Social media use in politics

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as a "kick starter of a deeper transformation of democratic practices and opportunities" suggesting that digital media can have huge influences and changes within politics but the question still remains if young people will remain politically active within the near future. The free flow of information on the internet and social media can have large contributions to open debate and an exchange of ideas, two crucial tenants of democracy. There are other ways social media in the use of politics can have an effect on democracy such as election influence and privacy concerns with data. The use of social media platforms have had crucial effects for election campaigns where politicians are competing for peoples attention, discuss what they're doing, and specific advertising. With data social media collects many amounts of data coming from individuals which can be used for political data where people can see specific advertisements. According to a recent Pew Research Center, a study conducted across 19 advanced nations found that the public views social media's role in democracy as both beneficial and detrimental. In general, most people think it has improved democracy; 35% think it has hurt it, and 57% think it has helped. With only 34% of adults in the US believing social media has benefited democracy and 64% believing it has had the opposite impact, the US stands out as an anomaly. This opinion is consistent with broader views that social media is dividing society.

524:, utilised Twitter as a tool to bring abortion law into the public and make the harms of the eighth amendment visible and accessible. The positive outcome of the referendum (in the amendments repeal) can be equated to the efforts of individuals and advocates coming together at the grassroots level to make the vote visible, as social media goes beyond the local level to create a widespread global political impact, making the issue of strict abortion laws a global one, rather than one just confined to Ireland. The strength in a political grassroots campaign on social media is the increased mobilisation of participants. Due to the fact that social media platforms are largely accessible, a political platform can be provided to the voices of those traditionally silenced in the political sphere or in traditional media. As well as bringing awareness to the campaign, social media (including Twitter) also provides a platform of conversation. Specifically when the grassroots campaign is trying to tackle a high ranking secular state such as the Catholic Church in Northern Ireland, it can be difficult to promote the campaign as the church has such influence and authority. And so can be argued that this campaign gained such momentum because of its social media awareness with voters for the movement being active and engaged on social media, with the campaign going from social media to law in less than 2 years. 449:. He explained that for any given tweet that appears on one's 'feed,' the tweet shall have been seen by a far greater number of people than is reflected by its likes and comments. Therefore, who are the people who comment on a tweet? The people who comment shall be those who have the strongest views on the matter, the people who want their opinion to be heard. Peterson claims that this creates an environment in which the opinions that the average user sees on twitter do not reflect the views of a random sample of the population. The opinions most commonly seen on twitter tend to be those of people at each extreme end of the political ideology spectrum, hence the 'radicalising effect'. A recent study on TikTok showed how quickly users can be influenced by a small amount of content. When users engaged with transphobic material, the app started recommending more far-right videos. The study looked at around 450 videos on the "for-you page," which is based on TikTok's recommendation system. During the 2016 presidential election, Meta (then Facebook) conducted a study revealing that its algorithms drove a significant increase in extremist content interaction. These algorithms were accountable for 64% of all joins to extremist groups, primarily through features like "Groups You Should Join" and the "Discover" page. 707:

the 90 percent, 47 percent received information about the 2018 elections via a social media platform. The messages shared on the social media platform often include messages to register to vote and actually carrying out their vote; this is in contrast to receiving the message from the candidate's campaign itself. Subsequently, of the first time youth voters in the 2018 election, 68 percent relied on social media to get their information about voting. This is in comparison to the traditional methods of being notified to vote of just 23 percent first time voters. Furthermore, just 22 percent of youth who did not hear about an election via social media or traditional means were very likely to vote; however, 54 percent of youth who found out about the election via social media or traditional ways were very likely to vote. However, the youth are becoming distrustful of the content they read on social media as Forbes notes that there has been a decline in public trust due to many political groups and foreign nations creating fake accounts to spread a great amount of misinformation with the aim of dividing the country. When examining unregulated media, it is important to consider the potential harms that can arise from the spread of misinformation, such as hate speech and other harmful content.

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by the UK Information Commissioner found that Cambridge Analytica was not involved "beyond some initial enquiries" and the regulator did not identify any "significant breaches" of data protection legislation or privacy or marketing regulations "which met the threshold for formal regulatory action" In early July 2018, the United Kingdom's Information Commissioner's Office announced it intended to fine Facebook £500,000 ($ 663,000) over the data breach, this being the maximum fine allowed at the time of the breach, saying Facebook "contravened the law by failing to safeguard people's information". In 2014 and 2015, the Facebook platform allowed an app that ended up harvesting 87 million profiles of users around the world that was then used by Cambridge Analytica in the 2016 presidential campaign and in the Brexit referendum. Although Cambridge Analytica were cleared, questions were still raised with how they came to access these Facebook profiles and target voters that would not have necessarily voted in this matter in the first place.

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therefore the more that people use social media platforms for news sources, the more their political opinions will be affected. Despite that, people are expressing less trust in their government and others due to media use- therefore, social media directly affects trust in media use. It is proven that while reading newspapers, there is an increase in social trust, on the contrary,y, watching the news on television weakens trust in others and news sources. Social media, or more specifically news media- plays an important role in democratic societies because they allow for participation among citizens. Therefore, when it comes to healthy democratic networks, that news must remain true so it doesn't affect citizens' levels of trust. A certain amount of trust is necessary for a healthy functioning democratic system. With regards to voters in democratic elections, there is evidence that, as often speculated, the spread of social media has led to lower levels of trust in government and support for populism.

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articles were shared 7.6 million times on Facebook. For each share there is about 20 page visits which means that with around 38 million shares of fake news articles there are 760 million page views to these articles. This means that roughly each US adult visited a fake news site three times. Whether the spread of fake news has an impact on elections is conflicted as more research is required and is difficult to place a quantification on the effects. However, fake news is more likely to influence individuals who are over 65 and are more conservative. These groups tend to believe fake news more than other groups. College students have difficulty in determining if an article shared on social media is fake news. The same study also concluded that conspiratorial beliefs could be predicted by a person's political party affiliation or their ideological beliefs. For example, those that Republican or held a more conservative belief were far more likely to believe in baseless theories such as that of former

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platforms like Facebook and Twitter, Eastern nations often prefer local alternatives such as Sina Weibo and V Kontakte, creating distinct ideological and cultural spheres online. Peccia discusses how social networks facilitate both connection and division, breaking down geographical and generational barriers but also reinforcing ideological divides. He highlights examples like the Afghan Defence Ministry using Twitter for international communication, and contrasts the Western embrace of global social media with the controlled, government-approved networks in countries like Iran and China. Peccia concludes that while social networks are powerful tools for communication and political mobilization, they also reflect and reinforce the geopolitical tensions reminiscent of the Cold War era.

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mean that social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter don't play a large role in European Politics- in particular- Elections. In the run-up to the 2017 German Bundestag Elections, a group of extremists used social media platforms such as Twitter and YouTube in hopes of gaining support for the far-right group Alternative für Deutschland. Despite being limited in numbers, the group were able to publish "patriotic videos" that managed to get on to the Trending tab on YouTube as well as being able to trend the hashtag "#AfD" on Twitter. Though polled to come 5th in the election, Alternative für Deutschland won 13.3% of the vote, making them the third largest party within the Bundestag, making them the first far-right party to enter the building since 1961

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social lives. Social media's influence on financial markets is connected to the economy. Tweets posted by viewers with little to no expertise in finance have proven to have a ripple effect on the stock value of unrelated companies. While informing younger generations of political news is important, there are many biases within the realms of social media. In May 2016, former Facebook Trending News curator Benjamin Fearnow revealed his job was to "massage the algorithm," but dismissed any "intentional, outright bias" by either human or automated efforts within the company. Fearnow was fired by Facebook after being caught leaking several internal company debates about Black Lives Matter and presidential candidate Donald Trump.

703:". However, social media can often have the opposite effect and take a toll on many users. The Pew Research Center in a poll found that nearly 55 percent of social media users in the US indicate that they are "worn out" by the amount of political posts on social media. With the rise of technology and social media continuing, that number increased by nearly 16 percent since the 2016 presidential election. Nearly 70 percent of individuals say that talking about politics on social media with people on the opposite side is often "stressful and frustrating" compared to 56 percent in 2016. Consequently, the number of people who find these discussions as "interesting and informative" decreased from 35% to 26% since 2016. 685:

commentary that creates partisanship and builds on to people's predispositions to certain parties. Social media takes mass media's messages and oftentimes amplifies and reinforces such messages and perpetuates partisan divides. In an article by the Journal of Communication, they concluded that social media does not have a strong effect on people's views or votes, but social media does not also have a minimal effect on their views. Instead, social media creates a bandwagon effect when a candidate in an election commits an error or a great success, then users on social media will amplify the effect of such failure or success greatly.

