603:
Mitigation strategies are also employed before the risk occurs to decrease the potential impact of a future down-side risk. Whereas preventive strategies reduce the probability of the risk occurring, mitigation strategies reduce the potential impact if the risk were to occur. Risk mitigation can take
149:
World Bank's Social
Protection and Labor Sector is one of its youngest units established in 1996. Analysis of past experiences in this area for a future policy proposal in the sector's strategy paper revealed the need for a new framework of social protection that shifted its focus from instruments to
707:
Coping strategies are designed to relieve the impact of the risk once it has occurred. The government has an important role in assisting people in coping, for example, in the case where individual households have not saved enough to handle repeated or catastrophic risks. Individuals may have been
835:
to a few people or groups conventionally identified as vulnerable (widows, orphans, handicapped). This leaves 95% of the
Togolese to rely mostly on informal arrangements through both internal arrangements, which are organized by the prospective beneficiaries and external arrangements, which are
942:
behaviors that are determined by a multitude of factors and not just decreased risk vulnerability. Also, riskier behaviors not only hold the potential for higher returns but also for bigger losses making World Bank's encouragement of such activities inappropriate.
224:(or micro) shocks while the latter are referred to as covariant (or macro) shocks. Many more mechanisms are available for coping with idiosyncratic shocks than covariant shocks. The latter can be particularly devastating, leaving households with nowhere in the
131:
requires a deeper "understanding of the nature and characteristics of poverty" itself. Research in this area exposed the long-term negative consequences of seemingly transitory shocks and suggested the need for a preventative view of poverty based on
234:
A third distinction concerns shocks following one another like drought followed by sickness and death versus shocks that occur as single events. The former are known as repeated shocks and are typically difficult to handle through informal
708:
poor for their entire lifetime with no possibility to accumulate assets at all, being rendered destitute by the smallest income loss and running the risk of being faced with irreversible damages. The main forms of coping consist of:
958:
World Bank's Social
Protection and Labor Sector is under the process of formulating its Social Protection and Labor Strategy 2012 – 2022. Conceptual note for the strategy outlines four indicative strategic directions:
919:
of SRM's practical application. Besides Yemen and Togo, SRM has not been experimentally studied within the development field. This raises skepticism regarding the framework's feasibility in the arena of
78:
and efficiency trade-off arguments. This view changed as a result of the following policy, conceptual and institutional triggers that led to the creation of SRM as a new social protection framework:
839:
In order to improve social protection, the government rethought its social protection policy in the framework of SRM and the following prevention, mitigation and coping strategies were proposed:
1475:
823:
in
November 1998. During the workshop, available data was analyzed to determine sources of risks, available arrangements of social protection and vulnerable groups in Togo. Since Togo's
488:
occurs to reduce the probability of a down-side risk. Reducing the probability of an adverse risk increases people's expected income and reduces income variance. Both effects increase
630:. The characteristics of formal insurance are straightforward while informal insurance arrangements are more difficult to describe as they come in different and often disguised forms.
984:
The upcoming
Strategy is also aimed at dealing with SRM's operational issues exhibited by lack of sufficient guidance to design and implement effective social protection systems.
55:. Through its strategies SRM aims to reduce the vulnerability of the poor and encourage them to participate in riskier but higher-return activities in order to transition out of
182:
to the affected household if it cannot acquire sufficient assets. On the other end of the scale are high frequency events with non-severe income effects like transient illness,
1249:
74:
economies for a long time but it has not played much of a role in development work because the imitation of these measures in developing countries is criticized based on
946:
Lack of risk monitoring and reviewing to maintain an updated inventory of contextually appropriate risks and strategies is another serious deficit of the SRM framework (
1277:
Holzmann, Robert; Jorgensen, Steen (1999). "Social protection as social risk management: conceptual underpinnings for the social protection sector strategy paper".
239:
The following table lists social risks and their degree of variance varying from idiosyncratic (micro), regional covariant (meso), to nationwide covariant (macro).
