749:
936:. Individuals who describe themselves as centrist may hold strong beliefs that align with moderate politics, or they may identify as centrist because they do not hold particularly strong left-wing or right-wing beliefs. In some cases, individuals who simultaneously hold strong left-wing beliefs and strong right-wing beliefs may also describe themselves as centrist. Although the left-centre-right
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electoral weakness of centrist parties. One possible explanation for the paradox is that centrists may be perceived as lacking the leadership or capability demonstrated by leaders of other ideologies. Another is that centrists are unable to increase their vote share because the ideological space around them is already occupied by other parties.
1440:. The group fractured during a leftward shift in the 1950s and 1960s as the leadership invited socialists into the party, hoping to deprive the Communist Party of an ally. This created a scenario in which the Christian Democrats expressed centrist positions but were the rightmost of Italy's major parties and took on a more conservative role.
1114:, the centre is challenged by parties that seek to undermine the legitimacy of the political system. These parties come from both the left and the right and have different positions on how the government should function, which prevents them from unifying against the centre, giving the centre an opportunity to retain power. According to the
1584:, who was accused of being a communist and prosecuted for allegedly organising the bombing of his own party newspaper's headquarters in the 1960s. Taiwan's political system, already inclined toward centrism, saw its two major parties move closer to the centrism in the late 1990s as newer parties developed on either side.
1156:. When radical parties become viable, forming a coalition with the centre can force them to moderate. Once in a coalition, the centrist party is typically a junior partner that has little ability to enact its own policy goals. Party systems with a strong centrist element are associated with lower interparty conflict.
1475:
Fiji implemented a political system designed to encourage centrism in an ethnically divided nation as it transitioned away from colonial rule in 1965. Each voter was to vote for four candidates, each for a distinct ethnic group. This failed to produce a centrist government, as in effect it solidified
1338:
brought French conservatism to the centre when it maintained an element of working class revolution. Empires were forced to maintain the political centre, avoiding reactionary or revolutionary politics that could have affected their stability. Centrist liberalism was slower to develop outside of the
1346:
during the early 19th century as its conservatives took a decisively centrist position, enlightened conservatism, and expressed willingness to compromise with the nation's strong radical element. As radicalism declined in
Western Europe, liberalism and conservatism became the two dominant political
1256:
of
Uruguay. Christian democracy, usually a conservative movement, serves a similar role in Latin America as its opposition to more rightward politics moves it toward a centrist or centre-left position. Some political parties label themselves as centrist but do not hold centrist positions. These are
1210:
When parties become more extreme, disaffected moderates may be enticed to join centrist parties when they would otherwise have been unwilling to join an opposing party. More broadly, polarisation can lead to the fragmentation of the left and right into multiple parties, allowing a centrist party to
1147:
to refer to centrist parties and to this middle position regardless of a party's ideological stance. Conversely, some centrist parties will only be challenged from one direction instead of facing both left-wing and right-wing challengers, preventing it from taking its typical location in the middle
1133:
Politicians with high approval might move to the centre to capitalise on their popularity with a larger voter base, while those seen as uncharismatic or incompetent may shift away from the centre to capture more reliable activist voters who will invest more into the politician's campaign. Opponents
1390:
became more common, advocacy for centrist reform was taken up by academics. Instead of engaging in direct activism, they considered social issues and presented their conclusions as objective science. Other ideological groups did not have success in this endeavour, as taking strong partisan stances
1412:
as left-wing politics saw a resurgence, meaning centrism was challenged from both directions. Agrarianism lost much of its influence in the 1930s as nations fell under right-wing dictatorships, and its return in the 1940s was short-lived as nations fell under communist rule. The Nordic countries,
1134:
of centrism may describe it as opportunistic. Centrist-controlled governments are much rarer than left-wing or right-wing governments. While approximately 30% of world leaders were centrist in the 1950s and 1960s, this declined to approximately 15% by 2020. Centrist dictatorships rarely occur.
1129:
provide less incentive for parties to hold centrist positions. Proportional representation systems weaken centrist parties because they incentivise the capture of specific voters instead of the general population. The popularity of centrism in the
Western World is contradicted by the relative
1286:
was organised, reactionary conservatives coalesced in the seats to the speaker's right, while the radicals sat on the speaker's left. The moderates who were not affiliated with either faction sat in the centre seats, and they came to be known as the centrists. While liberalism began as a
1628:
with the use of social programs. In many Latin
American nations, opposing presidential candidates campaigned on similar platforms and often supported retaining their predecessors' policies without any significant changes, shifting the focus of elections to personality over ideology.
1492:, effectively controlling Egyptian politics and marginalising the other factions. The fall of dictatorships in countries such as Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Portugal in the 1980s was met by centrist parties that became the primary forces in transitioning the nations to democracy.
1151:
Coalition building typically occurs around the political centre, giving centrist parties hold a strong position in the formation of coalition governments, as they can accommodate both left-wing and right-wing parties. This gives them additional leverage in the formation of a
1041:
is commonly associated with strong left-wing or right-wing beliefs, centrist populism is critical of the political system independently of social, economic, and cultural issues. Centrist populist parties often do not have a strong ideological component, instead making
1164:
The overall effect of centrist parties on a political system is a subject of debate in political science, and it is not always clear whether they encourage or discourage political polarisation, or whether they benefit or suffer from it. One unanswered question in
944:, individuals far from the political centre may occasionally reframe it, with the far-right alleging that the centre is leftist and the far-left alleging that the centre is rightist. Likewise, they may allege that their more moderate counterparts, the
840:
Centrist parties typically hold the middle position between major left-wing and right-wing parties, though in some cases they will hold the left-leaning or right-leaning vote if there are no viable parties in the given direction. Centrist parties in
1142:
Most political party systems lean toward the centre, where centre-left and centre-right parties compromise with centrist parties. Centrist parties are typically found in the middle of a party system, leading to mixed use of the term
1455:
was the party of rural voters and businessmen. This system fell apart by the 1960s as polarisation grew and radical parties developed. Industrialisation reduced the appeal of agrarianism in the post-war era. The
Agrarian Parties of
1407:
Centrist liberalism was one of the two major global ideological groups at the beginning of the 20th century, where it was challenged by right-wing conservatism and
Catholicism. Centrism faced increased pressure beginning in the
1169:
is whether centrist parties create centripetal or centrifugal party systems. When centrist parties exert a centripetal force on other parties, it causes left-wing and right-wing parties to move closer to the centre and creates
1231:
where social democracy dominates politics, centrism competes with the centre-right to form a rightward flank. Centrist liberalism has only a minor presence in the Middle East, where it is overshadowed by leftism and
809:. It is associated with moderate politics, including people who strongly support moderate policies and people who are not strongly aligned with left-wing or right-wing policies. Centrism is commonly associated with
958:
is commonly associated with the political centre. Both left-leaning and right-leaning variants of liberalism may be grouped within a broader understanding of centrism. In Europe, left-leaning liberalism emphasises
1504:
in the 1990s, centrist liberalism was seen as the dominant force in politics. The centre-left and the centre-right both moved closer to the centre in the 1990s and 2000s. The centre-right, previously dominated by
1587:
After a long period of strong left-wing and right-wing movements, Latin
American nations trended toward centrism in the 2000s. This came about as the nations' economies strengthened and the reduction of
1010:
are also major agrarian ideals. These parties often developed in
European countries where there was not a strong liberal movement, and vice versa, but they became less relevant by the mid-20th century.
