2112:
might even demean ingroup members. High-performing individuals placed into a group with low status are likelier to disidentify because they view the group membership as threatening to their reputation and high self-esteem. Low-identifying members experience negative affective emotions such as anger, low self-esteem, or depression. Also, involuntary categorization into groups which are not valued or negatively stereotyped can lead to the individual emphasizing the shared qualities between groups and the heterogeneity in the in-group. People who are stereotyped into groups expected to perform badly on a task actually do end up performing worse. This has been more commonly documented as
2189:
to their race score higher on a racism scale compared to low-identifying White
Americans. To resolve the dissonance from having pride in being White and the history of racism perpetrated by White Americans, high-identifying White Americans engage in out-group derogation, while low-identifying white Americans experience no such increase in out-group hostility and instead experience a decrease in self-esteem. The authors argue that strong identification with a group leads to feelings of linked fate, where one experiences emotions based on the group despite not necessarily being involved in the group's past or future decisions.
2214:
expectations associated with the group. Meanwhile, if the individual seems to value themselves over the group (forsaking the group when it becomes disadvantageous to them), then the group elites might have a negative impression of them. People who act in this way tend to be low-identifying, so these people may be rejected by those who are highly committed to the group. This pattern of low-identifying individuals being rejected by the group, therefore they do not try to fit in, may become a cycle, where a subgroup might come to believe that they do not belong in the group in the first place.
2202:
commitment once they are accepted into the group. The authors argue that while acceptance threat may present similarly like the other threats (i.e. outgroup derogation), the internal processes are different. Taking from self-categorization theory which implies that people act strategically in ways that indicate who they want to align themselves with, individuals who have multiple conflicting identities have to choose which identity to publicly align with. After choosing an identity, members must try and prove their allegiance, and they may do so by devaluing the other group.
2193:
received either positive or negative feedback from in-group or outgroup members. Positive feedback was generally more well-received than negative, but feedback from an in-group member was always deemed as more reliable than an out-group member regardless of the content. In-group members' opinions may be seen as more value because they are an important part of one's identity and are supposed to be accepting of the individual. Additionally, those who were low-identifying suffered more self-esteem loss from negative feedback compared to high-identifying individuals.
2156:. The authors emphasize how the concept of distinctiveness threat demonstrates that groups discriminate against out-groups, not necessarily because distinctiveness is threatened, but rather in order to achieve or maintain the distinctiveness between the two groups. When resolving distinctiveness conflict among groups, a common result is to acknowledge that the other group has some positive traits while also acknowledging that their own group has positive traits, allowing for members of both groups to keep their positive distinct self-image.
2210:
to try and maintain their status. They will even evaluate a person who is more prototypical of the group more favorably than someone who is more similar to themselves to preserve the distinctiveness of the group. However, for individuals who are low-identifying, they will not try to stay in the group's good graces because they already expect to be negatively perceived by the group. Interestingly, their self-categorization of themselves as low-identifying will be validated by the group's perception of them as non-prototypical.
5482:
40:
5492:
2125:
and define themselves in the world. After a distinct identity is formed, social comparison with similar groups can pose a potential threat to group distinctiveness. In other words, because humans desire to have a unique personal identity, they pursue a distinct group identity in order to distinguish themselves from others.
2206:
in-group they favor. Some experiments have demonstrated that people engage in in-group favoritism and out-group derogation when faced with uncertainty, with people who are more insecure about their group standing strongly supporting leaders who are biased towards their in-group rather than leaders who are equitable.
2201:
Acceptance threat deals with whether one is accepted by their own in-group. Many social groups like jobs, sororities or fraternities, or churches have various requirements to entry. These requirements allow the organization to see whether the member is suitable for entry and may increase the member's
2188:
As identification with the group becomes stronger, ingroup members will protect the group in the moral dimension of value threats as well. This response can occur in both low-status and high-status groups. For instance, high-identifying White
Americans who are reminded of the privileges they have due
2184:
Besides direct outgroup derogation, when the ingroup is depicted as inferior to a competing outgroup, other defensive responses may occur. In situations where the status-dimension is taken into account and social reality is hard to dispute (e.g. sports team losing), then direct in-group favoritism is
2098:
Since individuals have a multitude of identities they can be categorized as, the theory suggests that people might prefer identities that they have self-selected rather than identities in which they are given. However, the authors argue that willingness to identify with an identity is determined most
2192:
The strength of identification with a group also affects how one evaluates feedback from the out-group versus the in-group. In a study examining the effects of identity threat (whether the person is rated as positively or negatively as a result of their group membership) on self-esteem, participants
2147:
Once the group identity is established, social comparison with other similar groups may cause conflict and lead to differentiation. People who strongly identify with the group will engage in differentiation while low-identifiers are not as threatened and might prefer to identify as individuals or in
2143:
People are likelier to identify with groups that are numerically smaller versus majority groups. People also seek belonging in groups, which tend to be found in smaller tight-knit groups than larger groups. Similarly, individuals identify more with minority groups relative to majority groups because
2209:
The reactions of people who are seeking entry to a group are similar to the reactions of individuals who are faced with the possibility for being excluded from the group, or at the very least, demoted. If the individual cares about the identity, then they will engage in the aforementioned behaviors
2164:
Value threat refers to when the group value is undermined by a source of threat ranging from outgroups, neutral sources, or even ingroup members on dimensions such as competence or morality. When one's social identity is being explicitly attacked by an outgroup member (e.g. verbally insulted), then
2151:
While direct differentiation between groups is one strategy when faced with distinctiveness threat, it may be unrealistic in cases where the two groups are actually quite similar. So, those who strongly identify with the group will engage in other responses like identifying with the group even more
2132:
suggest that people favor in-group members and discriminate against out-group members based on arbitrary group assignments like painter preferences. Some researchers demonstrated that when individuals were given meaningful reasons between the differentiation (i.e. people who like painter A are more
2094:
This resistance to categorization is especially pronounced when the assigned membership seems irrelevant or inappropriate to the situation at hand (even if the identity is normally one which they strongly identify with) such as gender in the workforce. Individuals might even opt to hide stigmatized
2213:
Whether the group's elite members recognize the individual's commitment to the group is another way in which one can gain acceptance from the group. Since rejection by an ingroup is seen as distressing to those who are high-identifying, they might over-compensate by adhering strictly to all of the
2124:
Distinctiveness threat occurs when individuals are concerned about not having a unique social identity or having an identity that is indistinguishable from other comparable groups. According to research done by Tajfel and colleagues, individuals rely on distinct identities as a way to find meaning
2111:
People who do not identify strongly with an identity are most likely to resist categorization threat, especially when the categorization is involuntarily imposed on them. When identity is emphasized, these low-identifiers distance themselves from the group, emphasize their individual identity, and
2180:
and still invoke similar reactions as threats from out-groups. In a study by
Branscombe and Wann (1994), they found that simply watching a video where a Russian boxer beat an American boxer invoked reductions in self esteem among people who strongly identified as American (there was no effect for
2136:
Some studies also demonstrate that people are more likely to choose a distinct identity over a positive identity. For example, Polish students would rather embrace some stereotypically negative traits of their nation than emphasize the similarities between all
European countries. While research
2205:
People who have or feel insecure about their place in group are most likely to engage in behaviors that are prototypical of the group. While these behaviors may manifests itself differently depending on the group that one wants to gain entry for, individuals just desire to be accepted into the
2078:
Categorization threat happens when individuals are involuntarily assigned stereotypical characteristics or judged on the basis of their group membership. This theory suggests that there are certain social contexts where people want to be seen as unique individuals who have their own personal
4508:
1007:
2181:
people who did not strongly identify as
American). Reductions in self-esteem were also directed linked to outgroup derogation. Level of identification with the group is a significant factor in determining the impact of the threat and subsequent reactions to the threat.
2099:
by the level of commitment towards an identity versus another competing identity. The authors recommended further research be conducted exploring the specific conditions that lead to identification with one identity over another. Regardless, based on principles from
2172:
themselves to be prototypical of the group. Moreover, if members of a group believe that their group has been unjustly persecuted resulting in their stigmatized group status, then their ingroup affiliation will increase, as well as their out-group derogation.
2185:
not effective. Only high identifiers are likely to reinforce or demonstrate their commitment to the group by actions like perceiving the ingroup as homogenous, taking on prototypical group traits, and stereotyping the group on other dimensions.
2095:
group membership in order to avoid the possible consequences of being categorized. Other identities like gender or ethnicity cannot be concealed, thus making it impossible to prevent others from categorizing them in specific ways.
2057:
Each type is associated with particular social contexts that make the threats more or less likely to occur. This theory emphasizes how the level of commitment with the social identity shapes the nature of the threat experienced.
2107:
theorizing that identities which are assigned can still determine how individuals see and define themselves, the researchers believed in the importance of examining both self-selected and socially assigned identities.
2137:
demonstrates the importance of having distinctive identities over ones with positive traits, the embrace of negative traits are more common among people who strongly identify with the group rather than low-identifiers
4482:
973:
2165:
this can result in outgroup derogation. Perceptions of discrimination based on group membership (e.g. the more Black
Americans felt discriminated based on their race) can also result in increased hostility.
2053:. This theory distinguishes between four distinct types of social identity threats: categorization threat, distinctiveness threat, threats to the value of social identity, and acceptance threat
4971:
1476:
3244:
Branscombe, N.R.; Wann, D.L. (1998). "Effects of thinking about White privilege or disadvantage and degree of White racial identification for feelings about the ingroup and outgroup".
2144:
there are distinct cultures found in minority groups that may not be present in majority groups, despite the politically and economically disadvantages of minority groups in society.
4034:
517:
4237:
728:
5366:
4749:
1887:
1248:
4188:
2017:
679:
4109:
592:
4754:
2128:
In the context of distinctiveness threat, discrimination against other groups only occur when the differences between the groups are unclear or minimal. The
1253:
4724:
4330:
3872:
1223:
821:
347:
4019:
502:
2070:, Russell Spears, and Bertjan Doosje (1999). Each threat is experienced differently depending on the level of identification with the group identity.
3954:
3842:
3575:
429:
317:
2426:
5467:
4193:
3964:
3782:
3767:
3762:
3608:
1986:
684:
439:
257:
242:
237:
67:
5495:
4024:
3747:
507:
222:
4530:
3847:
3659:
3033:"Sticking together or falling apart: In-group identification as a psychological determinant of group commitment versus individual mobility"
2010:
1029:
322:
126:
2810:<97::aid-ejsp739>3.0.co;2-f "Being different or being better? National stereotypes and identifications of Polish and Dutch students"
5176:
4846:
4759:
4650:
4320:
4140:
3772:
3757:
3393:
3072:"The influence of permeability of group boundaries and stability of group status on strategies of individual mobility and social change"
2133:
extroverted than painter B), discrimination decreased because individuals were presumably more secure and certain about their identity.
