502:
150:
253:
285:
301:
269:
167:"If at any time I have adopted, without acknowledgement the experiments of M.Berthollet, M.Fourcroy, M.de la Place, M.Monge (...) it is owing to (...) the habit of communicating our ideas, our observations and our way of thinking to each other (establishing) between us a sort of community of opinions in which it is often difficult for everyone to know his own."
238:
The way
Berthollet effectively directed the practical installation of the Institute at Qassim Bey's Palace in CaĂŻro, cemented the friendship with Bonaparte in a way that proved its worth in the patronage of the Arcueil Society. When Berthollet, in 1807, concluded that the arrangement for research
186:
with his open laboratory, continued this spirit of fellowship at
Arcueil. They were the senior moderators in a scientific debate of novel magnitude; combining the framework of physico-mathematical model (Laplace) with experimental investigation (Berthollet).
390:(eau de javel) invented by Berthollet, as well as the application of new dyeing methods (Samuel Widmers invention of a solid green dye). In 1806 Oberkampf's factory printed fabrics at the rate of 7,5 metres a minute, a viable alternative to English import.
597:"Despite the objections of M.Laplace and some others, I am convinced that this (atomic) theory is the most important concept of the century and in the next twenty years it will bring about an incalculable extension to all parts of the physical sciences"
588:
had already been invited by
Berthollet to come and study at Arcueil in 1810, but it was not till 1818 that the Swedish government judged it appropriate for him to travel to France. At Arcueil Berzelius engaged in a steadfast friendship with Dulong.
252:
501:
284:
333:(Bruxelles:Van Mons, 1799) and the first presentation of a sample to Napoleon during a session of the First Class of the Institute (June 25, 1800) till the first viable production by
300:
268:
235:
Napoleon in turn invited them to follow him to Egypt (1798-1799) and instructed
Berthollet to conduct the recruitment of the scientists that were to compose the "Institut d'Egypte".
606:, who had strong differences of opinion with the Society, visited Arcueil in 1822, he received a hearty welcome. It was the last major social event for the Society of Arcueil.
242:
The informality of the "Institut d'Egypte" found its continuance at
Arcueil where Berthollet from his Egyptian-decorated study remained in charge of the publication of the "
469:
to Paris to update general knowledge. In 1819 he spent two full months as a guest of
Berthollet in the laboratory at Arcueil experimenting, but above all sounding
687:
149:
239:
facilities at
Arcueil had cost him more than he could afford, Napoleon, alerted by Laplace and Monge, immediately lend him 150.000 francs to break even.
162:
had initiated the practice of informal deliberation with his fellow scientists, including his junior assistants, in his laboratory at the Paris
Arsenal.
567:
There had often been attempts to correspond between the French and the
English scientists notwithstanding the state of war between their countries.
363:
Mathematical instruments were a special favourite with
Napoleon, and were often awarded medals at the industrial fairs held at the instigation of
650:
Maurice Crosland: "The Society of Arcueil -A view of French Science at the time of Napoleon I" Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967
559:
Equally important was the special thread, woven into the overall discourse, that held together the brilliant cross-reference among friends.
172:
217:
Napoleon became acquainted with Berthollet during his campaign in Italy, when Berthollet and Monge were part of the commission sent by the
370:
In 1806, at the third exhibition in the series, some 1.400 participants attended; up from 220 in 1801. Special attention was given to
96:
243:
545:
329:
116:
323:
The exploitation of beet sugar, for example, was developed with the boycott of English trade in mind. From the publication of
334:
682:
20:
was a circle of French scientists who met regularly on summer weekends between 1806 and 1822 at the country houses of
582:
who wrote a popular account of Laplace's "MĂ©canique CĂ©leste" dined at Arcueil with her scientific "heroes" (1817).
320:
The quantitative applications of the new science of chemistry had important significance for the state economy.
482:
617:
The Society of Arcueil however, through the younger generation, was still to illuminate such work as that of
585:
571:
466:
137:
77:
52:
21:
110:
65:
666:
Maurice Crosland: The Society of Arcueil: A View of French Science at the Time of Napoleon: London, 1967.
529:
425:
71:
224:
Laplace, Berthollet and Monge became instrumental in having Napoleon elected to the First Class of the
513:: 1807, 1809 and 1817 -the last date testifying to the political difficulties following the demise of
521:
514:
474:
364:
125:
58:
25:
533:
432:
131:
225:
196:
83:
159:
570:
At the first opportunity the English correspondents of Arcueil returned to Paris, among them
221:
to select and dispatch Italian art treasures, manuscripts and scientific documents to Paris.