1569:
In the
Pacific, New Caledonia did not form a strong centrist movement until the 1990s as a consequence of the independence question. Conservative groups had actively suppressed centrist figures like
1488:
became president of Egypt, and in 1976 he split the ruling Arab
Socialist Union into three parties based on its left, centre, and right factions. Rule was maintained through what became the centrist
876:, when assemblymen associated with neither the radicals nor the reactionaries sat between the two groups. Liberalism became the dominant centrist ideology in the 18th century with its support for
1192:
argued that centrism is the default in a political system, but that the existence of a centrist party prevents the left and the right from moving toward the centre and encourages polarisation.
3060:
849:
as they can accommodate both left-wing and right-wing parties, but they are often junior partners in these coalitions that are unable to enact their own policies. These parties are weaker in
1291:
challenger to conservatism, it came to occupy the political centre of Western politics at the beginning of the 19th century as it also opposed radicalism and socialism. Liberal support for
1342:
By the 1830s, conservatism and radicalism in Western Europe began a shift toward moderation as they accepted ideas associated with centrist liberalism. The United Kingdom was spared from
1174:. Alternatively, they may exert a centrifugal force in which left-wing and right-wing parties move away from the centre to pressure the centrist party into choosing a side, causing
3378:
Ruostetsaari, Ilkka (2007). "Restructuring of the European Political Centre: Withering Liberal and Persisting Agrarian Party Families". In Cotta, Maurizio; Best, Heinrich (eds.).
1097:. Whether political positions are considered centrist can change over time; when radical positions become more widely accepted in society, they can become centrist positions.
1399:. Instead of the idea that non-white races could not achieve European-style civilisation, centrist liberals believed that they could but it would take them longer to do so.
1148:
of a party system. What constitutes the middle of a political system is unique to each nation, while ideological centrism is a political stance that exists internationally.
1509:, became more accepting of the welfare state, and it showed more support for combatting poverty and inequality. This included the "kinder, gentler America" championed by
3937:
4420:
1476:
the ethnic division in government. As post-colonial party systems developed in the Middle East, the influence of one-party states varied. Parties like the
1299:
developed in opposition to conservatism, establishing the ideals that would accompany liberalism as it became the predominant centrist ideology in Europe.
724:
1425:
as scientific truth. Following World War II, middle class centrist parties in developed countries became less common as they moved leftward or rightward.
1089:. Centrist liberalism seeks institutional reform, but it prioritises prudence when enacting change. European centrist parties are typically in favour of
777:
1468:
changed their names to the Centre Party in 1958, 1959, and 1965, respectively. This left Denmark as the only nation with a major self-proclaimed
1452:
1258:
924:
As with all ideological groups, the exact boundaries of what constitutes centrism are not perfectly defined, but its specific placement on the
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3391:
3348:
3317:
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policies, and reduction of welfare programs. Some authoritarian powers, such as China and Russia, resisted the western liberal consensus.
1481:
1118:, parties are incentivised to move toward the political centre to maximise votes and to have the final say on closely-contested policies.
3215:
Dalton, Russell J.; Tanaka, Aiji (2008). "The Patterns of Party Alignment". In Dalton, Russell J.; Shin, Doh Chull; Chu, Yun-han (eds.).
1082:
857:
systems. Parties and politicians have various incentives to move toward or away from the centre, depending on how they seek votes. Some
830:
729:
4748:
3930:
1705:
1196:
proposed a model in which a centrist party emerges after the left-wing and right-wing parties diverge from a centrist-leaning public.
967:
and is more common in nations with strong Christian democratic movements. Social liberalism combines centrist economic positions with
928:
makes its position clearer relative to other ideologies. Centrism most commonly refers to a set of moderate political beliefs between
4733:
1379:. Toward the end of the 19th century, agrarianism became a significant political movement in Europe to represent farmers' interests.
1081:
programs, but they are generally less inclusive than those organised under social democratic governments. Centrists may support some
925:
806:
3433:
3240:
1489:
1265:
in the Netherlands. Relative to left-wing and right-wing parties, centrist parties are infrequently studied in political science.
971:
stances on social and cultural issues. Left-leaning liberalism generally sits closer to the centre than right-leaning liberalism.
4413:
1352:
734:
3558:"Center Parties, Party Competition, and the Implosion of Party Systems: A Study of Centripetal Tendencies in Multiparty Systems"
1596:
that saw several left-wing politicians take office, those in democratic nations adopted relatively moderate policies, including
1501:
909:
1633:
913:
1121:
Centrist parties face some intrinsic disadvantages when competing with left-wing and right-wing parties. Elections based on
3594:
3487:
4908:
3923:
1245:
986:, usually associated with left-wing politics, have a history of centrist economic policies in Central and Eastern Europe.
385:
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3946:
1597:
1477:
1448:
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168:
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4913:
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4322:
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1429:
1376:
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854:
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1262:
1122:
892:. Agrarianism briefly existed as a major European centrist movement in the late-19th and early-20th centuries. The
850:
716:
4903:
1323:
1315:
1215:. Polarisation may also weaken a centrist party if both ends of a polarised society are made to oppose centrism.
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42:
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1745:
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1253:
1202:
1007:
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and is more common in nations with strong conservative movements, while right-leaning liberalism emphasises
937:
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parties take centrist positions, basing their political position on opposition to the government instead of
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389:
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in the 19th century, but it did so less than its primary advocates, and it rejected the related concept of
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movements. The United States saw a centrist liberal movement develop in the late-19th century through the
1249:
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often have prominent centrist parties supported by the middle class. These have historically included the
625:
3712:
3186:
Hinnebusch, Raymond; Cavatorta, Francesco; Storm, Lise. "Political Parties in MENA: An Introduction". In
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in Yemen acted as restraints on political elites to keep them from deviating from the political centre.
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380:
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124:
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Völkel, Jan Claudius. "Pawns in the Army's Hands: Political Parties in Military-Dominated Regimes". In
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which were mostly spared from both movements, were the only nations to retain strong agrarian parties.
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is a form of centrism defined by its rejection of the left–right dichotomy or of ideology in general.
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4215:
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1029:
politics is a radical centrist approach taken by centre-left parties to find a middle ground between
846:
837:, radical groups that oppose centrist ideologies may sometimes describe them as leftist or rightist.
