Pack hunter - Knowledge

790: 303:(ESS)—a strategy that an individual adopts because failure to do so reduces its fitness—only when solitary hunting is much less efficient. This is usually due to a prey species being too large to be taken down by a single individual predator, meaning hunting efficiency is low and hunting cost is high. In this case, the increased benefit in hunting efficiency from cooperation must compensate for the division of available meat among cooperators. Furthermore, cooperatively hunting groups are prone to invasion by cheaters and scavengers who avoid the drawbacks of hunting, so the added benefit of cooperative hunting must also outweigh these costs. Otherwise, cheating and scavenging can also be evolutionarily stable strategies. The proportion of these strategies increases in larger groups, since only a certain number of individuals are required to help make the kill, allowing others to directly benefit without participating in the hunt. 653:

the center lies in an ambush position. As the wings slowly encircle their mark, they drive the prey towards the waiting center—often one of the older and heavier individuals in the group—who then pounces to make the kill. Each individual in the group learns its preferred role during youth, whether it be center or wing. A child does not necessarily perform the same position as its mother since it learns through observing other lionesses in the pride. Individuals have also been shown to perform positions other than their natural place depending on whether another individual has already filled their role. Despite this plasticity, hunting success is greatest when every individual in the group can perform its specialized role.

817:) provide compelling evidence for interspecific cooperative hunting. Groupers visit moray eels at their resting places and provide visual signals (such as a head shake) to engage morays in the hunt. These associations are non-random and appear to be motivated by the hunger level of the groupers. Groupers were able to capture prey five times more quickly with morays present because the eels could sneak through crevices and corner prey items; additionally, morays that hunted alone were never successful because they did not have a grouper present to lead them to the prey. Thus, the hunting success of groupers and giant moray eels is greater for both species than when hunting alone. 587:

hunt with group ceremonies involving standing nose-to-nose and wagging their tails. Once concluded, the pack heads towards the prey, chasing it down and then surrounding it. Once the attack begins the wolves have specific roles in the hunt, based on age, gender and social standing, as well as its particular experience and abilities. The youngest wolves frequently do nothing more than observe and learn from the sidelines. Speedy, lightly built females often take on herding roles, darting back and forth in front of prey, causing confusion and preventing escape. Slower but more powerful males are able to take down a large animal more aggressively and quickly.

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when prey is small enough to be captured by an individual. In contrast, when patches of prey are focused in small areas of a habitat, predators are likely to live in groups, to coordinate large attacks, and to kill more prey. This strategy illustrates the importance of group living in establishing cooperative hunting efforts. In this respect, cooperative hunting is not just a function of the species, but also of its environment. Consequentially, cooperative hunting most likely evolved in areas with scarce prey distribution, and patterns of this behavior are likely to vary with seasonal fluctuation of available resources.

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anticipate the escape route of the prey long enough in advance to force it back towards the chasers or down into the lower canopy. Blocking and ambushing are thought to require much more cognitive effort in anticipating the future movements of the prey, and they are thus rewarded with a larger proportion of meat after a successful hunt. These two roles correlate positively with the age of the chimpanzee as the cognitive function necessary to perform these tasks is thought to increase with age. Furthermore, individuals can change roles during the same hunt or maintain their same role during the entire process.

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cooperators if one member was unable to make a kill. Moreover, cheaters and scavengers only do well when hunting costs are very high, since they forgo the chance to get their own prey. In these parts of the model, cooperative hunting is always favorable, as long as there is some form of increase in net efficiency over solitary hunting. However, in their body of research, Packer and Ruttan found very few instances of this clear advantage over solitaries. They concluded that cooperative hunting in multiple-prey situations is more likely to be a result of pre-existing social bonds rather than an evolutionary

439:, they still agree that it plays an important role in developing social groups. For example, as a result of cooperative hunting, aplomado falcons defend the nest together and share the food with offspring after the hunt. Cooperative hunting has thus proven to hold certain social groups together since it can be disadvantageous to hunt alone in particular situations. Future research may quantify the contribution of cooperative hunting to the evolution of sociality, as it is currently difficult to ascertain how much cooperative hunting is a cause or a consequence of social behavior. 537:

maximized net benefits. Instead, because larger packs must travel farther to get more food, there are travelling costs associated with larger groups. Thus, African wild dogs optimize a more appropriate currency: the amount of meat gained per dog per kilometer traveled, instead of the amount of meat gained per dog per day as the latter does not take into account the costs of hunting. This research successfully demonstrates that varying ecological variables are responsible for the difference in optimum group size among cooperatively hunting animals.

