3950:, by Yunker, James. 1977. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 93â133: "From the human point of view, return paid to non-human factors of production is unearned and equivalent to a free gift of nature. It is the personal appropriation of this free gift of nature by a small minority of society under contemporary capitalism which establishes the ethical unworthiness of capitalism and the desirability of a socialist transformation...The employment of capital instruments and natural resources in economic production requires no personal hardship or exertion from any human being. The economic services provided by these factors of production are not corporeally inherent in human beings. The opposite is true of labor services, which can only be provided through the physical and mental activity of human beings...the really grossly exaggerated personal incomes in society are dominated by property income, and this source of inequality would be abrogated by the equalization of property income distribution."
4309:, by Weisskopf, Thomas E. 1992. Review of Radical Political Economics, Vol. 24, No. 3â4, p. 9: "There are two principal variants of such control, depending on the nature of the community in whom control rights are vested: (1) Public management: enterprises are run by managers who are appointed by and accountable to an agency of government (at the national, regional, or local level), which agency represents a corresponding politically-constituted community of citizens. (2) Worker self-management: enterprises are run by managers who are appointed by and accountable to those who work in them...with control rights resting ultimately with the community of enterprise workers ..."
2641:
income on the grounds that because such income does not correspond to a return on any productive activity and is generated by the working class, it represents exploitation. The property-owning (capitalist) class lives off passive property income produced by the working population by virtue of their claim to ownership in the form of stock, bonds or private equity. This exploitative arrangement is perpetuated due to the structure of capitalist society. From this perspective, capitalism is regarded as class system akin to historical class systems like slavery and feudalism.
3481:, by Weisskopf, Thomas E. 1992. Review of Radical Political Economics, Vol. 24, No. 3â4, p. 10: "Here again there are two principal variants of such social claims to income, depending on the nature of the community holding the claim: (1) Public surplus appropriation: the surplus of the enterprise is distributed to an agency of the government (at the national, regional, or local level), representing a corresponding community of citizens. (2) Worker surplus appropriation: the surplus of the enterprise is distributed to enterprise workers."
3630:, by Pranab Bardhan and John Roemer. 1992. Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 101â16: "Public ownership in the narrow sense of state control of firms is not necessary to achieve one of socialism's goals, a relatively egalitarian distribution of the economy's surplus. We take public ownership, in a wider sense, to mean that the distribution of the profits of firms is decided by the political democratic process – yet control of firms might well be in the hands of agents that do not represent the state."
2807:, including Josef Popper-Lynkeus and Carl Ballod, proposed plans for rational allocation of exhaustible energy and materials through statistical empirical methods. This conception of non-capitalist calculation involved the use of energy and time units, the latter being viewed as the standard cardinal unity of measurement for socialist calculation. These thinkers belonged to a technical school of thought called "scientific utopianism", which is an approach to social engineering that explores possible forms of social organization.
4561:
Successful examples of each type in the United States include for cooperatives plywood producers in the
Northwest, for ESOPs the Weirton Steel Company of West Virginia (although the prominent example, United Airlnes, declared bankruptcy), and for profit sharing various Silicon Valley high-technology companies ... Thus the future of workable socialist forms that fulfill the goals of Karl Marx may be found in models emerging out of existing market capitalist economies in the form of worker-owned cooperatives.
3384:
every individual is entitled to an equal ownership share that earns an aliquot part of the total social dividendâŚSecond, in order to eliminate social hierarchy in the workplace, enterprises are run by those employed, and not by the representatives of private or state capital. Thus, the well-known historical tendency of the divorce between ownership and management is brought to an end. The societyâi.e. every individual equallyâowns capital and those who work are entitled to manage their own economic affairs.
2578:. Marx argued that this dynamic would reach a point where social ownership of the highly automated means of production would be necessitated to resolve this contradiction and resulting social strife. Thus the Marxist case for social ownership and socialism is not based on any moral critique of the distribution of property income (wealth) in capitalism, but rather the Marxist case for socialism is based on a systematic analysis of the development and limits of the dynamic of capital accumulation.
3936:
part of it to people who have nothing directly to do with production. Arguably, this occurs by virtue of a social system to which those in the workforce have never given their full consent, i.e. that of private property. Alternatively, it occurs by virtue of a structure of power to which the workforce is subject: property income is the fruit of exploitation. The fact that it is essential to capitalism makes the latter a class system akin to such other historical cases as slavery and feudalism.
2771:
planned fashion. A planned economy, which adjusts production to the needs of the community, would distribute the work to be done among all those able to work and would guarantee a livelihood to every man, woman, and child. The education of the individual, in addition to promoting his own innate abilities, would attempt to develop in him a sense of responsibility for his fellow-men in place of the glorification of power and success in our present society.
3741:, by Yunker, James. 1977. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 93â133: "The âfirst order effectâ of socialization will be an equalization of the property return, and it is to this that we must turn for the clearest and most certain benefit...The clearest, most immediate, and most obvious social improvement from socialism would be the abrogation of the pathologically unequal distribution of property return under capitalism."
1506:
2900:
bureaucratization; if it is entrusted exclusively to workers, then it is liable to monopoly power and abuse of market position. Cooperative ownership is said to give rise to a socialization dilemma faced by advocates of cooperatives: if social ownership is entrusted to subgroups within society, resources may not be distributed according to broad social need. Cooperatives which operate within markets may particularly face this issue if they
3043:'s original plan was to require Swedish companies over a certain size to issue shares equal to 20 percent of profits, which would be owned by wage-earner funds controlled by employees through their trade unions. This plan was rejected and a watered-down proposal was adopted in 1984, which left corporate decision making just as it was and limited the scope of employee ownership to less than 3.5% of listed company shares in 1990.
3181:, "socialist ownership" is a form of social ownership that forms the basis for the socialist system, involving the collective appropriation of material wealth by working people. Social ownership arises out of the course of capitalist development, creating the objective conditions for further socialist transformation and for the emergence of a planned economy with the aim of raising the living standards for everyone in society.
2969:. Neoclassical market socialist economists in the latter half of the 20th century who advocated public ownership highlighted the distinction between "control" and "ownership". John Roemer and Pranab Bardhan argued that public ownership, meaning a relatively egalitarian distribution of enterprise profits, does not require state control as publicly owned enterprises can be controlled by agents who do not represent the state.
7634:
2733:
3671:, by Yunker, James. 1977. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 93â133: "It was not the moral unworthiness of the exploitive surplus value mechanism which Marx proposed as the instrumentality of the collapse of capitalism. It was rather the consequences of that mechanism in providing capitalists with so much ill-gotten income that it would ultimately effectively âchokeâ the system."
2586:
ownership stake would enable greater accountability on the part of individuals and organizations, thirdly social ownership would eliminate unemployment, fourth it would enable the better flow of information within the economy, and finally it would eliminate wasteful activities associated with "wheeling and dealing" and wasteful government activities intended to curb such behavior and deal with unemployment.
3874:... Marx's only option was to study and investigate the laws of motion of capital, realizing that this work would be essential to the discovery of socialist laws of motion in the future. Whereas Mises asserted the logical impossibility of socialist economic calculation, Marx had the foresight to vaguely recognize that such calculation depended on the development of society's productive forces.
6601:
60:
3217:
2364:
2633:. By contrast, non-market socialists argue that the major problems with capitalism arise from its contradictory economic laws that make it unsustainable and historically limited. Therefore, social ownership is seen as a component of the establishment of non-market coordination and alternative "socialist laws of motion" that overcome the systemic issues of capital accumulation.
3231:
1518:
1489:
3073:). Cooperatives are often organized around some form of self-management, either in the form of elected managers held accountable to the workforce, or in the form of direct management of work processes by the workers themselves. Cooperatives are often proposed by proponents of market socialism, most notably by the economists Branko Horvat, Jaroslav Vanek and
2835:, and was contrasted with "partial socialization". "Partial socialization" involved the use of in-kind calculation and planning within a single organization, which externally operated within the framework of a monetary market economy. Neurath's conception of socialism was the initial point of criticism of
2847:
arose between market socialists who argued that social ownership can be achieved within the context of a market economy, where worker-owned or publicly owned enterprises maximized profit and those who argued that socially owned enterprises operate according to other criteria, like marginal cost pricing.