662:
454:
261:
114:
94:
3818:"The Vicissitudes of 'Radical Centrism': The Case of Agnes Heller, Radical Centrist avant la lettre"
3217:
1515:
1355:. The radical movement gave way to centrism after the 1870s as they both coalesced around ideals of
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4838:
4658:
4568:
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4465:
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4265:
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1665:
1527:
1241:
1171:
1153:
987:
964:
933:
866:
802:
702:
692:
687:
672:
652:
509:
331:
316:
186:
134:
3747:"Modeling the interaction of parties, activists and voters: Why is the political center so empty?"
1224:
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4470:
4445:
4429:
4382:
4014:
3989:
3979:
3974:
3962:
3699:
3658:
1735:
1542:. The centre-left adopted Third Way policies, emphasising that it was neither left nor right but
1111:
1043:
929:
862:
842:
798:
657:
616:
551:
469:
281:
149:
79:
70:
3817:
3488:"Centrist anti-establishment parties and their protest voters: more than a superficial romance?"
1447:
with two centrist parties in the 1950s. The parties were instead motivated by demographics: the
1327:
4893:
4848:
4803:
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3957:
3873:
3838:
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3732:
3691:
3650:
3615:
3580:
3543:
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3473:
3429:
3406:
3387:
3344:
3313:
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3024:
1700:
1601:
1589:
1510:
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1433:
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1343:
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as it spread through Europe and the Americas, but it declined in favour of populism after the
901:
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834:
474:
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89:
54:
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4116:
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3724:
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3334:
3228:
3195:
Koehler, Kevin. "Inheriting the Past: Trajectories of Single Parties in Arab Republics". In
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1436:, it absorbed the centre-left and centre-right to create a centrist grouping and combat the
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519:
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271:
201:
119:
35:
31:
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and that a centrist party is an unnatural combination of the centre-left and centre-right.
994:
may also be grouped with the centre. Agrarian parties are associated with the interests of
4818:
4753:
4688:
4623:
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4285:
4044:
1547:
1409:
1303:
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682:
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61:
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3134:
Magyar, Agnes; Wagner, Sarah; Zur, Roi. "Party strategies: valence versus position". In
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3279:
3125:
Kraetzschmar, Hendrik; Resta, Valeria. "Political parties in the Arab Middle East". In
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979:
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236:
216:
3523:"Centrist Utopianism in Retreat: Ideological Fragmentation after the Financial Crisis"
1046:
politics the core of their message to capitalise on voter dissatisfaction and receive
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4823:
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1414:
1356:
1237:
1193:
1074:
1070:
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897:
826:
350:
266:
256:
3713:"Do All Roads Lead to the Center? The Unresolved Dilemma of Centrist Self-Placement"
4573:
4104:
4089:
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Enyedi, Zsolt; BĂ©rtoa, Fernando Casal. "Party Systems and Party System Change". In
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355:
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196:
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3281:
Centre Parties: Polarization and Competition in European Parliamentary Democracies
990:, often considered a centre-right ideology, is sometimes grouped with the centre.
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4618:
4613:
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4312:
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3058:
Carter, Neil; Keith, Daniel; Sindre, Gyda M.; Vasilopoulou, Sofia, eds. (2023).
1650:
1543:
1539:
1531:
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1372:
1368:
1331:
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Centrism is part of the left–right political spectrum that developed during the
1086:
1066:
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17:
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4332:
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3834:
3611:
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1551:
1535:
1422:
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and have commonalities across different nations and political systems. In the
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794:
306:
241:
231:
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3736:
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3619:
3584:
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3512:
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3367:
Fraenkel, Jon. "Political Consequences of Pacific Island Electoral Laws". In
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Chanter, Alaine. "Parties and the New Political Logic in New Caledonia". In
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Party Politics in East Asia: Citizens, Elections, and Democratic Development
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1593:
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Routledge Handbook on Political Parties in the Middle East and North Africa
41:"Political centre" redirects here. For the Russian movement (1919–20), see
3892:
3853:"The Multidimensional Disadvantages of Centrist Parties in Western Europe"
3595:"Identifying Ideologues: A Global Dataset on Political Leaders, 1945–2020"
3339:
3232:
3071:
1302:
The political centre became a major force in England and France after the
1073:
politics. In contemporary politics, centrists generally support a liberal
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326:
251:
226:
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1640:. As of 2015, centrists made up a plurality in most European countries.
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change within a political system, opposing the right's adherence to the
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4543:
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4126:
3915:
3382:
Democratic Representation in Europe: Diversity, Change, and Convergence
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206:
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The Modern World-System IV: Centrist Liberalism Triumphant, 1789–1914
1432:
party in the immediate aftermath of the war. Under the leadership of
995:
872:
Centrism developed with the left–right political spectrum during the
414:
3047:
Boucek, Françoise. "The factional politics of dominant parties". In
2117:
2115:
3424:
Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior
1184:
argued that politics naturally drifts away from the centre into a
1065:
is a defining trait of centrism, holding that it is preferable to
952:, are actually centrists because they are insufficiently radical.
2821:
2819:
3163:
Cavatorta, Francesco; Storm, Lise; Resta, Valeria, eds. (2021).
4402:
3919:
3254:
History of Political Parties in Twentieth-Century Latin America
3038:
Abedi, Amir; Schneider, Steffen. "Big fish in small ponds". In
1546:. This adopted ideas popular among the centre-right, including
1050:. These parties are most common in Central and Eastern Europe.
1928:
1926:
1924:
1391:
risked one's reputation. Centrist liberals in Europe accepted
1207:
rejected the concept of a singular political centre entirely.
3327:
Rich, Roland; Hambly, Luke; Morgan, Michael G., eds. (2006).
3153:
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3135:
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2100:
1875:
1873:
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1820:
1818:
1816:
1472:, but it also described itself as liberal beginning in 1963.
34:. For the post-World War II political alliance in Italy, see
3152:
Vasilopoulou, Sofia. "Parties and European integration". In
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2130:
2003:
2001:
1257:
typically more right-wing parties such as the centre-right
2446:
2444:
1386:
intertwined itself with centrism in the 19th century. As
1061:
and the left's support for radical change. Support for a
2726:
1803:
1801:
3107:
Close, Caroline; Legein, Thomas. "Liberal parties". In
1421:
espoused by centrist liberals, as they instead adopted
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2232:
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2169:
1776:
1774:
1093:
and were the primary movers in the development of the
982:
commonly adopt the liberal position on social issues.
1558:. Social democratic parties became more accepting of
1451:
was supported by urban voters and the military while
3015:
Boucek, Françoise; Bogaards, Matthijs, eds. (2010).
4246:
3808:
The Collapsing Centre in the World's Liberal Centre
3205:
3196:
3187:
3851:
3816:
3780:
3745:
3628:
3593:
3556:
3521:
3486:
3451:
3421:
3379:
3305:
3278:
3251:
3216:
3059:
3016:
1550:and low taxes. Among these movements were British
1538:, and the anti-neoliberalism of Mexican president
3806:Sommers, Jeffrey; Marian, Cosmin Gabriel (2019).