714:) have been shown to act cooperatively to trap and collect insect prey species. These social arachnids cooperate both by spinning communal webs on which to catch prey and by moving together to catch large prey in the field, such as grasshoppers. These spiders do not monopolize certain parts of the web, meaning any individual can use a variety of locations to lie in wait for prey. When prey is captured in the field, it usually requires at least two spiders to be brought back to the nest to be shared among the rest of the colony. 500:, as it allows them to make a kill in a safer, more efficient manner. After the kill has been made, the hunters restrict meat access to those involved in the hunt to protect their food from scavengers. This includes both strictly scavenging species and members of their own species who do not participate in the hunt. In these ways, cooperative hunting confers adaptive advantages by affording species a means to make more efficient kills and by ensuring they get the maximum amount of food possible from their kill. 574: 324: 228: 700:. Prey size may have been important for the evolution of cooperative hunting in fossa because one of their main sources of prey (larger lemurs) has recently gone extinct. Larger lemurs (20–120 pounds), such as giant sloth lemurs, were abundant on Madagascar until 500–1500 years ago. Cooperative hunting was common to take down a prey of this size. However, since extinction was relatively recent, cooperative hunting may have persisted even after their prey size diminished. 559: 3170: 778: 452: 632: 385:

of cooperative hunting at Taï (where multiple chimps can help one another out), but not at Gombe (where the benefits of cooperative hunting do not outweigh the costs of meat-sharing). In fact, single hunters gain much more meat than cooperative hunters in the Gombe population. It is therefore plausible that cooperative hunting evolved at Taï as a response to the more difficult distribution of monkeys in taller trees.

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most advanced levels may reflect a higher level of cognitive ability. In addition, frequent and successful pack hunting may depend on a higher level of social harmony, complexity, or intelligence, which may facilitate concerted group activities. In general, not much data has been collected on this topic, and new technologies and equipment may allow the collection of enough observations to answer these questions.

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strategy, since solitaries don't have to share their kill. Cheaters and scavengers never prosper in this situation, since the original captor monopolizes all the food. The model predicts that the only way cooperative hunting is an ESS for single small prey is if the predators are already constrained to live in groups—so they must share what they get in order to keep the group stable.

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have been replicated in a computer simulation where the wolves were programmed with two simple rules: (1) Get within a minimum safe distance from the prey (2) Once this distance is achieved, move away from hunting partners. Ambushing is also argued to have been represented in this simulation by wolves who begin randomly at different locations. This simulation matches the

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group small enough to provide enough food for all individuals. Another important consideration is that when groups grow larger, there is a greater chance that individuals will engage in a cheater strategy. If there is consistently too much cheating in a group, individuals will prefer to hunt alone so they do not have to share their meal with

550:, which can vary widely among different species. Division of labor among cooperatively hunting species occurs along a continuum, ranging from species in which individuals never differentiate into specific roles to species in which individuals specialize into different roles that they always perform throughout their lifetime. 364:

hunt. This social mechanism is thought to prevent cheaters from destabilizing the cooperative hunting paradigm by getting more that the net benefit of hunters. Additionally, this meat-sharing behavior is not related to the social hierarchy of the group, suggesting that it depends solely on participation in the hunt.

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Research conducted by Vladmir Dinets has indicated that crocodilians regularly engage in cooperative hunting behavior, including highly organized game drives. Behaviours noted by Dinets include forming tight "bait balls" when hunting fish and being able to anticipate the location and actions of other

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African wild dogs participate in an intense rally ceremony before hunting. Its function is to ensure that all the members are alert and ready to hunt. They then all trot together and participate in a chase during which they pursue and harass the prey. Instead of immediately attacking the prey, which

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When a species hunts a single prey small enough to be monopolized by an individual, cooperative hunting is rarely ever an ESS, since group members in essence all compete for a single meal. Unless individual prey-tracking and capture-efficiency is extremely low, solitary hunting is always the dominant

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events means that in very bad conditions it will not be possible to raise the young necessary to prevent declining populations from adult mortality. It is also argued that Africa's large area of continuous flat and open country, which was even more extensive while rainforest contracted during glacial