1689:
1345:
1258:
1149:
811:
629:
247:
232:
2825:
4744:
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1243:
711:
4392:
883:
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716:
178:
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5129:
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4866:
4325:
4215:
1642:
1471:
1365:
816:
706:
4719:
4232:
3994:
3787:
2859:"Salience of ethnicity in the spontaneous self-concept as a function of one's ethnic distinctiveness in the social environment"
2003:
1218:
723:
477:
262:
3999:
482:
3857:
332:
5398:
5114:
3837:
1919:
1627:
312:
2410:
4677:
4625:
3598:
3568:
3168:"Effects of the legitimacy of low group or individual status on individual and collective status-enhancement strategies"
1176:
1124:
57:
2411:"Self-categorisation, commitment to the group and group self-esteem as related but distinct aspects of social identity"
2079:
characteristics or accomplishments, and if instead, they are categorized in accordance with a group membership such as
5309:
5161:
4580:
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4129:
1830:
1674:
1079:
674:
612:
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3071:
5516:
5418:
4205:
3892:
3613:
3510:"From the Origins to the Present-Day Relationships between the African American Community and the Republican Party"
3129:"Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: Implications for group identification and well-being"
2104:
1937:
696:
367:
72:
2168:
When high-identifiers are faced with value threats, they tend to both self-affirm the value of their identity and
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62:
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4919:
4766:
4535:
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4302:
4257:
4119:
4004:
3986:
3922:
3852:
3726:
3417:"The Good, the Bad, and the Manly: Threats to One's Prototypicality and Evaluations of Fellow In-Group Members"
1536:
1424:
1265:
1034:
963:
793:
748:
602:
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23:
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1335:
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743:
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121:
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4148:
4051:
3664:
2611:
1902:
1862:
1795:
1684:
1632:
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1300:
1064:
968:
943:
938:
923:
918:
913:
853:
803:
763:
669:
639:
534:
131:
3300:"Negotiating social identity when contexts change: Maintaining identification and responding to threat"
3416:
3207:"Collective self‐esteem consequences of outgroup derogation when a valued social identity is on trial"
2452:
5252:
4786:
4660:
4377:
4337:
4287:
4262:
4083:
4046:
3777:
3639:
2771:"Dimensions of subjective uncertainty in social identification and minimal intergroup discrimination"
1773:
1285:
1159:
868:
828:
778:
753:
566:
529:
252:
106:
5428:
5289:
4924:
4826:
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4595:
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4307:
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2046:
1947:
1810:
1429:
1325:
1305:
1094:
1002:
953:
933:
903:
798:
585:
392:
3378:"Endorsement of distributively fair and unfair leaders in interpersonal and intergroup situations"
5201:
5196:
5186:
5134:
5124:
5099:
5041:
4999:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4811:
4114:
2976:"Defining dimensions of distinctiveness: Group variability makes a difference to differentiation"
2937:"Self-stereotyping and social context: The effects of relative in-group size and in-group status"
2088:
1714:
1709:
1699:
1647:
1637:
1612:
1546:
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1414:
1409:
1404:
1310:
597:
3114:
Psycholinguistic
Distinctiveness: Language Divergence in Belgium: Language and Social Psychology
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Koper, Gerda; Van
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Social identity: Context, commitment, content: The context and content of social identity threat
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3338:
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2332:
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2091:, then they would be resistant to the identity and feel as if they are being treated unfairly.
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2878:
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2751:
2709:
2670:
2631:
2592:
2573:"Perceived Group Variability in Intergroup Relations: The Distinctive Role of Social Identity"
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Doosje, Bertjan; Branscombe, Nyla R.; Spears, Russell; Manstead, Antony S. R. (October 1998).
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1979:
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561:
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357:
31:
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434:
337:
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The four components of social identity threat were developed by Nyla R. Branscombe,
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4994:
4961:
4941:
4871:
4861:
4841:
4821:
4457:
4357:
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4063:
3927:
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3832:
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1114:
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701:
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5455:
5450:
5331:
5326:
5222:
5206:
5063:
4956:
4914:
4876:
4684:
4672:
4645:
4635:
4555:
3976:
3971:
3942:
3877:
3716:
3525:
3471:"In-Group or Out-Group Extemity: Importance of the Threatened Social Identity"
3470:
2705:
2588:
1974:
1969:
1852:
1847:
1743:
1719:
1568:
1461:
1419:
1375:
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1134:
1054:
451:
446:
417:
352:
183:
3533:
3494:
3486:
3440:
3401:
3362:
3339:"Peripheral ingroup membership status and public negativity toward outgroups"
3323:
3284:
3230:
3191:
3152:
3095:
3056:
2999:
2960:
2921:
2913:
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10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199707)27:4<465::AID-EJSP817>3.0.CO;2-8
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4520:
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3902:
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2333:"Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma"
2255:"Intergroup discrimination and self-esteem in the minimal group paradigm"
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1059:
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377:
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3807:
3706:
3684:
3679:
3629:
3276:
2080:
2042:
1280:
282:
173:
151:
146:
96:
3070:
Ellemers, Naomi; van
Knippenberg, Ad; Wilke, Henk (September 1990).
2610:
Spencer, Steven J.; Logel, Christine; Davies, Paul G. (2016-01-04).
2898:"The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time"
4791:
3634:
1290:
101:
3553:
2238:
Branscombe, N.R.; Ellemers, N.; Spears, R.; Doosje, E.J. (1999).