3672:"The Ideological Morphology of Left–Centre–Right"
2435:
1632:Support for centrism declined globally after the
1077:. Centrist coalitions are associated with larger
3717:International Journal of Public Opinion Research
3453:"The Ideology of Heads of Government, 1870–2012"
3368:
3359:
3630:"The Origins of the Two Lefts in Latin America"
2969:
2798:
2678:
2666:
2160:
1915:
1903:
3143:van Kessel, Stijn. "Populism and parties". In
3048:
3039:
2399:
2327:
2279:
2121:
4414:
3931:
3386:. Oxford University Press. pp. 217–252.
2981:
2861:
2810:
1592:created a larger middle class. Following the
1085:, but they oppose the total abolition of the
908:. Centrism became more influential after the
833:. Though its placement is widely accepted in
771:
8:
3450:Brambor, Thomas; Lindvall, Johannes (2018).
3304:Noël, Alain; Thérien, Jean-Philippe (2008).
2897:
2510:
2303:
2106:
2067:
1932:
1879:
1860:
1836:
1824:
1417:ended support for any scientific racism and
3062:The Routledge Handbook of Political Parties
2837:
2825:
2690:
2654:
2642:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2594:
2582:
2570:
2558:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2498:
2423:
2267:
2148:
2055:
2043:
1848:
4421:
4407:
4399:
3938:
3924:
3916:
1980:
1616:in Uruguay. These nations implemented the
1025:can both be elements of radical centrism.
778:
764:
590:
75:
49:
3338:
2486:
2211:
2091:
2031:
2007:
1807:
1765:
821:. Those who identify as centrist support
3520:Foster, Jack; el-Ojeili, Chamsy (2023).
3330:Political Parties in the Pacific Islands
3019:Dominant Political Parties and Democracy
2786:
2738:
2450:
3744:Schofield, Norman; Sened, Itai (2005).
2957:
2945:
2933:
2921:
2909:
2885:
2873:
2774:
2750:
1758:
1318:. French centrism was supported by the
133:
103:
78:
60:
3782:"Latin America: A Surge to the Center"
3752:European Journal of Political Research
3089:Bremer, Björn. "Social democracy". In
2849:
2762:
2727:Hinnebusch, Cavatorta & Storm 2021
2702:
1992:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1891:
2993:
2714:
2474:
2462:
2411:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2315:
2255:
2240:
2223:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2019:
1792:
1780:
1636:as it was challenged by populism and
7:
3810:(Report). LSE IDEAS. pp. 20–24.
3600:British Journal of Political Science
3555:Green-Pedersen, Christoffer (2004).
1223:Centrist parties make up a specific
30:For the Marxist categorisation, see
3206:Cavatorta, Storm & Resta (2021)
3197:Cavatorta, Storm & Resta (2021)
3188:Cavatorta, Storm & Resta (2021)
2291:
2136:
2079:
1520:
3647:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2010.tb00686.x
3405:. University of California Press.
3098:Carter, Neil. "Green Parties". In
1706:List of centrist political parties
845:hold a strong position in forming
825:political change, often through a
25:
3493:European Political Science Review
3308:Left and Right in Global Politics
1306:. English centrism came from the
998:and other people associated with
3903:
3891:
3764:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2005.00231.x
3577:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2004.00482.x
3369:Rich, Hambly & Morgan (2006)
3360:Rich, Hambly & Morgan (2006)
1339:great powers of Western Europe.
1106:Elections and retention of power
920:Ideology and political positions
747:
3823:Journal of Political Ideologies
3676:Journal of Political Ideologies
3528:Journal of Political Ideologies
1502:dissolution of the Soviet Union
910:dissolution of the Soviet Union
4749:Open–closed political spectrum
3401:Wallerstein, Immanuel (2011).
3312:. Cambridge University Press.
3250:Di Tella, Torcuato S. (2004).
1259:Union of the Democratic Centre
1236:. More developed countries in
1:
4734:Left–right political spectrum
3688:10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770
3670:Ostrowski, Marius S. (2023).
3540:10.1080/13569317.2021.1956164
2436:Kraetzschmar & Resta 2023
2161:Magyar, Wagner & Zur 2023
1246:Brazilian Democratic Movement
926:left–right political spectrum
807:left–right political spectrum
3049:Boucek & Bogaards (2010)
3040:Boucek & Bogaards (2010)
2960:, pp. 110–111, 116–117.
900:caused centrists to abandon
4759:Right-wing authoritarianism
3635:Political Science Quarterly
2970:Foster & el-Ojeili 2023
2799:Foster & el-Ojeili 2023
2679:Brambor & Lindvall 2018
2667:Brambor & Lindvall 2018
1916:Brambor & Lindvall 2018
1904:Brambor & Lindvall 2018
1428:Italy was dominated by the
1261:in Spain and the far-right
1127:proportional representation
855:proportional representation
730:Political parties by region
520:Party convention/conference
4935:
3870:10.1007/s11109-020-09671-w
3458:European Political Science
3420:Woshinsky, Oliver (2007).
2400:Abedi & Schneider 2010
2280:Schofield & Sened 2005
2122:Schofield & Sened 2005
1634:2007–2008 financial crisis
1123:first-past-the-post voting
914:2007–2008 financial crisis
851:first-past-the-post voting
793:is the range of political
717:Lists of political parties
40:
29:
4766:
4721:
4646:
4596:
4531:
4479:
4436:
4040:
3953:
3835:10.1080/13569319808420774
3779:Shifter, Michael (2011).
3612:10.1017/S0007123422000217
3505:10.1017/S1755773920000132
3470:10.1057/s41304-017-0124-9
3277:Hazan, Reuven Y. (1997).
2982:Sommers & Marian 2019
2862:Sommers & Marian 2019
2811:Sommers & Marian 2019
1598:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
1534:with a grey face" led by
1530:in Germany, the British "
1490:National Democratic Party
1482:General People's Congress
1449:Republican People's Party
1324:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
1316:Thomas Babington Macaulay
725:Ruling parties by country
698:National unity government
43:Political Centre (Russia)
3799:10.1353/jod.2011.a412897
3627:Madrid, RaĂşl L. (2010).
3428:. Taylor & Francis.
3225:Lynne Rienner Publishers
2898:Dalton & Tanaka 2008
2304:Dalton & Tanaka 2008
2107:Enyedi & BĂ©rtoa 2023
1746:Triangulation (politics)
1008:environmental protection
974:Parties associated with
735:Banned political parties
435:Leader of the Opposition
403:Leaders and organization
366:Parliamentary opposition
3592:Herre, Bastian (2023).
2838:Noël & Thérien 2008
2826:Noël & Thérien 2008
2424:Close & Legein 2023
2268:Close & Legein 2023
2149:Noël & Thérien 2008
2044:Noël & Thérien 2008
1849:Close & Legein 2023
1438:Italian Communist Party
1403:World Wars and Cold War
1274:18th and 19th centuries
1083:redistributive policies
940:is well established in
831:redistributive policies
4704:Social justice warrior
3908:Quotations related to
3815:Tormey, Simon (1998).
3485:Engler, Sarah (2020).