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Trump." Studies have found that pro-Trump news was as many as four-time more than pro-Clinton fake news, and a third of the pro-Trump tweets were generated by bots. Social media has also provided the means for large amounts of data to be collected on social media users – allowing analysis and predictions to be made on what information and advertising the user is most likely to be susceptible to. This was highlighted in 2018 when the Cambridge Analytica – Facebook scandal emerged. Data and predictions from the company were used to influence voters in the 2016 Brexit/Leave campaign and also the 2016 US election Trump Campaign.

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with the public and foster dialogue. This has enabled governments to understand better and address their citizens' needs and provide more transparent and accountable governance. Gathering public sentiment on government initiatives is an important part of the policy-making process. The media's primary duty is to present us with information and alert us with important events that occur. This information may affect what we think and the actions we take. The media can also pressure the government to act by signaling a need for intervention or showing that citizens can change.

145: 98:, with all users able to contribute news and comments, may fall short of the ideals. International survey data suggest online media audience members are largely passive consumers, while content creation is dominated by a small number of social users who post comments and write new content. Others argue that the effect of social media will vary from one country to another, with domestic political structures playing a greater role than social media in determining how citizens express opinions about stories of current affairs involving the state. 119: 699:. Nearly a fifth of America uses social media with two thirds of those Americans being youth ages of 18–29. The youth's presence on social media often inspires rallies and creates movements. For instance, in the 2008 presidential election, a Facebook group of 62,000 members was created that sponsored the election of President Obama and within days universities across the countries held rallies in the thousands. Rallies and movements such as these are often coined the " 371:. Statistics show that during this time the rate of Tweets from Egypt increased from 2,300 to 230,000 per day and the top 23 protest videos had approximately 5.5 million views. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, the military coup that deposed President Mubarak, set up a Facebook page quickly after gaining power. Through this, the new regime sought control over the dissemination of information, with the Facebook page being the exclusive outlet for information 692:, allowing candidates to broadcast their political campaigns to a wide audience. The primary goal of these ads is to capture voter attention and propagate their ideas. During elections, media can assume a different role, with social media platforms such as TikTok, Instagram, and Facebook serving as additional way for political candidates to communicate with their audiences. These apps also have the potential to function as effective "electoral tools." 496:—for example, encouraging people to vote for or against a particular candidate, or to take a position on a particular issue—have often been placed on social media. On 22 November 2019, Twitter said it would no longer facilitate political advertising anywhere in the world. Due to the nature of social media bringing different information to different people based on their interests, advertising methods such as " 266:

focuses on Russia, China, and Iran, nations that have developed their own social media platforms to meet local demands while avoiding Western influences. These platforms also aim to extend their reach to neighboring countries. The authors argue that social media plays a dual role: fostering communication and community-building while simultaneously reinforcing ideological divisions and geostrategic conflicts.

561:". Nix was the chief executive officer of market-research at Cambridge Analytica. After founding the company in 2013 he was then suspended on 20 March 2018 following the release of a video in which he admitted to working directly with Donald Trump to gather data on the US electorate. In his 2016 presentation, Nix highlights his contribution the 2016 397:"Cyber tools were also used to create psychological effects in the American population. The likely collateral effects of these activities include compromising the fidelity of information, sowing discord and doubt in the American public about the validity of intelligence community reports, and prompting questions about the democratic process itself." 632: 43:

processes, global conflict, and extreme politics, diplomacy around the world has become less private and more susceptible to public perception. Overtime, social media has become a larger way of how we are informed by the news of what is going on in the world. These new stations can ever biased about their political opinions. This also includes

516:, as studies have proven that women are more likely to tweet about policy problems and do so in a way that is more aggressive than their male counter-parts. Like-minded individuals can collectively work together to influence social change and utilise social media as a tool for social justice. An example of this is in the referendum to appeal 324:

released his launch video it gained more than 130,000 views which could have been a prominent factor in him eventually winning power. In the case of politicians, it can be said that any recognition, positive or negative, is good recognition. Using social media can be a great way for politicians to gain acknowledgment and constituents.

39:, and political values. The media's primary duty is to present us with information and alert us when events occur. This information may affect what we think and the actions we take. The media can also place pressure on the government to act by signaling a need for intervention or showing that citizens want change 780:. Despite the significant gap between the two, Biden's top tweets have outperformed Donald Trump's top tweets by nearly double. In terms of mentions of each candidate on Twitter, from October 21 to October 23, there were 6.6 million mentions of Trump and Biden and Biden held 72% of the mentions. During the 216:"For new media to be potential equalizers, they must be treated as public utilities, recognizing that spectrum abundance (the excuse for privatization) does not prevent monopoly ownership of hardware and software platforms and hence cannot guarantee equal civic, educational, and cultural access to citizens." 817:

were said to be work done as an initial job deliverable for them. Although Arron Banks, co-founder of Leave.EU, denied any involvement with the company, he later declared "When we said we'd hired Cambridge Analytica, maybe a better choice of words could have been deployed." The official investigation

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what information individuals see. Due to the algorithms of social media apps, a person will receive posts that align with the content the user interacts with. Since 2008, the number of individuals who get their news via social media has increased to 62 percent. On these social media sites, there are

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In terms of social media's effect on the youth vote, it is quite substantial. In the 2018 elections, nearly 31 percent of the youth voted compared to just 21 percent in 2014. Social media use among the youth continue to grow as around 90 percent of the youth use at least one social media platform. Of

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Social Media in autocracies enables both freedom for protestors and control for ruling regimes. On the one hand, social media represents a freedom of information that could previously be gatekept by ruling governments through their control over traditional media. This makes it harder for dictators to

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A study conducted by Sounman Hong found that in the case of politicians utilizing social media and whether its use would increase on their individual weighing up on the consequences and if they would be largely positive or negative found that in the case of backbenchers, 'underdogs' and opposition it

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Being a popular presence on social media also boosts a politician's likelihood of coming to power take Boris Johnson in the 2019 bid to replace Theresa May as Prime Minister, Johnson had more than half a million 'liking' his page (substantially more than the other candidates) which meant that when he

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One argument that displays the nature of social media as an impure public good is that the control over content remains in the hands of a few large media networks, such as Google and Facebook. Google and Facebook have the power to shape the environment under personal and commercial goals that promote

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television ads are banned and thus campaigns are now launching huge efforts on social media platforms. Ridout furthers that the social media ads have gotten in many cases offensive and in attack formation at many politicians. Social media is able to provide many individuals with a sense of anonymity

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reported that the company had used what Nix had called "intelligence gathering" from British and Israeli companies as part of their efforts to influence the election results in Trump's favor. This was the work of one company and regulation may be able to prevent this in the future, but social media

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multiplies. As a result, the quantity demanded of news can shift up around election season as consumers seek to find correct news, however the quantity demanded can also shift down as people have a lower trust in mainstream media. In the American public, a Gallup poll in 2016 found "Americans' trust

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The paper discusses how social media can enhance transparency and accountability but also act as a "society without a body," offering limited physical community ties. The impact of social media varies globally due to cultural, political, and literacy factors, with significant censorship in countries

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of holding the potential to alter civic engagement, this holds a large effect and influences individuals toward a particular way of thinking. Social media also affects elections and campaigns. This is due to the interactive and communal nature of social media can be especially powerful for elections

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In Europe, the influence of social media is less than that of the United States. In 2011, only 34% of MEPs use twitter, while 68% use Facebook. In 2012, the EPP had the highest social media following of 7,418 compared to the other parties. This is in relationship to the 375 million voters in all of

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in their search results. Consequently, these biased search results can affect an individual's voting preferences by nearly 20 percent. In addition, 23 percent of an individual's Facebook friends are of an opposing political view and nearly 29 percent of the news they receive on the platform is also