5403:
5232:
2493:
van
Prooijen, Jan-Wiliem; van Knippenberg, Daan (January 2000).
2451:
Doosje, Bertjan; Ellemers, Naomi; Spears, Russell (1995-09-01).
2372:"Guilty by association: When one's group has a negative history"
1924:
1753:
3557:
3337:
Noel, Jeffrey G.; Wann, Daniel L.; Branscombe, Nyla R. (1995).
3013:
Jetten, Jolanda; Spears, Russell; Manstead, Antony S.R. (199).
3261:"The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group"
3112:
Bourhis, R.Y.; Giles, H.; Leyens, J.P.; Tajfel, H. (1979).
3454:
Spears, Russell; Doosje, Bertjan; Ellemers, Naomi (1999).
3166:
Ellemers, Naomi; Wilke, Henk; van Knippenberg, Ad (1993).
3031:
Ellemers, Naomi; Spears, Russell; Doosje, Bertjan (1997).
2769:
Mullin, Barbara‐Ann; Hogg, Michael A. (September 1998).
3415:
Schmitt, Michael T.; Branscombe, Nyla R. (2001-11-01).
3205:
Branscombe, Nyla R.; Wann, Daniel L. (November 1994).
2488:
2486:
5215:
5092:
4885:
4496:
4138:
3985:
3735:
3622:
3591:
3015:
Group Distinctiveness and Intergroup Discrimination
2253:Lemyre, Louise; Smith, Philip M. (September 1985).
2808:MLICKI, PAWEL P.; ELLEMERS, NAOMI (January 1996).
5367:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
3259:Aronson, Elliot; Mills, Judson (September 1959).
2331:Crocker, Jennifer; Major, Brenda (October 1989).
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
1888:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
3026:
3024:
5027:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
3456:Commitment and the Context of Social Perception
3298:Ethier, Kathleen A.; Deaux, Kay (August 1994).
3107:
3105:
1532:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
4509:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
2725:
2723:
2294:"The Asymmetrical Perception of Men and Women"
1008:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
3569:
3265:The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology
2446:
2444:
2011:
8:
3343:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
3304:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
3172:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
3133:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
3037:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2980:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2941:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2863:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2376:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
2259:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
4725:List of people killed for being transgender
2651:"CLASSIFICATION AND QUANTITATIVE JUDGEMENT"
1224:List of people killed for being transgender
3576:
3562:
3554:
3475:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
2902:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
2732:"Social identity and intergroup behaviour"
2499:Group Processes & Intergroup Relations
2298:Group Processes & Intergroup Relations
2018:
2004:
18:
3541:
3514:Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences
3421:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
2935:Simon, Bernd; Hamilton, David L. (1994).
2833:
2649:TAJFEL, HENRI; WILKES, A. L. (May 1963).
2457:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
3843:Social determinants of health in poverty
318:Social determinants of health in poverty
2223:
2176:The source of the threat could also be
30:
3382:European Journal of Social Psychology
3211:European Journal of Social Psychology
2814:European Journal of Social Psychology
2538:European Journal of Social Psychology
2534:"Procedural fairness and self‐esteem"
2415:European Journal of Social Psychology
7:
5491:
4531:Capital punishment for homosexuality
3848:Social determinants of mental health
3076:British Journal of Social Psychology
2896:Brewer, Marilynn B. (October 1991).
2775:British Journal of Social Psychology
2577:European Review of Social Psychology
2242:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 35–55.
1030:Capital punishment for homosexuality
323:Social determinants of mental health
4651:Genital modification and mutilation
2628:10.1146/annurev-psych-073115-103235
1150:Genital modification and mutilation
3088:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00902.x
2787:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1998.tb01176.x
2667:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1963.tb00865.x
2148:categories involving both groups.
2041:to explain the different types of
14:
5490:
5481:
5480:
5130:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
4967:Law for Protection of the Nation
4867:White genocide conspiracy theory
2690:"Cognitive aspects of prejudice"
1643:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1472:Law for Protection of the Nation
1366:White genocide conspiracy theory
38:
4972:MSM blood donation restrictions
4720:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
2049:being threatened as opposed to
1477:MSM blood donation restrictions
1219:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
4985:(as religious or racial quota)
3508:Vorob’ev, D. N. (2022-12-01).
3116:. Blackwell. pp. 158–185.
1490:(as religious or racial quota)
1:
5399:Second-generation gender bias
5115:Constitutional colorblindness
3838:Social determinants of health
2655:British Journal of Psychology
1920:Second-generation gender bias
1628:Constitutional colorblindness
313:Social determinants of health
3458:. Blackwell. pp. 59–83.
2730:Tajfel, Henri (April 1974).