3260:Transaction Publishers
1696:Independent politician
1656:Argument to moderation
1638:political polarisation
1513:in the United States,
1250:Radical Party of Chile
1160:Political polarisation
4779:Democratic transition
4774:Anti-authoritarianism
4649:Political pejoratives
3340:10.22459/PPPI.04.2008
3233:10.1515/9781626374058
3072:10.4324/9780429263859
2139:, pp. 1756–1757.
1560:supply-side economics
1524: The New Centre
1388:research universities
1176:political instability
847:coalition governments
668:Confidence and supply
525:Leadership convention
376:Official party status
332:Entrepreneurial party
27:Political orientation
4909:Political ideologies
4534:Political ideologies
3947:Political ideologies
3900:at Wikimedia Commons
3787:Journal of Democracy
3729:10.1093/ijpor/edu028
3711:Rodon, Toni (2015).
3154:Carter et al. (2023)
3145:Carter et al. (2023)
3136:Carter et al. (2023)
3127:Carter et al. (2023)
3118:Carter et al. (2023)
3109:Carter et al. (2023)
3100:Carter et al. (2023)
3091:Carter et al. (2023)
2202:, pp. 743, 746.
2094:, pp. 144, 161.
1618:Washington Consensus
1608:in El Salvador, and
1478:Arab Socialist Union
1344:the many revolutions
1312:Henry Peter Brougham
1167:political philosophy
1116:median voter theorem
1091:European integration
673:Consensus government
663:Coalition government
455:Parliamentary leader
262:Classical radicalism
4659:Champagne socialist
4569:Christian Democracy
4498:Anti-Stalinist left
4482:Political positions
4065:Christian democracy
3362:, pp. 143–164.
3287:Bloomsbury Academic
3208:, pp. 125–136.
3156:, pp. 301–311.
3147:, pp. 269–279.
3138:, pp. 199–210.
3129:, pp. 414–425.
3111:, pp. 149–160.
3102:, pp. 185–196.
3093:, pp. 161–172.
2972:, pp. 199–200.
2912:, pp. 107–108.
2828:, pp. 166–167.
2693:, pp. 236–237.
2573:, pp. 160–161.
2477:, pp. 178–179.
2438:, pp. 415–417.
2330:, pp. 325–326.
2328:Green-Pedersen 2004
2190:, pp. 743–746.
2124:, pp. 355–356.
1995:, pp. 307–309.
1971:, pp. 147–149.
1666:Centrism by country
1443:Turkey developed a
1430:Christian Democracy
1242:Radical Civic Union
1211:perpetually be the
1172:political stability
1154:minority government
1112:multi-party systems
1053:Centrism advocates
988:Christian democracy
965:economic liberalism
934:right-wing politics
884:, challenging both
867:right-wing populism
843:multi-party systems
803:right-wing politics
797:that exist between
754:Politics portal
703:Rotation government
693:Minority government
688:Majority government
653:Parliamentary group
510:Leadership election
187:Christian democracy
4919:Political theories
4914:Political spectrum
4834:Anti-establishment
4699:Social imperialism
4604:Buddhist Socialism
4599:Religious politics
4430:Political spectrum
3980:Political spectrum
3858:Political Behavior
3333:. Pandanus Books.
3227:. pp. 27–47.
2924:, p. 108–109.
2840:, p. 167–168.
1736:Syncretic politics
1244:of Argentina, the
1219:Regional variation
1138:Coalition building
1101:Political function
1044:anti-establishment
1019:Liberal scepticism
930:left-wing politics
799:left-wing politics
658:Divided government
552:Crossing the floor
498:Internal elections
470:Party spokesperson
381:Single-issue party
71:Political Spectrum
4881:
4880:
4849:The Establishment
4804:Identity politics
4639:Religious Zionism
4396:
4395:
4095:Constitutionalism
3958:The Establishment
3896:Media related to
3850:Zur, Roi (2021).
3564:Political Studies
3412:978-0-520-26760-2
3393:978-0-19-923420-2
3371:, pp. 46–68.
3350:978-1-74076-173-4
3319:978-1-139-47252-4
3296:978-1-85567-431-8
3269:978-1-4128-2545-0
3199:, pp. 57–68.
3178:978-0-367-21986-4
3120:, pp. 30–42.
3081:978-0-429-55441-4
3042:, pp. 77–97.
3030:978-0-415-48582-1
2984:, pp. 21–22.
2717:, pp. 28–30.
2525:, pp. 91–93.
2511:Ruostetsaari 2007
2226:, pp. 22–23.
2068:Vasilopoulou 2023
2022:, pp. 20–21.
1933:Ruostetsaari 2007
1880:Ruostetsaari 2007
1861:Ruostetsaari 2007
1837:Ruostetsaari 2007
1825:Ruostetsaari 2007
1701:Independent voter
1602:Michelle Bachelet
1590:wealth inequality
1575:Maurice Lenormand
1511:George H. W. Bush
1480:in Egypt and the
1434:Alcide De Gasperi
1393:scientific racism
1297:individual rights
1284:National Assembly
1280:French Revolution
1023:neo-republicanism
961:social liberalism
942:political science
902:scientific racism
882:individual rights
874:French Revolution
835:political science
788:
787:
634:
633:
450:Political faction
158:
157:
16:(Redirected from
4926:
4904:Communitarianism
4869:Radical politics
4844:Communitarianism
4814:Authoritarianism
4729:Horseshoe theory
4559:Social Democracy
4518:Radical centrism
4508:Centrist Marxism
4423:
4416:
4409:
4400:
4323:Internationalism
4254:Authoritarianism
4223:Social democracy
4117:Environmentalism
4080:Communitarianism
3940:
3933:
3926:
3917:
3907:
3895:
3881:
3864:(4): 1755–1777.
3855:
3846:
3820:
3811:
3802:
3784:
3775:
3749:
3740:
3707:
3666:
3632:
3623:
3597:
3588:
3560:
3551:
3525:
3516:
3490:
3481:
3455:
3439:
3427:
3416:
3397:
3385:
3372:
3363:
3354:
3342:
3323:
3311:
3300:
3284:
3273:
3257:
3246:
3222:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3190:, pp. 1–14.
3182:
3157:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3121:
3112:
3103:
3094:
3085:
3065:
3052:
3043:
3034:
3022:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2691:Wallerstein 2011
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2655:Wallerstein 2011
2652:
2646:
2643:Wallerstein 2011
2640:
2634:
2631:Wallerstein 2011
2628:
2622:
2619:Wallerstein 2011
2616:
2610:
2607:Wallerstein 2011
2604:
2598:
2595:Wallerstein 2011
2592:
2586:
2583:Wallerstein 2011
2580:
2574:
2571:Wallerstein 2011
2568:
2562:
2559:Wallerstein 2011
2556:
2550:
2547:Wallerstein 2011
2544:
2538:
2535:Wallerstein 2011
2532:
2526:
2523:Wallerstein 2011
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2499:Wallerstein 2011
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2366:, pp. 9–13.
