Sodomy - Knowledge (XXG)

674:

defile the marriage bed of others, but also those who were men lusted after one another, doing unseemly things, and not regarding or respecting their common nature, and though eager for children, they were convicted by having only an abortive offspring; but the conviction produced no advantage, since they were overcome by violent desire; and so by degrees, the men became accustomed to be treated like women, and in this way engendered among themselves the disease of females, and intolerable evil; for they not only, as to effeminacy and delicacy, became like women in their persons, but they also made their souls most ignoble, corrupting in this way the whole race of men, as far as depended on them.

1137:). Benedictus Levita's rationale was that the punishment of such acts was to protect all Christendom from divine punishments, such as natural disasters for carnal sins committed by individuals, but also for heresy, superstition, and paganism. Because his crucial demands for capital punishment had been so unheard of in ecclesiastical history previously, based upon the humane Christian concept of forgiveness and mercy, it took several centuries before Benedictus Levita's demands for legal reform began to take tangible shape within larger ecclesiastical initiatives. 866:

practices" "Now when the Sodomites saw the young men to be of beautiful countenances, and this to an extraordinary degree, and that they took up their lodgings with Lot, they resolved themselves to enjoy these beautiful boys by force and violence; and when Lot exhorted them to sobriety, and not to offer any thing immodest to the strangers, but to have regard to their lodging in his house; and promised that if their inclinations could not be governed, he would expose his daughters to their lust, instead of these strangers; neither thus were they made ashamed." (

1098: 1364: 472: 1674:(Islamic law) defines sodomy outside marriage as adultery or fornication or both, and it thus attracts the same penalties as those crimes (flogging or death), although the exact punishment varies with schools and scholars. In practice, few modern Muslim countries have legal systems based fully on Shariah, and an increasing number of Muslims do not look to shariah but to the Quran itself for moral guidance. For sodomy within marriage, the majority of 4673: 1261: 1208: 884: 601:) "Behold, this was the guilt of your sister Sodom: she and her daughters had arrogance, abundant food and careless ease, but she did not help the poor and needy. Thus they were haughty and committed abominations before Me. (vss. 49–50, NASB) (The Hebrew for the word "thus" is the conjunction "ו" which is usually translated "and", therefore KJV, NIV, and CEV omit the word entirely.) 981: 22: 3432:– even when women resist sexual advances they are using it merely as a seductive device. On the other hand, patriarchal beliefs also dictate that women, in contrast to men, are naturally submissive and have little interest in sex, so men have a 'natural' right to sexual intercourse whether women want it or not. 3428:. Patriarchal attitudes relating to sexual behaviour are mixed and inconsistent. They include, on one hand, the idea that as part of their natural inferiority, women are less in control of their sex drives and are therefore essentially lustful, with a constant craving for sex. This belief leads to the 1286:

in London shows that the treatment of rape was often lenient, while the treatment of sodomy was often severe. However, the difficulty of proving that penetration and ejaculation had occurred meant that men were often convicted of the lesser charge of "assault with sodomitical intent", which was not a

1059:; novels no. 77 (dating 538) and no. 141 (dating 559) declared that Sodom's sin had been specifically same-sex activities and desire for them. He also linked "famines, earthquakes, and pestilences" upon cities as being due to "such crimes," during a time of recent earthquakes and other disasters (see 836:

and the surrounding cities, which likewise indulged in sexual immorality and pursued unnatural desire, serve as an example by undergoing a punishment of eternal fire" (v. 7, English Standard Version). The phrase rendered "sexual immorality and unnatural desire" is translated "strange flesh" or "false

380:

While religion and the law have had a fundamental role in the historical definition and punishment of sodomy, sodomitical texts present considerable opportunities for ambiguity and interpretation. Sodomy is both a real occurrence and an imagined category. In the course of the eighteenth century, what

1595:

in the Hebrew Bible. Biblical scholars disagree on what "know" in this instance refers to, but most of conservative Christianity interprets it to mean "sexual intercourse", while the opposing position interprets it to mean "interrogate". Lot's offering of his two virgins has been interpreted to mean

388:

an adequate and imaginative reading involves a series of intertextual interventions in which histories become stories, fabrications and reconstructions in lively debate with, and around, 'dominant' heterosexualities ... Deconstructing what we think we see may well involve reconstructing ourselves in

167:

to take refuge with his family for the night. The men of Sodom surround Lot's house and demand that he bring out the strangers so that they may "know" them (a euphemism for sexual intercourse). Lot protests that the messengers are his guests and offers the Sodomites his virgin daughters instead, but

705:

I will therefore put you in remembrance, though ye once knew this, how that the Lord, having saved the people out of the land of Egypt, afterward destroyed them that believed not. And the angels which kept not their first estate, but left their own habitation, he hath reserved in everlasting chains

2962:

a death sentence was being recorded, not carried out, so a prisoner could instead have been pardoned and freed ... the case of Thomas Silver, a 14-year-old she believed was sentenced to death for a homosexual act. Wolf said in the interview that she found several dozen similar 'executions'. A

1374:

As of February 2024, 66 countries as well as three sub-national jurisdictions have laws criminalizing homosexuality. In 2006 that number was 92. Among these 66 countries, 44 of them criminalize not only male homosexuality but also female homosexuality. In 11 of them, homosexuality is punished with

1299:

and the police lieutenant d'Argenson, as well as other sources, show that many who were arrested were exiled, sent to a regiment, or imprisoned in places (generally the hospital) associated with moral crimes (such as prostitution). Of these, a number were involved in prostitution or had approached

865:

narrative: "About this time the Sodomites grew proud, on account of their riches and great wealth; they became unjust towards men, and impious towards God, in so much that they did not call to mind the advantages they received from him: they hated strangers, and abused themselves with Sodomitical

840:

One theory is that it is just a reference to the "strange flesh" of the intended rape victims, who were angels, not men. Countering this is traditional interpretation, which notes that the angels were sent to investigate an ongoing regional problem (Gn. 18) of fornication, and extraordinarily so,

673:

As men, being unable to bear discreetly a satiety of these things, get restive like cattle, and become stiff-necked, and discard the laws of nature, pursuing a great and intemperate indulgence of gluttony, and drinking, and unlawful connections; for not only did they go mad after other women, and

1689:

and the strong emphasis on virility leads some adolescents and unmarried young men to seek alternative sexual outlets to women, especially with males younger than themselves. Not all sodomy is homosexual – for some young men, heterosexual sodomy is considered better than vaginal

3344:

Many religions are based on teachings of peace, love, and tolerance, and thus, at least based on those specific teachings, these religions promote intergroup pro-sociality. However, evidence from studies of religion and social attitudes have paradoxically revealed that religion is typically a

1467:

Behold, this was the iniquity of thy sister Sodom, pride, fullness of bread, and abundance of idleness was in her and in her daughters, neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy. And they were haughty, and committed abomination before me: therefore I took them away as I saw

1611:

denoting sex is in Genesis (including once for premarital sex: Genesis 38:26), and in verse 8, sex is the obvious meaning. Its use in the parallel story in Judges 19 is also invoked in support of this meaning, with it otherwise providing the only instance of "knowing" someone by violence.

