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them. Some examples of these agents of socialization are the workplace, family, religion, and school. The way these agents of socialization influence your individualism varies on each one; however, they all play a big role in your self-identity development. Agents of socialization can also affect how you see yourself individually or as part of a collective. Our identities are constructed through social influences that we encounter in our daily lives. The way you are raised to view your individuality can hinder your ability to succeed by capping your abilities or it could become an obstacle in certain environments in which individuality is embraced like colleges or friend groups.
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2020:. Giddens emphasizes the duality of structure and agency, in the sense that structures and agency cannot be conceived apart from one another. This permits him to argue that structures are neither independent of actors nor determining of their behavior, but rather sets of rules and competencies on which actors draw, and which, in the aggregate, they reproduce. Giddens's analysis, in this respect, closely parallels
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1964:; formation of parties; representation; inner solidarity and external exclusiveness; and many similar features of the state, religious communities, economic associations, art schools, and of family and kinship networks. However diverse the interests that give rise to these associations, the forms in which interests are realized may yet be identical.
2119:: The pattern of relations between most basic elements of social life, that cannot be further divided and have no social structure of their own (e.g. pattern of relations between individuals in a group composed of individuals, where individuals have no social structure; or a structure of organizations as a pattern of relations between
921:
2024:'s deconstruction of the binaries that underlie classic sociological and anthropological reasoning (notably the universalizing tendencies of LĂ©vi-Strauss's structuralism). Bourdieu's practice theory also seeks a more subtle account of social structure as embedded in, rather than determinative of, individual behavior.
2267:. Research from scholars Nicole M. Stephens and Sarah Townsend demonstrated that the cultural mismatch between institutions' ideals of independence and the interdependence common among working-class individuals can hinder workers' opportunities to succeed. In this sense, social structure may be created by the
1944:
and others, introduced the idea that diverse social institutions and practices played a role in assuring the functional integration of society through assimilation of diverse parts into a unified and self-reproducing whole. In this context, Durkheim distinguished two forms of structural relationship:
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have written on how social structures coerce our individuality and social groups by shaping the actions, thoughts, and beliefs of every individual human being. In terms of agents of socialization, social structures are slightly influenced by individuals but individuals are more greatly influenced by
1988:
and followers), and a variety of other analytic perspectives. Some follow Marx in trying to identify the basic dimensions of society that explain the other dimensions, most emphasizing either economic production or political power. Others follow LĂ©vi-Strauss in seeking logical order in cultural
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The notion of social structure may mask systematic biases, as it involves many identifiable sub-variables (e.g. gender). Some argue that men and women who have otherwise equal qualifications receive different treatment in the workplace because of their gender, which would be termed a "social
1758:(levels), guided (if only partially) by the underlying structures in the social system. It is also important in the modern study of organizations, as an organization's structure may determine its flexibility, capacity to change, etc. In this sense, structure is an important issue for
1741:
Since the 1920s, the term has been in general use in social science, especially as a variable whose sub-components needed to be distinguished in relationship to other sociological variables, as well as in academic literature, as result of the rising influence of
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2095:: "social structure is seen as comprising the relationships themselves, understood as patterns of causal interconnection and interdependence among agents and their actions, as well as the positions that they occupy."
2089:: "social structure is seen as comprising those cultural or normative patterns that define the expectations of agents hold about each other's behaviour and that organize their enduring relations with each other."
1738:, etc. Social structure can also be said to be the framework upon which a society is established. It determines the norms and patterns of relations between the various institutions of the society.
1953:. The former describes structures that unite similar parts through a shared culture, while the latter describes differentiated parts united through social exchange and material interdependence.
1915:, proposed a more complex relationship that asserted the relative autonomy of cultural and political institutions, and a general determination by economic factors only "in the last instance."
2227:
the concern with structural properties and developments and at the same time provides detailed conceptual tools needed to generate interesting, fruitful propositions and models and analyses.
2133:: The pattern of relations between objects that have their own structure (e.g. a political social structure between political parties, as political parties have their own social structure).
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The mismatch between institutions' cultural ideal of independence and the interdependent norms common among working-class individuals can reduce their opportunity to succeed.