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2244:
2238:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2125:
2119:
2110:
2104:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2056:Wallerstein 2011
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1811:
1805:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1769:
1763:
1686:Horseshoe theory
1671:Communitarianism
1583:
1571:Caledonian Union
1548:balanced budgets
1528:Gerhard Schröder
1525:
1522:
1445:two-party system
1397:social Darwinism
1377:internationalism
1353:Republican Party
1293:anti-clericalism
1229:Nordic countries
1213:Condorcet winner
1206:
1190:Giovanni Sartori
1186:two-party system
1182:Maurice Duverger
1015:Radical centrism
1004:Decentralization
976:social democracy
896:associated with
878:anti-clericalism
815:radical centrism
780:
773:
766:
752:
751:
591:
557:Party discipline
539:Party discipline
505:Primary election
361:Opposition party
272:Social democracy
202:Environmentalism
76:
50:
36:Centrism (Italy)
32:Centrist Marxism
21:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4819:Totalitarianism
4771:
4762:
4754:Pournelle chart
4726:
4717:
4689:Regressive left
4651:
4642:
4624:Christian Right
4601:
4592:
4536:
4527:
4484:
4475:
4432:
4427:
4397:
4392:
4388:Totalitarianism
4242:
4045:Accelerationism
4036:
3949:
3944:
3888:
3849:
3814:
3805:
3778:
3743:
3710:
3669:
3626:
3591:
3554:
3519:
3484:
3449:
3446:
3436:
3419:
3413:
3400:
3394:
3377:
3366:
3357:
3351:
3326:
3320:
3303:
3297:
3276:
3270:
3249:
3243:
3214:
3203:
3194:
3185:
3179:
3162:
3151:
3142:
3133:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3082:
3057:
3046:
3037:
3031:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2964:
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2944:
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2916:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2824:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2354:, pp. 8–9.
2350:
2346:
2342:, pp. 7–8.
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2318:, pp. 3–4.
2314:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2294:, p. 1758.
2290:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2247:
2239:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2128:
2120:
2113:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2082:, p. 1756.
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2006:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1981:van Kessel 2023
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1814:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1646:
1577:
1523:
1498:
1410:interwar period
1405:
1328:François Guizot
1304:Napoleonic Wars
1276:
1271:
1221:
1200:
1162:
1140:
1108:
1103:
922:
784:
746:
741:
740:
739:
719:
709:
708:
707:
683:Hung parliament
678:Grand coalition
647:
646:between parties
636:
635:
630:
621:
602:
588:
578:
577:
576:
572:Party switching
567:Party-line vote
547:Conscience vote
541:
531:
530:
529:
499:
491:
490:
489:
445:Minority leader
440:Majority leader
404:
396:
395:
394:
327:Catch-all party
301:
293:
292:
291:
171:
160:
159:
154:
129:
99:
73:
55:Politics series
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Social centrism
15:
12:
11:
5:
4932:
4930:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4886:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4799:Green politics
4796:
4791:
4786:
4784:Libertarianism
4781:
4776:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4744:Overton window
4741:
4736:
4731:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4694:Social fascism
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4609:Christian Left
4606:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4403:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4174:Libertarianism
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4149:Fundamentalism
4146:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4137:Third Position
4134:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3901:
3887:
3886:External links
3884:
3883:
3882:
3847:
3829:(2): 147–167.
3812:
3803:
3793:(1): 107–121.
3776:
3758:(3): 355–390.
3741:
3723:(2): 177–196.
3708:
3667:
3641:(4): 587–609.
3624:
3606:(2): 740–748.
3589:
3571:(2): 324–341.
3552:
3534:(2): 199–218.
3517:
3499:(3): 307–325.
3482:
3464:(2): 211–222.
3445:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3434:
3417:
3411:
3398:
3392:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3364:
3349:
3324:
3318:
3301:
3295:
3274:
3268:
3247:
3241:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3201:
3192:
3177:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3149:
3140:
3131:
3122:
3113:
3104:
3095:
3080:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3044:
3029:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:, p. 179.
2986:
2974:
2962:
2950:
2948:, p. 114.
2938:
2936:, p. 113.
2926:
2914:
2902:
2890:
2888:, p. 157.
2878:
2876:, p. 156.
2866:
2854:
2852:, p. 168.
2842:
2830:
2815:
2803:
2801:, p. 199.
2791:
2789:, p. 172.
2779:
2767:
2765:, p. 129.
2755:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2707:
2705:, p. 122.
2695:
2683:
2681:, p. 118.
2671:
2669:, p. 119.
2659:
2657:, p. 215.
2647:
2645:, p. 253.
2635:
2633:, p. 213.
2623:
2621:, p. 233.
2611:
2609:, p. 173.
2599:
2597:, p. 261.
2587:
2585:, p. 160.
2575:
2563:
2551:
2539:
2537:, p. 137.
2527:
2515:
2513:, p. 219.
2503:
2491:
2489:, p. 109.
2487:Woshinsky 2007
2479:
2467:
2455:
2453:, p. 194.
2440:
2428:
2426:, p. 153.
2416:
2404:
2392:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2320:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2282:, p. 355.
2272:
2270:, p. 155.
2260:
2245:
2228:
2216:
2214:, p. 112.
2212:Woshinsky 2007
2204:
2192:
2180:
2165:
2163:, p. 205.
2153:
2141:
2126:
2111:
2096:
2092:Woshinsky 2007
2084:
2072:
2070:, p. 306.
2060:
2058:, p. 243.
2048:
2046:, p. 121.
2036:
2034:, p. 161.
2032:Woshinsky 2007
2024:
2012:
2010:, p. 110.
2008:Woshinsky 2007
1997:
1985:
1983:, p. 274.
1973:
1961:
1959:, p. 165.
1949:
1947:, p. 148.
1937:
1935:, p. 226.
1920:
1918:, p. 113.
1908:
1906:, p. 214.
1896:
1894:, p. 186.
1884:
1882:, p. 223.
1865:
1863:, p. 221.
1853:
1851:, p. 152.
1841:
1839:, p. 220.
1829:
1827:, p. 218.
1812:
1808:Ostrowski 2023
1797:
1795:, p. 181.
1785:
1783:, p. 178.