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has argued that this level of collaborative complexity is indicative of several advanced cognitive processes. For example, chimps must successfully attribute physical abilities to their prey and use this information to predict which tree they may reach and when. In addition, chimps require knowledge

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While it is easy to attribute complex cognitive processes to animals hunting in a coordinated manner, this apparently complex behaviour may be explained in terms of more simple mental operations. For example, the hunting tactics of wolves, which involve fanning out and encircling prey, are argued to

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favours traits or behaviours that promote the survival of relatives. At Lamalera, only kin that are of the same lineage (that all descend from male relatives or all descend from female relatives) hunt together. The researchers suggest that this allows an unambiguous identification of the relatedness

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Co-operation between wolves in a pack is most visible in their hunting strategy, and is highly effective. A wolf pack may trail a herd of elk, caribou or other large prey for days, looking for an animal that displays any sign of weakness, before making its move. In open areas, wolves may precede the

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Another advantage of cooperative hunting is that attacking in a group allows more opportunities to make a kill before the prey scatters and gets away. There is also the potential to confuse the prey species so they may run into another hunter approaching from a different direction. Group attacks are

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monkeys that live in trees; however, the trees are much smaller at Gombe, such that it is very easy for one chimp to capture its prey. At Taï, the trees are much taller (by about 30–40 meters), and it thus takes a larger effort to capture the prey. This disparity in height would favor the evolution

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Curiously, among female Taï chimpanzees, cheating has become an ESS because there are substantially more costs associated with hunting, including the risk of dropping infants from trees and injuring them. Therefore, it pays females to be bystanders rather than hunt; in fact, the male strategy allows

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stimulation, a type of learning common to animals with lower levels of cognitive complexity. They concluded that "elaborate coordination can be achieved through a relatively simple decision process of mapping between observations and actions via distance-dependent internal representations formed by

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In Taï, chimpanzee, individuals participate as a driver, blocker, chaser, or ambusher. Drivers follow the prey without trying to catch up with it. Blockers place themselves in a tree to block the progression of the prey. Chasers move quickly after the prey to catch up with it. Finally, ambushers

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is based on groups of three to seven individuals split into two highly specialized roles, centers and wings, which coordinate their movement to encircle and ambush the prey. In a line of lions, the outside individuals, also known as the wings, first run out to the sides of the intended target while

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The distribution of prey species is often the determining factor for whether populations hunt cooperatively. When prey is abundant throughout a habitat, cooperative hunting is not an effective strategy. Solitary hunters can easily find food on their own and do not share their kill. This case arises

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For cooperative hunting to remain stable, there must be some mechanism to prevent cheaters and scavengers from taking an unfair portion of the meat. Following his study of the Taï chimpanzees, Boesch showed that the meat is distributed in a manner proportional to an individual's contribution to the

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between hunters. However, several lines of evidence indicate that many instances of cooperative hunting rely on simple principles and can be observed in species without large brains or advanced cognitive abilities. Nevertheless, cooperative hunting occurs at different levels of complexity, and the

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Individual role specialization has also been observed in bottlenose dolphins. The bottlenose dolphins form groups of three to six. One dolphin acts as the “driver” and herds the fish in circles towards the “barrier dolphins” who are tightly grouped together to form a barrier. The driver performs

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Many species, including spiders, have been observed to take down prey in groups. However, the mere act of multiple animals killing and sharing prey does not by itself indicate any level of advanced coordination. To differentiate between different levels of cooperative hunting, Boesch & Boesch

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has shown how cooperative hunting can develop in pre-industrial societies. This village relies on traditional whale hunting techniques for its livelihood. Because whale hunting requires more than one individual, it benefits the villagers to hunt cooperatively. The hunting men cooperate either as

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On the other hand, cooperative hunting is always an ESS when attacking multiple prey, both large and small. This is because cooperators no longer have to pay costs of dividing meat if they can each make their own kill. Another benefit is that when prey is sufficiently large it can be shared among

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monitor each other's movements during hunts. Males and females always perform the same task in every situation. They begin perched together and the males initiate and give a sharp "chirp" vocalization to signal for the female to follow suit. When chasing birds on the ground, the females follow

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Many populations capable of forming cooperative hunting groups may not necessarily do so if their group is too small or too large for this behavior to be favorable. Group size is an important indicator of specific instances of cooperative hunting, as the prey must be large enough and the hunting

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due to cooperative hunting. For example, aplomado falcons increase their efficiency of capture when hunting in pairs because the pairs are twice as successful as hunting alone. As a result, the high overall success rate of cooperative hunting leads to higher per capita meat intake even in large