3336:
Socialism may be defined as movements for social ownership and control of the economy. It is this idea that is the common element found in the many forms of socialism. Yet having stated this as the common definition of socialism, one must necessarily admit that there are a wide variety of views among
2972:
David McMullen's concept of decentralized non-market socialism advocates social ownership of the means of production, believing it to be far more efficient than private ownership. In his proposal, property titles would be replaced by "usership" rights and the exchange of capital goods would no longer
2938:
In non-market models of socialism, public ownership takes the form of a single entity or a network of public entities coordinated by economic planning. A contemporary approach to socialism involves linking together production and distribution units by modern computers to achieve rapid feedback in the
2581:
For Marx, social ownership would lay the foundations for the transcendence of the capitalist law of value and the accumulation of capital, thereby creating the foundation for socialist planning. The ultimate goal of social ownership of productive property for Marx was to expand the "realm of freedom"
4501:
This leads us to the third form of social ownership, through a more equal initial distribution of corporate equity ... In his Unseen
Revolution, published in 1976, the well-known management theorist Peter Drucker claimed that pension funds were reconciling employees' need for financial security
4221:
For
Marxian theory, socialism and communism represent societies built around a different, noncapitalist form of the fundamental class process. That is a very different thing from a society in which the state appropriates surplus value from the productive laborers it hires and exploits ... These
3935:
Property income is, by definition, received by virtue of owning property ... Since such income is not an equivalent return for any productive activity, it amounts to an entitlement to a portion of the aggregate output of others' productive activity. The workforce produces output, but surrenders
3656:
The changing-organic-composition-of-capital argument was based on Marx's claim that technological change constantly increased the ratio of fixed to circulating capital. Since labor demand depended solely on the amount of circulating capital, the demand for labor decreased relative to a rise in total
2640:
and exploitation in capitalism. Although there is considerable disagreement among socialists about the validity of certain aspects of
Marxian analysis, the majority of socialists are sympathetic to Marx's views on exploitation and alienation. Socialists critique the private appropriation of property
4170:
Socialists have always recognized that there are many possible forms of social ownership of which co-operative ownership is one. Nationalization in itself has nothing particularly to do with socialism and has existed under non-socialist and anti-socialist regimes. Kautsky in 1891 pointed out that a
3816:
I do not regard
Socialism as a gospel of proletarian revenge, nor even, primarily, as a means of securing economic justice. I regard it primarily as an adjustment to machine production demanded by considerations of common sense, and calculated to increase happiness, not only of proletarians, but of
3773:
Under socialism, with its economic security and progressively shorter hours of work, the leisure class is everyone. This new leisure class is not just a passive recipient and consumer of culture; it actively participates and creates, putting into effect the principle enunciated by the late
American
3014:
James Yunker argues that public ownership of the means of production can be achieved in the same way private ownership is achieved in modern capitalism, using the shareholder system that effectively separates management from ownership. Yunker posits that social ownership can be achieved by having a
2723:
The first requirement of
Communism is the socialization of the land and of the machinery of production and distribution. Socialized land and machinery belong to the people, to be settled upon and used by individuals or groups according to their needs. In Russia land and machinery are not socialized
3845:
First, social ownership is best understood by way of contrast with the characteristic form of ownership in free enterprise systems, namely, full liberal ownership. Second, and perhaps more important, the social vices attributed to existing free enterprise systems are traced to the ownership rights
2846:
In the subsequent socialist calculation debates, a dichotomy between socialists emerged between those who argued that socialization entailed the end of monetary valuation and capital markets, and those who argued that monetary prices could be used within a socialized economy. A further distinction
2644:
Private ownership has also been criticized on ethical grounds by the economist James Yunker. Yunker argues that because passive property income requires no mental or physical exertion on the part of the recipient and because its appropriation by a small group of private owners is the source of the
4618:
Commons-based peer production bears a close family resemblance to the familiar vision of socialism sketched in the first paragraph of this chapter ... In commons-based peer production a critical mass of inputs, and all outputs, are distributed within information networks as free goods rather
3144:
The economist Pat Devine defines social ownership as "ownership by those who are affected by – who have an interest in – the use of the assets involved", distinguishing it from other forms of ownership. Devine argues that this variant of social ownership will be more
2826:
from Otto Bauer and the emerging school of neoclassical market socialism. Neurath's position opposed all models of market socialism because it rejected the use of money, but was also held in contrast with the more orthodox
Marxist conception of socialism held by Karl Kautsky, where socialism only
2770:
I am convinced there is only one way to eliminate grave evils , namely through the establishment of a socialist economy, accompanied by an educational system which would be oriented toward social goals. In such an economy, the means of production are owned by society itself and are utilized in a
4250:
One conception holds that the means of production should be owned by society (or possible the working class) as a whole. By itself, this idea has not clear meaning; some institutional stand-in for society has to be found...the most obvious candidate in modern societies for that role has been the
3726:
The five categories are: (1) the greater productivity of more motivated workers, (2) the greater accountability of individuals and organizations, (3) the elimination of unemployment, (4) the better flow of information and (5) the elimination of various resource wasting activities associated with
3383:
Just as private ownership defines capitalism, social ownership defines socialism. The essential characteristic of socialism in theory is that it destroys social hierarchies, and therefore leads to a politically and economically egalitarian society. Two closely related consequences follow. First,
2915:
Additionally, there are two major forms of management or "social control" for socially owned organizations, both of which can exist alongside the two major modes of social ownership. The first variant of control is public management, where enterprises are run by management held accountable to an
3902:
Though socialists have disagreed with Marx about how to conceptualize the notion of class, about the dynamics of class societies, and indeed about a whole host of other matters, most socialists seem to be broadly sympathetic to his views about what is wrong with the capitalist (free enterprise)
2585:
The economist David McMullen identifies five major benefits of social ownership, where he defines it as society-wide ownership of productive property: first, workers would be more productive and have greater motivation since they would directly benefit from increased productivity, secondly this
2512:
in the case of market socialism) belong either to society as a whole or to the members of a given enterprise. Social ownership would enable productivity gains from labor automation to progressively reduce the average length of the working day instead of creating job insecurity and unemployment.
4560:
Its form ranges from straight workers' ownership in cooperatives, to employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) in which workers' ownership operates through a trust fund usually based on pension benefits, to paying workers with stock options, to the weakest version involving merely profit sharing.
2597:
Notable non-Marxist and
Marxist socialist theorists alike have argued that the most significant argument for social ownership of the means of production is to enable productivity gains to ease the work burden for all individuals in society, resulting in progressively shorter hours of work with
3466:
Especially before the 1930s, many socialists and anti-socialists implicitly accepted some form of the following for the incompatibility of state-owned industry and factor markets. A market transaction is an exchange of property titles between two independent transactors. Thus internal market
3118:
Contemporary proponents of cooperative ownership cite higher motivation and performance in existing cooperatives. Critics argue that cooperative ownership by itself does not resolve the structural issues of capitalism like economic crises and the business cycle, and that cooperatives have an
3010:
developed a model of market socialism that features a form of public ownership where individuals receive a non-transferable coupon entitling them to a share of the profits generated by autonomous non-governmental publicly owned enterprises. In this model, "social ownership" refers to citizen
2864:
or some form of workplace democracy in place of a strict hierarchical form of control. More fundamentally, social ownership implies that the surplus product (or economic profits) generated by enterprises accrues to society more broadly than executives – state ownership neither
3307:
Ownership means that the object owned is disposed of by the owner in his own interests (broadly conceived). For ownership to be social, therefore, it must satisfy two criteria: the disposition of the object owned must be in the interest of society and the owned object must be disposed of by
2589:
From a non-Marxist, market socialist perspective, the clearest benefit of social ownership is an equalization of the distribution of property income, eliminating the vast disparities in wealth that arise from private ownership under capitalism. Property income (profit, interest and rent) is
3467:
exchanges cease when all of industry is brought into the ownership of a single entity, whether the state or some other organization...the discussion applies equally to any form of social or community ownership, where the owning entity is conceived as a single organization or administration.
3697:
It is certainly true that, according to Marx, social ownership does facilitate central planning ... But the substitution of commodity production for market exchange is not an 'end' in Marx's analysis. The fundamental 'end' of
Marxist socialism is the supersession of alienation, the
3788:, by Lenin, Vladimir Ilich. Collected Works, 6, Marxists, p. 366: "Machines and other improvements must serve to ease the work of all and not to enable a few to grow rich at the expense of millions and tens of millions of people. This new and better society is called socialist society."
7124:
2814:, whose conception of socialism as a natural, non-monetary economic system became widespread within the socialist movement following the end of World War I. Neurath's position was held in contrast to other socialists in this period, including the revisionist perspective stemming from
2899:
Each of these forms have flaws or weaknesses that can be critiqued by anti-socialism advocates. Public ownership is said to give rise to a socialization dilemma faced by advocates of public ownership: if social ownership is entrusted exclusively to state agents, then it is liable to
4379:, by Nove, Alexander. 1991. pp. 212â13): "Radoslav Selucky opts for what he calls 'social ownership', with 'means of production managed by those who make use of them', separated from the state...1) State enterprises, centrally controlled and administered, hereinafter referred to as
4335:
Although societies in which the state owns the means of production historically have had centrally planned economies, this form of ownership is in principle compatible with a market economy ... These firms would by inputs from each other and sell outputs to each other and to
3174:, the means of production and natural resources were almost entirely owned by the state and collective enterprises. State enterprises were integrated into a national planning system, where factor inputs were allocated to them by the Ministry for Technical Supply (Gossnab).