1770:
1766:Ostrowski 2023
1757:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1741:Third Position
1738:
1733:
1728:
1726:Overton Window
1723:
1721:Nonpartisanism
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1661:Center squeeze
1658:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1620:, which mixed
1610:Tabaré Vázquez
1606:Mauricio Funes
1516:Die Neue Mitte
1497:
1494:
1470:Agrarian Party
1453:Democrat Party
1404:
1401:
1384:social science
1365:self-education
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1254:Colorado Party
1220:
1217:
1161:
1158:
1139:
1136:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1095:European Union
980:green politics
921:
918:
829:with moderate
786:
785:
783:
782:
775:
768:
760:
757:
756:
743:
742:
738:
737:
732:
727:
721:
720:
715:
714:
711:
710:
706:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
649:
648:
642:
641:
638:
637:
632:
631:
629:
628:
622:
620:
619:
614:
609:
607:Dominant-party
603:
601:
600:
594:
589:
584:
583:
580:
579:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
543:
542:
537:
536:
533:
532:
528:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
501:
500:
497:
496:
493:
492:
488:
487:
482:
480:Shadow cabinet
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
430:Lead candidate
427:
422:
417:
412:
406:
405:
402:
401:
398:
397:
393:
392:
383:
378:
373:
371:Party of power
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
290:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
237:Libertarianism
234:
229:
224:
219:
217:Green politics
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
173:
172:
166:
165:
162:
161:
156:
155:
153:
152:
147:
141:
138:
137:
131:
130:
128:
127:
122:
120:Radical Centre
117:
111:
108:
107:
101:
100:
98:
97:
92:
86:
83:
82:
74:
69:
68:
65:
64:
62:Party politics
58:
57:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4931:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4875:
4874:Triangulation
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4854:Individualism
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4824:Revolutionary
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4794:Progressivism
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4669:Liberal elite
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4493:Ultra-leftism
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4419:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Progressivism
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4318:Individualism
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4206:Republicanism
4204:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4110:Social credit
4108:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4033:
4032:Revolutionary
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3936:
3934:
3929:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3559:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3435:9781135901349
3431:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3244:
3242:9781626374058
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3213:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3066:. Routledge.
3064:
3063:
3056:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3026:
3023:. Routledge.
3021:
3020:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2903:
2900:, p. 37.
2899:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2867:
2864:, p. 21.
2863:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2813:, p. 20.
2812:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2787:Di Tella 2004
2783:
2780:
2777:, p. 62.
2776:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2753:, p. 57.
2752:
2747:
2744:
2741:, p. 57.
2740:
2739:Fraenkel 2006
2735:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2561:, p. 75.
2560:
2555:
2552:
2549:, p. 93.
2548:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2465:, p. 35.
2464:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2451:Di Tella 2004
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2402:, p. 87.
2401:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2378:, p. 22.
2377:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2309:
2306:, p. 40.
2305:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2258:, p. 24.
2257:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2243:, p. 21.
2242:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2178:, p. 20.
2177:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2151:, p. 40.
2150:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2109:, p. 35.
2108:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:Individualism
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1626:privatisation
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1507:neoliberalism
1503:
1496:1990s–present
1495:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:The Holocaust
1411:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:republicanism
1354:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:Latin America
1235:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1194:Anthony Downs
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1075:welfare state
1072:
1071:revolutionary
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1048:protest votes
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
984:Green parties
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
957:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
919:
917:
915:
911:
907:
904:in favour of
903:
899:
898:the Holocaust
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
838:
836:
832:
828:
827:welfare state
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
781:
776:
774:
769:
767:
762:
761:
759:
758:
755:
750:
745:
744:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
718:
713:
712:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
645:
640:
639:
627:
624:
623:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
599:
596:
595:
593:
592:
587:
586:Party systems
582:
581:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
540:
535:
534:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
495:
494:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
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468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
407:
400:
399:
391:
390:International
387:
386:Transnational
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
297:
296:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
267:Republicanism
265:
263:
260:
258:
257:Progressivism
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
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210:
208:
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200:
198:
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190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
170:
164:
163:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
140:
139:
136:
132:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
110:
109:
106:
102:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
85:
84:
81:
77:
72:
67:
66:
63:
59:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
4839:Collectivism
4768:
4723:
4648:
4598:
4574:Conservatism
4533:
4488:Post-leftism
4481:
4461:Centre-Right
4455:
4266:Collectivism
4105:Distributism
4090:Conservatism
4085:Confucianism
4005:Centre-right
3999:
3912:at Wikiquote
3861:
3857:
3826:
3822:
3790:
3786:
3755:
3751:
3720:
3716:
3679:
3675:
3638:
3634:
3603:
3599:
3568:
3562:
3531:
3527:
3496:
3492:
3461:
3457:
3423:
3402:
3381:
3329:
3307:
3280:
3253:
3218:
3164:
3061:
3018:
2989:
2977:
2965:
2958:Shifter 2011
2953:
2946:Shifter 2011
2941:
2934:Shifter 2011
2929:
2922:Shifter 2011
2917:
2910:Shifter 2011
2905:
2893:
2886:Chanter 2006
2881:
2874:Chanter 2006
2869:
2857:
2845:
2833:
2806:
2794:
2782:
2775:Koehler 2021
2770:
2758:
2751:Koehler 2021
2746:
2734:
2729:, p. 8.
2722:
2710:
2698:
2686:
2674:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2626:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2566:
2554:
2542:
2530:
2518:
2506:
2501:, p. 6.
2494:
2482:
2470:
2458:
2431:
2419:
2414:, p. 4.
2407:
2395:
2390:, p. 3.
2383:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2183:
2156:
2144:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2015:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1856:
1844:
1832:
1810:, p. 6.
1788:
1768:, p. 1.
1761:
1676:Distributism
1631:
1622:deregulation
1586:
1568:
1514:
1499:
1474:
1442:
1427:
1406:
1381:
1341:
1336:Napoleon III
1320:Doctrinaires
1301:
1277:
1263:Centre Party
1225:party family
1222:
1209:
1198:Hans Daalder
1180:
1163:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1132:
1120:
1109:
1063:middle class
1058:
1052:
1013:
973:
954:
950:centre-right
923:
886:conservatism
871:
839:
790:
789:
626:Non-partisan
465:Party leader
425:Frontbencher
420:Caucus chair
356:Ruling party
337:Ethnic party
317:Cartel party
197:Conservatism
145:Centre-Right
125:Centre-Right
104:
53:Part of the
47:
4829:Reactionary
4809:Corporatism
4789:Syndicalism
4739:Nolan Chart
4684:Red fascist
4619:Muslim Left
4614:Jewish Left
4579:Nationalism
4451:Centre-Left
4368:Regionalism
4313:Imperialism
4276:Culturalism
4271:Colonialism
4201:Nationalism
4122:Familialism
4100:Corporatism
4070:Communalism
4050:Agrarianism
4027:Reactionary
3995:Centre-left
3682:(1): 1–15.