1497:, wrote: "According to our sages, they were notorious for every evil, but their fate was sealed for their persistence in not supporting the poor and the needy." His contemporary, Rabbenu Yonah, expresses the same view: "Scripture attributes their annihilation to their failure to practice 1641:

clearly disapproves of the sexual practices of the "people of Lot" ("What, of all creatures do ye come unto the males, and leave the wives your Lord created for you?"), only one passage has occasionally been interpreted as taking a particular legal position towards such activities:

1308:, even then a known "cruising area". But, as with much sexual behaviour under the Old Regime, discretion was a key concern on all sides (especially since members of prominent families were sometimes implicated); the law seemed most concerned with those who were the least discreet. 1303:

Periodicals of the time sometimes casually named known sodomites, and at one point, even suggested that sodomy was increasingly popular. This does not imply that sodomites necessarily lived in security – specific police agents, for instance, watched the

1300:

children, or otherwise gone beyond merely having homosexual relations. Ravaisson (a 19th-century writer who edited the Bastille records) suggested that the authorities preferred to handle these cases discreetly, lest public punishments in effect publicize "this vice".

1063:). While adhering to the death penalty by beheading as punishment for homosexuality or adultery, Justinian's legal novels heralded a change in Roman legal paradigm in that he introduced a concept of not only secular but also divine punishment for homosexual behavior. 706:

under darkness unto the judgment of the great day. Even as Sodom and Gomorrha, and the cities about them in like manner, giving themselves over to fornication, and going after strange flesh, are set forth for an example, suffering the vengeance of eternal fire.

1120:(so for instance, even solitary masturbation and anal intercourse between a male and a female were covered), while among these, he still emphasized all interpersonal acts not taking place between human men and women, especially homosexuality. 1651:

opens some way for them (15). And as for the two who are guilty of indecency from among you, give them both a punishment; then if they repent and amend, turn aside from them; surely Allah is oft-returning (to mercy), the Merciful.

2963:

newspaper report from the time, which Sweet presented to Wolf during the interview, shows that Silver was actually shown mercy because of his age ... the 14-year-old was in fact convicted of sexually assaulting a young child.

507:'s male guests. Some suggest the sinfulness for which Sodom was destroyed might have consisted mainly in the violation of obligations of hospitality, which were important for the original writers of the Biblical account. In 1564:

for the inhabitants of the land, who were before you, committed all of these abominations, and the land became defiled; otherwise the land will vomit you out for defiling it, as it vomited out the nation that was before

1646:

And as for those who are guilty of an indecency from among your women, call to witnesses against them four (witnesses) from among you; then if they bear witness confine them to the houses until death takes them away or

1294:

In 18th century France, sodomy was still theoretically a capital crime, and there are a handful of cases where sodomites were executed. However, in several of these, other crimes were involved as well. Records from the

3345:

predictor of intergroup anti-sociality, or in other words religion tends to predict most forms of prejudice. When conceptualizing religion in terms of self-reported categorical religious affiliation (i.e., Christian,

643:

And punishments came upon the sinners not without former signs by the force of thunders: for they suffered justly according to their own wickedness, insomuch as they used a more hard and hateful behavior toward

3349:, Jewish, etc.), religiously affiliated individuals tend to report more negative attitudes against a variety of social outgroups than individuals who are not religiously affiliated. ... In addition, most 1596:

that Lot is offering a compromise to assure the crowd that the two men have no untoward intentions in town, or that he is offering his virgins as a substitute for the men to "know" by sexual intercourse.

631:"; male shrine prostitutes may have served barren women in fertility rites rather than engaging in homosexual acts; this also applies to other instances of the word sodomite in the King James Version. 1152:

were not only persecuted for their heterodox beliefs, but were increasingly accused of fornication and sodomy. In 1307, accusations of sodomy and homosexuality were major charges levelled during the

120:

in many countries criminalized the behavior. In the Western world, many of these laws have been overturned or are routinely not enforced. A person who practices sodomy is sometimes referred to as a

1348:

Laws criminalizing sodomy rarely spell out precise sexual acts, but are typically understood by courts to include any sexual act deemed to be unnatural or immoral. Sodomy typically includes

168:

then they threaten to "do worse" with Lot than they would with his guests. Then the angels strike the Sodomites blind, "so that they wearied themselves to find the door". (Genesis 19:4–11,

1660:

scholar, Abu Muslim al-Isfahani, interpreted them as referring to homosexual relations. This view was widely rejected by medieval scholars, but has found some acceptance in modern times.

597:. "Yet you have not merely walked in their ways or done according to their abominations; but, as if that were too little, you acted more corruptly in all your conduct than they." (v. 47, 495:

was a city destroyed by God because of the evil of its inhabitants. No specific sin is given as the reason for God's great wrath. The story of Sodom's destruction – and of

638:, which is included in the Biblical canon by Orthodox and Catholics, makes reference to the story of Sodom, further emphasizing that their sin had been failing to practice hospitality: 372:

in Arabic) and a more literal interpretation of the word is "the practice of Lot", but more accurately it means "the practice of Lot's people" (the Sodomites) rather than Lot himself.

3650: 870:

1.11.1,3 – c. 96CE). His assessment goes beyond the Biblical data, though it is seen by conservatives as defining what manner of fornication (Jude 1:7) Sodom was given to.

208:

and is considered mildly offensive. (The word 'sod' also has a meaning of "(clump of) earth" with an unrelated etymology, in which sense it is rare but not offensive.)

4208: 1442:

sexual intercourse (all of which have been labeled as "sodomy" at various times), believing and teaching that such behaviors are forbidden because they are considered

4286: 1573:" refers to sexual misconduct, and that while homosexual acts were not the only reason Sodom and Gomorrah were condemned, it was a significant part of the picture. 1123:

Benedictus Levita prescribed capital punishment for sodomy. Burning had been part of the standard penalty for homosexual behavior, particularly common in Germanic

1670:'s sayings and deeds from those close to him in his lifetime) on the subject are inconsistent, with different writers interpreting the Prophet in different ways. 615:

as: "There shall be no whore of the daughters of Israel, nor a sodomite of the sons of Israel," but the word corresponding to "sodomite" in the Hebrew original,

1489:

Classical Jewish texts are seen by many as not stressing the homosexual aspect of the attitude of the inhabitants of Sodom as much as their cruelty and lack of

184:

were seen frequently in past Jewish, Christian, and Islamic civilizations, but the term has little modern usage outside Africa, Asia, and the United States.

2881: 2620: 269:

is commonly associated with consent and pleasure with regard to all involved parties and often avoids directly mentioning two common aspects of social

360:), is derived from the same source as in Western culture, with much the same connotations as English (referring to most sexual acts prohibited by the 4066: 3849: 3676: 1628:

by copulation with an undue sex, male with male, or female with female, as the Apostle states (Romans 1:27): and this is called the "vice of sodomy".

647:

For the Sodomites did not receive those, whom they knew not when they came: but these brought friends into bondage, that had well deserved of them. (

4074: 1580:, claim that this passage contradicts the traditional interpretation altogether. In their view, the sins of Sodom were related more to violation of 3270: 3232: 2741:"The Twelve Patriarchs, Excerpts and Epistles, The Clementia, Apocrypha, Decretals, Memoirs of Edessa and Syriac Documents, Remains of the First" 2711:"The Twelve Patriarchs, Excerpts and Epistles, The Clementia, Apocrypha, Decretals, Memoirs of Edessa and Syriac Documents, Remains of the First" 1127:(as according to Germanic folklore, sexual deviance and especially same-sex desire were caused by a form of malevolence or spiritual evil called 187:

These laws in the United States have been challenged and have sometimes been found unconstitutional or been replaced with different legislation.

4637: 1527:

And they called unto Lot, and said unto him, Where are the men which came in to thee this night? bring them out unto us, that we may know them.