2566:'s analysis of capitalism, social ownership of the means of production emerges in response to the contradictions between socialized production and private appropriation of surplus value in capitalism. Marx argued that productivity gains arising from the substitution of
4589:
Under mutualism, the state would be abolished, and factories would be controlled by workers in the form of producer's cooperatives. Compensation would be retained in the form of labor checks paid to workers by people's banks, corresponding to the number of hours they
3507:
Marx believed the reduction of necessary labor time to be, evaluatively speaking, an absolute necessity. He claims that real wealth is the developed productive force of all individuals. It is no longer the labor time but the disposable time that is the measure of
2477:
would cease to exist under the assumption that market exchanges within the production process would be made redundant if capital goods were owned and integrated by a single entity or network of entities representing society. However, the articulation of models of
4222:
characteristics imply that any person who participates in the communist fundamental class is both a performer and appropriator of surplus labor ... the decision of a state to operate capitalist industrial enterprises has no necessary relation to socialism...
3613:, by Korsch, Karl. 1975. Duke University Press. New German Critique, No. 6, pp. 60-81: "The socialization demanded by socialism signifies a new regulation of production with the goal of replacing the private capitalist economy with a socialist communal economy."
2984:. State ownership by itself does not imply social ownership where income rights belong to society as a whole. As such, state ownership is only one possible expression of public ownership, which itself is one variation of the broader concept of social ownership.
3536:
Another characteristic that Marx and Engels emphasized as a central feature of a future socialist society was a shorter workday. According to Tucker, Marx had a 'vision of man in a future condition of freedom-creative leisure' that he described in volume 3 of
2934:
In market socialist proposals, public ownership takes the form of state-owned enterprises that acquire capital goods in capital markets and operate to maximize profits, which are then distributed among the entire population in the form of a social dividend.
3019:
and argued that it would be at least as efficient as modern-day capitalism while providing superior social outcomes as public ownership would enable profits to be distributed among the entire population rather than going largely to a class of inheriting
2582:
by shortening average work hours so that individuals would have progressively larger portion of their time to pursue their genuine and creative interests. Thus the end goal of social ownership is the transcendence of the Marxist concept of alienation.
2798:
During the 1920s, socialists in Austria and Germany were engaged in a comprehensive dialogue about the nature of socialization and how a program of socialization could be effectively carried out. Austrian scientific thinkers whose ideas were based on
2574:(capital inputs) would cause labor displacement to outstrip the demand for labor. This process would lead to stagnant wages and rising unemployment for the working class alongside rising property income for the capitalist class, further leading to an
3698:'emancipation' of mankind, and the creation of opportunities for the full development of man's productive and human potentialities. Clearly, Marx perceived both social ownership and supersession of commodity production as a means to this end.
3145:
efficient than the other types of ownership because "it enables the tacit knowledge of all those affected to be drawn upon in the process of negotiating what should be done to further the social interest in any particular context".
4364:
One approach suggests that modern computers can be linked together to overcome the Hayekian information problems and achieve rapid feedback that will maintain balances and lead to efficient planning, but with goods distributed in
5572:
5562:
2998:
The social ownership of capital and corporate stock has been proposed in the context of a market socialist system, where social ownership is achieved either by having a public body or employee-owned pension funds that own
3114:
was based on what was officially called "social ownership", involving an arrangement where workers of each firm each became members and joint-owners and managed their own affairs in a system of workers' self-management.
2830:
Otto Neurath conceptualized a comprehensive view of socialization during the socialization debates. "Total socialization" involved not only a form of ownership but also the establishment of economic planning based on
2628:
is the fundamental issue with capitalism, and thus believe that the process of capital accumulation and profit-maximizing enterprise can be retained, with their profits being used to benefit society in the form of a
3027:
An alternative form of social ownership of equity is ownership of corporate stock through wage earner funds and pension funds. The underlying concept was first expounded upon in 1976 by the management theorist
269:
2859:
within economic organizations as opposed to simply changing titles of ownership. In this sense, "socialization" often involves both a change in ownership and a change in organizational management, including
3416:
In order of increasing decentralisation (at least) three forms of socialised ownership can be distinguished: state-owned firms, employee-owned (or socially) owned firms, and citizen ownership of equity.
3032:, who argued that pension funds could reconcile employees' need for financial security with capital's need to be mobile and diversified, referring to this development as "pension fund socialism".
2973:
be possible. Market exchange in capital goods would be replaced by internal transfers of resources, but an internal and decentralized price system would be fundamental to this systems' operation.
2699:" which does not necessarily imply a transformation of the organizational structure of organizations or the transformation of the economic framework under which economic organizations operate.
3015:
public body, designated the Bureau of Public Ownership (BPO), own the shares of publicly listed firms without affecting market-based allocation of capital inputs. Yunker termed this model
7465:
4502:
with capital's need to be mobile and diversified, a form of 'pension fund socialism'. Contemporary campaigns focusing on this dynamic include the explicitly socialist Meidner program...
3903:
economic system and, by implication, capitalist society ... Marx's critique attributes basically two systemic evils to capitalism's economic system: alienation and exploitation.
3249:
3141:
involves the distribution of a critical mass of inputs and all outputs through information networks as free goods rather than commodities to be sold for profit by capitalist firms.
2482:
where factor markets are utilized for allocating capital goods between socially owned enterprises broadened the definition to include autonomous entities within a market economy.
2523:
is the restructuring the economic framework, organizational structure and institutions of an economy on a socialist basis. The comprehensive notion of socialization and the
2394:
3148:
The phrases "social production" and "social peer-to-peer" production have been used to classify the type of workplace relationships and ownership structures found in the
4183:
2950:, drawing a distinction between state-owned and directed enterprises. Nove advocates for the existence of both forms of enterprise in his model of feasible socialism.
4105:
4103:
4101:
2923:
The exact forms of social ownership vary depending on whether or not they are conceptualized as part of a market economy or as part of a non-market planned economy.
1317:
4171:'co-operative commonwealth' could not be the result of the 'general nationalization of all industries' unless there was a change in 'the character of the state'.
3103:. In this system, the state would be abolished and economic enterprises would be owned and operated as producer cooperatives, with worker-members compensated in
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7042:
5036:
2653:
Socialization is broadly conceived as a process that transforms the economic processes and, by extension, the social relations within an economy, away from
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The socialist critique of private ownership is heavily influenced by the Marxian analysis of capitalist property forms as part of its broader critique of
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2920:, where managers are elected by the member-workers of each individual enterprise or enterprises are run according to self-directed work processes.
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2501:
whereas with co-operative ownership the economic surplus of an enterprise is controlled by all the worker-members of that specific enterprise.
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socialists of various stripes as to just what constitutes social ownership and control of the means of production, distribution and exchange.
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265:
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therefore have slightly different conceptions of social ownership. The former believe that private ownership and private appropriation of
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Public ownership was advocated by neoclassical socialist economists during the interwar socialist calculation debate, most notable
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Public ownership can exist both within the framework of a market economy and within the framework of a non-market planned economy.
2916:
agency representing the public either at the level of national, regional or local government. The second form of social control is
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vast inequalities in contemporary capitalism, this establishes the ethical case for social ownership and socialist transformation.
4383:. 2) Publicly owned (or socially owned) enterprises with full autonomy and a management responsible to the workforce, hereinafter
3084:
through pension funds, to the weakest version involving profit sharing. Profit-sharing and varying degrees of self-management or "
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has been mistakenly used to refer to any state or government-operated industry or service (the proper term for such being either
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proposed that 20% of stocks in corporations with over $ 100 million in annual revenue be owned by the corporation's workers.
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distinguished from labor income (wages and salaries) which in a socialist system would continue to be unequal based on one's
1923:
31:
2685:
2637:
4042:"The economic system as an end or as a means, the socialization of consumption, and the future of socialism and capitalism"
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The goal of social ownership is to eliminate the distinction between the class of private owners who are the recipients of
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State ownership of the means of production is not necessarily social ownership and state ownership can hinder efficiency.
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3039:
as a way to socialize enterprises through employee wage earners' funds, which would be used to purchase corporate stock.
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increasing automation and thus a greater amount of free time for individuals to engage in creative pursuits and leisure.
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concept of human freedom and overcoming alienation, a concept widely shared by Marxist and non-Marxist socialists alike.
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3201:). It has also been incorrectly used to mean any tax-funded programs, whether privately run or government run, like in
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In the context of non-market proposals, social ownership can include holding the means of producing wealth in common (
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and workers who are the recipients of labor income (wages, salaries and commissions), so that the surplus product (or
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and financial valuation in the production process, along with a restructuring of workplace-level organization.
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245:
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entails the elimination of money as capital along with super-session of the process of capital accumulation.
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4790:
4016:"Cooperatives in Socialist Construction: Commoners and Cooperators Key to Cuba's 21st Century Socialism"
2909:
2810:
The most notable thinker belonging to this school of thought was the Viennese philosopher and economist
2616:
and is promoted as a solution to what its proponents see as being inherent issues to private ownership.
2559:
distribution of the economy's surplus, or to create the foundations for a non-market socialist economy.
