:
984:
839:Food and feeding
702:Franz Josef Land
670:Ellesmere Island
623:and the typical
584:do, instead the
530:Lapland Longspur
379:Emberiza nivalis
327:on the southern
275:
267:
263:Emberiza nivalis
246:
241: Year-round
240:
234:
228:
220:
198:
95:
94:
74:
69:
68:
50:
49:
33:
21:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2661:Holarctic birds
2616:
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2614:
2609:
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2596:
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2533:Observation.org
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2235:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2187:
2176:
2118:
2104:Snow Bunting -
2094:
2089:
2049:
2048:
2041:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1835:(1–2): 99–111.
1826:
1825:
1821:
1781:
1780:
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1733:
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1725:
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1437:
1436:
1432:
1416:
1412:
1395:
1382:
1372:
1370:
1355:), version 1.0"
1351:"Snow Bunting (
1347:
1346:
1317:
1310:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1234:(261): 28–43 .
1218:
1217:
1213:
1198:
1197:
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1153:
1152:
1143:
1133:
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985:
976:
959:
950:
921:
841:
836:
814:
781:
708:, north of the
658:
617:
601:McKay's bunting
578:breeding season
564:, medium-sized
546:
511:McKay's bunting
493:P. n. townsendi
374:and coined the
362:Systema Naturae
355:in 1758 in the
345:
273:
265:
248:
244:
242:
238:
236:
235: Migration
232:
230:
226:
211:
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181:
178:P. nivalis
89:
81:
70:
66:
59:
44:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
2674:
2672:
2664:
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2380:Fauna Europaea
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2311:
2301:
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2213:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2174:
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2141:
2136:
2130:
2116:
2110:
2101:
2093:
2092:External links
2090:
2088:
2087:
2066:(3): 393–400.
2039:
2010:(5): 377–382.
1987:
1946:
1917:10.1086/711370
1911:(6): 417–433.
1891:
1846:
1819:
1774:
1761:(1–2): 43–65.
1741:
1723:
1702:(3): 309–316.
1674:
1663:(3): 524–531.
1640:
1621:(2): 333–338.
1602:
1580:
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1446:(3): 376–406.
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724:, and east to
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484:P. n. vlasowae
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2631:Plectrophenax
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2060:Polar Biology
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1792:Polar Biology
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1491:
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1484:(3): 174–189.
1483:
1479:
1472:
1470:
1469:Plectrophenax
1461:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1427:0-679-45122-6
1424:
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1407:
1406:1-873403-19-4
1403:
1400:. Pica Press
1399:
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1049:
1045:
1044:P. n. nivalis
1039:
1034:
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1006:
1005:P. n. insulae
999:
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893:invertebrates
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731:
728:. During the
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:United States
707:
703:
699:
698:Novaya Zemlya
695:
691:
687:
683:
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675:
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666:North America
663:
662:Arctic tundra
655:
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632:
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626:
625:Plectrophenax
622:
615:Vocalizations
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583:
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497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
475:P. n. insulae
473:
470:
469:P. n. nivalis
467:
466:
465:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
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406:
405:Ancient Greek
402:
401:Plectrophenax
398:
394:
390:
389:
388:Plectrophenax
384:
380:
377:
376:binomial name
373:
372:
368:
364:
363:
358:
357:tenth edition
354:
353:Carl Linnaeus
350:
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187:Binomial name
184:
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174:
171:
170:
167:
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165:Plectrophenax
162:
159:
158:
155:
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149:
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144:Passeriformes
142:
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115:
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98:
93:
88:
84:
78:
73:
72:Least Concern
62:
58:
53:
41:
36:
32:
27:
24:Snow bunting
22:
19:
2421:snow-bunting
2192:
2175:
2145:
2123:
2105:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2007:
2003:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1908:
1904:
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1832:
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1795:
1791:
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1744:
1735:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1618:
1614:
1593:. Retrieved
1583:
1564:
1560:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1460:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1418:
1413:
1397:
1371:. Retrieved
1359:
1352:
1291:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1268:
1231:
1227:
1214:
1204:
1194:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1132:. Retrieved
1118:
1112:
1106:
1098:
1070:ID composite
1043:
1004:
960:
951:
938:
934:microclimate
922:
842:
815:
802:
794:
782:
754:
730:last ice age
726:central Asia
659:
633:
628:
624:
620:
618:
604:
598:
594:common raven
559:
556:in York, ME.