638:
405:
371:
218:
528:(1809, 1817); Gay-Lussac on the free expansion of gases (1807); Humboldt and Gay-Lussac on
579:
575:
536:
of combining volumes of gases (1809); Thenard and Biot's observation on the comparison of
451:
398:
206:
Laplace had been Bonaparte's final examiner at the Ecole Militaire (September 1785) where
609:
Berthollet died on November 6, 1822, and with him went an inspiring power of adherence.
578:(1814, 1816, 1817) who died of apoplexy (1820) during a visit to Berthollet at Arcueil.
367:. Members of the Society of Arcueil were frequently invited to judge on such occasions.
374:
adapted by Christophe Oberkampf and his nephew Samuel Widmer with the introduction of
676:
470:
412:, involving the Arcueil circle, was carried out under Bonaparte's auspices rewarding
394:
338:
229:
207:
553:
486:
417:
409:
349:
324:
663:
William H. Brock: "The fontana history of Chemistry" London: Fontana Press, 1992
603:
211:
431:
The scientific work in general was of first importance to the education at the
337:
in 1812, the subject was one of the scientific priorities in France (see also:
660:
F. Charles-Roux: "Bonaparte: Governor of Egypt" London: Methuen & Co, 1937
462:
421:
413:
183:
669:
Bernard Maitte: "La lumière" Paris: Editions du Seuil -Points/Sciences, 1981
537:
455:
383:
200:
634:
387:
357:
90:
626:
622:
541:
447:
179:
29:
630:
618:
210:, his professor, had encouraged him to finish the two-year course of
195:
The roots of the active progress of the Society of Arcueil lay with
520:
The "MĂ©moires..." published some important new ideas: Malus on the
549:
525:
443:
33:
641:... as well as many others in the field of scientific education.
439:
353:
345:
382:
printing. This particular industrial process integrated the
511:"Mémoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Société d'Arcueil"
479:"Mémoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Société d'Arcueil"
446:, with Collet-Descotils -the precursor in the discovery of
46:"Mémoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Société d'Arcueil"
106:
In the course of the following years they were joined by:
465:
was well judged by the Allies when later they dispatched
548:)(1809); Gay-Lussac and Thenard on the discovery of the
308:
Mémoires de physique et de chimie de la Société d’Arcuei
292:
Mémoires de physique et de chimie de la Société d’Arcuei
276:
Mémoires de physique et de chimie de la Société d’Arcuei
260:
Mémoires de physique et de chimie de la Société d’Arcuei
199:'s special attention to sciences in general and - as an
489:
on prior stages (1811-1813) of Dulong's invention).
393:
Laplace and Monge were also instructed to supervise
360:
was a direct heritage from the "Institut d'Egypte."
48:
was published, a list of contributing members read:
602:It was the testimony of a changing mood and when
262:, published by the Society of Arcueil (1807-1817)
408:'s visit to Paris in 1801 important work on the
228:(the class directing the exact sciences) when
8:
473:whose memoir on a new detonating substance (
435:, the home base of many Arcueil scientists.
500:
203:officer - to mathematics in particular.
148:
102:Amedée Barthélemy Berthollet (1780-1810)
248:
450:- in charge as chief engineer at the "
44:In 1807, when the first collection of
458:were of prime military significance.
7:
688:Scientific societies based in France
505:Title page of the volume 1 from 1807
477:) had appeared in the 1817 volume of
454:", and above all the development of
592:In 1820 Dulong wrote to Berzelius:
122:Jacques Etienne BĂ©rard (1789-1869)
32:, then a village 3 miles south of
14:
97:Hippolyte-Victor Collet-Descotils
438:The enhancing of the quality of
330:Annales de chimie et de physique
299:
283:
267:
251:
544:(one of the earliest proofs of
344:The industrial fabrication of
244:Description de l'Egypte (1809)
232:'s place fell vacant in 1797.
1:
552:of metal (1809); Candolle on
335:Jules Paul Benjamin Delessert
117:Dominique François Jean Arago
509:There were three volumes of
290:Introduction to volume I of
173:Traité Élémentaire de Chimie
154:Traité élémentaire de chimie
327:'s letter on beet sugar in
704:
306:First page to volume I of
274:Title page to volume I of
461:The French expertise in
397:'s experiments with the
246:" (ref: Crosland, 1967).
401:,subsidized in France.