2694:Journal of Biosocial Science
5310:Medical model of disability
5162:Hate speech laws by country
2992:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1481
2875:10.1037//0022-3514.36.5.511
2616:Annual Review of Psychology
1831:Medical model of disability
1675:Hate speech laws by country
16:Theory in social psychology
5538:
5419:Social model of disability
3893:Discrimination against men
3355:10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.127
3316:10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.243
3184:10.1037/0022-3514.64.5.766
3145:10.1037/0022-3514.77.1.135
3049:10.1037/0022-3514.72.3.617
2953:10.1037/0022-3514.66.4.699
2748:10.1177/053901847401300204
2736:Social Science Information
2388:10.1037/0022-3514.75.4.872
2349:10.1037/0033-295X.96.4.608
2271:10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.660
2105:self-categorization theory
1938:Social model of disability
368:Discrimination against men
5476:
4772:Opposition to immigration
3685:Race / Ethnicity
3526:10.1134/S1019331622210237
2706:10.1017/s0021932000023336
2589:10.1080/14792779943000017
1271:Opposition to immigration
152:Race / Ethnicity
4767:Occupational segregation
4536:Compulsory sterilization
3487:10.1177/0146167293194003
2914:10.1177/0146167291175001
2511:10.1177/1368430200031004
2310:10.1177/1368430299023004
2062:Components of the theory
1266:Occupational segregation
1035:Compulsory sterilization
5295:Internalized oppression
5157:Fighting Discrimination
5147:Fat acceptance movement
5105:Anti-discrimination law
4745:Native American mascots
3223:10.1002/ejsp.2420240603
3017:. Blackwell Publishers.
2550:10.1002/ejsp.2420230307
1816:Internalized oppression
1670:Fighting Discrimination
1660:Fat acceptance movement
1618:Anti-discrimination law
1244:Native American mascots
5414:Social identity threat
5387:Reverse discrimination
5377:Racial color blindness
4857:Violence against women
4837:Sex-selective abortion
3433:10.1006/jesp.2001.1476
3246:Unpublished manuscript
2688:Tajfel, Henri (1969).
2469:10.1006/jesp.1995.1018
2130:minimal group paradigm
2120:Distinctiveness threat
2101:social identity theory
2039:social identity theory
2031:Social identity threat
1934:Social identity threat
1908:Reverse discrimination
1898:Racial color blindness
1356:Violence against women
1336:Sex-selective abortion
5382:Religious intolerance
5342:Political correctness
5172:Intersex human rights
5120:Cultural assimilation
4802:Religious persecution
4566:Disability hate crime
2089:political orientation
2074:Categorization threat
1903:Religious intolerance
1863:Political correctness
1685:Intersex human rights
1633:Cultural assimilation
1301:Religious persecution
1065:Disability hate crime
4787:Political repression
3788:Anti-left handedness
3778:Anti-intellectualism
2337:Psychological Review
1286:Political repression
263:Anti-left handedness
253:Anti-intellectualism
5290:Historical eugenics
4827:Segregation academy
4807:Religious terrorism
4596:Enemy of the people
4504:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
4025:Jehovah's Witnesses
3918:Perpetual foreigner
3520:(15): S1412–S1419.
2612:"Stereotype Threat"
1811:Historical eugenics
1326:Segregation academy
1306:Religious terrorism
1095:Enemy of the people
1003:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
508:Jehovah's Witnesses
393:Perpetual foreigner
5202:Social integration
5197:Self-determination
5187:Racial integration
5135:Diversity training
5125:Cultural pluralism
5100:Affirmative action
5000:Racial segregation
4910:Crime of apartheid
4812:Religious violence
4317:Indigenous people
3712:Sexual orientation
1715:Social integration
1710:Self-determination
1700:Racial integration
1648:Diversity training
1638:Cultural pluralism
1613:Affirmative action
1505:Racial segregation
1415:Crime of apartheid
1311:Religious violence
808:Indigenous people
179:Sexual orientation
5517:Social psychology
5504:
5503:
5372:Racism by country
5300:Intersectionality
5285:Heteronormativity
5084:Voter suppression
4832:Sexual harassment
4631:Forced conversion
4551:Cultural genocide
4216:African Americans
4035:post–Cold War era
4020:Eastern Orthodoxy
3773:Anti-drug addicts
3768:Anti-homelessness
3695:Scientific racism
2197:Acceptance threat
2154:self-stereotyping
2114:stereotype threat
2051:personal identity
2035:social psychology
2028:
2027:
1893:Racism by country
1821:Intersectionality
1806:Heteronormativity
1589:Voter suppression
1331:Sexual harassment
1130:Forced conversion
1050:Cultural genocide
707:African Americans
518:post–Cold War era
503:Eastern Orthodoxy
248:Anti-drug addicts
243:Anti-homelessness
162:Scientific racism
5529:
5494:
5493:
5484:
5483:
5424:Social privilege
5409:Social exclusion
5337:Police brutality
5258:Multiculturalism
5228:Amatonormativity
5059:Social exclusion
4895:Age of candidacy
4695:Homeless dumping
4601:Ethnic cleansing
3578:
3571:
3564:
3555:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3277:10.1037/h0047195
3256:
3250:
3249:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3028:
3019:
3018:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2986:(6): 1481–1492.
2971:
2965:
2964:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2490:
2481:
2480:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2421:(2–3): 371–389.
2406:
2400:
2399:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2235:
2045:that arise from
2020:
2013:
2006:
1943:Social privilege
1930:Social exclusion
1858:Police brutality
1779:Multiculturalism
1749:Amatonormativity
1564:Social exclusion
1400:Age of candidacy
1194:Homeless dumping
1100:Ethnic cleansing
42:
19:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5472:
5347:Polyculturalism
5243:Civil liberties
5211:
5192:Reappropriation
5093:Countermeasures
5088:
5017:Racial steering
4983:Numerus clausus
4887:
4881:
4606:Ethnic conflict
4541:Corrective rape
4492:
4134:
3981:
3873:HIV/AIDS stigma
3731:
3680:Mental disorder
3618:
3587:
3582:
3552:
3551:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2700:(S1): 173–191.