1341:
1411:
The World Bank's Risk
Management Approach to Poverty as a Form of Neoliberal Governmentality? The Case of "The Social Risk Mitigation Project" In Turkey
492:. Strategies to prevent or reduce the occurrence of income risks have a very broad range varying from small-scale informal arrangements to national
1290:
1168:
186:
loss, and temporary unemployment. Protection against these non-catastrophic events need not require long-term net transfers to the afflicted
1186:"Transitory Shocks, Permanent Effects: Impact of The Economic Crisis on the Well-Being of Households in Latin America and the Caribbean"
1403:
1055:
815:
Region, Togo was selected as a pilot country to test this approach. The process of application was launched with a workshop in
1514:
626:
policies. While formal insurance benefits from a large pool of participants, informal insurance has the advantage of low
1110:
1003:
83:
998:
661:
938:
Its aim to encourage riskier activities that reap higher returns has also come under fire in light of individual
921:
608:
1509:
228:
to turn for relief. For poor and isolated households even idiosyncratic shocks might be difficult to cope with.
139:
1084:
931:
framework that limits the government's role to coping strategies that spring into action only in the case of
205:
166:
Some events occur with low frequency, but have severe income effects like old-age, death in the family, and
947:
86:
revealed the volatility of high growth rates in the face of negative economic shocks. Moreover, informal
1375:
1222:
627:
109:
547:
of financial crisis, such as oil price surges or unpredictable market moves on currencies, indices and
1476:"Resilience, Equity and Opportunity - The World Bank's Social Protection and Labor Strategy 2012-2022"
1308:
993:
788:
665:
641:
24:
204:
Some sources lead to losses in only some households in a community like noncommunicative illness or
1457:
1449:
916:
518:
108:
leaves major groups like women and ethnic minorities highly vulnerable. Also, higher mobility of
75:
90:
arrangements and public support programs were shown to be inadequate under those circumstances.
1164:
832:
781:
761:
669:
565:
Putting disability policies in place to prevent further disadvantaging the disabled population
544:
493:
285:
121:
87:
67:
52:
36:
1160:
1153:
1056:"Social Risk Management: The World Bank Approach to Social Protection in a Globalizing World"
1441:
1286:
856:
751:
657:
649:
645:
531:
452:
217:
105:
1388:
1235:
1023:
1013:
828:
756:
723:
633:
555:
548:
525:
507:
306:
101:
56:
32:
159:
There are three important categories that aid in the classification of sources of risks:
808:, World Bank conducted two feasibility studies of the social risk management framework.
1432:
McKinnon, Roddy (2002). "Social Risk
Management: A Conceptual Fallacy of Composition".
932:
680:
653:
587:
463:
362:
322:
179:
143:
35:, since the end 1990s. The objective of SRM is to extend the traditional framework of
1132:. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD). 2010. p. 137
1503:
1461:
874:
820:
765:
583:
540:
448:
221:
133:
93:
1085:"Targeted Transfers in Poor Countries:Revisiting the Trade-Offs and Policy Options"
1018:
881:
824:
693:
675:
171:
1370:
Al-Arhabi, A.I. (2000). "Poverty and Social Risk
Management in Yemen". World Bank.
1217:"World Development Report 2000/20001: attacking Poverty". Oxford University Press.
1185:
1130:"Combating Poverty and Inequality - Structural Change, Social Policy and Politics"
963:
Expanding from improving individual programs to building social protection systems
1445:
1008:
939:
928:
867:
844:
775:
573:
559:
384:
906:
Organizing a more efficient mechanism to provide assistance for disaster relief
1482:
1291:
10.1002/(SICI)1099-1328(199911/12)11:7<1005::AID-JID643>3.0.CO;2-B
1062:
974:
967:
877:
between government and communities for better access to basic social services.
863:
616:
290:
167:
124:, and to have national policies to help the poor when they need them the most.