515:, a city of the Benjamin tribe, is destroyed by the other tribes of Israel in revenge for a mob of its inhabitants raping and killing a woman. 1060: 4696: 4647: 4598: 4427: 4022: 3898: 3783: 3726: 3480: 3402: 3172: 3134: 2844: 2484: 2458: 2283: 2089: 2010: 1971: 1912: 1874: 1805: 457:

gives the only meaning of the word "bugger" as a sodomite "from the adherence of the Bulgarians to the Eastern Church considered heretical".

4249: 2426:

in legal contexts now typically refers to rape involving anal penetration (especially of minors). Sodomy is the more usual term in U.S. use.

261:), are used exclusively for penetrative anal sex, at least since the early 19th century. In those languages, the term is also often current 1599:

Those who oppose the interpretation of sexual intent toward Lot's guests point out that there are over 930 occurrences of the Hebrew word (

1327: 1315:; some 250 men were summoned before the authorities; 91 faced decrees of exile for not appearing. At least 60 men were sentenced to death. 3627: 3357:) contain dogmas in which their respective deity create mankind with individuals who are perfectly entrenched in the gender binary (e.g., 449:

quotes a similar form: "bowgard" (and "bouguer"), but claims that the Bulgarians were heretics "as belonging to the Greek Church, sp.

4586: 3096: 3065: 2949: 2048: 1836: 1360:. In practice, sodomy laws have rarely been enforced against heterosexual couples, and have mostly been used to target homosexuals. 1247: 967: 4684: 2223: 905: 898: 2519: 1556:

The traditional interpretation sees the primary sin of Sodom as being homosexual intercourse, connecting the Sodom narrative with

571:

2.9. Deuteronomy 32, Jeremiah 23.14, and Lamentations 4 reference the sinfulness of Sodom, but do not specify any particular sin.

503:

18–19. The connection between Sodom and homosexuality is derived from the described attempt by a mob of the city's people to rape

2801: 2718: 2271: 4746: 2922: 793: 648: 381:

is identifiable as sodomy often becomes identified with effeminacy, for example, or in opposition to a discourse of manliness.

169: 4713: 2748: 832:

in the New Testament echoes the Genesis narrative and potentially adds the sexually immoral aspects of Sodom's sins: "just as

3522: 3003: 2979: 2387: 1714: 1656:

Most exegetes hold that these verses refer to illicit heterosexual relationships, although a minority view attributed to the

1229: 4200: 2770: 2599: 2161: 1287:

capital offence. Sodomy crimes in England could mean "sexually assaulting a young child", and could result in a sentence of

200:. It is a general-purpose insult term for anyone the speaker dislikes without specific reference to their sexual behaviour. 4278: 2789:

trans. in Derrick Sherwin Bailey, Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition, (London: Longmans, Green, 1955), 73–74

2245: 612: 3238:(13th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. Archived from 2179: 1016:

Homosexual intercourse between males was possibly denounced in pre-6th century Jewish and Christian writings, such as the

712: 608: 463:

is still commonly used in modern British English as an exclamation, while "buggery" is synonymous with the act of sodomy.

4494: 1569:

Some scholars, such as Per-Axel Sverker, align this passage with the traditional interpretation, claiming that the word "

445:

in 1330 where it is associated with "abominable heresy"; though the sexual sense of "bugger" is not recorded until 1555.

2335: 2040: 1686: 1153: 3082: 1822: 1603:) for "know" in the Hebrew Bible, and its use to denote sexual intercourse only occurs about a dozen times, and in the 604:

There is no explicit mention of any sexual sin in Ezekiel's summation and "abomination" is used to describe many sins.

265:(not just legal, unlike in other cultures) and a formal way of referring to any practice of anal penetration; the word 4751: 4389: 3824: 3026: 2124: 1704: 1439: 841:

that of a homosexual nature, "out of the order of nature". "Strange" is understood to mean "outside the moral law", (

797: 598: 3266:"A systematic review of the relationship between religion and attitudes toward transgender and gender-variant people" 1560:, which lists various sexual crimes, which, according to verses 27 and 28, would result in the land being "defiled": 1519:. The idea that homosexual intercourse was involved as at least a part of the evil of Sodom arises from the story in 948: 846: 583: 4178: 723:

The Greek word in the New Testament from which the phrase is translated "giving themselves over to fornication", is

3938: 3579: 3386: 1477: 1319: 920: 758: 25: 1532: 1218: 894: 817: 4658: 4083: 1545: 849:) while it is doubted that either Lot or the men of Sodom understood that the strangers were angels at the time. 813: 809: 801: 777: 624: 3361:), and thus religions might be instilling cisgender normativity into individuals who ascribe to their doctrines. 3216:

Since the laws had rarely been enforced against heterosexuals, there was no sense of urgency about their repeal.

2919: 2137:

Since the laws had rarely been enforced against heterosexuals, there was no sense of urgency about their repeal.

1411: 1087:("No. 143: On sinful vices due to which empires have crumbled, so that we shall do our best to beware of them") 842: 3451:

Mbuwayesango, Dora R. (2016) . "Part III: The Bible and Bodies – Sex and Sexuality in Biblical Narrative". In

927: 754:, a common word for "flesh", and usually refers to the physical body or the nature of man or of an ordinance. 762: 4001: 3464: 1682:(forbidden) provided the wife agrees; and (2) if the wife does not agree, then it is preferable to refrain. 1225: 789: 205: 805: 770: 4736: 4145: 4087: 2866: 1724: 1455: 431: 2839:. Critical Issues in World and International History. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 269. 2193: 1415: 1018: 934: 504: 479: 89: 1391: 1097: 3520:(June 2003). Carey, Lindsay B. (ed.). "Religion and Sexuality: The Perversion of a Natural Marriage". 3239: 2081: 1141: 1055: 1031: 557: 328: 137: 4092: 1370:

protesting against homophobia, with a banner reading "Sodomize", on 11 October 2009 in Washington DC

471: 4741: 3517: 3425: 3350: 3279: 1789: 1584:

laws than sexual sins. This also coincides with traditional Jewish interpretations of these texts.

1570: 1435: 1431: 1383: 1027: 992: 916: 701:

provides a certain class of sin as causative of its destruction, the meaning of which is disputed.

628: 450: 365: 245: 101: 2945:"An Author Learned of a Mortifying Research Mistake Live on the Radio. Here's How Twitter Reacted" 2944: 1577: 757:

In the Christian expansion of the prophets, they further linked Sodom to the sins of impenitence (

4242: 4137: 4113: 4044: 4028: 3974: 3966: 3950: 3904: 3805: 3789: 3748: 3608: 3577:

Gnuse, Robert K. (May 2015). "Seven Gay Texts: Biblical Passages Used to Condemn Homosexuality".

3559: 3551: 3494: 3452: 3335: 2693: 2369: 2216:

in which The U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6–3 that sodomy laws are unconstitutional on June 26, 2003"

1977: 1481: 1451: 1447: 1039: 833: 499:'s failed attempt to intercede with God and prevent that destruction – appears in 492: 300: 160: 109: 97: 1690:

penetration, and female prostitutes report demand for anal penetration from their male clients.