2687:
2686:
2682:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2236:
2225:
2220:
2199:
2170:self-stereotype
2162:
2122:
2076:
2064:
2033:is a theory in
2024:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1868:Polyculturalism
1764:Civil liberties
1736:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1705:Reappropriation
1605:
1604:Countermeasures
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1522:Racial steering
1488:Numerus clausus
1392:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1105:Ethnic conflict
1040:Corrective rape
995:
987:
986:
985:
984:
983:
632:
621:
620:
619:
618:
617:
470:
460:
459:
458:
457:
456:
348:HIV/AIDS stigma
210:
202:
201:
200:
199:
198:
147:Mental disorder
89:
81:
80:
79:
78:
77:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5535:
5533:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5509:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5488:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5392:Reverse racism
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5362:Prisoner abuse
5359:
5354:
5352:Power distance
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5270:Ethnic penalty
5267:
5266:
5265:
5263:Neurodiversity
5260:
5250:
5248:Dehumanization
5245:
5240:
5238:Cisnormativity
5235:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5217:
5216:Related topics
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5074:State religion
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5010:Nuremberg Laws
5007:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4952:Ghetto benches
4949:
4947:Gerrymandering
4944:
4939:
4934:
4932:Gender pay gap
4929:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4889:
4886:Discriminatory
4883:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4715:Lavender scare
4712:
4710:Kill Haole Day
4707:
4705:Indian rolling
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4591:Eliminationism
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4526:Cancel culture
4523:
4518:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4500:
4498:
4497:Manifestations
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4393:Middle Eastern
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4130:Zoroastrianism
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4057:Untouchability
4054:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3883:Leprosy stigma
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3585:Discrimination
3583:
3581:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3558:
3550:
3549:
3500:
3481:(4): 381–388.
3461:
3446:
3427:(6): 510–517.
3407:
3388:(4): 465–494.
3368:
3349:(1): 127–137.
3329:
3310:(2): 243–251.
3290:
3271:(2): 177–181.
3251:
3236:
3217:(6): 641–657.
3197:
3178:(5): 766–778.
3158:
3139:(1): 135–149.
3119:
3101:
3082:(3): 233–246.
3062:
3043:(3): 617–626.
3020:
3005:
2966:
2947:(4): 699–711.
2927:
2908:(5): 475–482.
2888:
2869:(5): 511–520.
2849:
2800:
2781:(3): 345–365.
2761:
2719:
2680:
2661:(2): 101–114.
2641:
2622:(1): 415–437.
2602:
2563:
2544:(3): 313–325.
2524:
2482:
2463:(5): 410–436.
2440:
2401:
2382:(4): 872–886.
2362:
2343:(4): 608–630.
2323:
2304:(3): 259–278.
2284:
2265:(3): 660–670.
2245:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2198:
2195:
2161:
2158:
2121:
2118:
2075:
2072:
2068:Naomi Ellemers
2063:
2060:
2047:group identity
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1913:Reverse racism
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1883:Prisoner abuse
1880:
1875:
1873:Power distance
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1791:Ethnic penalty
1788:
1787:
1786:
1784:Neurodiversity
1781:
1771:
1769:Dehumanization
1766:
1761:
1759:Cisnormativity
1756:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1735:Related topics
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1579:State religion
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1515:Nuremberg Laws
1512:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1457:Ghetto benches
1454:
1452:Gerrymandering
1449:
1444:
1439:
1437:Gender pay gap
1434:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1214:Lavender scare
1211:
1209:Kill Haole Day
1206:
1204:Indian rolling
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1090:Eliminationism
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1025:Cancel culture
1022:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1010:
999:
998:
997:
996:
994:Manifestations
993:
992:
989:
988:
982:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
884:Middle Eastern
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
825:
824:
819:
814:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
720:
719:
714:
709:
699:
694:
689:
688:
687:
682:
677:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
636:
635:
634:
633:
627:
626:
623:
622:
616:
615:
613:Zoroastrianism
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
589:
588:
578:
577:
576:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
544:
543:
542:
540:Untouchability
537:
527:
522:
521:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
490:
485:
480:
474:
473:
472:
471:
466:
465:
462:
461:
455:
454:
449:
444:
443:
442:
437:
432:
422:
421:
420:
415:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
358:Leprosy stigma
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
214:
213:
212:
211:
208:
207:
204:
203:
197:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
165:
164:
159:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
93:
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
76:
75:
70:
65:
60:
54:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
32:Discrimination
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5534:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5497:
5489:
5487:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5469:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5446:Social stigma
5444:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5069:State atheism
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5005:Jim Crow laws
5003:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4990:One-drop rule
4988:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4905:Blood quantum
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4852:Victimisation
4850:
4848:
4847:Trans bashing
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4817:Religious war
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4797:Racialization
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4668:Glass ceiling
4666:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4611:Ethnic hatred
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4546:Counter-jihad
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4331:United States
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4194:United States
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4115:Protestantism
4113:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:LDS or Mormon
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3960:Transmisogyny
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:Gerontophobia
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:Anti-intersex
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3758:Anti-albinism
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3599:Institutional
3597:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2820:(1): 97–114.