1993:, follow Simmel in attempting to base a formal theory of social structure on numerical patterns in relationships—analyzing, for example, the ways in which factors like
1819:). Likewise, in ethnography, a recent study describes how indigenous social structure in the Republic of Panama changed macro social structures and impeded a planned
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structural" bias, but other variables (such as time on the job or hours worked) might be masked. Modern social structural analysis takes this into account through
1722:", which refers to the parent structure in which these various structures are embedded. Thus, social structures significantly influence larger systems, such as
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One of the earliest and most comprehensive accounts of social structure was provided by Karl Marx, who related political, cultural, and religious life to the
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are believed to influence social structure through relations between the majority and the minority. As those who align with the majority are considered '
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has also historically mixed different meanings of social structure, though doing so by simply treating the cultural aspects of social structure as
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would all contribute to structural concepts in sociology. The latter, for example, investigated and analyzed the institutions of modern society:
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The early study of social structures has considerably informed the study of institutions, culture and agency, social interaction, and history.
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1960:, more generally, developed a wide-ranging approach that provided observations and insights into domination and subordination; competition;
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has contributed to understandings about social structure by revealing local practices and customs that differ from
Western practices of
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reduces the structures of (3) to particular rule system arrangements, i.e. the types of basic structures of (1 and 2). It shares with
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The notion of social structure is intimately related to a variety of central topics in social science, including the relation of
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and other techniques, but the analytic problem of how to combine various aspects of social life into a whole remains.
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Eloire, Fabien. 2015. "The
Bourdieusian Conception of Social Capital: A Methodological Reflection and Application."
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the institutionalised norms or cognitive frameworks that structure the actions of actors in the social system.
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Some believe that social structure develops naturally, caused by larger systemic needs (e.g. the need for
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The notion of social structure was extensively developed in the 20th century with key contributions from
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the enduring patterns of behaviour by participants in a social system in relation to each other; and
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varies on each separate member of society; however, each agent is critical in the development of
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scale, social structure pertains to the system of socioeconomic stratification (most notably the
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of a multitude into a unity creates a "social structure", basing his approach on his concept of
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of micro-scale cultural institutions (i.e., "structure" resembles that used by anthropologist
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Social structures can be influenced by individuals, but individuals are often influenced by
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stratification within social structures that favors the majority in all aspects of society.
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2004:. The most influential attempts to combine the concept of social structure with agency are
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Sociological classification of human societies according to their social characteristics
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The Blood of
Victoria no Lorenzo: An Ethnography of the Solos of Northern Coco Province
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Modern sociologists sometimes differentiate between three types of social structures:
2168:: pattern of relations between goals and desires of people of varying social positions
2162:: pattern of relations between beliefs and views of people of varying social positions
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2263:). Others believe that structuring is not a result of natural processes, but of
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The
Shaping of Social Organization: Social Rule System Theory with Applications.
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Furthermore, Lopez and Scott (2000) distinguish between two types of structure:
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1940:, drawing on the analogies between biological and social systems popularized by
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2814:"Research: How You Feel About Individualism Is Influenced by Your Social Class"
1896:(private enterprise and public administration), and politics (e.g. democracy).
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was supposedly the first to use the term "social structure". Later,
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functions), or by conflicts between groups (e.g. competition among
2192:: structures in which information is passed (e.g. in organizations)
2149:: pattern of relations in a given structure (organization) between
2127:, where those positions and roles have no structure by themselves).
3027:
1903:(an underlying economic structure). Marx argued that the economic
1695:
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920:
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2174:: forms of communication of people of varying social positions
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the relationship of definite entities or groups to each other;
1707:
2063:
As noted above, social structure has been conceptualized as:
1754:
to explain that most societies are separated into different
1911:
of a society. Subsequent
Marxist accounts, such as that of
3004:
A Theory of
Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation
1811:
has theorized that certain macro-scale structures are the
1807:. These scales are not always kept separate. For example,
1841:', and those who align with the minority are considered '
2878:
Jary, D., and J. Jary, eds. 1991. "Social structure."
1799:
scale, "social structure" includes the ways in which '
1682:
is the aggregate of patterned social arrangements in
2633:. 1905. "The Present Problems of Social Structure."
1907:
substantially determined the cultural and political
3609:
3583:
3295:
3171:
3135:
3065:
2812:Stephens, Nicole M.; Townsend, Sarah (2017-05-22).