1503:." Prohibitions on same-sex activities among men (#157) and bestiality (#155–156) are among the 1046:

texts. The first attested applications of the word "sodomy" to male homosexual intercourse were

3703:"Coming Apart at the Seams: Cross-dressing, Masculinity, and the Social Body in Late Antiquity" 3635: 1996: 1363: 4731: 4692: 4678:. Yoesuf Foundation Conference on Islam in the West and Homosexuality – Strategies for Action. 4643: 4594: 4423: 4129: 4121: 4105: 4062: 4036: 4018: 3992: 3958: 3894: 3874: 3797: 3779: 3740: 3732: 3722: 3600: 3588: 3543: 3486: 3476: 3408: 3398: 3374: 3327: 3309: 3301: 3293: 3168: 3130: 3120: 3092: 3061: 2840: 2834: 2614: 2480: 2474: 2454: 2448: 2279: 2173: 2085: 2075: 2044: 2006: 1967: 1908: 1870: 1860: 1832: 1801: 1403: 1109: 1047: 4554: 4415: 3996: 3767: 3702: 3158: 1954:. Routledge Library Editions: History of Sexuality (1st ed.). New York City and London: 1947: 1898: 1781: 4097: 4010: 3942: 3922: 3886: 3714: 3592: 3535: 3472: 3468: 3424:

with a right to leadership in family and public life. Such beliefs derive particularly from

3421: 3390: 3317: 3283: 3126: 3088: 2034: 1959: 1866: 1828: 1793: 1620: 1541: 1504: 1157: 1035: 594: 339: 324: 46: 2499: 526:, writers use God's destruction of Sodom to demonstrate His awesome power. This happens in 4565:

Sex, Death and Punishment: Attitudes to sex and sexuality in Britain since the Renaissance

4393: 4253: 4014: 3531: 3195: 2983: 2926: 2805: 2523: 2142: 2112: 1407: 1367: 1260: 1023: 862: 829: 698: 500: 312: 289: 156: 113: 77: 2871: 2516: 2211: 3322: 3265: 1657: 1615: 1323: 1288: 1067: 1043: 785: 635: 560: 508: 442: 273:– human sexuality and the anus – without a shunning or archaic connotation to its use. 2798: 2393: 1607:

it is not rendered sexually. Countering this is the argument that most of the uses of

4725: 4141: 4048: 3978: 3908: 3809: 3752: 3612: 3498: 3339: 2876: 2710: 2317: 2289: 1981: 1709: 1419: 1265: 1156:. Some of these charges were specifically directed at the Grand Master of the order, 739:

to denote whoredom (Genesis 38:24 and Exodus 34:15). Some modern translations as the

694: 690: 146: 3563: 941: 3358: 2740: 1557: 1512: 1446:, and further compared to or derived from the behavior of the alleged residents of 1423: 1387: 1194:

with hereticism, satanism, and witchcraft was supported by the Inquisition trials.

1124: 1071: 997: 669:(20 BCE – 50 CE), described the inhabitants of Sodom in an extra-biblical account: 564: 3850:"A thousand years ago, the Catholic Church paid little attention to homosexuality" 3288: 2995: 2975: 1326:

in London on 27 November 1835 or 8 April 1835. They had been prosecuted under the

2776: 2595: 1797: 1085:

CXLIII. De sceleribus nefandis ob quae regna percussa sunt, ut penitus caveantur.

735:). As one word, it is not used elsewhere in the New Testament, but occurs in the 2253: 1719: 1581: 1494: 1490: 1331: 1312: 1207: 1168: 1149: 1050: 883: 766: 662: 553: 549: 527: 164: 3034: 574:

Specific sins which Sodom is linked to by the prophets of the Hebrew Bible are

4486: 3946: 3793: 3539: 3417: 3394: 2634: 1678:

interpreters hold that: (1) anal intercourse, while strongly disliked, is not

1675: 1604: 1520: 1508: 1399: 1343: 1283: 736: 590: 523: 420: 262: 192: 181: 125: 117: 21: 4450:

Rowson, Everett K. (2006). "Homosexuality". In McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.).

4109: 3962: 3954: 3927:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London)

3770:. In Talvacchia, Kathleen T.; Pettinger, Michael F.; Larrimore, Mark (eds.). 3744: 3604: 3596: 3547: 3297: 3264:

Campbell, Marianne; Hinton, Jordan D. X.; Anderson, Joel R. (February 2019).

1026:'s fourth homily on Romans and attributed to Sodom by the Jewish philosopher 4133: 4040: 4006: 3934: 3890: 3882: 3775: 3718: 3710: 3429: 3382: 3313: 2450:

The shape of practical theology: empowering ministry with theological praxis

2355: 2002: 1955: 1357: 1305: 1282:

An examination of trials for rape and sodomy during the 18th century at the

1269: 1175: 716: 568: 542: 435: 332: 285: 233: 93: 4383: 4032: 3925:(June 1999). "Homoeroticism and Homosexuality in Islam: A Review Article". 3331: 3199: 2330: 2116: 1318:

The last two Englishmen that were hanged for sodomy were executed in 1835.

1129: 361: 3651:"What are Religious Texts Really Saying about Gay and Transgender Rights?" 1963: 4170: 3705:. In Upson-Saia, Kristi; Daniel-Hughes, Carly; Batten, Alicia J. (eds.). 3164: 1904: 1748: 1667: 1544:(see discussion in the section below), which some translations (e.g. the 1499: 1427: 1353: 1349: 1296: 1161: 1116:

to all sexual acts not related to procreation that were therefore deemed

858: 575: 546: 538: 534: 85: 81: 16:

Anal or oral sex with people, any sex with an animal, non-procreative sex

3555: 1074:, fabricated under the pseudonym Benedictus Levita, referred to sodomy: 980: 3970: 2036:

Toward Stonewall: Homosexuality and Society in the Modern Western World

1671: 1232: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1145: 496: 424: 415: 294: 279: 250: 219: 4664: 4117: 2408: 2352:

Secret Sexualities: A Sourcebook of 17th and 18th Century Writing

4245:

Why the Disagreement over the Biblical Witness on Homosexual Practice

3460: 3346: 1663: 1133:, rendering those people characterized by it as non-human fiends, as 988: 620: 531: 512: 399: 318: 306: 3997:"The Will Not to Know: Islamic Accommodations of Male Homosexuality" 3649:

Robinson, Gene; Krehely, Jeff; Steenland, Sally (December 8, 2010).

4623:

Tis Nature's Fault: Unauthorized Sexuality During the Enlightenment

4101: 196:, a noun or verb (to "sod off") used as an insult, is derived from 159:(chapters 18–20) tells how God destroyed the sinful cities of 4311:(Phillipsburg: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing, 1978), p. 32. 4171:"A History of Homophobia: 2 The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah" 3801: 3736: 3490: 3412: 3354: 3305: 1699: 1648: 1638: 1395: 1362: 1259: 1102: 1096: 984: 979: 697:, references Sodom as a place of God's anger against sin, but the 666: 519: 470: 411: 284:

has no connotation of anal or oral sex and specifically refers to

270: 20: 4630:

Secret Sexualities: A Sourcebook of 17th and 18th Century Writing

3058:

Sex, Politics and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality Since 1800

2679:

Esler, Philip F. (Spring 2004). "The Sodom tradition in Romans".