2497:. With society-wide public ownership, the surplus is distributed to all members of the public through a
2423:
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1968:
1658:
1628:
1613:
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734:
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541:
516:
3065:
Cooperative ownership is the organization of economic units into enterprises owned by their workforce (
2976:
However, by itself public ownership is not socialist as it can exist under a wide variety of different
4713:
O'Neil, John (2002). "Socialist Calculation and Environmental Valuation: Money, Markets and Ecology".
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Information Technology and Socialist Construction: The end of Capital and the Transition to Socialism
3522:
Information Technology and Socialist Construction: The end of Capital and the Transition to Socialism
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1933:
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185:
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135:
92:
75:
70:
4266:
Vrousalis, Nicolas (2018). Muldoon, James (ed.). "Council Democracy and the Socialization Dilemma".
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59:
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processes, which operate, value and allocate value without private property and market exchange.
2446:
2442:
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486:
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220:
155:
43:
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4206:
1029:
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3353:
2688:, replacing hierarchical social relations within the workplace with an association of members.
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1948:
1928:
1715:
1708:
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959:
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511:
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170:
160:
97:
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4015:
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6735:
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4271:
4053:
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3236:
3198:
3134:
3074:
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2895:, with open access for everyone in society, and where assets are indivisibly held in common.
2836:
2815:
2712:
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2617:
2575:
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2567:
2509:
2479:
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2124:
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2018:
2003:
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1510:
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1192:
1112:
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999:
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859:
829:
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784:
729:
714:
684:
621:
596:
526:
481:
451:
339:
327:
255:
180:
145:
3561:
Otto Neurath's concepts of socialization and economic calculation and his socialist critics
7582:
7404:
7394:
7370:
7307:
7173:
7129:
7030:
6730:
6715:
6544:
5954:
5854:
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5754:
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5704:
5577:
5426:
5325:
5250:
5225:
5153:
4930:
4810:
4731:
3357:
3222:
3194:
3069:) or by customers who use the products of the enterprise (this latter concept is called a
2981:
2759:
2755:
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779:
719:
679:
601:
591:
491:
312:
307:
235:
225:
5909:
5729:
4307:
Toward a Socialism for the Future, in the Wake of the Demise of the Socialism of the Past
3752:
3479:
Toward a Socialism for the Future, in the Wake of the Demise of the Socialism of the Past
3429:
2855:
In most cases, "socialization" is understood to be a deeper process of transforming the
2418:
as a whole rather than individual members or groups within it. Social ownership of the
7487:
7258:
7241:
7178:
7134:
6823:
6756:
6720:
6700:
6559:
6549:
5809:
5724:
5634:
5350:
5345:
5335:
5270:
5240:
4955:
4885:
4840:
4820:
4815:
4199:
4000:
3549:
3089:
3054:
3040:
2962:
2958:
2889:, with the members of each individual enterprise being co-owners of their organization.
2780:
2750:
2470:
2298:
2114:
2008:
1852:
1385:
1282:
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1117:
1004:
984:
944:
914:
854:
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769:
709:
396:
205:
4057:
3080:
Cooperative ownership comes in various forms, ranging from direct workers' ownership,
7665:
7577:
7544:
7342:
7322:
7273:
6950:
6930:
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6788:
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5824:
5779:
5674:
5624:
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5365:
5310:
4895:
4890:
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4656:
4293:
3452:
From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation
3349:
3104:
3050:
3029:
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2474:
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2119:
2104:
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2013:
1857:
1779:
1690:
1653:
1643:
1633:
1410:
1405:
1272:
1222:
1202:
1197:
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694:
689:
626:
506:
461:
260:
2732:
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7525:
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7409:
7382:
7375:
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7295:
7071:
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6908:
6751:
6509:
6499:
5974:
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5839:
5814:
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5411:
5373:
5340:
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2819:
2811:
2700:
2528:
2223:
2099:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1938:
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1867:
1842:
1837:
1784:
1638:
1152:
1102:
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1082:
1039:
1024:
994:
919:
904:
879:
839:
799:
774:
739:
654:
2775:
Others have proposed cooperatives as a specific solution of socialization in both
1142:
7517:
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7202:
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7054:
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6898:
6808:
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5979:
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5939:
5894:
5769:
5360:
5315:
5280:
4970:
4880:
4699:
Korsch, Karl (1975). "What Is Socialization? A Program of Practical Socialism".
3256:
3119:
incentive to limit employment in order to boost the income of existing members.
3007:
2954:
2670:
2666:
2594: – social ownership would only equalize passive property income.
2556:
2555:, to eliminate unemployment arising from technological change, to ensure a more
2288:
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2184:
2179:
1792:
1767:
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344:
274:
140:
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2800:
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1618:
1586:
1345:
1252:
989:
819:
521:
476:
17:
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7511:
7312:
7263:
7246:
7184:
7166:
6940:
6854:
6579:
6529:
5859:
5421:
4980:
4875:
4767:
4658:
The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom
4486:
4275:
4143:
4141:
3920:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3401:
3085:
2943:
2708:
2621:
2563:
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1832:
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1732:
1596:
1591:
1340:
1182:
1014:
724:
561:
546:
436:
416:
406:
51:
3548:"the act or process of making socialistic: the socialization of industry."
3216:
2493:. The distinction between these two forms lies in the distribution of the
2363:
7399:
7332:
7268:
7151:
7081:
7059:
6955:
6903:
6661:
5884:
5441:
5127:
4945:
4453:
Socialism Revised and Modernized: The Case for Pragmatic Market Socialism
3657:
capital. The result was a tendency to increase the level of unemployment.
3035:
In Sweden during the late 1970s, the Meidner program was advanced by the
2411:
1685:
3230:
1517:
1488:
7352:
7146:
7139:
7004:
6800:
6569:
4785:
2901:
2875:
by an entity or network of entities representing society, which may be
2514:
2415:
2041:
1817:
1072:
551:
531:
3803:
3137:), with the concept of "usership" replacing the concept of ownership.
7327:
7279:
7048:
5734:
5669:
4112:"Political Economy: Theory, Practice, and Philosophical Consequences"
2939:
allocation of capital inputs to achieve efficient economic planning.
2169:
1077:
4683:"What Is 'Socialized Medicine'?: A Taxonomy of Health Care Systems"
7416:
7012:
5959:
4321:
The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism: A Critical Study
4236:
The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism: A Critical Study
4135:, by Nemeth, Elisabeth; Schmitz, Stefan W.; Uebel, Thomas E. 2007.
3888:
The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism: A Critical Study
3831:
The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism: A Critical Study
3642:
The Technological Unemployment and Structural Unemployment Debates
3000:
2731:
2536:
889:
4631:
4516:, by Minns, Richard. 1996. New Left Review, Vol. 219, pp. 44â45."
30:
This article is about the socialist concept. For other uses, see
2657:
relations. Depending on the specific definition, it may include
2527:
form of social ownership implies an end to the operation of the
322:
6634:
4740:
2465:, or the wealth that comes from it, to society at large or the
7389:
4619:
than as commodities to be sold for profit by capitalist firms.
4148:
Hastings, Mason and Pyper, Adrian, Alistair and Hugh (2000).
4736:
3727:
wheeling and dealing, and with the activities of government.
6630:
3088:" is practiced in many of the high-technology companies of
2684:
sees it as a restructuring of social relations to overcome
4706:
Minns, Richard (1996). "The Social Ownership of Capital".
4268:
Council Democracy: Towards a Democratic Socialist Politics
3774:
painter, Robert Hallowell, that 'Each bears a gift for all
4399:
Bright Future: Abundance and Progress in the 21st Century
3712:
Bright Future: Abundance and Progress in the 21st Century
2904:. It's been argued that common ownership can fall to the
2485:
The two major forms of social ownership are society-wide
7466:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
4632:"Participatory Planning Through Negotiated Coordination"
3611:
What is socialization? A program for practical socialism
2711:
perspective in favor of a definition strictly involving
2677:, or other strategies of establishing social ownership.
2414:
where an asset is recognized to be in the possession of
3754:
You might like socialism; a way of life for modern man
3364:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 1515â1516.
3250:
Worker representation on corporate boards of directors
4546:
Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy
4350:
Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy
3683:
Karl Marx's Economics: Critical Assessments, Volume 1
3110:
The model of market socialism promoted in the former
7425:
7227:
7107:
6993:
6842:
6799:
6744:
6668:
6479:
6039:
5989:
5714:
5517:
5389:
5299:
5263:
5216:
5139:
5070:
5061:
5011:
4774:
2868:There are a few major forms of "social ownership":
2612:Social ownership is contrasted with the concept of
2547:Social ownership is variously advocated to end the
2513:Reduction of necessary work time is central to the
2457:it refers particularly to the appropriation of the
4198:
2946:defines social ownership as a form of autonomous
3959:Economics and Politics of Socialism, Brus, pp 95
2908:, or be difficult to broadly implement prior to
2818:, the orthodox social democratic perspective of
4602:Schmitt and Anton, Richard and Anatole (2012).