113:
40:
31:, specifically its Social Protection and Labor Sector under the leadership of
28:
47:
taking. SRM focuses specifically on the poor, who are the most vulnerable to
888:
848:
770:
741:
623:
458:
367:
327:
281:
266:
225:
213:
187:
980:
Continuing to build on core strengths in knowledge, innovation and results.
39:
to include prevention, mitigation, and coping strategies to protect basic
1304:
1129:
698:
Mandatory insurance for unemployment, old age, disability, sickness, etc.
569:
534:
175:
1453:
891:
816:
689:
591:
579:
Establishing community-based insurance schemes to compensate pensioners
514:
489:
302:
298:
209:
191:
128:
117:
852:
812:
612:
97:
178:
events can hit households hard and may require a continuing flow of
805:
637:
294:
195:
142:
2000/01 presented social protection as a key element in attacking
1054:
Holzmann, Robert; Lynne
Sherburne-Benz; Emil Tesliuc (May 2003).
1118:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Institute of International Development.
801:
732:
717:
713:
501:
485:
423:
183:
71:
48:
44:
884:
and creative initiatives for economic shocks and chronic risks.
611:
to reduce the variability of income by relying on a variety of
836:
organized by agents generally not belonging to the community.
510:
when current residence region is exposed to high vulnerability
376:
190:. If appropriate mechanisms are available, households may use
1313:
A new conceptual framework for Social
Protection, and beyond"
903:
Discouraging the exploitation of child labor and trafficking.
851:
campaigns focused on key preventive measures, especially for
831:
for the privileged minority working in the formal sector and
894:, harmful traditional practices and conspicuous consumption.
476:
Risk management strategies fall in three broad categories.:
738:
Reliance on public, private and intra-community transfers.
208:
whereas others hit all households at the same time like
524:
Skill training to reduce the risk of unemployment and
174:, and the technological redundancy of skills. These
1184:Fernández, Almudena; López-Calva, Luis F. (2010).
1152:
1109:Radelet, Steven; Sachs, Jeffrey (March 30, 1998).
728:Selling labor including sending children to work
900:Reforming social security in the formal sector.
429:Administrative induced accidents and disasters
127:Fulfillment of World Bank's mission to reduce
819:for key stakeholders from the government and
800:In coordination with national governments of
688:Community arrangements that allow for shared
8:
1112:The Onset of the East Asian Financial Crisis
198:with no net transfers from others over time.
973:Emphasizing promotion of opportunities and
245:(adapted from Holzmann and Jorgensen, 2000)
897:Filling the gaps of informal arrangements.
558:to meet international standards including
202:Idiosyncratic shocks vs. covariant shocks:
1349:Social Protection Discussion Paper Series
1340:Bendokat, Regina; Tovo, Maurizia (1999).
619:strongly enough to have the same returns.
427:Chemical and biological mass destruction
164:Catastrophic vs. non-catastrophic shocks:
51:and more likely to suffer in the face of
1250:"Social Protection and Labor - Overview"
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
685:Access to financial markets for the poor
636:losses using financial instruments like
241:
1342:"A Social Protection Strategy for Togo"
1335:
1333:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1035:
1384:
1373:
1231:
1220:
576:and educational public health programs
827:in 1960, the government has provided
7:
1279:Journal of International Development
1159:. New York: Anchor Books. p.
927:SRM is sometimes also viewed as a
170:accidents or illnesses, permanent
84:East Asian economic crisis in 1997
14:
1090:. Chronic Poverty Research Centre
977:as a core element of the practice
100:variability, which together with
1083:Ravallion, Martin (April 2003).
586:for the elderly and setting up
784:fund or publicly raised money.
484:These are introduced before a
432:Political induced malfunction
1:
1402:Sener, Meltem Yilmaz (2010).