4125: 1744: 1066:

Justinian's usage of the term was taken up around 850 CE by the

427: 2870: 1272:

in 1730, accusing ten men of "the abominable crime of sodomy" (

623::קדש), does not refer to Sodom, and has been translated in the 4487:"Chapter Three: The Islamic Sexual Morality (2) Its Structure" 2576:

Word pictures in the New Testament, Archibald Thomas Robertson

1443: 1201: 877: 773: 740: 579: 3677:"The Story of Sodom and Gomorrah was NOT About Homosexuality" 2197: 150: 61: 2476:

Who we are: our dignity as human: a neo-evangelical theology

1900:

Gay and Lesbian Rights: A Reference Handbook, Second Edition

3772:

Queer Christianities: Lived Religion in Transgressive Forms

750:

which almost always basically denotes "another/other", and

64: 4542:(University Of Chicago Press; 8th Edition. edition, 2005). 4268:(Hamden: Connecticut: Archon, 1975 reprint from 1955), 4–5 1414:

within the boundaries of marriage over all other forms of

419:

or "Bulgarian". The word was used describe members of the

55: 4002:

Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature

4689:

Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History and Literature

4420:

Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History and Literature

3875:"Applying Gender and Queer Theory to Pre-modern sources" 1782:"The Unexpected Actuality: "Deviance" and Transgression" 1178:

in Bulgaria led to the use of a term closely related to

837:

flesh", but it is not entirely clear what it refers to.

511:

19–21, there is an account, similar in many ways, where

4663:. Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies. Archived from 4639:

Sexuality and Eroticism among Males in Muslim Societies

4388:, II–II, Question 164, Article 11 – via newadvent.org. 1952:

Sin, Sickness and Sanity: A History of Sexual Attitudes

1685:

Despite the formal disapproval of religious authority,

1093:("No. 160: On the perpetrators of manifold evil deeds") 180:

In current usage the term is particularly used in law.

4321:

A Reformed Response to Daniel Helminiak's Gay Theology

3628:"Bishop Soto tells NACDLGM: 'Homosexuality is Sinful'" 2717:. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. ANF08.iii.xiv. 1743:

These sub-national jurisdictions are: the province of

3768:"Celibacy Was 'Queer': Rethinking Early Christianity" 3591:

on behalf of Biblical Theology Bulletin Inc.: 68–87.

2772:

Book of the Secrets of Enoch (Slavonic Apocalypse of)

1412:

penetrative vaginal intercourse between men and women

52: 4616:

Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud

3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 2747:. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. ANF08.iii.x. 1493:

to the "stranger". The 13th-century Jewish scholar,

58: 4660:

Liwat im Fiqh: Männliche Homosexualität?, Volume IV

49: 2799:Justinian I: Novel 77 (538) and Novel 141 (544 CE) 2700:. Commenting on the story of Sodom from Genesis 19 2407: 1587:The primary word in contention is the Hebrew word 1311:In 1730, there was a wave of sodomy trials in the 593:, a long comparison is made between Sodom and the 116:, was commonly restricted to homosexual anal sex. 4540:Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality 4266:Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition 3825:"A Modern Controversy Over Ancient Homosexuality" 2635:"CHURCH FATHERS: Homily 4 on Romans (Chrysostom)" 216:Many cognates in other languages, such as French 2775:. 10:4; in J recension Ch. I.118. Archived from 2564:Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset and David Brown, 256: 248: 3512: 3510: 3508: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1644: 1626: 1562: 1525: 1465: 703: 671: 640: 441:The first use of the word "buggery" appears in 304: 204:is used as slang in the United Kingdom and the 163:. Two angels sent to the cities are invited by 145:, "sin of Sodom", which in turn comes from the 4418:. In Murray, Stephen O.; Roscoe, Will (eds.). 4285:. Chabad (Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement). 3999:. In Murray, Stephen O.; Roscoe, Will (eds.). 2808:(Fordham Internet History Sourcebooks Project) 2517:The works of Philo a contemporary of Josephius 1618:gave a definition of the word "sodomy" in his 1511:in the 12th century; however, their source in 1164:were a libertine sect also accused of sodomy. 4672:Van Jivraj, Suhraiya; de Jong, Anisa (2001). 4611:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998). 4609:The Invention of Sodomy in Christian Theology 1946:Bullough, Vern L.; Bullough, Bonnie (2019) . 1398:) have traditionally affirmed and endorsed a 1291:, i.e., not an actual death sentence at all. 1101:Monks accused of sodomy burned at the stake, 861:used the term "Sodomites" in summarizing the 384:In this regard Ian McCormick has argued that 355: 239: 231: 8: 4687:. In Stephen O. Murray; Will Roscoe (eds.). 3707:Dressing Judeans and Christians in Antiquity 3160:Gay and Lesbian Rights: A Reference Handbook 2885:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2836:A History of Medieval Heresy and Inquisition 2318:Paragraph 175 StGB, version of June 28, 1935 2258:. Etymology: short for sodomite. Date: 1818. 1775: 1773: 1190:, meaning "of Bulgaria". The association of 404: 349: 343: 316: 292: 277: 225: 217: 4559:. World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists. 2479:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, p. 296, 2168:. Archived from the original on 2012-09-16. 1273: 140: 4587:"Implied Cases for Muslim Same-Sex Unions" 4323:, by Derrick K. Olliff and Dewey H. Hodges 3881:(1st ed.). London and New York City: 3879:The Routledge Handbook of Islam and Gender 3709:(1st ed.). London and New York City: 2473:Jewett, Paul; Shuster, Marguerite (1996), 1081:("No. 21: On manifold disgraceful wrongs") 1030:(20 BCE – 50 CE) and the Christian bishop 447:The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology 4675:Muslim Moral Instruction on Homosexuality 4422:. New York University Press. p. 88. 4091: 3457:The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Narrative 3321: 3287: 1995:J. D. Douglas; Merrill C. Tenney (2011). 1248:Learn how and when to remove this message 968:Learn how and when to remove this message 4075:Journal of the American Oriental Society 3626:Gilbert, Kathleen (September 29, 2008). 2908:The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages 2566:Commentary on the Old and New Testaments 2270:Soanes, Catherine; Hawker, Sara (2005). 2069: 2067: 1450:. However, the status of LGBT people in 1171:were also largely connoted with sodomy. 1091:CLX. De patratoribus diversorum malorum. 746:The Greek words for "strange flesh" are 4472: 4470: 4454:. Vol. 2. Brill. pp. 444–445. 4404:Sura 26:165–167, quoted in Wafer, p. 88 3675:Modisane, Cameron (November 15, 2014). 3271:International Journal of Transgenderism 3226: 3224: 1769: 1736: 4636:Schmitt, Arno; Sofer, Jehoeda (1992). 4581:(London and New York: Routledge, 1994) 4556:Which Sex Education for Young Muslims? 4359:Sodom: Inhospitality or Homosexuality? 2996:"A history of London's Newgate prison" 2619:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2612: 2171: 2077:The Blackwell Companion to Criminology 1998:Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary 1687:gender segregation in Muslim societies 904:Please improve this section by adding 784:) elsewhere is rendered in the KJV as 776:), and an overall "filthy" lifestyle ( 4572:The Moral Vision of the New Testament 3473:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.39 3379:Men and Sex: A Sexual Script Approach 2976:"The Dutch Purge of Homosexuals 1730" 717:Compare Jude 1:7 in multiple versions 476:The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah 108:, which is derived from the story of 7: 4567:(William Collins and Sons Ltd, 1990) 4497:from the original on 16 October 2013 3119:Scheb, John; Scheb, John II (2013). 3060:. London: Longman Publishing Group. 3006:from the original on 4 November 2017 2822:. New York: Basic Books. p. 11. 1540:The verb "know" is understood to be 1328:Offences against the Person Act 1828 1230:adding citations to reliable sources 92:between a human and another animal ( 30:Sodomites provoking the wrath of God 4346:Homosexuality and the Old Testament 4211:from the original on 13 August 2017 4015:10.18574/nyu/9780814761083.003.0004 2751:from the original on 31 August 2017 2721:from the original on 31 August 2017 2453:, InterVarsity Press, p. 267, 2250:Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary 1859:John Scheb; John Scheb, II (2013). 1079:XXI. De diversis malorum flagitiis. 344: 4632:. (London and New York: Routledge) 4625:(Cambridge University Press, 1988) 4201:"Tzedakah Activists Vs. Sodomites" 3353:(e.g., Judaism, Christianity, and 3231:Mendos, Lucas Ramón (March 2019). 1747:(Indonesia), Gaza (Palestine) and 1275:de verfoeyelyke Crimen van Sodomie 1198:Sodomy laws in 18th-century Europe 743:render it as "sexual immorality". 455:Third New International Dictionary 402:" is derived from the French term 389:surprising and unanticipated ways. 376:Religious and legal interpretation 14: 4685:"Mohammad and Male Homosexuality" 4618:(Harvard University Press, 1990). 4591:Islam and homosexuality, Volume 2 4416:"Muhammad and Male Homosexuality" 4289:from the original on 2 April 2015 4231:The Bible and Homosexual Practice 4067:"The Effeminates of Early Medina" 2950:The Chronicle of Higher Education 2544:Albert Barnes' Notes on the Bible 2276:Compact Oxford English Dictionary 2226:from the original on 6 April 2018 2127:from the original on July 2, 2010 1576:Others, the earliest of whom was 1061:Extreme weather events of 535–536 4621:Maccubbin, Robert Purks (ed.), ' 4181:from the original on 8 June 2017 3375:"Male Sexuality and Pornography" 2414:Oxford English Dictionary Online 1206: 1070:fabrications. Three Carolingian 882: 434:, as well as the related French 45: 4524:Dialmy, pp. 32, 35, footnote 34 2602:from the original on 2009-12-16 2145:(2003-03-24). "Unnatural Law". 1217:needs additional citations for 1174:Persecution of Cathars and the 4547:Homosexuality and Civilization 4309:Homosexuality: A Biblical View 3523:Journal of Religion and Health 3084:World of Criminal Justice: N–Z 2920:Crimes tried at the Old Bailey 2647:Commentary on the sin of Sodom 2447:Anderson, Ray Sherman (2001), 1824:World of Criminal Justice: N–Z 1715:Homosexuality and Christianity 1330:, which had replaced the 1533 991:interview the sodomites, from 364:). Its direct reference is to 1: 4691:. New York University Press. 4585:Jahangir, Junaid bin (2010). 4334:The Church and the Homosexual 3823:Frost, Natasha (2018-03-02). 3289:10.1080/15532739.2018.1545149 2943:Zipporah Osei (24 May 2019). 2931:Proceedings of the Old Bailey 2149:. Vol. 228, no. 11. 1007: 906:secondary or tertiary sources 609:Authorized King James Version 136:The term is derived from the 80:, generally refers to either 4574:(London: Continuum). pg. 381 4532:General and cited references 4005:. New York City and London: 3774:. New York City and London: 3701:Doerfler, Maria E. (2016) . 3655:Center for American Progress 3233:"State-sponsored Homophobia" 3206:. Vol. 228, no. 11 2336:Ordbog over det danske Sprog 2252:. Main Entry. Archived from 2041:University of Virginia Press 1798:10.5040/9781474210683.ch-003 1154:Trial of the Knights Templar 96:). It may also mean any non- 4657:Schmitt, Arno (2001–2002). 4553:Dialmy, Abdessamad (2010). 4452:Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān 3000:www.capitalpunishmentuk.org 2278:. Oxford University Press. 2033:Nicholas C. Edsall (2006). 1780:Sauer, Michelle M. (2015). 1705:The Bible and homosexuality 1268:, published in the city of 356: 350: 212:Cognates in other languages 100:sexual activity (including 4770: 4563:Davenport-Hines, Richard, 4515:Schmitt & Sofer, p. 36 4476:Jivraj & de Jong, p. 2 4279:"The Destruction of Sodom" 3939:Cambridge University Press 3877:. In Howe, Justine (ed.). 