2850:Bremer 2023
2763:Völkel 2021
2703:Boucek 2010
1993:Engler 2020
1969:Tormey 1998
1957:Tormey 1998
1945:Tormey 1998
1892:Carter 2023
1681:Golden mean
1651:Apoliticism
1614:José Mujica
1600:in Brazil,
1578: [
1540:Vicente Fox
1532:Thatcherism
1486:Anwar Sadat
1373:land reform
1369:cooperation
1332:Bonapartism
1289:centre-left
1282:. When the
1201: [
1087:upper class
1067:reactionary
1000:agriculture
992:Agrarianism
969:progressive
946:centre-left
906:anti-racism
819:agrarianism
617:Multi-party
460:Party chair
410:Backbencher
346:Minor party
342:Major party
322:Competitive
312:Elite party
247:Nationalism
177:Agrarianism
115:Centre-Left
95:Centre-Left
4899:Liberalism
4888:Categories
4674:Loony left
4564:Liberalism
4383:Syncretism
4373:Separatism
4333:Militarism
4303:Federalism
4189:Monarchism
4169:Liberalism
4060:Capitalism
4010:Right-wing
3004:References
2994:Rodon 2015
2715:Hazan 1997
2475:Rodon 2015
2463:Hazan 1997
2412:Hazan 1997
2388:Hazan 1997
2376:Hazan 1997
2364:Hazan 1997
2352:Hazan 1997
2340:Hazan 1997
2316:Hazan 1997
2256:Hazan 1997
2241:Hazan 1997
2224:Hazan 1997
2200:Herre 2023
2188:Herre 2023
2176:Hazan 1997
2020:Hazan 1997
1793:Rodon 2015
1781:Rodon 2015
1716:Neutrality
1604:in Chile,
1556:Tony Blair
1552:New Labour
1536:John Major
1500:After the
1423:antiracism
1361:secularism
1322:, such as
1310:, such as
1252:, and the
1059:status quo
1031:capitalism
956:Liberalism
938:trichotomy
811:liberalism
795:ideologies
644:Coalitions
562:Party line
351:Mass party
307:Bloc party
282:Syncretism
242:Monarchism
232:Liberalism
169:Ideologies
135:Right-Wing
4709:Soft left
4664:Hard left
4554:Socialism
4549:Communism
4539:Anarchism
4523:New Right
4513:Third Way
4471:Far-Right
4363:Reformism
4348:Pluralism
4308:Globalism
4298:Extremism
4233:Third Way
4228:Socialism
4211:Classical
4184:Masculism
4075:Communism
4055:Anarchism
4015:Far-right
3990:Left-wing
3878:0190-9320
3843:1356-9317
3772:0304-4130
3737:1471-6909
3704:256033370
3696:1356-9317
3655:0032-3195
3620:0007-1234
3585:0032-3217
3548:1356-9317
3513:1755-7739
3478:1680-4333
3169:Routledge
1731:Soft left
1594:pink tide
1564:austerity
1544:pragmatic
1037:. Though
1035:socialism
1027:Third Way
890:socialism
863:left-wing
612:Two-party
598:One-party
515:Open list
475:Secretary
287:Third Way
277:Socialism
192:Communism
182:Anarchism
150:Far-Right
80:Left-Wing
4894:Centrism
4864:Populism
4859:Hardline
4769:See also
4634:Islamism
4629:Hindutva
4503:New Left
4441:Far-Left
4353:Populism
4343:Pacifism
4338:Nihilism
4328:Localism
4247:See also
4194:Royalism
4164:Islamism
4159:Hindutva
4144:Feminism
4000:Centrism
3985:Far-left
3975:Moderate
3970:Hardline
3910:Centrism
3898:Centrism
3663:25767091
3444:Journals
2292:Zur 2021
2137:Zur 2021
2080:Zur 2021
1711:Moderate
1644:See also
1419:eugenics
1382:Western
1349:Mugwumps
1234:Islamism
1039:populism
948:and the
894:eugenics
859:populist
791:Centrism
252:Populism
227:Islamism
222:Hindutva
212:Feminism
90:Far-Left
4714:Wingnut
4679:Moonbat
4584:Fascism
4544:Marxism
4378:Statism
4238:Zionism
4179:Marxism
4127:Fascism
4022:Radical
1573:leader
1554:led by
1521:transl.
1466:Finland
1351:of the
1269:History
1079:welfare
1055:gradual
996:farmers
823:gradual
805:on the
207:Fascism
4724:Models
4654:Baizuo
4589:Nazism
4456:Centre
4216:Modern
4132:Nazism
3876:
3841:
3770:
3735:
3702:
3694:
3661:
3653:
3618:
3583:
3546:
3511:
3476:
3432:
3409:
3390:
3347:
3316:
3293:
3266:
3239:
3175:
3078:
3027:
1464:, and
1462:Norway
1458:Sweden
1375:, and
1330:. The
1248:, the
1145:centre
817:, and
415:Caucus
167:Major
105:Centre
4466:Right
4291:Multi
4281:Inter
4154:Green
3700:S2CID
3659:JSTOR
3009:Books
1753:Notes
1582:]
1526:) of
1308:Whigs
1205:]
300:Types
4446:Left
4286:Mono
4259:Anti
3963:Anti
3874:ISSN
3839:ISSN
3768:ISSN
3733:ISSN
3692:ISSN
3651:ISSN
3616:ISSN
3581:ISSN
3544:ISSN
3509:ISSN
3474:ISSN
3430:ISBN
3407:ISBN
3388:ISBN
3345:ISBN
3314:ISBN
3291:ISBN
3264:ISBN
3237:ISBN
3173:ISBN
3076:ISBN
3025:ISBN
1624:and
1612:and
1326:and
1314:and
1295:and
1033:and
1021:and
1006:and
978:and
932:and
888:and
880:and
853:and
801:and
485:Whip
3866:doi
3831:doi
3795:doi
3760:doi
3725:doi
3684:doi
3643:doi
3639:125
3608:doi
3573:doi
3536:doi
3501:doi
3466:doi
3335:doi
3229:doi
3068:doi
1334:of
1125:or
1110:In
1069:or
865:or
4890::
3872:.
3862:43
3860:.
3856:.
3837:.
3825:.
3821:.
3791:22
3789:.
3785:.
3766:.
3756:44
3754:.
3750:.
3731:.
3721:27
3719:.
3715:.
3698:.
3690:.
3680:28
3678:.
3674:.
3657:.
3649:.
3637:.
3633:.
3614:.
3604:53
3602:.
3598:.
3579:.
3569:52
3567:.
3561:.
3542:.
3532:28
3530:.
3526:.
3507:.
3497:12
3495:.
3491:.
3472:.
3462:17
3460:.
3456:.
3343:.
3289:.
3285:.
3262:.
3258:.
3235:.
3223:.
3171:.
3167:.
3074:.
2818:^
2443:^
2248:^
2231:^
2168:^
2129:^
2114:^
2099:^
2000:^
1923:^
1868:^
1815:^
1800:^
1773:^
1580:fr
1562:,
1460:,
1371:,
1367:,
1363:,
1359:,
1203:nl
1178:.
1002:.
916:.
869:.
813:,
388:/
344:/
4422:e
4415:t
4408:v
3939:e
3932:t
3925:v
3880:.
3868::
3845:.
3833::
3827:3
3801:.
3797::
3774:.
3762::
3739:.
3727::
3706:.
3686::
3665:.
3645::
3622:.
3610::
3587:.
3575::
3550:.
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3515:.
3503::
3480:.
3468::
3438:.
3415:.
3396:.
3353:.
3337::
3322:.
3299:.
3272:.
3245:.
3231::
3181:.
3084:.
3070::
3051:.
3033:.
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