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2037:derived from
2036:
2032:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:Social stigma
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:State atheism
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:Jim Crow laws
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1495:One-drop rule
1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1410:Blood quantum
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1351:Victimisation
1349:
1347:
1346:Trans bashing
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1316:Religious war
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1296:Racialization
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1167:Glass ceiling
1165:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1110:Ethnic hatred
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:Counter-jihad
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
991:
990:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
823:
822:United States
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
686:
685:United States
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
631:
625:
624:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
598:Protestantism
596:
594:
591:
587:
584:
583:
582:
579:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
550:
549:
548:
545:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
531:
528:
526:
523:
519:
516:
514:
513:LDS or Mormon
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
469:
464:
463:
453:
450:
448:
445:
441:
438:
436:
435:Transmisogyny
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
423:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
338:Gerontophobia
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
258:Anti-intersex
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
233:Anti-albinism
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
206:
205:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
85:
84:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
58:Institutional
56:
55:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
5413:
5280:Gender-blind
5167:Human rights
4995:Racial quota
4982:
4962:Jewish quota
4942:Gerontocracy
4937:Gender roles
4915:Disabilities
4900:Blood purity
4872:Wife selling
4862:White flight
4842:Slut-shaming
4822:Scapegoating
4740:Murder music
4413:Palestinians
4226:South Africa
4211:Black people
4189:South Africa
4010:Christianity
4000:Baháʼí Faith
3928:Sectarianism
3868:Heterosexism
3833:Ephebiphobia
3798:Antisemitism
3793:Anti-Masonry
3660:Hair texture
3517:
3513:
3503:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3455:
3449:
3424:
3420:
3410:
3385:
3381:
3371:
3346:
3342:
3332:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3268:
3264:
3254:
3245:
3239:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3113:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3040:
3036:
3014:
3008:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2742:(2): 65–93.
2739:
2735:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2583:(1): 41–74.
2580:
2576:
2566:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2505:(1): 63–77.
2502:
2498:
2460:
2456:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2239:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2160:Value threat
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2110:
2097:
2093:
2077:
2065:
2054:
2030:
2029:
1801:Gender-blind
1680:Human rights
1500:Racial quota
1487:
1467:Jewish quota
1447:Gerontocracy
1442:Gender roles
1420:Disabilities
1405:Blood purity
1371:Wife selling
1361:White flight
1341:Slut-shaming
1321:Scapegoating
1239:Murder music
904:Palestinians
717:South Africa
702:Black people
680:South Africa
493:Christianity
483:Baháʼí Faith
403:Sectarianism
343:Heterosexism
308:Ephebiphobia
273:Antisemitism
268:Anti-Masonry
127:Hair texture
5182:Nonviolence
5177:LGBT rights
5142:Empowerment
5110:Anti-racism
5032:Segregation
4977:No kid zone
4777:Persecution
4690:Hate speech
4641:Gay bashing
4616:Ethnic joke
4571:Dog whistle
4516:Blood libel
4206:Azerbaijani
4110:Neopaganism
4103:Persecution
4069:Persecution
4052:Persecution
4015:Catholicism
3950:Transphobia
3933:Supremacism
3888:Lesbophobia
3803:Aporophobia
3763:Anti-autism
3614:Taste-based
3609:Statistical
1695:Nonviolence
1690:LGBT rights
1655:Empowerment
1623:Anti-racism
1537:Segregation
1482:No kid zone
1276:Persecution
1189:Hate speech
1140:Gay bashing
1115:Ethnic joke
1070:Dog whistle
1015:Blood libel
697:Azerbaijani
593:Neopaganism
586:Persecution
552:Persecution
535:Persecution
498:Catholicism
425:Transphobia
408:Supremacism
363:Lesbophobia
278:Aporophobia
238:Anti-autism
73:Taste-based
68:Statistical
5511:Categories
5456:Stereotype
5451:Speciesism
5332:Oppression
5327:Oikophobia
5223:Allophilia
5207:Toleration
5064:Sodomy law
4957:Internment
4877:Witch-hunt
4755:Blackhawks
4685:Hate group
4673:Hate crime
4646:Gendercide
4636:Freak show
4626:Excellence