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had reported that the US Congress was investigating CA in connection with Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. The report alleges that CA may have coordinated the spread of Russian propaganda using its microtargeting capabilities. In 2018, following disclosures that the company

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Algorithms can facilitate the rapid spread of disinformation through social media channels. Algorithms use users' past behavior and engagement activity to provide them with tailored content that aligns with their interests and beliefs. Algorithms commonly create echo chambers and sow radicalism and

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In the 2011 Berlin state election, The Pirate party used social media to effectively attract voters and won 15 out of 23 seats . A wide range of voters, including young people voting for the first time, Social Democrats, former quiet voters, Greens, and Christian Democrats, supported them. Notably,

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Social media has allowed politicians to subvert typical media outlets by engaging with the general public directly. Donald Trump utilised this when he lost the 2020 presidential election by claiming the election to be fraudulent and therefore creating the need for a re-election. The consequences of

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that have allowed outrage to be disguised as news, contributing to citizen apathy when confronting falsehoods and further distrust in democratic institutions. However, the growth of social media has allowed a growth of political participation to a whole new audience within society. This can be seen

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in social media, there tends to be about three times more fake new articles that were more likely to be pro-Trump over pro-Clinton articles. There were 115 pro-Trump fake news articles while only 41 pro-Clinton fake news articles; pro-Trump articles were shared 30.3 million times while pro-Clinton

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skyrocketed the need for technologies to be used in politics and campaigns, especially social media. Europe is now following their lead and has been increasing their use of social media since. However, just because European Politicians don't use social media as much as American Politicians doesn't

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used Facebook and other platforms to target Hillary Clinton's supporters to drive them out of the election and taking advantage of such algorithms. Whether or not these algorithms have an effect on people's vote and their views is mixed. Iowa State University finds that for older individuals, even

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after being 'the first person to make the full use of the power of social media'. Facebook had made an astonishing rise since the previous election and Duterte saw this as an opportunity to get social media influencers to promote his party and create viral content, further showing the power social

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Disinformation is false news spread intentionally. Though fake news can generate some utility for consumers, in terms of confirming far-right beliefs and spreading propaganda in favor of a presidential candidate, it also imposes private and social costs. For example, one social cost to consumer is

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and empowering their users. The idea of "new media populism" encompasses how citizens can include disenfranchised citizens, and allow the public to have an engaged and active role in political discourse. New media, including social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, can enhance people's

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media group indicated that the AfD benefited from TikTok’s algorithm, which promotes controversial and engaging content. The AfD’s strategy involved posting succinct and compelling messages that performed well on the platform. This approach resulted in high engagement rates, extending their reach

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was an example in which social media was used by the state actor Russia to influence public opinion. Tactics such as propaganda, trolling, and bots were used to leak fake news stories that included an "FBI agent had been killed after leaking Clinton's emails" and "Pope Francis had endorsed Donald

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The proliferation of social media has created a unique platform for communication between government institutions and citizens. By providing a massive number of people with the ability to gather information and express their views, social media has become a powerful tool for governments to engage

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Younger generations are becoming more involved in politics due to the increased political news posted on various types of social media. Due to the heavier use of social media among younger generations, they are exposed to politics more frequently, and in a way that is integrated into their online

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The internet has created channels of communication that play a key role in circulating news, and social media has the power to change not just the message, but also the dynamics of political corruption, values, and the dynamics of conflict in politics. Through the use of social media in election

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though their access to social media is far lower than the youth, their political views were far more likely to change from the 1996–2012 time periods, which indicates that there are a myriad of other factors that impact political views. They further that based upon other literature, Google has a

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The research paper "The Impact of Social Media in Modern Societies: Highlighting New Ideological Barriers, Geostrategic Divisions and Future Prospects" by Tiziano Peccia and Rachele Meda (2016) explores how social media both disseminates information and creates tensions between states. The study

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According to the Reuters Institute Digital News Report in 2013, the percentage of online news users who blog about news issues ranges from 1–5%. Greater percentages use social media to comment on news, with participation ranging from 8% in Germany to 38% in Brazil. But online news users are most

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attacks can be multi-platform, with threat actors initiating contact on one platform but continuing communication on more private channel. The Iranian-backed cyber group COBALT GYPSY created a fake persona across multiple social media platforms and initiated contact on LinkedIn before moving to

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A communication platform such as social media is persuasive and often works to change or influence opinions regarding political views because of the abundance of ideas, thoughts, and opinions circulating through the social media platform. It is found that news use leads to political persuasion,

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Social media platforms are increasingly used for political news and information by adults in the United States, especially regarding election time. A study by Pew Research conducted in November 2019 found that one in five US adults get their political news primarily through social media. 18% of

486:, (as seen in the image). In 2019, Statista predicted that $ 2.90 billion would be spent in 2020, compared to $ 1.40 billion in 2016 and $ 0.16 billion in 2012. While Twitter stopped political ads, Facebook and other platforms like Pinterest, Twitch, and TikTok currently have different rules. 261:

In his 2014 article "The Theory of the Globe Scrambled by Social Networks: A New Sphere of Influence 2.0," Tiziano Peccia argues that the dynamics of the Cold War persist in the digital age, particularly through social networks. He notes that while Western countries predominantly use American

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The rapid propagation of information on social media, spread by word of mouth, can quickly impact the perception of political figures with information that may or may not be true. When political information is propagated in this manner on purpose, the spread of information on social media for

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of the platforms, to issues of privacy, censorship, network neutrality and information storage. The discussion of regulation is complicated due to the issue of how Facebook and Google are increasingly becoming a service, information pipeline, and content provider, and thus centers on how the

761:, a conservative organization, often has their videos taken down. On a different level, social media can also hamper many political candidates. Media and social media often publish stories about news that are controversial and popular and will ultimately drive more traffic. A key example is 684:

Social media has a profound effect on elections. Oftentimes, social media compounds with the mass media networks such as cable television. For many individuals, cable television serves as the basis and first contact for where many get their information and sources. Cable television also has

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has been around for several decades and continues to change with social media. Advertising is a huge part of politics and can play a key factor in informing the audience. The “new form” has taken a different route through the "rise of digital media." This tool is very different from offline

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The authors note that while social media has democratizing potential, it also poses challenges to authoritarian regimes, which seek to control online narratives. In contrast, Western countries, particularly the United States, use social media to spread their influence. This digital Cold War

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In addition, Reddit, Twitter, and Facebook are the social media platforms that most users use to acquire news information. Two-thirds of Facebook users (66%) access news on the platform; 59% of Twitter users access news on the platform, and 70% of Reddit users access news on the platform.

1133: 437:" of controversy states that "passion is inversely proportional to the amount of real information available". This means that the less grounded in facts a political tweet is, the more engagement it is likely to receive, therefore the likelihood of spreading disinformation is high. 996:

and harass dissidents and journalists overseas since 2017. Beginning in the early 2020s, Spamouflage accounts also began making posts about American and Taiwanese politics. It is widely believed that the Chinese government is behind the network. Spamouflage has increasingly used

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adults use social media to get political and election news. In small research conducted by McKeever et al. in 2022, they found that 269 out of the 510 United States participants had noted that they got most of their information about gun violence from social media sources.

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Opponents of regulation of social media platforms argue that platforms such as Facebook and Twitter do not resemble traditional public utilities, and regulation would harm consumer welfare as public utility regulation can hinder innovation and competition. Second, as the

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via email are the most commonly used tactic to breach government networks, phishing attacks on social media rose 500% in 2016. As with email-based phishing attacks, the majority of phishing attacks on social media are financially motivated cyber crimes that install

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Peccia, T., 2014. The Theory of the Globe Scrambled by Social Networks: A New Sphere of Influence 2.0. Jura Gentium: Rivista di filosofia del diritto internazionale e della politica globale, Jura Gentium / Home / Topics / War, Law, and Global Order. Available at:

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hide atrocities from the people, as anyone with a camera phone is capable of exposing acts of terror with ease. Gruesome images of bodies which would have previously been kept out of newspapers can now be plastered all over social media, inspiring people to act.

