471:, the United States has not followed other developed democracies in the establishment of a more comprehensive model for assuring its citizens' well being. One possible explanation for this is that the U.S was not affected in the same way by World War II as Europe was: while Europeans relied on strong centralized governments to help rebuild their economies after two world wars, the United States was enjoying a period of unprecedented economic growth due to its being one of the few industrialized countries on the planet whose productive capacity had not been destroyed by enemy nations. But now, with the rise of industrial and geo-political competition in Europe and Asia, growing income inequality, high energy prices, and mounting public debt, there is renewed debate over the role of government in modern society.
409:, advocates a highly developed and government-funded welfare state which provides generous unemployment benefits among other resources for the general public. Labor markets are kept mobile with easy firing and hiring, and government taking care of those laid off with unemployment benefits and retraining. The equality of the Nordic model is achieved through progressive taxation. As a result of the policy, Sweden, Denmark and Norway have the lowest income disparities in the world. Nordic countries have been enjoying high economic and productivity growth, but most remarkably they consistently conquer top spots in
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conventional welfare/well-being criteria, may to some extent over-privilege the Nordic countries in terms of, for instance, gender and racial equality. For example, they suggest that if one takes a broader perspective on well-being incorporating issues associated with bodily integrity or bodily citizenship (Pringle 2011), then some major forms of men’s domination and/or white privilege can be seen to still stubbornly persist in the Nordic countries, e.g. business, violence to women, sexual violence to children, the military, academia and religion (Hearn and
Pringle 2006; Hearn et al. 2018; Pringle 2016)
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Before the Great
Depression, the United States adhered to a social model that could be summarized by the term "rugged individualism": the understanding that because most people are capable of taking care of themselves, each person should be left to succeed or fail on their own, only fettered by the
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The welfare systems within the Nordic Model also emerge as highly-rated in many standard international comparisons of welfare or well-being (e.g. World
Economic Forum 2020). However, as a limited critique, some Nordic-based welfare and gender researchers have argued that such assessments, based on
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and much of continental Europe. They have somewhat more poverty and higher inequality. Despite having a smaller welfare state than most
Western European countries, the UK, Ireland and Canada do provide, among other things, universal single payer health care, redistribute income and guarantee an
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for its citizens, with most people depending on their families and private social organizations if they were unable to provide for themselves; this partially explains the enduring greater emphasis on family and religion in
American society and politics today than in other comparably developed
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model is similar to the
Continental model, but focuses welfare on generous state-pensions. The labour market is inflexible with the same job protectionism as in the Continental model, but is not good at reducing poverty within the
633:
Pringle, Keith (2011). "Comparative
Studies of Well-Being in Terms of Gender, Ethnicity and the Concept of Bodily Citizenship: Turning Esping- Andersen on His Head?"". In Oleksy, E; Hearn, J; Golańska, D (eds.).
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to protect workers from arbitrary firings. A high degree of regulation such as expensive severance fees is often cited reason for making employers reluctant to hire and causing unemployment.
452:, which held that the government can and should have a greater role in regulating the economy, so as to promote a better life for all of its citizens. The biggest change came with President
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and a well funded welfare state are used to reduce poverty and provide high quality health care. This model can generally be seen as middle ground between the
British and Nordic models.
192:, individuals have to rely on health insurance policies in the event of hospitalization, and a minimal amount of state support for the poorer people exists. Another element can be
196:, as some countries have nationalized rapid transit systems, while others have privatized them (in the UK for example, public transport has been privatised in
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Pringle, Keith (2016). "Doing (Oppressive) Gender via Men's
Relations with Children". In Hayren, A; Henriksson, HW (eds.).
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As a result of increased modernization in the late 19th century, this view changed in the emergence of the
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Hearn, Jeff; Pringle, Keith (2018). "Men, Masculinities and Social Policy". In Shaver, Sheila (ed.).
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The Limits of Gendered Citizenship: Contexts and Complexities
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World Economic Forum (2019). "Mind the 100 Year Gap, 2020".
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541:. New York: Oxford University Press (USA).
698:Beyond Ideology, The Social Welfare State
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
474:For more comprehensive information, see
668:. Oxford: Edward Elgar. pp. 55–73.
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477:Social programs in the United States
574:"Why are Dutch children so happy?"
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375:Norway
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