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Shanmugam Pillai attempted to analyse code switching among
Kanyakumari fishermen (1968) with regard to the hierarchy of the caste structure. Other research into code switching has studied it in the context of minority-majority interactions, urban and tribal transactions, and other special settings.
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The classification of languages, particularly with regard to regional differences and to so-called 'hybrid' languages, continued to progress during the 19th century. From 1881, language information was explicitly sought in the census, which found a total of 162 languages in the country (116 Indian
191:", whereby languages exhibit two or more distinct styles of speech in different contexts, and a number of studies looked into the phenomenon in more depth. Much of this research was focused on Tamil, but diglossia in Sinhalese and in Telugu was also studied.
153:(1983-86), covering 50 major and minor languages in the country. Originally it had been intended to cover all the written languages except Sanskrit and English, but not enough data were collected for the other 47 languages reviewed.
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and non-Brahmin dialects of Tamil. Researchers have studied both the degree of association between caste distinctions and linguistic differences, and the methods and reasons for maintaining these differences.
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With help from the
Central Institute of Indian Languages, language planning became a subject in Indian linguistic courses. Institutes in Language Planning were held in 1977, 1980 and 1987, and the
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who, along with A. K. Ramanujan, wrote early work on phonetic and phonemic innovation in
Brahman and non-Brahman dialects. Bright also wrote on semantic structural differences among speakers.
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India is a particularly challenging and rewarding country in which to conduct sociolinguistic research due to the large number of languages spoken in the country (415 are listed in the
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Other social variables have also been studied, such as urbanness and education; informal friendship contacts; and occupation and residence. There has also been pioneering work on the
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was founded, which had a particular success into drawing young linguists into applied studies. In 1972 the
University of Delhi introduced the first sociolinguistics course.
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languages and 46 foreign languages). Questions about language continued to be included in the 10-yearly census in the following years, and in 1896
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published on the linguistic aspects of caste differentiation in 1960. Both topics were quickly picked up by Indian linguists. In the mid-1960s,
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Sociolinguistic research has contributed to language in education, administration, and codification efforts of language standardisation.
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Almost a hundred years after
Grierson's survey, the International Centre for Research on Bilingualism completed its sociolinguistic
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Besides those already mentioned, the following researchers have been instrumental in the development of Indian sociolinguistics:
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have a long history in the country (dating back to perhaps the first millennium BCE), few researchers have concentrated on the
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Annamalai, E. (1997). "Development of
Sociolinguistics in India". In Paulston, Christina Bratt; Tucker, G. Richard (eds.).
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A Macro-Sociolinguistic
Analysis of Language Vitality: Geolinguistic Profiles and Scenarios of Language Contact in India
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399:. Proceedings of a seminar, Central Institute of Indian Languages and Mahatma Gandhi International Hindi University.
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Following Bloch's 1910 work on caste dialects, further studies were carried out in the 1960s by (among others)
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India is a highly multilingual nation, where many languages are spoken and also studied, both as part of
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Variation between Indian languages has been noted for millennia: by TolkÄppiyar (Tamil) in his "
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published a study on caste dialects in 1910, however this was not followed up for some decades.
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http://www.sagepub.com/booksProdDesc.nav?prodId=Book220703&currTree=Subjects&level1=400
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416:", February 25, 1997, Explore Linguistics - Department of Linguistics - University of Oregon
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Early Indian research into sociolinguistics can be said to have begun in the early 1960s.
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131:(1959) on variation as a developmental and functional phenomenon of language, while
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A seminar on "Language and
Society in India" was held in 1967 and in 1969 the
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Linguistic
Landscaping in India with Particular Reference to the New States
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focused on sociolinguistic aspects of convergence and language shift.
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347:. Sainte-Foy: Les Presses de l'UniversitƩ Laval. p. 13.
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added an interest in variation within the speech of a caste.
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and with the aim of aiding community development. Though
423:", Jennifer Marie Bayer, 5 May 2005, Language in India
174:, comparing the kinds of language innovation between
317:. Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. 35ā41.
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257:Contribution of sociolinguistics to Indian society
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421:Missing links - from research to development
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381:Shapiro, Michel C.; Harold F. (1981).
187:Ferguson (1959) first used the term "
144:Central Institute of Indian Languages
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395:Itagi, N. H. and S. K. Singh. 2002.
240:, who had written the classic paper
62:History of sociolinguistic research
435:", UT-Austin Linguistics Resources
383:Language and Society in South Asia
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17:Sociolinguistic research in India
205:New Language Planning Newsletter
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385:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
471:Linguistic research in India
343:McConnell, Grant D. (1991).
183:Diglossia and Code switching
440:Journal of Sociolinguistics
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433:Sociolinguistics Resources
243:India as a Linguistic Area
446:"Sociolinguistics" in SIL
250:Prabodh Bechardas Pandit
112:Language Survey of India
25:languages of the country
19:is the study of how the
108:George Abraham Grierson
40:comparative linguistics
238:Murray Barnson Emeneau
94:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
223:Important researchers
217:linguistic landscape
46:situation of India.
125:Charles A. Ferguson
466:Languages of India
442:", Wiley-Blackwell
276:Languages of India
157:Fields of research
354:978-2-7637-7284-4
271:Dravidian studies
199:Language planning
168:William McCormack
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461:Sociolinguistics
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89:Natyasastra
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36:theoretical
32:linguistics
455:Categories
287:References
219:of India.
127:published
110:began his
189:diglossia
129:Diglossia
80:Patanjali
70:"(5 BCE);
265:See also
86:in his
176:Brahmin
96:in his
84:Bharata
76:Nirutka
74:in his
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211:Others
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281:Caste
72:Yaska
349:ISBN
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