2308:). The way these agents of socialization influence
2573:Merton, Robert. 1938. "Social Structure and Anomie
2763:Rule System Theory: Applications and Explorations
2726:Realist Social Theory: The Morphogenetic Approach
2591:
2589:
2271:of Ă©lites who seek to retain their power, or by
2857:The International Encyclopedia of Media Effects
1803:' shape the behavior of individuals within the
3020:1988. "Social structure." Pp. 103–209 in
2944:. 2000. "Social structure." Pp. 326–7 in
2186:: family or larger family-like clan structures
3043:
2990:— 1989. "Four Concepts of Social Structure."
2153:and modes of operations of people of varying
1793:between individuals or organizations. On the
1779:, or other patterned relations between large
1655:
881:
8:
2670:Approaches to the Study of Social Structure.
2304:(e.g., the workplace, family, religion, and
3177:
3050:
3036:
3028:
2993:Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour
2880:The Harper Collins Dictionary of Sociology
2617:Calhoun, Craig. 2002. "Social Structure."
2104:Social structure can also be divided into
1662:
1648:
899:
888:
874:
59:
43:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
3024:, edited by N. J. Smelser. London: SAGE.
2728:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1924:The Present Problems of Social Structure
1845:', majority-minority relations create a
18:
2796:World-Systems Analysis: An Introduction
2539:
2142:Sociologists also distinguish between:
911:
51:
2899:. PanOpen Telegrapher. pp. 7–17.
2890:
2888:
2428:Social structure of the United States
7:
3659:
2848:Genner, Sarah; SĂśSS, Daniel (2017).
2684:
2682:
2231:Origin and development of structures
1976:perspectives drawing on theories of
1789:scale, it concerns the structure of
3601:Systems theory in political science
2946:The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology
2897:Social Structure and The Individual
1926:, in which he argues that only the
2619:Dictionary of the Social Sciences.
2553:. LIT Verlag MĂĽnster. p. 71.
2043:(actor-system dynamics theory and
1989:structures. Still others, notably
1750:", for instance, uses the idea of
14:
2600:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland Press.
3658:
3646:
3635:
3634:
2981:The Concept of Social Structure.
2760:, and Marcus Carson, eds. 2008.
2621:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2596:Muller-Schwarz, Nina K. (2015).
1980:, as well as feminist, marxist,
919:
855:
2850:"Socialization as Media Effect"
2550:Gender and Rural Development By
441:Peace, war, and social conflict
3591:Systems theory in anthropology
2688:Lopez, J. and J. Scott. 2000.
1609:Anthropologists by nationality
1:
3596:Systems theory in archaeology
3008:American Journal of Sociology
2855:. In Rössler, Patrick (ed.).
2636:American Journal of Sociology
2433:Sociotechnical systems theory
36:. At the top we can see King
3002:Sewell, William H. (1992). "
2580:American Sociological Review
2393:Power (social and political)
2333:Development of Individualism
1997:shape intergroup relations.
1918:In 1905, German sociologist
1690:from and determinant of the
2882:. New York: Harper Collins.
2363:Cognitive social structures
2078:Institutional vs Relational
3723:
2979:Porpora, Douglas V. 1987.
2957:Forum for Social Economics
1629:List of indigenous peoples
112:Human environmental impact
3630:
3228:
3180:
3092:Coupled human–environment
3022:The Handbook of Sociology
2928:Resources in your library
2648:Crothers, Charles. 1996.
2458:Technological determinism
2275:that place emphasis upon
2209:Social rule system theory
2045:social rule system theory
1984:(e.g. those developed by
1831:of its economic aspects.
1374:Cross-cultural comparison
32:pyramid which symbolises
3707:Structural functionalism
3692:Sociological terminology
2859:. John Wiley & Sons.
2438:Structural functionalism
2190:Communication structures
2059:Definitions and concepts
1546:Historical particularism
206:Structural functionalism
3425:Charles A. S. Hall
2895:Halasz, Judith (2022).
2869:Aberration, et al. 2000
2818:Harvard Business Review
2463:Theory of structuration
2358:Base and superstructure
2302:agents of socialization
2221:institutional sociology
2087:Institutional structure
2010:theory of structuration
1956:As did Marx and Weber,
1379:Participant observation
226:Symbolic interactionism
121:Industrial revolutions
3345:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
2547:Olanike, Deji (2011).
2378:Morphological analysis
2197:Sociometric structures
2172:Interaction structures
1692:actions of individuals
1521:Cross-cultural studies
216:Social constructionism
41:
3622:Principia Cybernetica
3335:Anthony Stafford Beer
3205:Sociotechnical system
2938:Abercrombie, Nicholas
2800:Duke University Press
2792:Wallerstein, Immanuel
2772:Peter Lang Publishers
2740:, and H. Flam. 1987.