415:Administrative and Political
408:Financial or currency crisis
406:Blue chip company collapsing
747:Seasonal/temporary migration
1446:10.1057/palgrave.rm.8240116
1004:International Monetary Fund
966:Strengthening the focus on
716:from community members and
622:Formal as well as informal
232:Single vs. Repeated shocks:
1531:
1307:; Steen Jorgensen (2000).
999:Behavioral risk management
572:illnesses by implementing
220:. The former are known as
922:international development
764:in the form of asset and
609:Portfolio diversification
140:World Development Report
1311:Social Risk Management:
796:Feasibility study: Togo
562:reduction interventions
543:policies to reduce the
206:frictional unemployment
1383:Cite journal requires
1230:Cite journal requires
1155:Development as Freedom
948:fallacy of composition
722:Seasonal or temporary
410:Market trading shocks
243:Main Sources of Risks
155:Source of social risks
17:Social risk management
1151:Sen, Amartya (1999).
642:exchange-traded funds
628:information asymmetry
599:Mitigation strategies
590:for the homeless and
480:Prevention strategies
418:Ethnic discrimination
120:, pursue independent
110:factors of production
1515:Emergency management
994:Emergency management
789:unemployment benefit
496:. Examples include:
25:conceptual framework
1193:Estudios EconĂłmicos
954:Future implications
915:There is a lack of
434:on social programs
360:Domestic violences
247:
70:has been a part of
970:and fragile states
917:empirical evidence
519:disease prevention
242:
96:has led to higher
1170:978-0-385-72027-4
833:social assistance
782:Government relief
762:Social assistance
703:Coping strategies
670:futures contracts
650:forward contracts
494:economic policies
469:
468:
453:Nuclear disasters
286:Volcanic eruption
122:economic policies
116:ability to raise
88:social safety net
68:Social protection
37:social protection
27:developed by the
1522:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1480:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1408:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1317:
1305:Holzmann, Robert
1301:
1295:
1294:
1285:(7): 1005–1027.
1274:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1190:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1158:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1089:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1060:
1051:
752:financial assets
744:of human capital
692:and small-scale
662:over-the-counter
660:, many types of
549:blue chip stocks
532:financial market
456:Soil salinities
421:Ethnic conflict
401:Harvest failure
380:Social upheaval
307:Asteroid impacts
260:<-------->
248:
218:financial crisis
106:social exclusion
1530:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1510:Risk management
1500:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1434:Risk Management
1431:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1382:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1276:
1275:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1229:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1037:
1032:
1024:Welfare culture
1014:Risk management
990:
956:
913:
829:social security
798:
757:Disaster relief
705:
681:Pension systems
604:several forms:
601:
556:labor standards
526:underemployment
500:Avoiding risky
482:
474:
457:
455:
451:
447:
435:
433:
428:
426:
422:
409:
407:
402:
400:
396:Harvest failure
395:
383:
382:Drug addiction
381:
379:
375:
370:
361:
359:
345:
343:
330:
321:
319:
317:
305:
301:
297:
293:
284:
280:
264:
259:
255:(idiosyncratic)
254:
157:
102:marginalization
65:
57:chronic poverty
53:economic shocks
33:Robert Holzmann
12:
11:
5:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1467:
1424:
1394:
1385:|journal=
1362:
1329:
1296:
1262:
1241:
1232:|journal=
1209:
1176:
1169:
1143:
1121:
1101:
1075:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
989:
986:
982:
981:
978:
971:
964:
955:
952:
933:market failure
912:
909:
908:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
885:
878:
873:Improving the
871:
860:
797:
794:
793:
792:
785:
779:
773:
768:
766:cash transfers
759:
754:
748:
745:
739:
736:
729:
726:
720:
704:
701:
700:
699:
696:
686:
683:
678:
673:
668:products, and
631:
620:
600:
597:
596:
595:
588:public housing
580:
577:
568:Prevention of
566:
563:
552:
537:
528:
522:
511:
505:
481:
478:
473:
470:
467:
466:
464:Global warming
461:
444:
442:
441:Environmental
438:
437:
430:
419:
416:
412:
411:
404:
397:
392:
388:
387:
372:
365:
363:Drug addiction
356:
352:
351:
349:
347:
340:
336:
335:
332:
331:Food poisoning
325:
323:Food poisoning
314:
310:
309:
288:
277:
275:
271:
270:
261:
256:
251:
237:
236:
229:
199:
156:
153:
152:
151:
147:
144:global poverty
137:
125:
91:
64:
61:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1527:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1484:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1377:
1366:
1363:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1224:
1213:
1210:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1147:
1144:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1102:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
991:
987:
985:
979:
976:
972:
969:
965:
962:
961:
960:
953:
951:
949:
944:
941:
936:
934:
930:
925:
923:
918:
910:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:Discouraging
886:
883:
879:
876:
875:collaboration
872:
869:
865:
861:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:
840:
837:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:civil society
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
795:
790:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:Reduction of
730:
727:
725:
721:
719:
715:
711:
710:
709:
702:
697:
695:
694:pension plans
691:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
632:
629:
625:
621:
618:
615:that are not
614:
610:
607:
606:
605:
598:
593:
589:
585:
584:nursing homes
581:
578:
575:
571:
567:
564:
561:
557:
553:
550:
546:
542:
541:macroeconomic
538:
536:
533:
529:
527:
523:
520:
516:
512:
509:
506:
503:
499:
498:
497:
495:
491:
487:
479:
477:
471:
465:
462:
460:
454:
450:
449:Deforestation
445:
443:
440:
439:
431:
425:
420:
417:
414:
413:
405:
399:Unemployment
398:
394:Unemployment
393:
390:
389:
386:
378:
374:Civil strife
373:
369:
366:
364:
357:
354:
353:
350:
348:
341:
338:
337:
333:
329:
326:
324:
315:
312:
311:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:
287:
283:
278:
276:
273:
272:
268:
262:
257:
252:
250:
249:
246:
240:
233:
230:
227:
223:
222:idiosyncratic
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
200:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
162:
161:
160:
154:
148:
145:
141:
138:
135:
134:vulnerability
130:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:Globalization
92:
89:
85:
81:
80:
79:
77:
73:
69:
62:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
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385:Child abuses
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172:unemployment
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112:has reduced
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975:livelihoods
940:risk-taking
929:neo-liberal
880:Supporting
868:land tenure
864:family laws
857:environment
845:information
843:Conducting
811:Within the
787:Setting up
776:Public work
750:Selling of
712:Individual
574:vaccination
560:child labor
539:Optimizing
530:Increasing
339:Life-cycle
320:Disability
291:Earthquakes
63:Motivations
41:livelihoods
1504:Categories
1483:World Bank
1203:2012-03-25
1063:World Bank
1030:References
968:low income
911:Criticisms
666:derivative
617:correlated
554:Improving
521:activities
517:and other
504:production
472:Strategies
459:Acid rains
446:Pollution
334:Pandemics
282:Landslides
150:objectives
114:government
29:World Bank
1462:154741978
1255:March 29,
1199:(1): 3–35
889:widowhood
862:Revising
849:education
771:Subsidies
742:Dissaving
724:migration
714:borrowing
646:insurance
624:insurance
582:Building
508:Migration
391:Economic
368:Terrorism
328:Pandemics
303:Tornadoes
279:Rainfall
267:covariate
226:community
214:inflation
188:household
180:transfers
168:disabling
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1355:29 March
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988:See also
791:schemes.
778:projects
570:pandemic
535:literacy
344:Old age
316:Illness
274:Natural
1488:6 April
1454:3867754
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690:tenancy
658:options
634:Hedging
592:orphans
515:hygiene
490:welfare
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355:Social
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313:Health
299:Drought
210:drought
192:savings
129:poverty
118:revenue
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235:means.
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1458:S2CID
1450:JSTOR
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