168:. Content that attracts more attention will be seen, shared, and disseminated far more than news content that does not gather as much traction from the public. Tim Wu from Columbia Law School coins the attention economy as "the resale of human attention." 90:"In a networked society, the real powershift is from the producer to the consumer, and there is a redistribution of controls and power. On the Web, Karl Marx's dream has been realized: the tools and the means of production are in the hands of the workers." 812:

during 2016, as an effort to convince people to support Brexit. These rumours were the result of the leaked internal emails that were sent between Cambridge Analytica firm and the British parliament. These datasets composed of the data obtained from

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that enables them to get away with such aggressive acts. For example, ethnic minority women politicians are often the targets of such attacks. Furthermore, in the United States, many of the youth conservative voices are often reduced. For instance,

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in the mass media 'to report the news fully, accurately and fairly' was, at 32%, the lowest in the organization's polling history." In addition, trust in mainstream media is lower in Republican and far-right political viewers at 14%. About 72% of

577:, left the company to take over the campaign of Donald Trump and as a result of the video leak which lost Nix his job it is largely believed he had direct influence too. As well as this, Cambridge Analytica staff were also heavily involved in the 152:

political means can benefit campaigns. On the other hand, the word-of-mouth propagation of negative information concerning a political figure can be damaging. For example, the use of the social media platform Twitter by United States congressman

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and geographics for the targeted ads and instead using psychographics in order to target personality traits and get a better understanding of voter demands is a more effective method of gaining votes. In 2016, one of Nix's business associates,

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In conclusion, the paper calls for a balanced approach that respects diverse political systems while advocating for freedom of expression and the responsible use of social media to bridge ideological divides and promote global understanding.

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government would regulate both the platform as a service and information provider. Thus, other proponents advocate for "algorithmic neutrality," or the aim for search engines on social media platforms to rank data without human intervention.

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the spread of disinformation which can make it harder for consumers to seek out the truth and, in the case of the 2016 Election, for consumers to choose an electoral candidate. Summarized by a Congressional Research Service Study in 2017,

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was the president of Egypt and head the regime for almost 30 years. Mubarak was so threatened by the immense power that the Internet and social media gave the people that the government successfully shut down the Internet, using the

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This scandal first appeared in the news in 2016 following both the UK's Brexit referendum results and the US' presidential election result but was an ongoing operation by Cambridge Analytica with the permission of Facebook using

82:"The political significance of computer-mediated communication lies in its capacity to challenge the existing political hierarchy's monopoly on powerful communications media, and perhaps thus revitalize citizen-based democracy." 4518: 52:

and campaigns. Voters often use these platforms to discuss their position and share their support. An example of this is "I voted" image can remind others to submit their ballots or create peer pressure to encourage voting

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being born outside of the United States; and those that voted Democrat or held a more liberal belief would be more likely to believe in conspiracies such as former President Bush having played a role in the 9/11 attacks.

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Peccia, T. and Meda, R., 2016. The impact of social media in modern societies: highlighting new ideological barriers, geo-strategic divisions and future prospects. Scienza e Pace – Science and Peace (SP). Available at:

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the 18–34 age group accounted for one out of every five votes cast. In Finland's 2011 Parliamentary elections, the True Finns also utilized social media to secure victory, engaging supporters and expanding their base.

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Social media platforms and the internet have facilitated the dissemination of political information that counters mainstream media tactics that are often centralized and top-down, including high entry barriers. Writer

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many algorithms run that filter what information individual users see. The algorithms understand a users favorites and dislikes, they then begin to cater their feed to their likes. Consequently, this creates an

294:, "The world of social media is more conducive to extreme, emotionally charged, and divisive types of content than it is to calm, principled considerations of competing or complex narratives". On the contrary, 383:

Social media platforms can also give governments an unprecedented amount of information over the population. This can be used to track certain individuals, such as political opponents, and censor dissent.

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https://scienzaepace.unipi.it/index.php/it/annate/2016/item/209-the-impact-of-social-media-in-modern-societies-highlighting-new-ideological-barriers-geo-strategic-divisions-and-future-prospects.html

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The marginal social cost of fake news is exponential, as the first article is shared it can affect a small number of people, but as the article is circulated more throughout Facebook, the negative

113: 44: 2731: 1005:. The campaign has largely failed to receive views from real users, although the evolution of its tactics has allowed some Spamouflage accounts to see some success in receiving organic engagement. 5073: 5068: 1150: 1145: 618:

In October 2020, Twitter announced its new policy that candidates will be forbidden to claim victory until their election win has been credibly projected by news outlets or officially certified.

194:

based on the premises of non-rival and non-excludable consumption. Social media can be considered an impure public good as it can be excludable given the rights of platforms such as Facebook and

4322:

The accounts sometimes amplified or repeated content from the Chinese influence campaign Spamouflage, which was first identified in 2019 and linked to an arm of the Ministry of Public Security.

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The role of technological communication and social media in the world can lead to political, economic, and social conflict due to its unmonitored system, cheap interface, and accessibility.

104:

In June 2020, users of the Social Media platform TikTok organized a movement to prank a Trump Rally in Tulsa, Oklahoma, by buying tickets and not attending so that the rally appeared empty.

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and undermine democratic processes in the West. During the 2017 French presidential election, for example, Facebook detected and removed fake accounts linked to the Russian cyber group

274:

exacerbates ideological and geopolitical divisions, highlighting the need for international efforts to promote net neutrality and educate users on the responsible use of social media.

4508: 500:" and "Black ads" have become prominent on social media and allow advertising to be much more effective for the same price, relative to traditional adverts such as those on cable TV. 2157:

Jungherr, A., Rivero, G., & Gayo-Avello, D. (2020). Retooling Politics: How Digital Media Are Shaping Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108297820

1093: 471:

advertising in the way that it takes a new form such as YouTube Videos, Reels, or advertisements shown on a webpage. Political advertising can tailor to its audience due to the

2192: 784:, Biden had nearly two times the mentions as Donald Trump with nearly half of the mentions being negative. For Trump, he also had half of his mentions being negative as well. 23:

platforms in political processes and activities. Political processes and activities include all activities that pertain to the governance of a country or area. This includes

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Social media platforms have been weaponized by state-sponsored cyber groups to attack governments in the United States, the European Union, and the Middle East. Although

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Europe. When comparing the impact to US social media following, former President Obama has over 27 million fans while the highest in Europe was former French President

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whose controversial statements in 2016 often brought the attention of many individuals and thereby increased his popularity while shunning out other candidates.

1053:

vaccine, including using fake social media accounts to spread the disinformation that the Sinovac vaccine contained pork-derived ingredients and was therefore

3558: 2216: 1976:

Yaqub, Ussama; Chun, Soon Ae; Atluri, Vijayalakshmi; Vaidya, Jaideep (2021-12-06). Sandoval-Almazan, Rodrigo; Kavanaugh, Andrea; Ignacio Criado, J. (eds.).

5053: 4197: 4371: 4338: 1472: 490:

defended the decision, arguing that blocking ads for important political issues like climate change or women's empowerment could hinder public discourse.

890:

Technological advancements in communication can increase the power of persuasion leading to corruption, scandals, and violence on social media platforms.

860:

is said to have effectively leveraged the party’s traction, especially by gaining significant traction among young voters. According to a 2024 report by

869:

further. Concerns have been raised, as many AfD-associated accounts do not clearly disclose their affiliation and spread misinformation multiple times.

1534: 1380: 3627: 2036: 1034:

was corrupt and wasteful. As part of the campaign, the CIA also targeted foreign countries where the United States and China compete for influence.

793: 769: 533: 433:'. For better or for worse, engagement and controversy go hand-in-hand. Controversy attracts attention as it evokes an emotional response, however " 4070: 3478: 1799:

Diehl, Trevor (November 26, 2015). "Political persuasion on social media: Tracing direct and indirect effects of news use and social interaction".

201:

Arguments for platforms such as Google in being treated as a public utility and public service provider include statements from Benjamin Barber in

5031: 2318: 781: 720: 822:

the prime minister's ex aide had a majority in involving Cambridge Analytica in the Leave.EU campaign, this can be seen in the real accounts of

732:

Washington State University political science professor Travis Ridout explains that in the United Kingdom the popular social media platforms of

475:

of our apps. Digital technology enables algorithms to track and analyze viewer interactions with media, allowing for more effective targeting.

4159: 3181: 887:

Strategies and the adaption of social media has caused a change in focus amongst leaders from administrative dynamics to new media technology.