3580:Biblical Theology Bulletin 3387:Cambridge University Press 3122:Criminal Law and Procedure 3027:"Madeline Hunter –History" 2681:Biblical Theology Bulletin 1862:Criminal Law and Procedure 1786:Gender in Medieval Culture 1515:does not contain the word 1341: 1320:James Pratt and John Smith 1112:broadened the meaning for 1034:(260–311) and possible by 323:is rendered as "unnatural 276:In modern German the word 151: 4570:Hays, Richard B. (2004), 4084:American Oriental Society 3947:10.1017/S0041977X00016700 3766:Hunter, David G. (2015). 3395:10.1017/9781316874998.013 2896:Oxford English Dictionary 2820:The Guilt of the Templars 2374:Oxford English Dictionary 2178:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1546:New International Version 625:New International Version 398:The modern English word " 88:) between people, or any 4589:. In Samar Habib (ed.). 3873:Geissinger, Ash (2021). 3597:10.1177/0146107915577097 3081:Shirelle Phelps (2001). 2302:Origin: abbreviation of 1821:Shirelle Phelps (2001). 1410:, favouring exclusively 410:, that evolved from the 354:; Persian pronunciation 311:carries both senses. In 288:. The same goes for the 4717:by Prof. Eugene F. Rice 3891:10.4324/9781351256568-6 3719:10.4324/9781315578125-9 3540:10.1023/A:1023621612061 3465:Oxford University Press 3373:Graham, Philip (2017). 2882:Encyclopædia Britannica 2005:. pp. 1584 pages. 679:133–35; ET Jonge 422–23 348:(Arabic pronunciation: 342:, the word for sodomy, 329:someone of the same sex 182:Laws prohibiting sodomy 104:). Originally the term 84:(but occasionally also 4747:Sexuality and religion 4628:McCormick, Ian (ed.). 4205:www.shemayisrael.co.il 2669:33–34; ET Jonge 422–23 2554:Vincent's Word Studies 1725:Religion and sexuality 1654: 1630: 1578:Derrick Sherwin Bailey 1567: 1548:) make more explicit. 1538: 1487: 1371: 1279: 1274: 1106: 1013: 893:relies excessively on 721: 682: 654: 483: 405: 391: 317: 305: 293: 278: 257: 249: 240: 232: 226: 218: 141: 37: 4549:(Belknap Press, 2003) 4229:Robert A. J. Gagnon, 3638:on 30 September 2008. 3420:assert the 'natural' 3157:David Newton (2009). 2082:John Wiley & Sons 2074:Colin Sumner (2008). 1964:10.4324/9780429056659 1897:David Newton (2009). 1416:human sexual activity 1366: 1263: 1100: 1053:'s amendments to his 1042:, (354–430) and some 1019:Epistle to the Romans 1002:'s commentary on the 983: 857:The Jewish historian 491:In the Hebrew Bible, 474: 432:10th century Bulgaria 386: 34:Le Pot-Pourri de Loth 24: 4577:Goldberg, Jonathan, 3885:. pp. 101–115. 3467:. pp. 456–465. 3389:. pp. 250–251. 3280:Taylor & Francis 3056:Weeks, Jeff (1981). 2833:Deane, J.K. (2022). 2354:. London; New York: 2084:. pp. 310–320. 1390:, Christianity, the 1226:improve this article 1186:derives from French 1142:Medieval Inquisition 1056:Corpus iuris civilis 1032:Methodius of Olympus 874:Medieval Christendom 761:), careless living ( 665:Jewish philosopher, 142:peccatum Sodomiticum 138:Ecclesiastical Latin 4683:Wafer, Jim (1997). 4493:. 18 October 2012. 4414:Wafer, Jim (1997). 4361:, Apologetics Press 4348:, P. Michael Ukleja 3463:and New York City: 3426:Abrahamic religions 3418:Patriarchal beliefs 3385:and New York City: 3351:Abrahamic religions 3245:on 22 December 2019 3037:on 20 November 2012 2910:(2010), p. 809 2818:Legman, G. (1966). 1790:Bloomsbury Academic 1542:a euphemism for sex 1384:Abrahamic religions 1379:Abrahamic religions 1375:the death penalty. 794:2 Corinthians 12:21 4752:Sodom and Gomorrah 4392:2020-09-28 at the 4370:James B. DeYoung, 4252:2008-05-12 at the 4175:rictornorton.co.uk 4063:Rowson, Everett K. 4009:. pp. 14–54. 3993:Murray, Stephen O. 3778:. pp. 13–24. 3713:. pp. 37–51. 3422:superiority of men 3031:madelinehunter.com 3025:Hunter, Madeline. 2982:2012-05-18 at the 2925:2017-06-02 at the 2804:2019-03-31 at the 2694:Augustine of Hippo 2522:2016-01-19 at the 2437:Boswell, pp. 92–98 2115:(March 24, 2003). 1958:. pp. 24–40. 1792:. pp. 74–78. 1452:early Christianity 1448:Sodom and Gomorrah 1372: 1338:Modern sodomy laws 1280: 1167:The early-modern 1107: 1040:Augustine of Hippo 1014: 834:Sodom and Gomorrah 518:Many times in the 484: 161:Sodom and Gomorrah 110:Sodom and Gomorrah 38: 4698:978-0-8147-7468-7 4649:978-1-56024-047-1 4642:. Haworth Press. 4614:Laqueur, Thomas, 4607:Jordan, Mark D., 4600:978-0-313-37905-5 4545:Crompton, Louis, 4429:978-0-8147-7468-7 4151:on 1 October 2008 4024:978-0-8147-7468-7 3923:Schmidtke, Sabine 3900:978-1-351-25656-8 3785:978-1-4798-5181-2 3728:978-0-367-87933-4 3589:SAGE Publications 3518:Leeming, David A. 3482:978-0-19-996772-8 3404:978-1-107-18393-3 3198:(24 March 2003). 3174:978-1-59884-307-1 3136:978-1-285-54613-1 2846:978-1-5381-5295-9 2500:"Wisdom 19:13–14" 2486:978-0-8028-4075-2 2460:978-0-8308-1559-3 2358:. pp. 9, 11. 2285:978-0-19-861022-9 2214:Lawrence v. Texas 2091:978-0-470-99895-3 2012:978-0-310-49235-1 1973:978-0-429-05663-5 1948:""Unnatural Sex"" 1914:978-1-59884-307-1 1876:978-1-285-54613-1 1807:978-1-4411-2160-8 1731:Explanatory notes 1406:approach towards 1386:(namely Judaism, 1322:died in front of 1258: 1257: 1250: 1144:, sects like the 1110:Benedictus Levita 1044:pseudepigraphacal 978: 977: 970: 952: 629:shrine prostitute 613:Deuteronomy 23:17 176:In modern English 4759: 4702: 4679: 4668: 4653: 4604: 4579:Reclaiming Sodom 4560: 4525: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4465: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4396: 4385:Summa Theologica 4381: 4375: 4368: 4362: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4332:John J. McNeil, 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4275: 4269: 4264:Derrick Bailey, 4262: 4256: 4240: 4234: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4150: 4144:. 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Archived from 2190: 2184: 2183: 2177: 2169: 2158: 2152: 2150: 2147:The New Republic 2143:Sullivan, Andrew 2139: 2134: 2132: 2121:The New Republic 2113:Sullivan, Andrew 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2071: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2043:. pp. 3–4. 2030: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2019: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1943: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1867:Cengage Learning 1856: 1850: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1777: 1752: 1741: 1621:Summa Theologica 1536: 1505:613 commandments 1485: 1478:Ezekiel 16:49–50 1440:non-heterosexual 1368:Queer anarchists 1277: 1253: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1233: 1210: 1202: 1158:Jacques de Molay 1068:Pseudo-Isidorian 1036:Flavius Josephus 1012: 1009: 1001: 973: 966: 962: 959: 953: 951: 910: 886: 878: 719: 680: 595:kingdom of Judah 408: 359: 353: 347: 346: 325:carnal knowledge 322: 310: 298: 283: 260: 254: 243: 237: 229: 223: 154: 153: 144: 71: 70: 67: 66: 63: 60: 57: 54: 51: 4769: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4722: 4721: 4710: 4705: 4699: 4682: 4671: 4656: 4650: 4635: 4601: 4584: 4552: 4538:Boswell, John, 4534: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4394:Wayback Machine 4382: 4378: 4369: 4365: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4331: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4263: 4259: 4254:Wayback Machine 4241: 4237: 4228: 4224: 4214: 4212: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4093:10.1.1.693.1504 4069: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4025: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3921: 3920: 3916: 3901: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3858: 3856: 3848:McClain, Lisa. 3847: 3846: 3842: 3833: 3831: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3786: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3729: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3674: 3673: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3632:Catholic Online 3625: 3624: 3620: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3532:Springer Verlag 3516: 3515: 3506: 3483: 3450: 3449: 3438: 3405: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3230: 3229: 3222: 3209: 3207: 3200:"Unnatural Law" 3194: 3193: 3189: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3129:. p. 185. 3118: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3091:. p. 686. 3080: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3007: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2984:Wayback Machine 2974:Rictor Norton, 2973: 2969: 2955: 2953: 2942: 2941: 2937: 2927:Wayback Machine 2918: 2914: 2905: 2901: 2894: 2890: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2806:Wayback Machine 2797: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2611: 2605: 2603: 2596:"Archived copy" 2594: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2524:Wayback Machine 2515: 2511: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2487: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2461: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2419: 2417: 2416:. December 2021 2406: 2405: 2401: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2315: 2311: 2295: 2293: 2292:on May 17, 2008 2286: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2256:on 2009-04-22. 2244: 2243: 2239: 2229: 2227: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2170: 2166:myetymology.com 2160: 2159: 2155: 2141: 2130: 2128: 2117:"Unnatural Law" 2111: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2073: 2072: 2065: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2017: 2015: 2013: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1974: 1945: 1944: 1929: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1869:. p. 185. 1858: 1857: 1853: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1831:. p. 686. 