316:Science Under Bonaparte
78:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
53:Claude Louis Berthollet
22:Claude Louis Berthollet
506:
156:
66:Alexander von Humboldt
530:terrestrial magnetism
504:
426:Louis Jacques Thenard
152:
72:Louis Jacques Thenard
586:Jöns Jacob Berzelius
515:Napoleon I of France
485:had already briefed
475:nitrogen trichloride
467:Jöns Jacob Berzelius
138:Siméon Denis Poisson
126:Jean Antoine Chaptal
89:Augustin Pyramus de
59:Pierre Simon Laplace
26:Pierre Simon Laplace
683:Chemistry societies
433:Ecole Polytechnique
132:Pierre Louis Dulong
111:Étienne-Louis Malus
64:Friedrich Heinrich
507:
483:André-Marie Ampère
341:on grape sugar).
226:Institut de France
197:Napoleon Bonaparte
157:
84:Jean Baptiste Biot
18:Society of Arcueil
258:Volumes I-III of
160:Antoine Lavoisier
695:
563:Foreign visitors
534:Gay-Lussac's law
428:in the process.
372:textile printing
348:from home grown
303:
287:
271:
255:
219:French Directory
171:(Lavoisier in: "
703:
702:
698:
697:
696:
694:
693:
692:
673:
672:
657:
655:Further reading
647:
615:
580:Mary Somerville
576:Charles Blagden
565:
499:
452:Ecole des Mines
399:Nautilus (1800)
352:(distinct from
318:
311:
304:
295:
288:
279:
272:
263:
256:
193:
147:
42:
12:
11:
5:
701:
699:
691:
690:
685:
675:
674:
671:
670:
667:
664:
661:
656:
653:
652:
651:
646:
643:
614:
611:
600:
599:
564:
561:
498:
491:
317:
314:
313:
312:
305:
298:
296:
289:
282:
280:
273:
266:
264:
257:
250:
192:
189:
177:
176:
169:
146:
143:
142:
141:
135:
129:
123:
120:
114:
104:
103:
100:
94:
87:
81:
75:
69:
62:
56:
41:
38:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
700:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
678:
668:
665:
662:
659:
658:
654:
649:
648:
644:
642:
640:
639:LĂ©on Foucault
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
613:Post Scriptum
612:
610:
607:
605:
598:
595:
594:
593:
590:
587:
583:
581:
577:
573:
568:
562:
560:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
503:
496:
492:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
471:Pierre Dulong
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
395:Robert Fulton
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
339:Joseph Proust
336:
332:
331:
326:
321:
315:
309:
302:
297:
293:
286:
281:
277:
270:
265:
261:
254:
249:
247:
245:
240:
236:
233:
231:
230:Lazare Carnot
227:
222:
220:
215:
213:
209:
208:Gaspard Monge
204:
202:
198:
190:
188:
185:
181:
174:
170:
168:
165:
164:
163:
161:
155:
151:
144:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
107:
101:
98:
95:
92:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
67:
63:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
49:
47:
39:
37:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
616:
608:
601:
596:
591:
584:
569:
566:
558:
554:heliotropism
522:polarisation
519:
510:
508:
494:
487:Humphry Davy
478:
460:
437:
430:
418:Humphry Davy
410:Voltaic pile
403:
392:
379:
375:
369:
362:
350:indigo plant
343:
328:
325:Franz Achard
322:
319:
307:
291:
275:
259:
241:
237:
234:
223:
216:
205:
194:
178:
166:
158:
153:
105:
45:
43:
17:
15:
604:John Dalton
574:(1814) and
572:John Leslie
378:instead of
212:mathematics
145:Inspiration
140:(1781-1840)
134:(1785-1835)
128:(1756-1832)
119:(1786-1853)
113:(1775-1812)
99:(1773-1815)
93:(1778-1841)
86:(1774-1862)
80:(1778-1850)
74:(1777-1857)
68:(1769-1859)
61:(1749-1827)
55:(1748-1822)
677:Categories
546:dimorphism
463:explosives
422:Gay-Lussac
414:Paul Erman
404:Following
184:Berthollet
538:aragonite
456:gunpowder
384:bleaching
201:artillery
635:Daguerre
556:(1817).
532:(1807);
495:Memoires
388:chlorine
358:Toulouse
214:in one.
175:", 1789)
91:Candolle
645:Sources
627:Fresnel
623:Pasteur
542:calcite
448:iridium
365:Chaptal
180:Laplace
40:Members
30:Arcueil
631:Niepce
619:Liebig
550:amides
376:roller
310:(1807)
294:(1807)
278:(1807)
182:, and
526:light
444:steel
406:Volta
380:block
356:) at
191:Roots
34:Paris
540:and
497:..."
442:and
440:iron
424:and
354:woad
24:and
16:The
524:of
386:by
346:dye
28:at
679::
637:,
633:,
629:,
625:,
621:,
517:.
420:,
416:,
36:.
493:"
481:(
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