729:

in opposition of their political ideology, which indicates that the algorithms on these new platforms do not completely create echo chambers.

224:

argues online services are natural monopolies that underwrite the "corporatization of social commons" and the "privatization of our publics."

5148: 4550: 3602: 3488: 3418: 2353: 1667:

Pfeffer, J.; Zorbach, T.; Carley, K. M. (2013). "Understanding online firestorms: Negative word-of-mouth dynamics in social media networks".

1274: 2595: 4452: 642: 133:

further found that out % of these United States Adults relying on social media for this information, 48% of them are from ages 18–29.

3652: 695:

The Pew Research Center finds that nearly one fourth of Americans learn something about the candidates through an internet source such as

653: 298:

says that social media presents the opportunity to inform more people, amplify voices, and allow for an array of diverse voices to speak.

5123: 1890: 903: 565: 367:

Egyptians used Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube as a means to communicate and organize demonstrations and rallies to overthrow President

4233: 2142: 1334: 998: 2807:

Smith, Stacy (2013). "If Dr.Martin Luthur, Jr. had a Twitter Account: A Look at Collective Action, Social Media, and Social Change".

410:

adults claim that social media firms excessively control and influence the politics today, as per the June 16–22 survey conducted by

5128: 4827: 2294: 1208: 843: 671: 317: 2970: 2673: 3925: 249:

values are criticized on social media platforms, the media providers should retain the power over how the platform is configured.

5216: 4822: 4639: 4543: 4299: 2828:"Feminists Redraw Public and Private Spheres: Abortion, Vulnerability, and the Affective Campaign to Repeal the Eighth Amendment" 2827: 1104: 1064: 346: 185: 1155: 1042: 605:

had improperly used the personal information of over 50 million Facebook users while working on Trump's presidential campaign,

3670: 2191:

Wike, Richard; Silver, Laura; Fetterolf, Janell; Huang, Christine; Austin, Sarah; Clancy, Laura; Gubbala, Sneha (2022-12-06).

209:(Add Notion of Tik Tok Ban and how it was inflicted upon government relations in 2023. Also discuss the notion of false media) 689: 328:

was likely to increase in order to gain recognition and support from the public eye where they otherwise might go unnoticed.

4133: 1414:

Andrejevic, Mark (2013). "Public Service Media Utilities: Rethinking Search Engines and Social Networking as Public Goods".

853: 3389: 1702: 772:, social media was very prevalent and used widely by both campaigns. For Twitter, nearly 87 million users follow President 4011: 2420: 934: 141:

likely to just talk about online news with friends offline or use social media to share stories without creating content.

4864: 3043: 2568: 1300: 5158: 4703: 3206: 884:

Social media enables news stories to quickly go viral and later can lead to misinterpretations that can cause conflict.

5009: 4664: 4644: 4411: 4259: 2242:"Social media influence on politicians' and citizens' relationship through the moderating effect of political slogans" 864:, the AfD’s active presence on TikTok considerably increased its support in voters between ages 16 to 24. Research by 542: 352: 3505: 2772:

Evans and Clark, Heather and Jennifer (2016). "'You Tweet Like a Girl!': How Female Candidates Campaign on Twitter".

144: 5004: 1934: 94:

The role of social media in democratizing media participation, which proponents herald as ushering in a new era of

4188:"China is using the world's largest known online disinformation operation to harass Americans, a CNN review finds" 4033: 3693: 5118: 1023: 581:

for the 2016 Brexit referendum. As a result of an organisation specialised in targeted ads being involved in two

546: 4187: 1978:"Analyzing social media messages of public sector organizations utilizing sentiment analysis and topic modeling" 5190: 5168: 5048: 4971: 1910: 1119: 1031: 861: 483: 3859: 3583: 3342: 5143: 4591: 4487: 1109: 1099: 1027: 823: 493: 198:

to remove content, deactivate accounts, and filter information based on algorithms and community standards.

191: 95: 5133: 4996: 4924: 4889: 4601: 3532: 3233: 1835: 1114: 1079:. The campaign ran from 2020 to mid-2021. The primary contractor for the U.S. military on the project was 1026:

in an effort to influence Chinese public opinion against the government. The CIA promoted narratives that

929:

associates to steal information from them. Cyber groups associated with Iran, China, and Russia have used

857: 588:

But this is not the only example of potential election interference using social media. November 1, 2015,

24: 1552: 881:

Social media platforms allow information to be framed in mainstream platforms which limits communication.

5211: 5096: 4976: 4859: 4849: 4832: 4788: 4686: 4606: 4566: 4509:"Pentagon Stands by Secret Anti-Vaccination Disinformation Campaign in Philippines After Reuters Report" 809: 646:

that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

2902: 1850: 118: 5113: 5016: 4919: 4854: 4763: 4758: 4654: 4596: 4581: 3443: 2167: 2109: 1002: 942: 716: 472: 467: 32: 3094: 1607:"Gun violence as a public health issue: Media advocacy, framing, and implications for communication" 425:

Algorithms promote social media posts with high 'engagement,' meaning posts that received a lot of '

5026: 4956: 4119: 3163: 1178: 801: 719:. For instance, black social media users were more likely to see race related news and in 2016 the 700: 411: 130: 3885: 2706: 2560:

Jordan Peterson: "There was plenty of motivation to take me out. It just didn't work" | British GQ

917:. However, cyber groups associated with Russia, Iran, and China have used social media to conduct 5101: 4839: 4817: 4812: 4730: 4725: 4681: 4304: 3985: 3967: 3756: 3748: 3290: 3013: 2951: 2850: 2789: 2754: 2651: 2534: 2491: 2404:

Theohary, Catherine (2017). "Russia and the U.S. Presidential Election. CRS Report No. IN10635".

2193:"Social Media Seen as Mostly Good for Democracy Across Many Nations, But U.S. is a Major Outlier" 2091: 1958: 1816: 1781: 1684: 1634: 1513: 1439: 1235: 993: 513: 3774: 5021: 4981: 4934: 4753: 4735: 4623: 4381: 4269: 3904: 3740: 3484: 3459: 3310:"The Combined Effects of Mass Media and Social Media on Political Perceptions and Preferences" 3282: 2943: 2681: 2669: 2643: 2483: 2359: 2349: 2300: 2290: 2263: 2138: 2083: 1950: 1746: 1626: 1431: 1330: 1270: 1214: 1204: 1019: 355:, the Internet and social media played a huge role in facilitating information. At that time, 165: 1134:

Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections (July 2016–election day)

65:

Social media have been championed as allowing anyone with an Internet connection to become a

5043: 4939: 4929: 4696: 4613: 4343: 4228: 3959: 3730: 3451: 3321: 3274: 3005: 2935: 2842: 2781: 2746: 2635: 2385: 2253: 2073: 1989: 1942: 1808: 1773: 1736: 1676: 1618: 1606: 1505: 1423: 1280: 1262: 1080: 1076: 819: 521: 430: 164:

Social media, especially news spread through social media sites, plays into the idea of the

75: 66: 4223: 3800: 3653:"Members of the European Parliament Online: The Use of Social Media in Political Marketing" 3365:"55% of U.S. social media users say they are 'worn out' by political posts and discussions" 2623: 2285:

The world through Arab eyes : Arab public opinion and the reshaping of the Middle East

236:

Proponents and aims for regulation of social media are growing due to economic concerns of

4961: 4869: 4783: 4260:"China will use AI to disrupt elections in the US, South Korea and India, Microsoft warns" 1582:"Americans Who Mainly Get Their News on Social Media Are Less Engaged, Less Knowledgeable" 1046: 950: 926: 789: 589: 585:

campaigns that produced shock results, many point out as a potential threat to democracy.

487: 442: 361: 295: 36: 28: 3559:"My social media feeds look different from yours and it's driving political polarization" 1351: 3309: 2010: 933:

to steal trade secrets, gain access to critical infrastructure, or recruit spies. These

508:

When it comes to political referendums, individuals often gather on social media at the

4991: 4906: 4896: 4884: 4795: 4768: 4713: 4659: 2510:"Marketing Research & Statistics: Content Marketing, Viral Marketing, Social Media" 2283: 1285: 1254: 989: 865: 753: 558: 497: 458: 291: 221: 153: 2442:"Most Americans say social media companies have too much power, influence in politics" 1493: 5205: 5091: 5038: 4966: 4807: 4618: 3603:"WSU political scientist investigates effects of social media on UK politics for BBC" 3234:"Twitter moves to deaden impact of false and misleading tweets ahead of Election Day" 3017: 2955: 2868:

Carneigie and Roth, Anna and Rachel (2019). "From the Grassroots to the Oireachtas".