2694:Open University Press
2337:Sociologists such as
2327:multivariate analysis
2320:Critical implications
2297:in its construction.
2027:Other recent work by
1947:mechanical solidarity
1866:Alexis de Tocqueville
1748:social stratification
1718:. It contrasts with "
591:Conversation analysis
166:Social stratification
30:social stratification
28:- The poster shows a
22:
3485:Mihajlo D. Mesarovic
3460:Edward Norton Lorenz
3415:Jay Wright Forrester
3220:World-systems theory
3195:Earth system science
2940:, Stephan Hill, and
2448:Structure and agency
2147:Normative structures
2093:Relational structure
2053:World Systems Theory
2049:Immanuel Wallerstein
2033:morphogenesis theory
2002:structure and agency
1922:published his study
1614:Anthropology by year
1551:Boasian anthropology
1526:Cultural materialism
1511:Actor–network theory
1109:Paleoanthropological
25:Pyramide Ă renverser
3360:Kenneth E. Boulding
2948:(4th ed.). London:
2722:Archer, Margaret S.
2443:Structural violence
2418:Social reproduction
2388:Political structure
2265:social construction
2184:Relation structures
2166:Interest structures
1978:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
1817:Claude Levi-Strauss
1813:emergent properties
1777:social institutions
1566:Performance studies
1459:Kinship and descent
1399:Cultural relativism
1049:Paleoethnobotanical
1024:Ethnoarchaeological
176:Social cycle theory
47:Part of a series on
3490:James Grier Miller
3445:Faina M. Kirillova
3405:Heinz von Foerster
3395:Edsger W. Dijkstra
3355:Alexander Bogdanov
3340:Richard E. Bellman
3315:William Ross Ashby
2631:Tönnies, Ferdinand
2353:Agency (sociology)
1968:Later developments
1951:organic solidarity
1901:mode of production
1746:. The concept of "
1586:Post-structuralism
1345:Research framework
862:Society portal
485:History of science
466:Race and ethnicity
146:Social environment
42:
3674:
3673:
3555:Manuela M. Veloso
3470:Humberto Maturana
3410:Stephanie Forrest
3380:C. West Churchman
3305:Russell L. Ackoff
3291:
3290:
3163:Positive feedback
3158:Negative feedback
2914:Library resources
2650:Social Structure.
2517:Ferdinand Tönnies
2475:Related theorists
2373:Formative context
2253:political parties
1962:division of labor
1920:Ferdinand Tönnies
1878:Ferdinand Tönnies
1825:Marxist sociology
1732:political systems
1672:
1671:
1571:Political economy
1394:Thick description
1191:Political economy
1054:Zooarchaeological
1014:Bioarchaeological
898:
897:
616:Social experiment
496:Social psychology
141:Social complexity
3714:
3662:
3661:
3650:
3638:
3637:
3550:Francisco Varela
3282:Systems thinking
3215:Urban metabolism
3178:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3029:
3018:Smelser, Neal J.