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While the majority of group hunting behaviours do not seem to take much cognitive complexity, it has been observed that species that receive a large portion of their food from cooperative hunts tend to have a complex or harmonious social structure. This includes many of the prototypical social

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There are two main goals to cooperative hunting in social carnivores: taking down large prey species through a coordinated effort and subsequently protecting their kill from scavengers. A common goal in cooperatively hunting pairs is to coordinate the separation of a mother and her offspring,

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There may be costs that set an upper limit on group size. The net benefits increase as a function of pack size, as more animals in a group are theoretically able to obtain more meat. However, in African wild dogs, researchers found that the most common group size was not the group size that

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could result in small prey immediately fleeing and large prey forming a defensive pinwheel and charging, the dogs form a defensive formation. Despite their coordinated formation, there is no clear role specialization in this species, as all individuals perform essentially the same function.

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and a level of cognitive and social complexity only achieved by humans. However, Boesch counters this by pointing out that Taï chimps fulfill all the hallmarks of shared intentionality, bringing into question either the uniqueness or the complexity of this cognitive process.

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crew members, corporate members, or craftsmen. Each performs a different duty and receives a different share of whale meat. Alvard echoes other research by suggesting that these shared norms of meat distribution sustains cooperative hunting and prevents the rise of cheaters.

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fluke-slaps to cause the fish to leap into the air. As the fish begin to leap, the driver moves next to the barrier dolphins, who all catch the fish in the air with their mouths open. Stefanie Gazda and colleagues predict that this role specialization is more common in

70:. Normally animals hunting in this way are closely related, and with the exceptions of chimpanzees where only males normally hunt, all individuals in a family group contribute to hunting. When hunting cooperation is across two or more species, the broader term 426:

When resources are distributed in a way that supports group living, populations may develop social groups. Cooperative hunting is often a major feature of these groups, and it is one of the primary bases for the evolution of sociality in the order

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have been found to be better at a cooperative problem-solving task with a food reward than chimpanzees. In addition, their performance is modulated by social factors, such as the presence of an audience and the social rank of their partner.

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carnivores, such as wolves and wild dogs. A harmonious pack structure may allow for the emergence of more frequent cooperative hunts, as group activities and food sharing are facilitated by lower levels of aggression and fear. For example,

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Division of labor, with each team member performing a subtask to complete an objective, is found in many species. It has been shown that animals that forage and hunt cooperatively in groups often adopt specialized roles during a

164:. It is thought that either on the ancient and poor soils of the southern African savanna it is not possible for individual predators to find adequate food, or that the environment's inherent unpredictability due to 401:

Even species that normally exhibit solitary hunting behavior have been shown to engage in cooperative hunting when the distribution of prey makes it difficult for solitary hunters to be successful. For example, in

380:, cooperative hunting is not a stable strategy. The predator-prey interactions differ in Gombe chimpanzees in a way that has prevented cooperative hunting from evolving. Both Taï and Gombe chimps hunt small 388:

The results above suggest that social living in chimps may not be a necessary prerequisite for the evolution of cooperative hunting; instead, the distribution of resources is a critical determining factor.

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Another argument consists of observations that several animals not usually thought of as cognitively complex have been observed to hunt cooperatively, and in some cases collaboratively. For example,

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into collaborative hunts, where their complementary hunting strategies increase the feeding success of both. The gestures performed by the grouper fish fulfill the criteria for a

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crocodiles without being able to see them for an ambush. Dinets suggests this may make crocodiles some of a small group of animals that can cooperate in such sophisticated ways.

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right behind the birds in the bushes and the males swoop in from overhead to make the kill. Within these pairs, males and females are consistently assigned to a particular role.

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Tomasello, Michael; Carpenter, Malinda; Call, Josep; Behne, Tanya; Moll, Henrike (October 2005). "Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition".

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Muro, C.; Escobedo, R.; Spector, L.; Coppinger, R.P. (November 2011). "Wolf-pack (Canis lupus) hunting strategies emerge from simple rules in computational simulations".

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occurs when hunters do not merely perform the same or similar actions in a coordinated manner, but adopt different and complementary roles such as driving and ambushing.

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of their partner's roles and the information they possess about the prey's location in order to infer the direction of the prey and adjust their behaviour accordingly.