2854: 2793: 2758: 2655: 2095: 1785: 1688: 1638: 1517: 1443: 992:

operation that uses a network of social media accounts to make posts in favor of the

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are beginning to play a significant role in campaigns and elections. Contrary to the

711: 550: 368: 356: 303: 270:

like China, Iran, and Russia, which restricts freedom of expression and information.

3971: 3830: 3760: 1962: 1891:"How Facebook fired workers who blocked 'fake news' — 'After the Fact' book excerpt" 5185: 5173: 4874: 4649: 4513: 4376: 4264: 1820: 1725:"Fake news, disinformation, manipulation and online tactics to undermine democracy" 835: 773: 762: 574: 549:". However, the methods were exposed on 27 September 2016 during a presentation by 299: 101:

Most people see social media platforms as censoring objectionable political views.

20: 3584:"Effects of news media bias and social media algorithms on political polarization" 3455: 1741: 1724: 1605:

McKeever, Brooke W.; Choi, Minhee; Walker, Denetra; McKeever, Robert (June 2022).

1580:

Mitchell, Amy; Jurkowitz, Mark; Oliphant, J. Baxter; Shearer, Elisa (2020-07-30).

1509: 1494:"Sparking debate? Political deaths and Twitter discourses in Argentina and Russia" 4339:"Chinese nationalist trolls pretend to be Trump supporters ahead of US elections" 1764:

Moy, Patricia (December 1, 2010). "Media Effects on Political and Social Trust".

1680: 4949: 4879: 4708: 4586: 3182:"Trump campaign mined Facebook user data using Israeli 'intelligence gathering'" 1873:"Facebook 'Trending' List Skewed by Individual Judgment, Not Institutional Bias" 1266: 1068: 985: 979: 946: 918: 593: 434: 426: 414:. Only 21% believe that the power held by these social media firms over today's 402: 4412:

Spamouflage Breakout: Chinese Spam Network Finally Starts to Gain Some Traction

2509: 1777: 1427: 512:

level to campaign for change. This is particularly effective where it comes to

5163: 5153: 4911: 4691: 4676: 4669: 4570: 4101:"Exclusive: U.S. accuses China of 'super aggressive' spy campaign on LinkedIn" 3037: 2564: 2558: 2363: 2258: 2241: 1622: 1218: 988:, Dragonbridge, Spamouflage Dragon, or Storm 1376 is an online propaganda and 922: 725: 578: 569: 509: 228:

profitability, as opposed to promoting citizen voice and public deliberation.

4385: 4273: 3963: 3744: 3463: 3286: 2997: 2947: 2785: 2685: 2647: 2639: 2487: 2304: 2267: 2087: 1954: 1812: 1750: 1630: 1435: 4844: 4778: 4745: 4052:"Exclusive: Russia used Facebook to Try to Spy on Macron Campaign – Sources" 3120:

Antisocial Media : How Facebook Disconnects Us and Undermines Democracy

3009: 2975: 2750: 1895: 1255:"Social Media Effects: Hijacking Democracy and Civility in Civic Engagement" 830: 777: 741: 462: 407: 287: 3775:"How Fake News Affects U.S. Elections | University of Central Florida News" 2732:"Repealing Ireland's Eighth Amendment: abortion rights and democracy today" 2343: 316:

Trump's online actions were displayed when, on January 6, the U.S. Capitol

4535: 4488:"Pentagon Ran Secret Anti-Vax Campaign to Undermine China during Pandemic" 2939: 2078: 5178: 4800: 4718: 4418: 3735: 3718: 3326: 2596:"Op-ed: Social media algorithms & their effects on American politics" 1946: 1050: 962: 958: 930: 909: 814: 805: 737: 696: 582: 562: 554: 479: 415: 237: 48: 4453:"Exclusive: Trump Launched CIA Covert Influence Operation against China" 4120:"The Curious Case of Mia Ash: Fake Persona Lures Middle Eastern Targets" 3752: 3480:

Social Media and Democracy: The State of the Field, Prospects for Reform

2674:"Twitter to ban all political advertising, raising pressure on Facebook" 2495: 2471: 2062:"The Road to Digital Unfreedom: Three Painful Truths About Social Media" 1067:

directed against the U.S. The campaign primarily targeted people in the

941:

In December 2019, a chat and video calling application developed by the

877:

There are four ways social media plays a significant role in conflict:.

5138: 4944: 4773: 4492: 4457: 4300:"China's Advancing Efforts to Influence the U.S. Election Raise Alarms" 3695:

Democracy Hacked : How Technology Is Destabilising Global Politics

3294: 3262: 3150:

Democracy Hacked : How Technology Is Destabilising Global Politics

3069: 3055: 3039:

The Power of Big Data and Psychographics | 2016 Concordia Annual Summit

2580: 1261:. Rhetoric, Politics and Society. National Library of Medicine: 77–94. 1072: 1038: 1015: 953:. Suspicion over the Emirati app emerged because it banned the use of 914: 758: 745: 733: 438: 195: 4086:"Vorsicht bei Kontaktaufnahme über Soziale Netzwerke – Fortschreibung" 2061: 1994: 1977: 1935:"The Perils of Classifying Social Media Platforms as Public Utilities" 445:, spoke of Twitter's radicalising effect in an interview conducted by 4186:

O'Sullivan, Donie; Devine, Curt; Gordon, Allison (13 November 2023).

3671:"How Germany's far right took over Twitter – and tilted the election" 1535:"Most Americans Think Social Media Sites Censor Political Viewpoints" 1060: 849: 3884:

Glaser, Jan Schipmann, Linda Friese, Constantin Hofsäß und Lennart.

3278: 1130:

Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections

86:

Scholar Derrick de Kerckhove described the new technology in media:

2846: 2390: 4134:"UAE's ToTok and Project Raven Teach Cyber Security Lessons to US" 3950:

Zeitzoff, Thomas (2017). "How Social Media Is Changing Conflict".

3207:"Expanding our policies to further protect the civic conversation" 3122:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Incorporated. pp. 153–155. 2926:

Persily, Nathaniel (2017). "Can Democracy Survive the Internet?".

1551:

Lorenz, Taylor; Browning, Kellen; Frenkel, Sheera (21 June 2020).

1236:"The Big Picture of Indian Politics, Politicians and Social Media" 1055: 966: 4160:"US voters targeted by Chinese influence online, researchers say" 156:

to send inappropriate messages played a role in his resignation.

4158:

Bing, Christopher; Paul, Katie; Bing, Christopher (2024-09-03).

1653: 1018:, in 2019 the United States CIA began a clandestine campaign on 954: 78:

characterized the community created on social networking sites:

4539: 3628:"Social Media Could Determine The Outcome Of The 2020 Election" 610:

is now a medium that makes this kind of interference possible.

4372:"How China is using AI news anchors to deliver its propaganda" 4192: 1834:

Campante, Filipe; Durante, Ruben; Tesei, Andrea (2023-11-27).

625: 441:

has become a battleground for political debate. Psychologist,

2319:"How social media took us from Tahrir Square to Donald Trump" 1141:

Social media and political communication in the United States

114:

Social media and political communication in the United States

3831:"CONSPIRACY THEORIES PROSPER: 25% OF AMERICANS ARE "TRUTHER" 1253:

Jones, John; Olaniran, Bolane; Williams, Indi (2020-02-27).

1151:

Social media in the 2020 United States presidential election

1146:

Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election

4217: 4215: 3390:"Five Takeaways on Social Media and the Youth Vote in 2018" 643:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

446: 418:

is of the right amount, while 6% believe it is not enough.

3926:"AfD-Trend bei jungen Wählern: Mit TikTok auf Stimmenfang" 1100:

Influence of mass media#Political importance of mass media

3601:

Aumen, Adriana; Arts, College of; Sciences (2019-12-11).