4586:Employment
4556:Defamation
4488:Vietnamese
4483:Venezuelan
4373:Lithuanian
4042:Falun Gong
3977:Xenophobia
3972:Vegaphobia
3955:Non-binary
3913:Pedophobia
3878:Homophobia
3690:Skin color
3650:Disability
3623:Attributes
3604:Structural
2835:1871/17737
2218:References
1975:Stereotype
1970:Speciesism
1853:Oppression
1848:Oikophobia
1744:Allophilia
1720:Toleration
1569:Sodomy law
1462:Internment
1376:Witch-hunt
1254:Blackhawks
1184:Hate group
1172:Hate crime
1145:Gendercide
1135:Freak show
1125:Excellence
1085:Employment
1055:Defamation
979:Vietnamese
974:Venezuelan
864:Lithuanian
525:Falun Gong
452:Xenophobia
447:Vegaphobia
430:Non-binary
388:Pedophobia
353:Homophobia
157:Skin color
117:Disability
88:Attributes
63:Structural
5429:Christian
5357:Prejudice
5305:Masculism
5253:Diversity
5047:religious
5022:Redlining
4621:Ethnocide
4581:Education
4473:Ukrainian
4408:Pakistani
4398:Mongolian
4321:Australia
4303:Hungarian
4258:Colombian
4238:Bulgarian
4120:Rastafari
4074:Ahmadiyya
3987:Religious
3965:Trans men
3923:Pregnancy
3858:Gayphobia
3853:Fatphobia
3748:Acephobia
3743:Arophobia
3727:Viewpoint
3534:1555-6492
3495:0146-1672
3441:0022-1031
3402:0046-2772
3363:1939-1315
3324:1939-1315
3285:0096-851X
3231:0046-2772
3192:1939-1315
3153:1939-1315
3096:0144-6665
3057:1939-1315
3000:1939-1315
2961:1939-1315
2922:0146-1672
2883:0022-3514
2844:0046-2772
2795:0144-6665
2756:0539-0184
2714:0021-9320
2675:0007-1269
2636:0066-4308
2597:1046-3283
2558:0046-2772
2519:1368-4302
2477:0022-1031
2435:0046-2772
2396:1939-1315
2357:1939-1471
2318:1368-4302
2279:1939-1315
2085:ethnicity
1948:Christian
1878:Prejudice
1826:Masculism
1774:Diversity
1552:religious
1527:Redlining
1120:Ethnocide
1080:Education
964:Ukrainian
899:Pakistani
889:Mongolian
812:Australia
794:Hungarian
749:Colombian
729:Bulgarian
603:Rastafari
557:Ahmadiyya
468:Religious
440:Trans men
398:Pregnancy
333:Gayphobia
328:Fatphobia
223:Acephobia
218:Arophobia
194:Viewpoint
5486:Category
5468:The talk
5404:Snobbery
5322:Net bias
5152:Feminism
5079:Ugly law
4920:Catholic
4888:policies
4735:Mortgage
4730:Lynching
4661:examples
4656:Genocide
4576:Economic
4561:Democide
4521:Bullying
4438:Romanian
4403:Nigerian
4353:Japanese
4283:Georgian
4268:Filipino
4201:Assyrian
4174:Armenian
4164:American
4159:Albanian
4141:National
4125:Yazidism
4047:Hinduism
4005:Buddhism
3908:Nepotism
3903:Misogyny
3898:Misandry
3823:Cronyism
3818:Clannism
3813:Biphobia
3753:Adultism
3670:Language
3543:10052273
2178:symbolic
1987:The talk
1925:Snobbery
1843:Net bias
1665:Feminism
1584:Ugly law
1425:Catholic
1391:Policies
1234:Mortgage
1229:Lynching
1160:examples
1155:Genocide
1075:Economic
1060:Democide
1020:Bullying
929:Romanian
894:Nigerian
844:Japanese
774:Georgian
759:Filipino
692:Assyrian
665:Armenian
655:American
650:Albanian
630:national
608:Yazidism
530:Hinduism
488:Buddhism
383:Nepotism
378:Misogyny
373:Misandry
298:Cronyism
293:Clannism
288:Biphobia
228:Adultism
137:Language
24:a series
22:Part of
5496:Commons
5275:Figleaf
4700:Housing
4468:Turkish
4418:Pashtun
4388:Mexican
4368:Kurdish
4348:Italian
4343:Israeli
4293:Haitian
4278:Finnish
4253:Chinese
4248:Chechen
4243:Catalan
4233:Bengali
4154:African
4139:Ethnic/
4098:Judaism
4089:Sunnism
4079:Shi'ism
3995:Atheism
3828:Elitism
3717:Species
3655:Genetic
3645:Dialect
2043:threats
1796:Figleaf
1199:Housing
959:Turkish
909:Pashtun
879:Mexican
859:Kurdish
839:Italian
834:Israeli
784:Haitian
769:Finnish
744:Chinese
739:Chechen
734:Catalan
724:Bengali
645:African
628:Ethnic/
581:Judaism
572:Sunnism
562:Shi'ism
478:Atheism
303:Elitism
184:Species
122:Genetic
112:Dialect
5461:threat
5315:autism
5052:sexual
5042:racial
4925:Jewish
4782:Pogrom
4760:Chiefs
4750:Braves
4478:Uyghur
4453:Somali
4448:Slavic
4433:Romani
4428:Quebec
4423:Polish
4363:Korean
4358:Jewish
4326:Canada
4313:Indian
4298:Hazara
4273:Fulani
4184:France
4149:Afghan
4084:Sufism
3808:Audism
3736:Social
3665:Height
3540:
3532:
3493:
3439:
3400:
3361:
3322:
3283:
3229:
3190:
3151:
3094:
3055:
2998:
2959:
2920:
2881:
2842:
2793:
2754:
2712:
2673:
2634:
2595:
2556:
2517:
2475:
2433:
2394:
2355:
2316:
2277:
2081:gender
1980:threat
1836:autism
1557:sexual
1547:racial
1430:Jewish
1281:Pogrom
1259:Chiefs
1249:Braves
969:Uyghur
944:Somali
939:Slavic
924:Romani
919:Quebec
914:Polish
854:Korean
849:Jewish
817:Canada
804:Indian
789:Hazara
764:Fulani
675:France
640:Afghan
567:Sufism
283:Audism
209:Social
132:Height
5439:white
4792:Purge
4458:Tatar
4383:Māori
4378:Malay
4338:Irish
4288:Greek
4263:Croat
4221:China
4179:Asian
4064:Islam
3938:White
3675:Looks
3640:Class
3635:Caste
3592:Forms
2087:, or
1958:white
1291:Purge
949:Tatar
874:Māori
869:Malay
829:Irish
779:Greek
754:Croat
712:China
670:Asian
547:Islam
413:White
142:Looks
107:Class
102:Caste
49:Forms
5522:Self
5434:male
5233:Bias
4678:LGBT
4463:Thai
4443:Serb
4308:Igbo
4169:Arab
3943:Male
3722:Size
3702:Rank
3530:ISSN
3491:ISSN
3437:ISSN
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