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are the first documented example of cooperative hunting in solitary species, as fossa are some of the least social carnivores. The fossa is the largest member of

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Li, R.; Lockley, M. G.; Makovicky, P. J.; et al. (March 2008). "Behavioral and faunal implications of Early Cretaceous deinonychosaur trackways from China".

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McAuliffe, K.; Thornton, A. (January 2015). "The psychology of cooperation in animals: an ecological approach: The psychology of cooperation in animals".

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Even more advanced than these predictive abilities may be the ability to participate in collaborative activities with shared goals and intentions, which

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occurs when hunters focus similar actions on the same prey, but without temporal or spatial coordination, as is the case with the aforementioned spiders.

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particularly advantageous when prey live in concentrated groups, as hunters have a hard time tracking prey in territories outside the preferred habitat.

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facilitating an easier kill that a solitary hunter could not make. Cooperative hunting is also important in species that prey on larger animals, such as

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regularly hunt collaboratively. They have been observed to use four different specialized roles, including ambushing, blocking, chasing, and driving.

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model to explain under what circumstances cooperative hunting might evolve. In their model, individuals can engage in one of four hunting strategies:

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When an environment allows it, cooperative hunting can offer species a range of adaptive advantages not normally available through solitary hunting.

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For cooperative hunting to evolve, in single hunters the net gain (benefits less costs) of hunting together exceeds the net gain of hunting alone.

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For hunting to evolve, in single individuals the rewards for hunting (meat intake) exceed the costs of hunting (energy used up, injury, illness).

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occurs when hunters display temporal coordination, for example initiating the hunt at the same time, but display no spatial coordination.

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Strübin, Carine; Steinegger, Marc; Bshary, Redouan (2011). "On Group Living and Collaborative Hunting in the Yellow Saddle Goatfish (

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In contrast to social carnivores, who normally hunt cooperatively and only occasionally take on complementary roles, chimpanzees in

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condensed Packer and Ruttan's model to two basic conditions and added a crucial third component based on his study of chimpanzees (

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occurs when hunters coordinate both temporally and spatially, adjusting their positions based on the behaviour of their partners.

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each fill a specialized role to make fish jump in the air. In this vulnerable position, they are easy prey for the dolphin team.

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Liu, Mingwei; Harris, Jerald D.; Norell, Mark A.; Matsukawa, Masaki; Makovicky, Peter J.; Lockley, Martin G.; Li, Rihui (2008).

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periods of the Quaternary, may have helped encourage pack hunting to become much more common than on any other continent.

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Understanding how cooperative hunting could evolve requires considering the circumstances that would make it beneficial.

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Hector D.P. (1986). "Cooperative hunting and its relationship to foraging success and prey size in an avian predator".

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Each of these strategies has a certain efficiency based on the size and number of prey that can be captured in a hunt.

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have been observed to operate at the level of coordination and occasionally collaboration, while some populations of

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Alvard M.S. (2003). "Kinship, lineage, and an evolutionary perspective on cooperative hunting groups in Indonesia".

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Boesch, Christophe; Boesch, Hedwige (April 1989). "Hunting behavior of wild chimpanzees in the Taï National Park".

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were likewise found to be better at a cooperative task with a food reward than other, more aggressive chimpanzees.

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Dinets, Vladimir (3 April 2015). "Apparent coordination and collaboration in cooperatively hunting crocodilians".

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research team led by Kazushi Tsutsui found that cooperative hunting behavior could be reliably predicted using a

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only engages when it is the first to find prey, but lets another individual make the kill if it arrives second.

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Bshary, Redouan; Hohner, Andrea; Ait-el-Djoudi, Karim; Fricke, Hans (5 December 2006). de Waal, Frans (ed.).

944:. In addition, cooperative and collaborative hunting has been observed in other unlikely candidates, such as 3457: 3242: 2939:

Drea, Christine M.; Carter, Allisa N. (October 2009). "Cooperative problem solving in a social carnivore".

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This research also details the importance of biological relatedness amongst a cooperative hunting group.

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must carry her young through the trees, meaning it could be put in danger if she decides to pursue prey.

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Ward P.I., Enders M.M. (1985). ""Conflict and Cooperation in the Group Feeding of the Social Spider"

2016: 1757: 1702: 1647: 1518: 1370: 1183: 1126: 973: 346: 315:, but that this hunting behavior is still important for establishing the social fabric of the group. 141: 2134:

Dinets, V. (2014). "Apparent coordination and collaboration in cooperatively hunting crocodilians".