2970:Social Structure
2919:Social structure
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2690:Social Structure
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2593:
2584:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2544:
2502:Robert K. Merton
2383:Norm (sociology)
2346:Related concepts
2273:economic systems
2225:network analysis
2160:Ideal structures
2155:social positions
2121:social positions
1809:John Levi Martin
1752:social structure
1736:cultural systems
1724:economic systems
1680:social structure
1664:
1657:
1650:
1192:
1074:Anthrozoological
923:
900:
890:
883:
876:
860:
859:
611:Network analysis
501:Sociocybernetics
491:Social movements
221:Social darwinism
171:Social structure
63:
44:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3626:
3605:
3579:
3520:Anatol Rapoport
3505:Talcott Parsons
3480:Donella Meadows
3455:Allenna Leonard
3375:Mary Cartwright
3370:Kathleen Carley
3330:Gregory Bateson
3325:Béla H. Bánáthy
3287:
3224:
3173:
3167:
3153:Limiting factor
3148:Leverage points
3131:
3069:
3061:
3059:Systems science
3056:
2985:Greenwood Press
2966:Murdock, George
2942:Bryan S. Turner
2934:
2933:
2932:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2908:Further reading
2905:
2904:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2830:
2828:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2790:
2786:
2756:
2752:
2736:
2732:
2720:
2716:
2687:
2680:
2664:
2660:
2647:
2643:
2629:
2625:
2616:
2605:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2512:Talcott Parsons
2487:Anthony Giddens
2477:
2472:
2368:Conflict theory
2348:
2339:Georges Palante
2335:
2322:
2233:
2202:Jacob L. Moreno
2178:
2140:
2102:
2080:
2061:
2029:Margaret Archer
2022:Jacques Derrida
2018:practice theory
2014:Pierre Bourdieu
2006:Anthony Giddens
1986:Talcott Parsons
1970:
1942:Herbert Spencer
1913:Louis Althusser
1874:Herbert Spencer
1860:
1855:
1791:social networks
1773:class structure
1676:social sciences
1668:
1639:
1638:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1576:Practice theory
1516:Alliance theory
1506:
1498:
1497:
1493:Postcolonialism
1422:
1414:
1413:
1347:
1337:
1336:
1302:Anthropological
1297:
1287:
1286:
1190:
1140:
1139:
1119:
1118:
1069:
1059:
1058:
989:
979:
978:
949:
941:
894:
854:
847:
846:
807:
797:
796:
724:
650:
636:
634:Major theorists
626:
625:
561:
551:
550:
241:
231:
230:
201:Critical theory
196:Conflict theory
191:
181:
180:
151:Social equality
92:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3720:
3718:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3687:Social systems
3679:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3656:
3644:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3575:Anthony Wilden
3572:
3570:Jennifer Wilby
3567:
3565:Norbert Wiener
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3535:Claude Shannon
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3510:Ilya Prigogine
3507:
3502:
3500:Howard T. Odum
3497:
3495:Radhika Nagpal
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3465:Niklas Luhmann
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3390:George Dantzig
3387:
3385:Manfred Clynes
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3350:Margaret Boden
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3310:Victor Aladjev
3307:
3301:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3200:Living systems
3197:
3192:
3187:
3185:Control theory
3181:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3000:
2988:
2977:
2963:
2953:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2884:
2871:
2862:
2840:
2804:
2784:
2750:
2730:
2714:
2692:. Buckingham:
2678:
2674:The Free Press
2666:Blau, Peter M.
2658:
2641:
2623:
2603:
2585:
2566:
2559:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2507:George Murdock
2504:
2499:
2494:
2492:Niklas Luhmann
2489:
2484:
2482:Émile Durkheim
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2453:Systems theory
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2408:Social network
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2334:
2331:
2321:
2318:
2295:economic power
2232:
2229:
2217:organizational
2206:
2205:
2193:
2187:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2131:Macrostructure
2128:
2117:Microstructure
2110:macrostructure
2106:microstructure
2101:
2100:Micro vs Macro
2098:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2060:
2057:
1969:
1966:
1938:Émile Durkheim
1909:superstructure
1882:Émile Durkheim
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1686:that are both
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:Systems theory
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1531:Culture theory
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:Primatological
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
990:
987:Archaeological
985:
984:
981:
980:
977:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
954:Archaeological
950:
947:
946:
943:
942:
940:
939:
934:
928:
925:
924:
916:
915:
909:
908:
896:
895:
893:
892:
885:
878:
870:
867:
866:
865:
864:
849:
848:
845:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
808:
803:
802:
799:
798:
652:
651:
637:
632:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
562:
557:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
261:Astrosociology
258:
253:
248:
242:
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
192:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
119:
114:
109:
107:Human behavior
104:
99:
93:
90:
89:
86:
85:
84:
83:
78:
73:
65:
64:
56:
55:
49:
48:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3719:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3667:
3666:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:Organizations
3608:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:Kevin Warwick
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3475:Margaret Mead
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3435:Lydia Kavraki
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3420:Barbara Grosz
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3320:Ruzena Bajcsy
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:Doubling time
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2999:(2): 195–211.
2998:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2907:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2780:9783631575963
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:Burns, Tom R.
2734:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2702:9780335204960
2699:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2639:10(5):569–88.