1820: 1819: 1815: 1808: 1779: 1778: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1696: 1635: 1554: 1537: 1531: 1486: 1476: 1464: 1436:non-penetrative 1408:human sexuality 1404:heteronormative 1381: 1346: 1340: 1254: 1243: 1237: 1234: 1223: 1211: 1200: 1024:John Chrysostom 1010: 995: 974: 963: 957: 954: 911: 909: 903: 899:primary sources 887: 876: 855: 830:Epistle of Jude 826: 824:Epistle of Jude 780:), which word ( 720: 715: 710: 699:Epistle of Jude 687: 681: 678: 659: 653: 646: 645: 489: 469: 430:originating in 396: 378: 214: 178: 134: 114:Book of Genesis 90:sexual activity 78:British English 72:), also called 48: 44: 26:François Elluin 17: 12: 11: 5: 4767: 4766: 4763: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4719: 4709: 4708:External links 4706: 4704: 4703: 4697: 4680: 4669: 4667:on 2011-09-06. 4654: 4648: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4599: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4561: 4550: 4543: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4517: 4508: 4478: 4466: 4457: 4442: 4428: 4406: 4397: 4376: 4363: 4350: 4338: 4325: 4313: 4307:Greg Bahnsen, 4300: 4270: 4257: 4235: 4222: 4192: 4162: 4102:10.2307/603399 4054: 4023: 3984: 3914: 3899: 3865: 3840: 3815: 3794:j.ctt13x0q0q.6 3784: 3758: 3727: 3693: 3667: 3641: 3618: 3569: 3504: 3481: 3436: 3403: 3365: 3256: 3220: 3187: 3173: 3167:. p. 85. 3149: 3135: 3111: 3097: 3073: 3066: 3048: 3017: 2987: 2967: 2935: 2912: 2899: 2888: 2877:Chisholm, Hugh 2858: 2845: 2825: 2810: 2791: 2782: 2779:on 2009-02-27. 2762: 2732: 2702: 2686: 2671: 2662: 2649: 2640: 2626: 2587: 2578: 2569: 2557: 2546: 2537: 2535:Boswell, p. 97 2528: 2509: 2491: 2485: 2465: 2459: 2439: 2430: 2399: 2396:on 2015-08-10. 2379: 2361: 2342: 2322: 2309: 2284: 2262: 2237: 2203: 2200:on 2007-07-04. 2185: 2153: 2104: 2090: 2063: 2049: 2025: 2011: 1987: 1972: 1927: 1913: 1907:. p. 85. 1889: 1875: 1851: 1837: 1813: 1806: 1768: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1695: 1692: 1634: 1631: 1616:Thomas Aquinas 1553: 1550: 1533:Genesis 19:4–7 1529: 1474: 1463: 1460: 1380: 1377: 1342:Main article: 1339: 1336: 1324:Newgate Prison 1289:death recorded 1256: 1255: 1214: 1212: 1205: 1199: 1196: 1118:counter nature 1095: 1094: 1088: 1082: 976: 975: 890: 888: 881: 875: 872: 854: 851: 825: 822: 798:Ephesians 4:19 786:lasciviousness 708: 686: 683: 676: 658: 655: 641: 636:Book of Wisdom 584:Jeremiah 23:14 488: 485: 468: 465: 443:Middle English 395: 392: 377: 374: 338:In Arabic and 331:or (now) with 213: 210: 177: 174: 133: 130: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4765: 4764: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4737:LGBTQ history 4735: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4700: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4583: 4580: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4521: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4453: 4446: 4443: 4431: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4374:, pp. 118–122 4373: 4372:Homosexuality 4367: 4364: 4360: 4357:Dave Miller, 4354: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4226: 4223: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4163: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3866: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3841: 3830: 3829:Atlas Obscura 3826: 3819: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3694: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3668: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3581: 3573: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3519: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3260: 3257: 3241: 3234: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3176: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3153: 3150: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3115: 3112: 3100: 3098:0-7876-5073-0 3094: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3077: 3074: 3069: 3067:0-582-48334-4 3063: 3059: 3052: 3049: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3018: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2848: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2829: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2766: 2763: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2653: 2650: 2644: 2641: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2622: 2616: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2550: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2415: 2410: 2409:"buggery, n." 2403: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2383: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2365: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2346: 2343: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2207: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2194:"sodomy laws" 2189: 2186: 2181: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2148: 2144: 2138: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2097:September 21, 2093: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2056:September 21, 2052: 2050:0-8139-2543-6 2046: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2029: 2026: 2018:September 21, 2014: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1991: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1916: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1893: 1890: 1878: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1855: 1852: 1840: 1838:0-7876-5073-0 1834: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1817: 1814: 1809: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1763: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1710:Female sodomy 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1653: 1650: 1643: 1640: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1624:. He wrote: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1572: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1534: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1507:as listed by 1506: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1483: 1479: 1473: 1471: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1420:autoeroticism 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1378: 1376: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1290: 1285: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1266:wanted poster 1262: 1252: 1249: 1241: 1231: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1215:This section 1213: 1209: 1204: 1203: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1104: 1099: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1005: 999: 994: 993:Guido da Pisa 990: 986: 982: 972: 969: 961: 950: 947: 943: 940: 936: 933: 929: 926: 922: 919: – 918: 914: 913:Find sources: 907: 901: 900: 896: 891:This section 889: 885: 880: 879: 873: 871: 869: 864: 860: 852: 850: 848: 847:Galatians 1:6 844: 838: 835: 831: 823: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 772: 768: 764: 760: 759:Matthew 11:23 755: 753: 749: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 718: 714: 707: 702: 700: 696: 695:Old Testament 692: 691:New Testament 685:New Testament 684: 675: 670: 668: 664: 656: 652: 650: 639: 637: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 605: 602: 600: 596: 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 572: 570: 566: 562: 559: 555: 551: 548: 544: 540: 536: 533: 529: 525: 521: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 486: 481: 477: 473: 466: 464: 462: 458: 456: 453:". Webster's 452: 448: 444: 439: 437: 433: 429: 426: 422: 418: 417: 413: 409: 407: 401: 393: 390: 385: 382: 375: 373: 371: 367: 363: 358: 352: 341: 336: 334: 330: 326: 321: 320: 314: 309: 308: 302: 297: 296: 291: 287: 282: 281: 274: 272: 268: 264: 259: 253: 252: 247: 242: 236: 235: 228: 222: 221: 211: 209: 207: 203: 199: 195: 194: 188: 185: 183: 175: 173: 171: 166: 162: 158: 148: 147:Ancient Greek 143: 139: 131: 129: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 69: 42: 35: 31: 27: 23: 19: 4714: 4688: 4674: 4665:the original 4659: 4638: 4629: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4593:. ABC-CLIO. 4590: 4578: 4571: 4564: 4555: 4546: 4539: 4520: 4511: 4499:. Retrieved 4491:Al-Islam.org 4490: 4481: 4464:Wafer, p. 89 4460: 4451: 4445: 4433:. Retrieved 4419: 4409: 4400: 4384: 4379: 4371: 4366: 4358: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4308: 4303: 4291:. Retrieved 4282: 4273: 4265: 4260: 4244: 4238: 4230: 4225: 4213:. Retrieved 4204: 4195: 4183:. Retrieved 4174: 4165: 4153:. Retrieved 4146:the original 4079: 4073: 4057: 4000: 3987: 3930: 3926: 3917: 3878: 3868: 3857:. Retrieved 3853: 3843: 3832:. Retrieved 3828: 3818: 3771: 3761: 3706: 3696: 3684:. Retrieved 3680: 3670: 3658:. Retrieved 3654: 3644: 3636:the original 3631: 3621: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3527: 3521: 3456: 3416: 3378: 3368: 3359:Adam and Eve 3343: 3275: 3269: 3259: 3247:. Retrieved 3240:the original 3215: 3208:. Retrieved 3203: 3190: 3178:. Retrieved 3159: 3152: 3140:. Retrieved 3121: 3114: 3102:. Retrieved 3083: 3076: 3057: 3051: 3039:. Retrieved 3035:the original 3030: 3020: 3008:. Retrieved 2999: 2990: 2970: 2961: 2954:. Retrieved 2948: 2938: 2930: 2915: 2907: 2902: 2895: 2891: 2880: 2861: 2850:. Retrieved 2835: 2828: 2819: 2813: 2794: 2785: 2777:the original 2771: 2765: 2753:. Retrieved 2745:www.ccel.org 2744: 2735: 2723:. Retrieved 2715:www.ccel.org 2714: 2705: 2697: 2689: 2680: 2674: 2665: 2657: 2652: 2643: 2629: 2604:. 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