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Hare, Brian; Melis, Alicia P.; Woods, Vanessa; Hastings, Sara; Wrangham, Richard (April 2007).

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the female strategy to be stable provided the males provision their female partners with food.

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hunt cooperatively, at least some of the time. Cooperative hunting has also been documented in

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level of complexity, leaving open the question of the cognitive processes necessary for

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Creel, S.; Creel, N. M. (1995). "Communal hunting and pack size in African wild dogs,

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Packer C.; Scheel D.; Pusey A.E. (1990). "Why lions form groups: Food is not enough".

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Boesch, Christophe (March 2002). "Cooperative hunting roles among taï chimpanzees".

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Creel, S. (1997). "Cooperative hunting and group size: assumptions and currencies".

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Among wolves : Gordon Haber's insights into Alaska's most misunderstood animal

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Stander P.E. (1992). "Cooperative hunting in lions: the role of the individual".

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and thus provides a unique perspective to study group behavior. Some non-avian

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and Lore Ruttan surveyed documented instances of cooperative hunting to make a

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Around 80–95% of carnivores are solitary and hunt alone; the others including

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is a reflection of this. Most pack hunters are found in the southern African

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Mammalian Social Learning: Comparative and Ecological Perspectives, Issue 72

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Mudroch, A.; Richter, U.; Joger, U.; Kosma, R.; Idé, O.; Maga, A. (2011).

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Global Runoff: Continental Comparisons of Annual Flows and Peak Discharges

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have been observed to collaborate frequently with several distinct roles.

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Tsutsui, Kazushi; Tanaka, Ryoya; Takeda, Kazuya; Fujii, Keisuke (2022).

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The model shows that cooperative hunting for a single large prey is an

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too can be considered pack hunters. Other pack hunting mammals include

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Boesch C (2002). "Cooperative hunting roles among taï chimpanzees".

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Higher success in prey capture has been demonstrated in wild dogs,

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Vail, Alexander L.; Manica, Andrea; Bshary, Redouan (June 2013).

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Bailey, Ida; Myatt, Julia P.; Wilson, Alan M. (January 2013).

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Boesch, C. (1994). "Cooperative hunting in wild chimpanzees".

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Cooperative hunting is sometimes thought to reflect advanced

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never hunts and waits for another individual to make a kill.

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Bshary R.; Hohner A.; Ait-el-Djoudi K.; Fricke H. (2006).

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The usually solitary fossa sometimes hunts cooperatively.

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Kershenbaum, Arik; Blumstein, Daniel T. (1 June 2017).

624:. One specific type of cooperative feeding behavior is 463: 267:

engages prey both when it is alone or with a companion.

2975:"Hyenas Cooperate, Problem-Solve Better Than Primates" 994:. Tomasello claims that this ability involves unique 932:, a signalling behaviour previously only observed in 2687:"Referential gestures in fish collaborative hunting" 2179:"Referential gestures in fish collaborative hunting" 1806:

Gazda S.K.; Connor R.C.; Edgar R.K.; Cox F. (2005).

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individuals generally hunt alone when searching for