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2560:9783643901033
2556:
2552:
2551:
2543:
2540:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2398:Socialization
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2314:self-identity
2311:
2310:individualism
2307:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1982:functionalist
1979:
1975:
1974:structuralist
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:Early history
1857:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:social system
1802:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1781:social groups
1778:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1744:structuralism
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1728:legal systems
1725:
1721:
1720:social system
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1634:Organizations
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:Structuralism
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Functionalism
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
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1447:sociocultural
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1409:Emic and etic
1407:
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1404:Ethnocentrism
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1352:Anthropometry
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1317:Ethnopoetical
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1212:Institutional
1210:
1208:
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1200:
1198:
1195:
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1180:Environmental
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1019:Environmental
1017:
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828:
827:Organizations
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800:
795:
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787:
783:
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776: ·
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772: ·
771:
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747:
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735:
732: ·
731:
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581:Computational
579:
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326:Environmental
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276:Consciousness
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156:Social equity
154:
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102:Globalization
100:
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67:
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62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
46:
45:
39:
35:
34:class society
31:
27:
26:
21:
3663:
3651:
3639:
3584:Applications
3540:Katia Sycara
3440:James J. Kay
3430:Mike Jackson
3365:Murray Bowen
3263:Pharmacology
3258:Neuroscience
3021:
3011:
3007:
2996:
2991:
2980:
2972:. New York:
2969:
2959:
2956:
2945:
2918:
2896:
2879:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2843:
2835:
2829:. Retrieved
2817:
2807:
2795:
2787:
2761:
2758:Flam, Helena
2753:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2689:
2669:
2668:, ed. 1975.
2661:
2649:
2644:
2634:
2626:
2618:
2597:
2583:3(5):672–82.
2578:
2574:
2569:
2549:
2542:
2423:Social space
2413:Social order
2403:Social Model
2336:
2323:
2299:
2285:
2245:professional
2234:
2207:
2196:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2146:
2141:
2130:
2125:social roles
2116:
2103:
2092:
2086:
2081:
2062:
2037:Tom R. Burns
2026:
1999:
1971:
1958:Georg Simmel
1955:
1936:
1928:constitution
1927:
1923:
1917:
1898:
1864:
1861:
1847:hierarchical
1835:Social norms
1833:
1821:Panama Canal
1794:
1785:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1740:
1679:
1673:
1619:Bibliography
1561:Interpretive
1536:Diffusionism
1505:Key theories
1491: /
1421:Key concepts
1332:Sociological
1312:Ethnological
1099:Neurological
1084:Evolutionary
1029:Experiential
913:Anthropology
812:Bibliography
726:
654:
653:
640:
606:Mathematical
586:Ethnographic
566:Quantitative
251:Architecture
189:Perspectives
170:
161:Social power
24:
23:
3530:Peter Senge
3525:John Seddon
3515:Qian Xuesen
3450:George Klir
3253:Engineering
3190:Cybernetics
3172:Theoretical
3122:Recommender
3112:Multi-agent
3107:Information
2962:(3): 322–41
2287:Ethnography
2281:cooperation
2277:competition
2213:role theory
2138:Other types
2041:Helena Flam
1932:social will
1894:bureaucracy
1823:expansion.
1489:Colonialism
1432:Development
1389:Reflexivity
1357:Ethnography
1307:Descriptive
1165:Development
1104:Nutritional
1079:Biocultural
1004:Battlefield
817:Terminology
786:Baudrillard
662:Tocqueville
576:Comparative
571:Qualitative
541:Victimology
371:Immigration
356:Generations
271:Criminology
3681:Categories
3545:Eric Trist
3400:Fred Emery
3297:Scientists
3273:Psychology
3268:Philosophy
3097:Ecological
3082:Biological
3014:(1): 1–29.
2983:New York:
2831:2022-04-27
2798:. Durham:
2672:New York:
2534:References
2522:Eric Trist
2241:management
1995:group size
1991:Peter Blau
1829:phenomenal
1760:management
1469:Prehistory
1322:Historical
1295:Linguistic
1207:Historical
1175:Ecological
1067:Biological
969:Linguistic
959:Biological
842:By country
596:Historical
521:Technology
461:Punishment
446:Philosophy
421:Mathematic
411:Literature
376:Industrial
366:Historical
291:Demography
211:Positivism
136:Popularity
91:Key themes
38:Leopold II
3702:Emergence
3697:Structure
3210:Systemics
2974:MacMillan
2826:0017-8012
2768:Frankfurt
2654:Routledge
2527:Max Weber
2497:Karl Marx
2291:hierarchy
1886:Max Weber
1870:Karl Marx
1783:. On the
1442:Evolution
1437:Ethnicity
1369:Ethnology
1247:Political
1155:Cognitive
1094:Molecular
658:Martineau
601:Interview
526:Terrorism
506:Sociology
451:Political
391:Knowledge
311:Education
53:Sociology
3641:Category
3243:Dynamics
3233:Analysis
3136:Concepts
3102:Economic
2968:(1949).