3527: 3525: 3419:"How Important Is Social Media In Reaching Young Voters?" 1199:

Singer, Peter Warren; Brooking, Emerson T. (2018-10-02).

286:

Social media has been criticized as being detrimental to

190:

A key debate centers on whether or not social media is a

4332: 4330: 4071:"Hacker Group Creates Network of Fake LinkedIn Profiles" 4069:

Dell Secureworks Counter Threat Unit (October 7, 2015).

2971:"Data scientists target 20 million new voters for Trump" 2217:"Social Media and Politics: Shaping Political Campaigns" 1553:"TikTok Teens and K-Pop Stans Say They Sank Trump Rally" 1125:

Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections

4181: 4179: 3347:

The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research

3070:"Cambridge Analytica: Facebook row firm boss suspended" 2110:"Can social media have a positive effect on democracy?" 1851:"Understanding Social Media's Influence on the Economy" 649: 4410:

Nimmo, Ben; Hubert, Ira; Yang, Cheng (February 2021).

1703:"How early Twitter decisions led to Weiner's downfall" 4451:

Bing, Christopher; Schectman, Joel (March 14, 2024).

4099:

Strobel, Warren; Landay, Jonathan (August 31, 2018).

2465: 2463: 2011:

https://www.juragentium.org/topics/wlgo/en/peccia.htm

1094:

After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News

482:, political campaigns spent more money on online and 3477:

Persily, Nathaniel; Tucker, Joshua A. (2020-09-03).

1836:"The political economy of social media: A new eBook" 688:

However, mass media plays a significant role in the

5084: 4990: 4905: 4744: 4632: 3343:"The Impact of Social Networking Sites on Politics" 2472:"Politics of Automation, Attention, and Engagement" 4253: 4251: 2282: 4034:"Data Breach Investigations Report: 10th Edition" 3801:"Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election" 3719:"Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election" 3504:Gottfried, Jeffrey; Shearer, Elisa (2016-05-26). 2380:Allcott, Hunt; Gentzkow, Matthew (January 2017), 2348:. Espen Geelmuyden Rød. Oxford University Press. 2345:The internet and political protest in autocracies 2135:American Cyberscape: Trials and the Path to Trust 1652:Gottfried, Jeffrey; Shearer, Elisa (2016-05-26). 1409: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 4298:Hsu, Tiffany; Myers, Steven Lee (1 April 2024). 4118:SecureWorks, Counter Threat Unit Research Team. 3353:: 73–74 – via Fisher Digital Publications. 2730:Drazkiewicz and Strong, Elia and Thomas (2020). 2240:Fatema, Shafaq; Yanbin, Li; Fugui, Dong (2022). 1201:Likewar : the weaponization of social media 1030:leaders were hiding money overseas and that the 804:was allegedly hired as a consultant company for 4486:Bing, Chris; Schechtman, Joel (June 14, 2024). 3986:"The Impact of Technology on Your Social Media" 2921: 2919: 2382:Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election 2375: 2373: 2037:"Social media is rotting democracy from within" 1928: 1926: 1924: 792:of over 700,000 fines, a stark difference. The 4084:Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (2017-12-12). 4012:"Q4 2016 & Year in Review: Threat Summary" 3886:"So funktioniert die TikTok-Strategie der AfD" 3779:University of Central Florida News | UCF Today 3095:"The Cambridge Analytica Files | The Guardian" 2594:Engineering, Berkeley Master of (2022-05-02). 2421:"Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online" 2197:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project 1718: 1716: 1455: 1453: 1063:. The campaign was described as "payback" for 4551: 3860:"Forscher: AfD siegt bei EU-Wahl dank TikTok" 3506:"News Use Across Social Media Platforms 2016" 3164:"Inside Russia's Social Media War on America" 2903:"Abortion decriminalised in Northern Ireland" 1766:Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 1654:"News use across social media platforms 2016" 1083:, which received $ 493 million for its role. 925:, who were posing as "friends of friends" of 8: 3909:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3135:'Electing a Strongman', journal of democracy 2707:"Google and the problem with microtargeting" 1462:"Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2013" 1110:Political communication#Role of social media 1045:campaign to spread disinformation about the 5054:Political polarization in the United States 1575: 1573: 1352:"The People Formally Known as the Audience" 1301:"Pros and Cons: Social Media and Elections" 422:extremist thinking in these online spaces. 4558: 4544: 4536: 2887:Wodak and Meyer, Ruth and Michael (2016). 2624:"The Rise of Online Political Advertising" 1327:Networked: The New Social Operating System 1194: 1192: 5107:Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal 3734: 3717:Allcott, Hunt; Gentzkow, Matthew (2017). 3325: 2835:Journal of Women in Culture & Society 2600:Fung Institute for Engineering Leadership 2389: 2257: 2168:"How technology can strengthen democracy" 2077: 1993: 1740: 1284: 1259:Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection 672:Learn how and when to remove this message 388:Disinformation in relation to US election 364:, for a period of time in February 2011. 3588:Iowa State University Digital Repository 3533:"Six ways the media influence elections" 3510:Pew Research Center's Journalism Project 3412: 3410: 2622:Dommett, Katharine (November 13, 2019). 1586:Pew Research Center's Journalism Project 1498:Information, Communication & Society 1173: 1171: 1022:to spread negative narratives about the 534:2016 United States Presidential Election 257:Social Media and international relations 143: 117: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4370:Milmo, Dan; Hawkins, Amy (2024-05-18). 4224:"Why China Is So Bad at Disinformation" 1167: 949:was identified as a spying tool by the 520:. Civil society organisations, such as 320:by supporters of the former president. 3902: 3829:Cassino, Dan; Jenkins, Krista (2013). 3537:School of Journalism and Communication 5149:Psychological effects of Internet use 4200:from the original on 14 November 2023 4010:Proofpoint, Inc. (January 17, 2018). 3698:. Oneworld Publications. pp. 3–4 3444:"What's so bad about misinformation?" 3308:Kleinnijenhuis, Jan (December 2019). 3256: 3254: 2998:"Data privacy and health information" 2889:Methods of Critical Discourse Studies 2617: 2615: 1911:"Inside Facebook's Two Years of Hell" 1546: 1544: 1529: 1527: 1492:Filer, Tanya; Fredheim, Rolf (2016). 1487: 1485: 7: 3723:The Journal of Economic Perspectives 3046:from the original on 7 December 2022 2571:from the original on 7 December 2022 1374: 1372: 1230: 1228: 752:which allows television ads, in the 5124:Digital media use and mental health 2969:Blakely, Rhys (22 September 2016). 2428:Data and Society Research Institute 1669:Journal of Marketing Communications 904:State-sponsored Internet propaganda 568:and how taking the focus away from 4507:Toropin, Konstantin (2024-06-14). 2809:Seattle Journal for Social Justice 1469:reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk 1381:"The New Media's Role in Politics" 999:generative artificial intelligence 829:In terms of analyzing the role of 14: 5129:Effects of violence in mass media 4828:Smartphones and pedestrian safety 4312:from the original on 3 April 2024 4222:Gilbert, David (April 29, 2024). 2891:. Sage Publications. p. 211. 2060:Deibert, Ronald J. (2019-01-09). 972: 70:access to political information. 5102:2021 Facebook company files leak 4823:Mobile phones and driving safety 3808:Journal of Economic Perspectives 3442:de Ridder, Jeroen (2021-11-16). 3232:Yurieff, Kaya (9 October 2020). 3042:. Concordia. 27 September 2016. 2533:Wright, Colin (11 August 2020). 2476:Journal of International Affairs 1105:Mass media and American politics 1065:COVID-19 disinformation by China 978:This section is an excerpt from 630: 347:Social media and the Arab Spring 186:Social media as a public utility 5074:2020 U.S. presidential election 5069:2016 U.S. presidential election 4521:from the original on 2024-06-14 4428:from the original on 2021-03-05 4392:from the original on 2024-05-25 4351:from the original on 9 May 2024 4280:from the original on 2024-05-25 4236:from the original on 9 May 2024 3651:Vesnic-Alujevic, Lucia (2013). 1156:Far-right usage of social media 597:media can have over democracy. 4050:Menn, Joseph (July 26, 2017). 3952:Journal of Conflict Resolution 3483:. Cambridge University Press. 3263:"Elections and the Mass Media" 2705:Waters, Rivhard (2019-11-22). 2535:"Benford's Law of Controversy" 2406:Congressional Research Service 2035:Beauchamp, Zack (2019-01-22). 1305:www.surveyandballotsystems.com 776:while 11 million users follow 592:was announced as president of 1: 4640:Betteridge's law of headlines 3456:10.1080/0020174X.2021.2002187 3267:Law and Contemporary Problems 1742:10.1080/23738871.2018.1462395 1510:10.1080/1369118X.2016.1140805 1460:Newman, N.; Levy, D. (2013). 1416:Media International Australia 1203:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 898:Weaponization by state actors 794:2008 US presidential election 5159:Social aspects of television 5059:Social media use in politics 4704:Missing white woman syndrome 3330:– via Oxford Academic. 3133:Teehankee, Julio C. (2016). 3118:Vaidhyanathan, Siva (2018). 2137:. Defense Press. p. 8. 2133:Eder, Mari (November 2020). 1723:Morgan, Susan (2018-01-02). 1681:10.1080/13527266.2013.797778 1075:for "China is the virus" in 311:Politicians and social media 19:refers to the use of online 17:Social media use in politics 4665:Least objectionable program 3669:Ebner, Julia (2017-09-26). 1267:10.1007/978-3-030-36525-7_5 854:Alternative für Deutschland 353:Egyptian Revolution of 2011 5235: 5005:Algorithmic radicalization 4337:Yang, Lin (8 April 2024). 2905:. Amnesty International UK 2774:American Politics Research 2342:Weidmann, Nils B. (2019). 2281:Shibley., Telhami (2013). 2246:Frontiers in Communication 2114:Columbia Journalism Review 1871:Isaac, Mike (2016-05-20). 1778:10.1177/107769900007700403 1611:Newspaper Research Journal 1428:10.1177/1329878x1314600116 1041:, the United States ran a 977: 973:People's Republic of China 901: 770:2020 Presidential Election 518:Ireland's eighth amendment 456: 344: 302:points to failures of the 183: 111: 5119:Cultural impact of TikTok 4577: 4258:Milmo, Dan (2024-04-05). 3799:Allcot; Gentzkow (2017). 3137:. pp. 27:3, 125–134. 2259:10.3389/fcomm.2022.955493 1939:SSRN Working Paper Series 1933:Thierer, Adam D. (2012). 1623:10.1177/07395329221090497 1179:"The Impact of the Media" 1037:According to a report by 1024:Xi Jinping administration 1014:According to a report by 862:Bildungsstätte Anne Frank 782:2020 Presidential Debates 547:This is your Digital Life 514:feminist political issues 5191:Violence and video games 5169:Social impact of YouTube 5049:Knowledge gap hypothesis 4972:Social-desirability bias 4865:Information–action ratio 3964:10.1177/0022002717721392 3314:Journal of Communication 3261:Kelley, Stanley (1962). 2786:10.1177/1532673X15597747 2640:10.1177/2041905819891366 2539:brainlenses.substack.com 1813:10.1177/1461444815616224 1183:oertx.highered.texas.gov 1120:Propaganda through media 1071:and used a social media 1032:Belt and Road Initiative 528:US election interference 494:Political advertisements 5217:Political communication 5144:Mass shooting contagion 4592:Evolutionary psychology 3866:(in German). 2024-06-10 3582:Greene, Connor (2019). 3557:Smith, Robert Elliott. 3010:10.1287/lytx.2018.03.09 2870:Health and Human Rights 2826:Fischer, Clara (2020). 2751:10.1111/1469-8676.12914 2470:Unver, H. Akin (2017). 2419:Marwick, Alice (2017). 1801:New Media & Society 1729:Journal of Cyber Policy 1325:Wellman, Barry (2012). 1028:Chinese Communist Party 852:usage by the far-right 824:Brexit: The Uncivil War 351:During the peak of the 96:participatory democracy 5134:Fascination with death 4997:Political polarization 4925:Availability heuristic 4890:Television consumption 3692:Moore, Martin (2019). 3148:Moore, Martin (2020). 1849:Cunningham, Alysha A. 1115:Politico-media complex 858:2024 European election 844:2024 European election 763:President Donald Trump 652:by rewriting it in an 399: 218: 148: 122: 92: 84: 25:political organization 5097:Criticism of Facebook 4977:Social influence bias 4860:Information pollution 4850:Information explosion 4833:Texting while driving 4789:Low information voter 4687:Pink-slime journalism 3341:Baker, Megan (2009). 2940:10.1353/jod.2017.0025 2323:MIT Technology Review 2079:10.1353/jod.2019.0002 957:on applications like 902:Further information: 810:UK Independence Party 468:Political advertising 395: 232:Government regulation 206: 147: 121: 88: 80: 5114:Criticism of Netflix 4920:Availability cascade 4855:Information overload 4764:Attention management 4759:Attention inequality 4655:Human-interest story 4597:Behavioral modernity 4582:Cognitive psychology 3736:10.1257/jep.31.2.211 2928:Journal of Democracy 2221:Knowledge at Wharton 2066:Journal of Democracy 1947:10.2139/ssrn.2025674 1020:Chinese social media 1003:influence operations 943:United Arab Emirates 938:Facebook and email. 553:named "The Power of 504:Grassroots campaigns 33:political corruption 5027:Post-truth politics 4957:Mean world syndrome 3369:Pew Research Center 3186:The Times of Israel 2739:Social Anthropology 2567:. 30 October 2018. 2446:Pew Research Center 1853:. Carleton Newsroom 1388:OpenMind Mass Media 1081:General Dynamics IT 802:Cambridge Analytica 710:Social media often 622:Impact on elections 607:The Times of Israel 579:Vote-Leave campaign 412:Pew Research Center 282:Effect on democracy 180:As a public utility 131:Pew Research Center 4840:Influence-for-hire 4818:Media multitasking 4813:Human multitasking 4731:Tabloid television 4682:Media manipulation 4305:The New York Times 3396:. 15 November 2018 3327:10.1093/joc/jqz038 2670:Wong, Julia Carrie 1982:Information Polity 1877:The New York Times 1307:. 12 November 2014 994:Chinese government 935:social engineering 654:encyclopedic style 641:is written like a 431:comments'/'replies 375:Use in autocracies 149: 123: 61:Participatory role 5199: 5198: 5022:Fake news website 4982:Spiral of silence 4935:Confirmation bias 4754:Attention economy 4736:Yellow journalism 4624:Social psychology 3990:Digital Solutions 3490:978-1-108-85877-9 2628:Political Insight 2355:978-0-19-091832-3 2172:share.america.gov 1995:10.3233/IP-210321 1537:. 19 August 2020. 1504:(11): 1539–1555. 1276:978-3-030-36524-0 690:electoral process 682: 681: 674: 166:attention economy 160:Attention economy 37:political parties 5224: 5044:Knowledge divide 4940:Crowd psychology 4930:Bandwagon effect 4697:Public relations 4614:Media psychology 4560: 4553: 4546: 4537: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4483: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4448: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4427: 4416: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4344:Voice of America 4334: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4317: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4255: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4183: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4032:Verizon (2017). 4029: 4023: 4022: 4016: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3958:(9): 1970–1991. 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3908: 3900: 3898: 3897: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3871: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3835: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3805: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3738: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3638: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3569: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3544: 3529: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3516: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3429: 3414: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3394:circle.tufts.edu 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3376: 3371:. 19 August 2020 3361: 3355: 3354: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3258: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3213:. 9 October 2020 3211:blog.twitter.com 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3081: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3053: 3051: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3024: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2923: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2832: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2736: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2692: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2619: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2606: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2578: 2576: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2545: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2520: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2467: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2425: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2393: 2377: 2368: 2367: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2329: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2288: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2261: 2237: 2231: 2230: 2228: 2227: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2178: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2120: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2081: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2032: 2026: 2019: 2013: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1930: 1919: 1918: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1859: 1858: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1807:(9): 1875–1895. 1796: 1790: 1789: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1744: 1720: 1711: 1710: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1675:(1–2): 117–128. 1664: 1658: 1657: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1592: 1577: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1548: 1539: 1538: 1531: 1522: 1521: 1489: 1480: 1479: 1477: 1471:. 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