3440: 3402: 3357: 3309: 3177: 3033: 1961:. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 196–199. 3513:Task allocation and partitioning of social insects 855:developed a scheme for categorizing group hunts: 692:. They are carnivorous, feeding mostly on small 247:Conventional model: Packer and Ruttan Game Theory 1170:Rubenstein, Dustin R.; Lovette, Irby J. (2007). 2500: 2498: 1598: 1245:Box, Hilary O.; Gibson, Kathleen R. (editors); 616:due to a higher variability in prey diversity, 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1402: 1400: 66:by working together with other members of its 3011: 1909: 1907: 1266: 1264: 1262: 8: 2642:"Wolf hunting strategy follows simple rules" 1306: 1304: 1302: 2177:Vail, A.L.; Manica, A.; Bshary, R. (2013). 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1003:Social intelligence and cooperative hunting 3018: 3004: 2996: 1982:Haber, Gordon; Holleman, Marybeth (2013). 1164: 1162: 140:Pack hunting is typically associated with 2710: 2530: 2461:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2432: 2414: 2324: 2205: 2063: 1887: 1835: 1779: 1769: 1566: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1460: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1195: 1089: 1079: 443:Evolution of group strategies and tactics 372:On the other hand, in the chimpanzees of 2661:"Eels and groupers hunt better together" 1801: 1799: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1055: 1053: 1051: 884:A variety of social carnivores, such as 577:Canadian Gray Wolves surrounding a bison 31: 1047: 156:and with the exception of the wolf and 904:Arguments against cognitive complexity 39:working together to take down a large 3121:Patterns of self-organization in ants 2454: 2452: 2392: 2390: 2346: 2344: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 1226:See McMahon T. A. and Finlayson, B.; 292:avoids others and always hunts alone. 200:and large marine vertebrates such as 109:. Avian social predators include the 7: 1868:International Journal of Primatology 807:Plectropomus pessuliferus marisrubri 2892:Boesch, Christophe (October 2005). 2242:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2009:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 1859:Watts, D. P.; Mitani J. C. (2002). 1027:Evolutionary models of food sharing 924:fish have been observed to recruit 393:Importance of resource distribution 319:Revised model: Boesch's chimpanzees 219:may have displayed pack behaviour. 3131:symmetry breaking of escaping ants 1816:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 1531:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1986.tb00915.x 968:Arguments for cognitive complexity 435:-sharing and mutual protection of 25: 770:Interspecific cooperative hunters 3168: 2744:Ethology Ecology & Evolution 2640:Edwards, Lin (11 October 2011). 2136:Ethology Ecology & Evolution 1549:Lührs, M.; Dammhahn, M. (2010). 1139:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.01966.x 788: 776: 737:Research at Lamalera village in 648:Cooperative hunting strategy in 450: 223:Evolution of cooperative hunting 77:A well known pack hunter is the 620:, and predator mobility in the 565:eating the spoils of their hunt 1986:. University of Alaska Press. 301:evolutionarily stable strategy 1: 2953:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.06.030 2898:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2843:Behavioral and Brain Sciences 144:and its concentration in the 125:. Other pack hunters include 3092:Mixed-species foraging flock 3043:Agent-based model in biology 2764:10.1080/03949370.2014.915432 2416:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040431 2365:10.1016/j.beproc.2011.09.006 2156:10.1080/03949370.2014.915432 1771:10.1371/journal.pone.0014642 1329:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80048-4 1168:For a brief explanation see 1081:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040431 152:, with a notable absence in 3339:Particle swarm optimization 708:Stegodyphid spiders (Genus 318: 3560: 3048:Collective animal behavior 821:Implications for cognition 374:Gombe Stream National Park 3166: 2910:10.1017/S0140525X05230121 2855:10.1017/S0140525X05000129 2828:10.1101/2022.10.10.511517 2603:10.1007/s12110-002-1013-6 2532:10.1016/j.cub.2007.02.040 2262:10.1007/s00265-012-1423-3 2074:10.1007/s12110-002-1013-6 1812:) off Cedar Key, Florida" 1715:10.1007/s00114-007-0310-7 1660:10.1007/s00114-007-0310-7 1568:10.1007/s10164-009-0190-8 1471:10.1007/s12110-003-1001-5 1197:10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.032 422:Implications on sociality 3377:Self-propelled particles 750:of other group members. 251:In 1988, the ecologists 27:Type of predatory animal 3458:Collective intelligence 3324:Ant colony optimization 2473:10.1002/ajpa.1330780410 2121:10.1163/156853985x00325 1957:Mech, L. David (2003). 