2794:. 2004.
2744:London:
2710:43708597
2652:London:
2279:or upon
2249:military
1843:abnormal
1704:religion
1688:emergent
1624:Journals
1541:Feminism
1327:Semiotic
1267:Symbolic
1262:Religion
1197:Feminist
1185:Economic
1135:Cultural
1089:Forensic
1044:Maritime
1039:Forensic
1034:Feminist
1009:Biblical
999:Aviation
964:Cultural
905:a series
903:Part of
837:Timeline
822:Journals
790:Bourdieu
782:Habermas
778:Luhmann
774:Foucault
718:Mannheim
698:Durkheim
471:Religion
431:Military
396:Language
381:Internet
336:Feminist
320:Jealousy
306:Economic
301:Disaster
296:Deviance
239:Branches
117:Identity
3665:Commons
3248:Ecology
3238:Biology
3117:Nervous
3087:Complex
2950:Penguin
2712:. p. 3.
2047:), and
1853:History
1765:On the
1712:economy
1684:society
1674:In the
1479:Society
1427:Culture
1242:Musical
1237:Museums
1232:Medical
1217:Kinship
1170:Digital
1145:Applied
937:History
932:Outline
794:Giddens
792:·
788:·
780:·
768:·
766:Goffman
762:Schoeck
748:·
740:·
716:·
714:Du Bois
712:·
704:·
700:·
692:·
686:Tönnies
684:·
670:Spencer
668:·
646:·
559:Methods
536:Utopian
481:Science
426:Medical
416:Marxist
406:Leisure
316:Emotion
281:Culture
97:Society
76:Outline
71:History
3653:Portal
3278:Theory
3174:fields
3127:Social
3067:System
2916:about
2824:
2778:
2724:1995.
2708:
2700:
2557:
2468:Values
2306:school
2261:masses
2257:Ă©lites
2247:, and
2237:labour
2223:, and
1890:market
1884:, and
1839:normal
1756:strata
1714:, and
1700:family
1454:Gender
1384:Holism
1282:Visual
1257:Public
1160:Cyborg
1130:Social
994:Aerial
974:Social
832:People
770:Bauman
750:Nisbet
746:Merton
738:Gehlen
734:Adorno
727:1900s:
702:Addams
694:Simmel
690:Veblen
682:Pareto
674:Le Bon
655:1800s:
648:Sieyès
641:1700s:
621:Survey
546:Visual
456:Public
361:Health
351:Gender
341:Fiscal
331:Family
3070:types
2853:(PDF)
2269:power
2151:norms
1801:norms
1796:micro
1768:macro
1716:class
1696:roles
1603:Lists
1484:Value
1362:cyber
1277:Urban
1227:Media
1222:Legal
948:Types
805:Lists
754:Mills
730:Fromm
722:Elias
710:Weber
644:Comte
531:Urban
516:Sport
511:Space
476:Rural
436:Music
386:Jewry
286:Death
246:Aging
81:Index
3617:List
2822:ISSN
2776:ISBN
2746:SAGE
2706:OCLC
2698:ISBN
2555:ISBN
2293:and
2259:and
2219:and
2108:and
2039:and
2012:and
1949:and
1905:base
1786:meso
1474:Race
1464:Meme
1202:Food
758:Bell
742:Aron
706:Mead
678:Ward
666:Marx
346:Food
266:Body
3077:Art
3006:".
2255:or
2123:or
2035:),
2016:'s
1775:),
1708:law
1150:Art
401:Law
256:Art
3683::
3012:98
3010:.
2997:19
2960:47
2887:^
2834:.
2820:.
2816:.
2774:.
2770::
2766:.
2704:.
2696:.
2681:^
2606:^
2588:^
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2316:.
2283:.
2243:,
2239:,
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2112::
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1934:.
1892:,
1880:,
1876:,
1872:,
1762:.
1734:,
1730:,
1726:,
1710:,
1706:,
1702:,
1678:,
907:on
784:·
764:·
760:·
756:·
752:·
744:·
736:·
720:·
708:·
696:·
688:·
680:·
676:·
672:·
660:·
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125:/
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