527:
505:
499:
492:
483:
474:
468:
459:
424:
415:
411:
407:
400:
397:type species
386:
378:
369:
360:
346:
289:
288:
285:snow bunting
284:
282:
270:
262:
195:
193:
177:
176:
164:
18:
2494:NatureServe
2442:iNaturalist
2217:Wikispecies
1373:26 November
1275:26 November
1257:Gill, Frank
1134:12 November
1046:, in spring
897:butterflies
869:grass seeds
819:hyperphagia
712:, north of
621:per,r,r,rit
609:horned lark
554:Agamenticus
544:Description
532:creating a
523:conspecific
451:Calcariidae
427:Emberizidae
319:in central
313:circumpolar
307:. It is an
305:Calcariidae
154:Calcariidae
2620:Categories
2598:Xeno-canto
1595:14 October
1091:References
925:monogamous
823:pectoralis
582:passerines
478:Salomonsen
462:subspecies
455:phenotypes
317:Cairngorms
1982:2296-701X
1941:222327224
1925:1522-2152
1829:Behaviour
1007:, Iceland
941:passerine
901:true bugs
889:saxifrage
887:, purple
873:crowberry
865:goldenrod
857:goosefoot
834:Behaviour
827:shivering
779:Migration
761:offspring
690:Greenland
590:passerine
566:passerine
508:Beringian
447:passerine
295:passerine
172:Species:
110:Kingdom:
104:Eukaryota
2499:2.104471
2486:22721043
2460:11128638
2320:bob18500
2284:22721043
2279:BirdLife
2268:BioLib:
2202:Wikidata
1933:33048603
1635:49233977
1537:41758941
1222:(1882).
1202:(1758).
919:Breeding
895:such as
883:, dock,
877:bilberry
853:amaranth
845:knotweed
688:, North
678:Scotland
586:breeding
500:vlasowae
487:Portenko
435:buntings
408:plektron
403:is from
383:locality
371:Emberiza
343:Taxonomy
323:and the
321:Scotland
254:Synonyms
204:Linnaeus
150:Family:
124:Chordata
120:Phylum:
114:Animalia
100:Domain:
77:IUCN 3.1
2411:2491719
2256:Avibase
2068:Bibcode
2034:4195499
2012:Bibcode
1886:9600868
1800:Bibcode
1704:Bibcode
1186:9319809
991:, 1905.
974:Gallery
967:climate
913:spiders
881:bistort
849:ragweed
785:migrate
773:lichens
722:Ukraine
714:Germany
694:Siberia
674:Iceland
627:warble
574:bunting
570:species
534:hybrid.
515:Hybrids
496:Ridgway
443:finches
439:towhees
416:nivalis
359:of his
300:in the
293:) is a
160:Genus:
140:Order:
130:Class:
75: (
2590:383228
2564:369321
2551:453764
2525:161627
2473:179532
2447:117059
2418:GNAB:
2367:EURING
2346:PLEXNI
2333:snobun
2307:snobun
2243:ARKive
2236:snobun
2208:Q26416
2113:Stamps
2032:
1980:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1884:
1633:
1571:
1535:
1517:Arctic
1425:
1404:
1306:
1184:
930:embryo
863:, and
797:flocks
757:Arctic
734:Europe
718:Poland
706:Canada
700:, and
686:Russia
682:Norway
538:hybrid
519:Alaska
412:phenax
329:Alaska
309:Arctic
302:family
245:
239:
233:
227:
2585:WoRMS
2577:14113
2455:IRMNG
2385:97520
2372:18500
2354:EUNIS
2328:eBird
2304:BOW:
2030:S2CID
1937:S2CID
1631:S2CID
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