1880:10.1023/a:1013270606320 1605:The American Naturalist 1273:The American Naturalist 524:Economics of group size 3478:Microbial intelligence 3138:Shoaling and schooling 1928:10.1006/anbe.1997.0481 1828:10.1098/rspb.2004.2937 1421:10.1006/anbe.1994.1285 1115:Parupeneus cyclostomus 996:mental representations 961:reinforcement learning 734: 675: 640: 578: 566: 332: 235: 44: 2691:Nature Communications 2353:Behavioural Processes 2186:Nature Communications 2105:Stegodyphus mimosarum 991:shared intentionality 955:Using AI modeling, a 815:Gymnothorax javanicus 725: 673: 634: 576: 561: 483:Adaptive significance 326: 230: 35: 3498:Spatial organization 3463:Decentralised system 3301:Sea turtle migration 3155:Swarming (honey bee) 1959:The wolves of Denali 850:Levels of complexity 841:and involve complex 498:African hunting dogs 154:tropical rainforests 142:cooperative breeding 3473:Group size measures 3035:Biological swarming 2981:. 28 September 2009 2756:2015EtEcE..27..244D 2703:2013NatCo...4.1765V 2659:MacKenzie, Debora. 2523:2007CBio...17..619H 2254:2013BEcoS..67....1B 2198:2013NatCo...4.1765V 2148:2015EtEcE..27..244D 2021:1992BEcoS..29..445S 1762:2011PLoSO...614642M 1707:2008NW.....95..185L 1695:Naturwissenschaften 1652:2008NW.....95..185L 1640:Naturwissenschaften 1523:1986Ethol..73..247H 1375:1983Natur.301..379M 1188:2007CBio...17.1414R 1131:2011Ethol.117..961S 964:prior experience." 930:referential gesture 827:cognitive processes 731:Alfred Jacob Miller 614:terrestrial animals 603:Bottlenose dolphins 509:bottlenose dolphins 491:Adaptive advantages 242:Evolutionary models 133:, and occasionally 131:goldsaddle goatfish 72:cooperative hunting 3534:Behavioral ecology 3488:Predator satiation 3349:Swarm (simulation) 3344:Swarm intelligence 3319:Agent-based models 3150:Swarming behaviour 2712:10.1038/ncomms2781 2564:Journal of Zoology 2207:10.1038/ncomms2781 2029:10.1007/bf00170175 1810:Tursiops truncatus 735: 681:Cryptoprocta ferox 676: 641: 579: 567: 462:. You can help by 333: 236: 146:Afrotropical realm 74:is commonly used. 45: 3521: 3520: 3508:Military swarming 3453:Animal navigation 3372:Collective motion 3359:Collective motion 3226:reverse migration 3160:Swarming motility 2576:10.1111/jzo.12204 2309:10.1093/cz/zox027 1822:(1559): 135–140. 1369:(5899): 379–384. 1182:(16): 1414–1419. 986:Michael Tomasello 978:Christophe Boesch 974:Taï National Park 957:Nagoya University 894:African wild dogs 563:African wild dogs 554:African wild dogs 541:Division of labor 480: 479: 347:Taï National Park 337:Christophe Boesch 121:species and many 16:(Redirected from 3551: 3334:Crowd simulation 3311:Swarm algorithms 3282:Insect migration 3187:Animal migration 3179:Animal migration 3172: 3097:Mobbing behavior 3020: 3013: 3006: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2941:Animal Behaviour 2936: 2930: 2929: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2714: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2656: 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447: 404:aplomado falcons 257:game-theoretical 117:, three of four 103:banded mongooses 62:which hunts its 21: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3552: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3436: 3398: 3353: 3305: 3173: 3164: 3029: 3024: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2938: 2937: 2933: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2511:Current Biology 2504: 2503: 2496: 2458: 2457: 2450: 2396: 2395: 2388: 2350: 2349: 2342: 2297:Current Zoology 2290: 2289: 2285: 2235: 2234: 2223: 2181: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2065:10.1.1.556.2265 2049: 2048: 2044: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1994: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1969: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1913: 1912: 1905: 1863: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1805: 1804: 1797: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1602: 1601: 1576: 1548: 1547: 1538: 1508: 1507: 1494: 1462:10.1.1.131.5106 1446: 1445: 1436: 1406: 1405: 1398: 1360: 1359: 1344: 1310: 1309: 1300: 1270: 1269: 1260: 1244: 1240: 1225: 1221: 1176:Current Biology 1169: 1167: 1160: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1125:(11): 961–969. 1112: 1111: 1107: 1059: 1058: 1049: 1045: 1023: 1005: 970: 906: 852: 823: 800: 799: 798: 797: 796: 793: 785: 784: 781: 772: 771: 765: 756: 727:Hunting Buffalo 720: 706: 668: 659: 646: 605: 593: 584: 556: 543: 526: 515:, falcons, and 493: 485: 476: 470: 467: 460:needs expansion 445: 424: 395: 342:Pan troglodytes 321: 249: 244: 225: 53:social predator 28: 23: 22: 18:Social predator 15: 12: 11: 5: 3557: 3555: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3526: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3493:Quorum sensing 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3444: 3442: 3441:Related topics 3438: 3437: 3435: 3434: 3429: 3427:Swarm robotics 3424: 3419: 3414: 3408: 3406: 3404:Swarm robotics 3400: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3385: 3384: 3374: 3369: 3363: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 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