4205:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.
4197:Wolff and Resnick, Richard and Stephen (1987).
3362:Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences, Volume 1
3099:, proposed by the French anarchist philosopher
3095:The earliest model of cooperative socialism is
2721:
2469:. Traditionally, social ownership implied that
27:Ownership of the means of production by society
2553:individual contributions to the social product
2551:, to ensure that income distribution reflects
6646:
4752:
4544:Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. (2003).
4377:The Economics of Feasible Socialism Revisited
4348:Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. (2003).
3817:all except a tiny minority of the human race.
2388:
1542:
8:
4182:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3430:"Theory and Practice in Socialist Economics"
3189:Particularly in the United States, the term
4483:Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2
4426:. Cambridge University Press. p. 327.
3917:Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2
3398:Encyclopedia of Political Economy, Volume 2
6997:
6653:
6639:
6631:
6535:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism
5067:
4759:
4745:
4737:
3948:The Social Dividend Under Market Socialism
3739:The Social Dividend Under Market Socialism
3669:The Social Dividend Under Market Socialism
3495:. Princeton University Press. p. 73.
2736:Albert Einstein advocated for a socialist
2695:consider it distinct from the process of "
2490:
2395:
2381:
1560:
1549:
1535:
38:
4685:. The New York Times Company. 8 May 2009.
4151:The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought
3628:Market Socialism, a case for rejuvenation
3011:ownership of equity in a market economy.
4527:"Corporate Accountability and Democracy"
3112:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
4323:. Oxford University Press. p. 44.
4238:. Oxford University Press. p. 44.
3890:. Oxford University Press. p. 50.
3833:. Oxford University Press. p. 44.
3293:The Economics and Politics of Socialism
3283:
1572:
50:
5538:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA
4201:Economics: Marxian versus Neoclassical
4175:
3596:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3589:
2865:necessarily implies nor rejects this.
2762:wrote of a broad definition involving
2682:Marxist understanding of socialization
4575:Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey
4261:
4259:
4114:. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3714:. BookSurge Publishing. p. 181.
3493:Marxism, Morality, and Social Justice
3322:Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey
3291:Brus, Wlodzimierz (25 October 2013).
2524:
2486:
1318:International socialist organizations
266:To each according to his contribution
7:
4661:. New Haven, Yale University Press.
4040:Chilosi, Alberto (1 December 2002).
2422:is the defining characteristic of a
4154:. Oxford University Press. p.
4133:Otto Neurathâs Economics in Context
3846:that defined that type of a system.
2803:'s empiricist notion of energy and
3757:. Modern Age Books, Inc. pp.
3160:Ownership in Soviet-type economies
25:
3971:"There Is No Communism in Russia"
3550:"Socialization" at Dictionary.com
2369:Business and economics portal
7633:
7632:
6599:
5573:International Conference of Rome
5563:International Conference of Rome
4606:. Lexington Books. p. 160.
4014:DuRand, Cliff (15 August 2016).
3229:
3215:
2608:Socialist critique of capitalism
2362:
1516:
1504:
1487:
58:
4531:Bernie Sanders Official Website
4514:The Social Ownership of Capital
4079:Ackerman, Seth (7 April 2015).
3454:. Open Court. pp. 175â77.
3166:Enterprises in the Soviet Union
3037:Swedish Social Democratic Party
2822:, the Austro-Marxism models of
2705:There Is No Communism in Russia
2549:Marxian concept of exploitation
7198:Right of way (property access)
5685:Australian Anarchist Centenary
5610:German Revolution of 1918â1919
4381:centralized state corporations
4020:Grassroots Economic Organizing
3685:. Routledge. pp. 247â48.
3681:Wood, John Cunningham (1996).
3082:employee stock ownership plans
2857:social relations of production
2602:Criticism of private ownership
32:Socialization (disambiguation)
1:
5326:Decentralized planned economy
4548:. MIT Press. pp. 73â74.
4058:10.1016/S0939-3625(02)00066-3
3994:Einstein, Albert (May 1949).
3450:Steele, David Ramsay (1999).
3179:The Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3154:Commons-based peer production
3139:Commons-based peer production
3129:Social peer-to-peer processes
2748:In the May 1949 issue of the
2717:Soviet-type economic planning
2264:Commons-based peer production
1984:Socialism of the 21st century
151:Critique of political economy
4921:Proletarian internationalism
2841:socialist calculation debate
2793:Socialist calculation debate
2576:over-accumulation of capital
1421:Socialist calculation debate
1391:List of socialist economists
1366:Economic calculation problem
251:Socialist mode of production
108:Socialist calculation debate
7504:Two Treatises of Government
5620:1919 United States bombings
3862:. Routledge. pp. 4â5.
3640:Woirol, Gregory R. (1996).
2451:citizen ownership of equity
2429:, and can take the form of
7718:
6575:Situationist International
5645:Spanish Revolution of 1936
5503:Self-managed social center
4604:Taking Socialism Seriously
3563:. Retrieved July 5, 2010:
3491:Peffer, Rodney G. (2014).
3163:
3126:
3017:Pragmatic market socialism
2991:
2988:Social ownership of equity
2790:
2649:Socialization as a process
2605:
2521:Socialization as a process
29:
7628:
7000:
6594:
5700:Really Really Free Market
5695:1999 Seattle WTO protests
4986:Temporary autonomous zone
4911:Permanent autonomous zone
4846:Consensus decision-making
4577:. Praeger. pp. 4â5.
4573:Busky, Donald F. (2000).
4352:. MIT Press. p. 69.
3858:Saros, Daniel E. (2014).
3798:Bertrand Russell (1932).
3524:. Routledge. p. 61.
3520:Saros, Daniel E. (2014).
3320:Busky, Donald F. (2000).
3295:. Routledge. p. 88.
2592:marginal product of labor
1758:Socialist-oriented market
1416:Socialism and LGBT rights
360:Socialist-oriented market
308:Socialist planned economy
211:Material balance planning
7556:The Great Transformation
6914:Labor theory of property
5690:Carnival Against Capital
5615:Bavarian Soviet Republic
5604:Manifesto of the Sixteen
5498:Radical environmentalism
5447:Independent Media Center
5379:Workers' self-management
4826:Autonomous social center
4655:Benkler, Yochai (2006).
4481:O'Hara, Phillip (2003).
4422:Ellman, Michael (1989).
4401:. BookSurge Publishing.
4397:McMullen, David (2007).
4048:. EACES Conference S.I.
3915:O'Hara, Phillip (2003).
3751:Lamont, Corliss (1939).
3710:McMullen, David (2007).
3396:O'Hara, Phillip (2003).
3267:Employee stock ownership
3123:Commons and peer-to-peer
2994:Employee stock ownership
2791:Not to be confused with
2453:. Within the context of
355:Socialist market economy
280:Workers' self-management
246:Socialism in one country
93:Age of the Enlightenment
7125:Forest-dwelling (India)
7087:restraint on alienation
6867:Common good (economics)
5321:Cost the limit of price
4276:10.4324/9781351205634-5
4081:"How to Socialize Uber"
3800:"In Praise of Idleness"
3644:. Praeger. p. 20.
3053:Presidential campaign,
3006:The American economist
2740:with his 1949 article "
2691:Some who disagree with
2506:passive property income
1356:Criticism of capitalism
367:Participatory economics
201:Labour-time calculation
7564:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
7338:Primitive accumulation
7193:Right of way (transit)
6978:Tragedy of the commons
6860:fictitious commodities
6115:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4926:Propaganda of the deed
4916:Prefigurative politics
4906:Participatory politics
4851:Conscientious objector
4450:Yunker, James (1992).
4385:socialized enterprises
4319:Arnold, Scott (1994).
4234:Arnold, Scott (1994).
3969:Goldman, Emma (1932).
3886:Arnold, Scott (1994).
3829:Arnold, Scott (1994).
3802:. Zpub. Archived from
3324:. Praeger. p. 2.
3101:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
2918:worker self-management
2906:tragedy of the commons
2824:labor-time calculation
2805:technological optimism
2773:
2745:
2730:
2663:decentralized planning
1361:Criticism of socialism
313:Decentralized planning
216:Peerâtoâpeer economics
7672:Socialist calculation
7617:The Wealth of Nations
7597:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
7589:The Ethics of Liberty
6565:Libertarian socialism
5680:Kate Sharpley Library
5655:Red inverted triangle
5598:High Treason Incident
5588:Congress of Amsterdam
4996:Voluntary association
4806:Anti-authoritarianism
4796:Anarchist criminology
4791:Anarchist Black Cross
4270:. Routledge: 89â107.
3975:The Anarchist Library
3172:Soviet-type economies
3061:Cooperative ownership
2910:upper-stage communism
2887:Cooperative ownership
2787:Socialization debates
2768:
2735:
2491:cooperative ownership
2447:cooperative ownership
2424:libertarian socialist
7480:Progress and Poverty
6814:Common-pool resource
6606:Anarchism portal
6010:Fictional characters
5493:Radical cheerleading
4456:. Praeger. pp.
3578:on 12 September 2011
3150:open-source software
3071:consumer cooperative
2533:capital accumulation
2294:Newly industrialized
2037:Collective ownership
1898:Vertical archipelago
1511:Communism portal
1494:Socialism portal
186:Industrial democracy
136:Collective ownership
7687:Economic ideologies
7682:Anarchist economics
7603:The Social Contract
7291:population transfer
7208:prior-appropriation
6887:homestead principle
6555:Left-libertarianism
5630:Kronstadt rebellion
5568:Trial of the Thirty
5533:Revolutions of 1848
5475:No gods, no masters
5286:Synthesis anarchism
5276:Anarcho-syndicalism
5264:Types of federation
4715:Science and Society
4701:New German Critique
3203:socialized medicine
3067:workers cooperative
2833:calculation in kind
2570:(labor inputs) for
2463:means of production
2455:socialist economics
2431:community ownership
2420:means of production
2279:Inclusive Democracy
1396:Market abolitionism
1381:Left-libertarianism
318:Inclusive Democracy
285:Workplace democracy
131:Calculation in kind
113:Socialist economics
103:Revolutions of 1848
7583:Murray N. Rothbard
6894:Free-rider problem
6505:Anti-globalization
6175:Dominican Republic
6000:Anarcho-punk bands
5660:Labadie Collection
5650:Barcelona May Days
5553:Cantonal rebellion
5487:Property is theft!
5453:The Internationale
5407:Anarchist bookfair
5208:Without adjectives
5063:Schools of thought
4489:. pp. 71â72.
4424:Socialist Planning
4110:Jordi Cat (2014).
3354:"Social ownership"
3262:Worker cooperative
3185:Misuse of the term
2746:
2529:laws of capitalism
2467:workers themselves
2461:, produced by the
2443:employee ownership
2217:Material balancing
1699:Buddhist economics
1401:Marxist philosophy
221:Production for use
191:Inputâoutput model
156:Economic democracy
7659:
7658:
7570:What Is Property?
7363:human trafficking
7348:Regulatory taking
7223:
7222:
6968:Right to property
6628:
6627:
6585:Spontaneous order
6515:Anti-war movement
6020:Jewish anarchists
5528:French Revolution
5481:Popular education
5259:
5258:
4976:Spontaneous order
4836:Classless society
4613:978-0-7391-6635-2
4584:978-0-275-96886-1
4555:978-0-262-18234-8
4467:978-0-275-94134-5
4408:978-0-646-46832-7
4359:978-0-262-18234-8
4330:978-0-19-508827-4
4245:978-0-19-508827-4
4216:978-0-8018-3480-6
4165:978-0-19-860024-4
3897:978-0-19-508827-4
3869:978-0-415-74292-4
3840:978-0-19-508827-4
3806:on 22 August 2019
3786:To The Rural Poor
3768:978-1-330-53101-3
3721:978-0-646-46832-7
3692:978-0-415-08714-8
3651:978-0-313-29892-9
3531:978-0-415-74292-4
3502:978-0-691-60888-4
3461:978-0-87548-449-5
3331:978-0-275-96886-1
2777:command economies
2764:economic planning
2703:wrote in 1935 in
2618:Market socialists
2614:private ownership
2405:
2404:
1915:By regional model
1709:Sabbath economics
1559:
1558:
1351:Communist society
1323:Socialist parties
582:Saint-Simonianism
171:Equal opportunity
161:Economic planning
98:French Revolution
16:(Redirected from
7709:
7692:Economic systems
7636:
7635:
7540:John Stuart Mill
7460:Friedrich Engels
7441:FrĂŠdĂŠric Bastiat
7434:
7286:Forced migration
7254:Collectivization
6998:
6877:First possession
6850:Bundle of rights
6655:
6648:
6641:
6632:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6495:Anti-consumerism
6490:Anti-corporatism
5640:Amakasu Incident
5583:Strandza Commune
5558:Haymarket affair
5459:Jewish anarchism
5401:A las Barricadas
5370:Social ownership
5356:Market socialism
5331:Free association
5291:Union of egoists
5068:
5001:Workers' council
4991:Union of egoists
4951:Security culture
4861:Decentralization
4856:Critique of work
4761:
4754:
4747:
4738:
4687:
4686:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4636:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4523:
4517:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4394:
4388:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4263:
4254:
4253:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4204:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4181:
4173:
4145:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4107:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4046:Economic Systems
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4011:
4005:
3996:"Why Socialism?"
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3923:. p. 1135.
3912:
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3905:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3855:
3849:
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3813:
3811:
3795:
3789:
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3672:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3595:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3577:
3571:. Archived from
3570:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3469:
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3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3358:Michie, Jonathan
3346:
3340:
3339:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3288:
3272:Market socialism
3245:Co-determination
3239:
3237:Socialism portal
3234:
3233:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3199:municipalization
3135:common ownership
2982:economic systems
2948:public ownership
2927:Public ownership
2893:Common ownership
2873:Public ownership
2837:Ludwig von Mises
2816:Eduard Bernstein
2781:market economies
2713:common ownership
2659:central planning
2572:constant capital
2568:variable capital
2525:public ownership
2510:economic profits
2487:public ownership
2480:market socialism
2439:common ownership
2408:Social ownership
2397:
2390:
2383:
2367:
2366:
2125:Municipalization
2110:Financialization
2080:Collectivization
2062:Social ownership
2052:Private property
2046:Common ownership
2004:Common ownership
1818:Closed (autarky)
1775:State capitalism
1753:Socialist market
1738:Market socialist
1574:Economic systems
1561:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1523:Organized Labour
1521:
1520:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1492:
1491:
1436:Workers' council
1073:Gracchi Brothers
597:Social democracy
340:Market socialism
328:Project Cybersyn
256:Soviet democracy
241:Social ownership
196:Internationalism
176:Free association
146:Common ownership
62:
39:
21:
7717:
7716:
7712:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7707:
7706:
7662:
7661:
7660:
7655:
7624:
7428:
7427:
7421:
7371:husband-selling
7308:Illegal logging
7303:Illegal fishing
7232:
7219:
7130:Freedom to roam
7103:
7016:(agrarian land)
6989:
6946:Property rights
6838:
6795:
6757:Estate (landed)
6740:
6664:
6659:
6629:
6624:
6600:
6598:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6545:Labour movement
6475:
6474:
6473:
6035:
6034:
6033:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5710:
5709:
5708:
5705:Occupy movement
5578:Ferrer movement
5513:
5512:
5511:
5427:Escuela Moderna
5385:
5384:
5383:
5295:
5255:
5212:
5176:Insurrectionary
5135:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5007:
5006:
5005:
4931:Refusal of work
4816:Anti-militarism
4811:Anti-capitalism
4770:
4765:
4732:Anton Pannekoek
4728:"Socialization"
4724:
4708:New Left Review
4696:
4694:Further reading
4691:
4690:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4669:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4639:
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3638:
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3609:
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3588:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3566:"Archived copy"
3564:
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3228:
3223:Business portal
3221:
3214:
3211:
3195:nationalization
3187:
3168:
3162:
3131:
3125:
3063:
3001:corporate stock
2996:
2990:
2929:
2862:self-management
2853:
2796:
2789:
2760:Albert Einstein
2738:planned economy
2697:nationalization
2693:state socialism
2651:
2631:social dividend
2626:property income
2620:and non-market
2610:
2604:
2545:
2535:and the use of
2499:social dividend
2495:surplus product
2459:surplus product
2435:state ownership
2401:
2361:
2354:
2353:
2319:Post-industrial
2314:Post-capitalist
2274:Hunter-gatherer
2259:
2251:
2250:
2165:
2157:
2156:
2135:Nationalization
2095:Demutualization
2090:Corporatization
2075:
2067:
2066:
2057:State ownership
2032:
2024:
2023:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1878:Robinson Crusoe
1813:
1812:By coordination
1805:
1804:
1789:Traditionalist
1649:Neomercantilist
1609:
1601:
1582:
1555:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1486:
1479:
1478:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1431:Socialist state
1426:Socialist Party
1371:Economic system
1336:
1328:
1327:
1313:
1303:
1302:
1068:
1060:
1059:
640:
632:
631:
447:Democratic road
382:
372:
371:
298:
290:
289:
236:Social dividend
226:Sharing economy
126:
118:
117:
88:
80:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7715:
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7694:
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7537:
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7509:
7508:
7507:
7495:
7490:
7488:Garrett Hardin
7485:
7484:
7483:
7471:
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7305:
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7283:
7276:
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7266:
7261:
7259:Eminent domain
7256:
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7242:Bioprospecting
7238:
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7234:redistribution
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6936:Natural rights
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6560:Libertarianism
6557:
6552:
6550:Left communism
6547:
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3041:Rudolf Meidner
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2963:Abba P. Lerner
2959:Fred M. Taylor
2942:The economist
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6238:
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6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6215:French Guiana
6213:
6211:
6208:
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6203:
6201:
6198:
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6188:
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5688:
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5651:
5648:
5646:
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5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5625:Biennio Rosso
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
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5581:
5579:
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5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5543:Paris Commune
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5482:
5479:
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5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
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5433:
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5428:
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5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5366:Mutual credit
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5311:Communization
5309:
5308:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
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5223:
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5219:
5215:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5199:
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5179:
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5172:
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5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
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5142:
5138:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5101:Philosophical
5099:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5079:Individualist
5077:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5022:Animal rights
5020:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
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4974:
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4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4891:Individualism
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4871:Direct action
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
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4834:
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4829:
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4802:
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4779:
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4773:
4769:
4762:
4757:
4755:
4750:
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4743:
4742:
4739:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4670:
4668:0-300-11056-1
4664:
4660:
4659:
4651:
4648:
4633:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4605:
4598:
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4562:
4557:
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4537:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4496:0-415-24187-1
4492:
4488:
4484:
4477:
4474:
4469:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4433:0-521-35866-3
4429:
4425:
4418:
4415:
4410:
4404:
4400:
4393:
4390:
4386:
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4017:
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3930:0-415-24187-1
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3425:
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3417:
3413:
3411:0-415-24187-1
3407:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3373:
3371:9781135932268
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
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3333:
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3232:
3227:
3224:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3191:socialization
3184:
3182:
3180:
3177:According to
3175:
3173:
3167:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3152:movement and
3151:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3076:
3075:Richard Wolff
3072:
3068:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3051:United States
3049:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3030:Peter Drucker
3025:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2995:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2974:
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2761:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2720:
2718:
2715:, critiquing
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2675:communization
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2646:
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2639:
2634:
2632:
2627:
2623:
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2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
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2432:
2428:
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2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:is a type of
2409:
2398:
2393:
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2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
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2350:
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2337:
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2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2324:Post-scarcity
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2269:Expeditionary
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
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2232:
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2222:
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2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:Socialization
2143:
2141:
2140:Privatization
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:Mutualization
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:Marketization
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:Expropriation
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:Communization
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
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1937:
1935:
1932:
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1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1901:
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1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:Decentralized
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1780:Social credit
1778:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:Participatory
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
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1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:Social market
1657:
1655:
1654:Protectionist
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1634:Laissez-faire
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1552:
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1540:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:Related lists
1452:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:Progressivism
1409:
1407:
1406:Nanosocialism
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:Organizations
1307:
1306:
1299:
1298:Ocasio-Cortez
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
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1218:van der Lubbe
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766:
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755:Chernyshevsky
753:
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748:
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738:
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733:
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663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
639:Intellectuals
636:
635:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
572:Revolutionary
570:
568:
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563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
507:Laissez-faire
505:
503:
500:
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495:
493:
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488:
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483:
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448:
445:
443:
440:
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433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
412:Authoritarian
410:
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385:
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368:
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294:
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267:
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262:
261:Strike action
259:
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199:
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174:
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169:
167:
166:Equal liberty
164:
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129:
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68:
66:
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61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7644:Property law
7615:
7601:
7587:
7568:
7554:
7550:Karl Polanyi
7530:
7526:Marcel Mauss
7516:
7502:
7493:David Harvey
7478:
7474:Henry George
7464:
7455:Ronald Coase
7445:
7430:
7376:wife selling
7358:bride buying
7296:repatriation
7278:
7229:Disposession
7183:
7072:Property law
7047:
7043:Forest types
7013:
7005:
6994:Applications
6924:rent-seeking
6909:Gift economy
6767:Intellectual
6725:
6618:
6611:
6597:
6510:Anti-statism
6500:Anti-fascism
6405:South Africa
5905:Pi i Margall
5602:
5451:
5412:Anarcho-punk
5399:
5374:Wage slavery
5341:Gift economy
5236:Postcolonial
5218:Contemporary
5171:Independence
5118:Collectivist
5037:Love and sex
4866:Deep ecology
4801:Anationalism
4714:
4707:
4703:No.6: 60â81.
4700:
4677:
4657:
4650:
4638:. Retrieved
4626:
4617:
4603:
4597:
4588:
4574:
4568:
4559:
4545:
4539:
4530:
4521:
4513:
4509:
4500:
4482:
4476:
4452:
4445:
4437:
4423:
4417:
4398:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4363:
4349:
4343:
4334:
4320:
4314:
4306:
4302:
4267:
4249:
4235:
4229:
4220:
4200:
4192:
4169:
4150:
4132:
4128:
4116:. Retrieved
4088:. Retrieved
4084:
4074:
4049:
4045:
4035:
4023:. Retrieved
4019:
4009:
3999:
3990:
3978:. Retrieved
3974:
3964:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3934:
3916:
3910:
3901:
3887:
3881:
3873:
3859:
3853:
3844:
3830:
3824:
3815:
3808:. Retrieved
3804:the original
3793:
3785:
3781:
3772:
3753:
3746:
3738:
3734:
3725:
3711:
3705:
3696:
3682:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3655:
3641:
3635:
3627:
3610:
3606:
3580:. Retrieved
3573:the original
3560:
3556:
3544:
3535:
3521:
3515:
3506:
3492:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3465:
3451:
3445:
3433:. Retrieved
3424:
3415:
3397:
3391:
3382:
3375:. Retrieved
3361:
3344:
3335:
3321:
3315:
3306:
3292:
3286:
3190:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3169:
3147:
3143:
3132:
3117:
3109:
3094:
3079:
3064:
3045:
3034:
3026:
3016:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2975:
2971:
2967:Maurice Dobb
2952:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2854:
2845:
2829:
2820:Karl Kautsky
2812:Otto Neurath
2809:
2797:
2774:
2769:
2749:
2747:
2726:nationalized
2725:
2722:
2704:
2701:Emma Goldman
2690:
2679:
2667:cooperatives
2652:
2643:
2635:
2611:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2561:
2546:
2519:
2503:
2484:
2407:
2406:
2234:Peer-to-peer
2229:Self-managed
2164:Coordination
2100:Deregulation
2061:
1785:Distributist
1639:Mercantilist
467:Evolutionary
387:21st-century
240:
181:Freed market
36:
7518:Das Kapital
7405:progressive
7395:inheritance
7318:Land reform
7092:real estate
7067:Land tenure
7055:Inheritance
6983:anticommons
6919:Law of rent
6899:Game theory
6829:Information
6809:Common land
6706:Cooperative
6420:Switzerland
6380:Puerto Rico
6365:Philippines
6330:New Zealand
6325:Netherlands
6195:El Salvador
6030:Periodicals
5593:Tragic Week
5464:Lifestylism
5361:Mutual bank
5316:Cooperative
5281:Platformism
5231:Free-market
5159:Primitivist
5042:Nationalism
4971:Somatherapy
4881:Freethought
4118:3 September
3810:16 November
3257:Cooperative
3008:John Roemer
2955:Oskar Lange
2671:syndicalism
2557:egalitarian
2339:Traditional
2289:Manorialism
2284:Information
2258:Other types
2244:Open access
2207:Cybernetics
1949:Anglo-Saxon
1934:Singaporean
1893:Underground
1888:Subsistence
1793:Corporatist
1768:Syndicalist
1728:Communalist
1614:Associative
1608:By ideology
1581:Major types
1498:WikiProject
1376:French Left
1168:Spiridonova
1067:Politicians
980:Castoriadis
660:Saint-Simon
612:Third World
607:Syndicalism
542:Nationalist
517:Libertarian
482:Free-market
345:Lange model
333:Soviet-type
303:Communalism
275:Vanguardism
231:Spontaneism
141:Cooperative
87:Development
7666:Categories
7649:by country
7611:Adam Smith
7498:John Locke
7162:indigenous
7157:aboriginal
7077:alienation
6772:indigenous
6762:Intangible
6676:Collective
6540:Dual Power
6525:Autonomism
6520:Autarchism
6180:East Timor
6150:Costa Rica
6095:Bangladesh
6090:Azerbaijan
5800:Feyerabend
5437:Freeganism
5089:Illegalist
5027:Capitalism
4966:Sociocracy
4936:Revolution
4901:Mutual aid
4831:Black bloc
4640:30 October
4336:consumers.
4090:29 January
4025:29 January
3980:29 January
3377:15 October
3164:See also:
3127:See also:
2992:See also:
2801:Ernst Mach
2686:alienation
2655:capitalist
2638:alienation
2622:socialists
2606:See also:
2543:Objectives
2344:Transition
2304:Plantation
2212:Indicative
2074:Transition
1924:East Asian
1695:Religious
1671:Democratic
1644:Neoliberal
1629:Democratic
1619:Capitalist
1587:Capitalism
1469:Socialists
1464:By country
1346:Capitalism
1228:Mitterrand
1193:Gerhardsen
1138:Liebknecht
1123:Markievicz
1050:Varoufakis
1000:Fotopoulos
670:Saint-Just
665:Buonarroti
650:Campanella
587:Scientific
522:Marhaenism
477:Fourierism
462:Ecological
442:Democratic
7697:Ownership
7677:Socialism
7512:Karl Marx
7313:Land Back
7264:Enclosure
7247:biopiracy
7185:Bergregal
7167:squatting
6941:Ownership
6855:Commodity
6834:Knowledge
6745:By nature
6701:Customary
6691:Community
6580:Socialism
6530:Communism
6465:Venezuela
6400:Singapore
6335:Nicaragua
6260:Indonesia
6240:Hong Kong
6235:Guatemala
6080:Australia
6070:Argentina
6041:By region
6025:Musicians
5930:SantillĂĄn
5880:Malatesta
5850:Kropotkin
5830:Guillaume
5508:Symbolism
5422:DIY ethic
5301:Economics
5246:Post-left
5191:Christian
5186:Religious
5123:Communist
5108:Mutualist
5072:Classical
5032:Education
4981:Squatting
4941:Rewilding
4876:Free love
4768:Anarchism
4487:Routledge
4294:216791723
4178:cite book
4066:0939-3625
3921:Routledge
3435:23 August
3402:Routledge
3097:mutualism
3086:Holacracy
2978:political
2944:Alec Nove
2883:in scope.
2881:municipal
2709:anarchist
2564:Karl Marx
2309:Plutonomy
2190:Regulated
2019:Voluntary
1945:European
1798:Feudalism
1743:Mutualist
1733:Communist
1723:Socialist
1704:Christian
1624:Corporate
1597:Communism
1592:Socialism
1341:Anarchism
1263:Gorbachev
1113:Malatesta
1108:Bernstein
885:Pankhurst
865:Pannekoek
855:Luxemburg
810:Plekhanov
785:Carpenter
780:Kropotkin
577:Ricardian
567:Religious
562:Reformism
547:Nkrumaism
537:Municipal
437:Communism
432:Christian
417:Blanquism
407:Anarchism
350:Mutualism
52:Socialism
7639:Property
7532:The Gift
7431:key work
7426:Scholars
7410:property
7367:spousal
7333:Poaching
7269:Eviction
7213:riparian
7174:Littoral
7082:easement
7060:executor
7031:literary
6956:usufruct
6904:Georgism
6784:Tangible
6779:Personal
6686:Communal
6669:By owner
6662:Property
6613:Category
6375:Portugal
6355:Paraguay
6315:Mongolia
6300:Malaysia
6145:Colombia
6125:Bulgaria
5915:Proudhon
5875:Maksimov
5855:Landauer
5805:Giovanni
5755:Bookchin
5670:May 1968
5442:Infoshop
5196:Buddhist
5181:Pacifist
5149:Feminist
5128:Magonist
5096:Naturist
5052:Violence
5047:Religion
4946:Sabotage
4776:Concepts
4365:markets.
3592:cite web
3537:Capital.
3352:(2000).
3308:society.
3209:See also
3022:rentiers
2877:national
2851:Typology
2754:titled "
2707:from an
2412:property
2197:Planning
1848:Informal
1833:Dirigist
1686:Georgist
1681:Feminist
1566:a series
1564:Part of
1459:Category
1198:Erlander
1158:Kerensky
1128:Connolly
985:Thompson
970:Bookchin
960:Montseny
910:Vanzetti
875:Einstein
845:Landauer
750:Saltykov
745:Lassalle
705:Proudhon
487:Gandhian
472:Feminist
422:Buddhist
402:Agrarian
380:Variants
44:a series
42:Part of
7447:The Law
7353:Slavery
7179:Mineral
7147:Hunting
7140:pannage
7135:Grazing
7120:Fishing
7006:Acequia
6973:Rivalry
6961:women's
6819:Digital
6801:Commons
6736:Unowned
6711:Private
6620:Outline
6570:Marxism
6470:Vietnam
6460:Uruguay
6445:Ukraine
6435:Tunisia
6385:Romania
6340:Nigeria
6320:Morocco
6270:Ireland
6250:Iceland
6245:Hungary
6225:Germany
6220:Georgia
6205:Finland
6200:Estonia
6185:Ecuador
6170:Denmark
6155:Croatia
6110:Bolivia
6105:Belgium
6100:Belarus
6085:Austria
6075:Armenia
6065:Andorra
6060:Algeria
6055:Albania
5975:Yarchuk
5950:Tolstoy
5945:Thoreau
5940:Stirner
5935:Spooner
5900:Parsons
5825:Graeber
5815:Goldman
5775:Durruti
5760:Chomsky
5750:Bonanno
5745:Berkman
5740:Bakunin
5519:History
5469:May Day
5391:Culture
4786:Anarchy
4590:worked.
4085:Jacobin
3508:wealth.
3360:(ed.).
3046:In his
2902:compete
2839:in the
2515:Marxist
2471:capital
2427:economy
2416:society
2239:Sharing
2202:In kind
2150:Marxist
2042:Commons
2009:Private
1998:Sectors
1969:Rhenish
1939:Keralan
1929:Chinese
1903:Virtual
1883:Sharing
1873:Planned
1863:Natural
1828:Digital
1716:Islamic
1676:Fascist
1664:Welfare
1293:SĂĄnchez
1278:Sankara
1238:Mandela
1223:Kreisky
1213:Allende
1208:Senghor
1203:Douglas
1188:Durruti
1153:Trotsky
1045:Graeber
1025:Hampton
995:Chomsky
940:Marcuse
925:Gramsci
915:Bordiga
905:Polanyi
860:Russell
850:Berkman
840:Goldman
830:Du Bois
800:Kautsky
795:Bellamy
760:Tolstoy
735:Wallace
720:Bakunin
710:Greeley
700:Blanqui
680:Fourier
627:Zionist
617:Utopian
557:Popular
552:Owenism
532:Marxism
512:Liberal
497:Islamic
457:Ethical
452:Digital
427:Chinese
392:African
76:Outline
71:History
7328:Piracy
7280:Farhud
7108:Rights
7049:Huerta
7021:Estate
6843:Theory
6824:Global
6726:Social
6716:Public
6681:Common
6440:Turkey
6430:Taiwan
6415:Sweden
6395:Serbia
6390:Russia
6370:Poland
6350:Panama
6345:Norway
6310:Monaco
6305:Mexico
6295:Latvia
6275:Israel
6230:Greece
6210:France
6130:Canada
6120:Brazil
6050:Africa
5980:Zerzan
5970:Warren
5955:Tucker
5925:Rocker
5920:Reclus
5910:Pouget
5890:Michel
5870:Makhno
5845:KĹtoku
5835:He-Yin
5810:Godwin
5795:Ferrer
5765:Cleyre
5730:Armand
5725:Alston
5716:People
5201:Jewish
5113:Social
5084:Egoist
5013:Issues
4665:
4610:
4581:
4552:
4493:
4464:
4430:
4405:
4356:
4327:
4292:
4282:
4251:state.
4242:
4213:
4207:226â27
4162:
4064:
3927:
3894:
3866:
3837:
3765:
3759:239â40
3718:
3689:
3648:
3582:5 July
3528:
3499:
3458:
3408:
3368:
3328:
3299:
2449:, and
2299:Palace
2175:Market
2170:Barter
2014:Public
1974:Soviet
1959:Nordic
1954:German
1920:Asian
1853:Market
1288:Marcos
1283:ChĂĄvez
1273:Corbyn
1248:Manley
1243:DubÄek
1233:Nasser
1173:Makhno
1163:Attlee
1148:Martov
1133:Gandhi
1088:Babeuf
1078:Mazdak
1040:Hedges
1020:Ăcalan
1005:Newton
965:Sartre
955:GuĂŠrin
950:Orwell
900:Korsch
895:LukĂĄcs
880:Keller
870:Rocker
815:Ferrer
770:Morris
765:Michel
740:Lavrov
730:Engels
715:Herzen
690:Leroux
622:Yellow
527:Market
502:Jewish
297:Models
7417:Theft
7203:Water
7097:title
7026:legal
7014:Ejido
6752:Croft
6731:State
6696:Crown
6425:Syria
6410:Spain
6290:Korea
6285:Japan
6280:Italy
6255:India
6190:Egypt
6140:China
6135:Chile
6015:Films
6005:Books
5991:Lists
5960:Volin
5865:MagĂłn
5840:Kanno
5790:Faure
5785:Ervin
5780:Ellul
5665:Provo
5432:Films
5251:Queer
5226:Black
5154:Green
4635:(PDF)
4458:29â31
4290:S2CID
3576:(PDF)
3569:(PDF)
3356:. In
3278:Notes
2537:money
2349:World
2334:Token
2224:Price
1964:Dutch
1858:Mixed
1763:State
1691:Green
1474:Songs
1448:Lists
1253:Palme
1103:Bebel
1093:Blanc
1055:Saito
1030:ŽiŞek
1010:Wolff
945:James
930:Sacco
920:Serge
890:Volin
835:Gorky
825:Wells
820:Dewey
805:Wilde
790:Sorel
775:Jones
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