165:
142:
31:
388:
relief, by recovering the viscoelasticity of the articular fluid, and by stimulating new production of synovial fluid. Use of sodium hyaluronate may reduce the need for joint replacement. Injections appear to increase in effectiveness over the course of four weeks, reaching a peak at eight weeks and
470:
Topically applied sodium hyaluronate can facilitate the absorption of biomacromolecules, i.e. pharmaceuticals, and function like a nanocarrier. Its effects on skin depend on the hyaluronate formulation and skin health: In barrier-deficient skin it restricted the delivery of biomacromolecules to the
440:
and other surrounding tissues. Its viscoelasticity also helps to push back the vitreous face and prevent formation of a postoperative flat chamber. In posterior segment surgery, sodium hyaluronate serves as a surgical aid to gently separate, maneuver, and hold tissues. It creates a clear field of
305:
and is thought to play an important role in modulating the interactions between adjacent tissues. It forms a viscoelastic solution in water. Mechanical protection for tissues (iris, retina) and cell layers (corneal, endothelium, and epithelium) are provided by the high viscosity of the solution.
461:
on the face. As of 2017, the FDA had approved 13 hyaluronate preparations as so called dermal fillers. They are also used as a filler of lips or in other parts of the body, though not FDA approved. The filling effect is temporary and lasts for about six months or longer in most people.
310:
for tissues. In facilitating wound healing, it is thought that it acts as a protective transport vehicle, taking peptide growth factors and other structural proteins to a site of action. It is then enzymatically degraded and active proteins are released to promote tissue repair.
488:
After instillation into the lung, higher molecular weight hyaluronate appears to persist longer in the lung but if > 215 kD there was poor lung penetration and mucociliary clearance. Hyaluronate could allow access to lymph nodes draining the pulmonary bed.
533:
In the late 1970s and early 1980s the material was used with the brand names of
Hylartin and Hylartin Vetused in human and veterinary clinical trials (race horses) to treat osteoarthritis. The first commercially sold sodium hyaluronate had been developed by
433:, instillation of sodium hyaluronate its viscoelasticity enables maintenance of a deep chamber during surgical manipulation since the solution does not flow out of the open anterior chamber, allowing for efficient manipulation with less trauma to the
367:
who have not received relief from other treatments. It is injected into the joint capsule, to act as both a shock absorber and a lubricant for the joint. Thus sodium hyaluronate is used as a viscosupplement, administered through a series of
1440:
538:
under the brand name of Healon, manufactured by
Pharmacia AB in Sweden in 1980. In 1986, sodium hyaluronate was used as an intra-articular injection to treat osteoarthritis of the knee with the product Hyalart/Hyalgan by Fidia of Italy.
582:
Boucher WS, Letourneau R, Huang M, Kempuraj D, Green M, Sant GR, Theoharides TC (January 2002). "Intravesical sodium hyaluronate inhibits the rat urinary mast cell mediator increase triggered by acute immobilization stress".
621:
Jubb RW, Piva S, Beinat L, Dacre J, Gishen P (2003). "A one-year, randomised, placebo (saline) controlled clinical trial of 500-730 kDa sodium hyaluronate (Hyalgan) on the radiological change in osteoarthritis of the knee".
694:
Bannuru RR, Schmid CH, Kent DM, Vaysbrot EE, Wong JB, McAlindon TE (January 2015). "Comparative effectiveness of pharmacologic interventions for knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis".
474:
Transepidermal water loss increased by 55.5% with low-molecular weight, and was reduced by 28% with crosslinked resilient, and by 16% with HMW. Its efficacy against wrinkles has not been tested in clinical trials.
1165:
Witting M, Boreham A, Brodwolf R, Vávrová K, Alexiev U, Friess W, Hedtrich S (May 2015). "Interactions of hyaluronic Acid with the skin and implications for the dermal delivery of biomacromolecules".
1444:
945:
Salk RS, Chang TJ, D'Costa WF, Soomekh DJ, Grogan KA (February 2006). "Sodium hyaluronate in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the ankle: a controlled, randomized, double-blind pilot study".
1202:"Pilot Comparative Study of the Topical Action of a Novel, Crosslinked Resilient Hyaluronic Acid on Skin Hydration and Barrier Function in a Dynamic, Three-Dimensional Human Explant Model"
174:
838:"Comparison of two hyaluronan drugs and placebo in patients with knee osteoarthritis. A controlled, randomized, double-blind, parallel-design multicentre study"
53:
1475:
525:
preparations. If being administered as an intra-articular injection, it should not be given when there are infections or skin disease at the injection site.
319:
Sodium hyaluronate is cleared within hours of injection but appears to have residual effects on contacted cells. In the eye it is eliminated via the
1045:
1424:
1343:
471:
stratum corneum and viable epidermis. In normal skin, low-molecular weight hyaluronate (5 kDa) enhanced penetration into the epidermis.
877:
Kotz R, Kolarz G (November 1999). "Intra-articular hyaluronic acid: duration of effect and results of repeated treatment cycles".
553:
1468:
384:, which helps lubricate, cushion and reduce pain in the joint. It is generally used as a last resort before surgery and provides
79:
1577:
1603:
521:
Sodium hyaluronate has a very low incidence of side effects, however it is contraindicated in people who are sensitive to
1232:
1598:
1461:
430:
121:
1441:"Fidia Farmaceutici S.p.A. to Distribute and Promote HYALGAN® (sodium hyaluronate) for Treatment of Osteoarthritis"
906:"Therapeutic trajectory following intra-articular hyaluronic acid injection in knee osteoarthritis--meta-analysis"
485:, may be treated with lotion or another skin product containing sodium hyaluronate as its active ingredient.
510:
239:
160:
535:
446:
429:
filtration, and retina attachment surgery and in the treatment of dry eyes. In surgical procedures in the
548:
502:
238:
units of Na-glucuronate-N-acetylglucosamine. It can bind to specific receptors for which it has a high
369:
347:
274:
137:
1528:
1274:"Hyaluronic Acid Molecular Weight Determines Lung Clearance and Biodistribution after Instillation"
414:
290:
1102:
1084:
720:
647:
422:
320:
1488:
1420:
1390:
1365:
1303:
1213:
1201:
1182:
1147:
1076:
1059:
Beasley KL, Weiss MA, Weiss RA (May 2009). "Hyaluronic acid fillers: a comprehensive review".
1011:
962:
927:
886:
859:
818:
769:
712:
639:
600:
506:
482:
389:
retaining some effectiveness at six months, with greater benefit for osteoarthritis than oral
282:
278:
227:
207:
203:
43:
306:
Elasticity of the solution assists in absorbing mechanical stress and providing a protective
1533:
1293:
1285:
1174:
1137:
1129:
1116:
Wickens JM, Alsaab HO, Kesharwani P, Bhise K, Amin MC, Tekade RK, et al. (April 2017).
1068:
1001:
993:
954:
917:
849:
808:
800:
759:
751:
704:
631:
592:
418:
406:
1028:
563:
497:
Sodium hyaluronate can be instilled into the bladder for the treatment of various forms of
1545:
1540:
980:
Shimmura S, Ono M, Shinozaki K, Toda I, Takamura E, Mashima Y, Tsubota K (November 1995).
410:
307:
258:
250:
223:
199:
1272:
Kuehl C, Zhang T, Kaminskas LM, Porter CJ, Davies NM, Forrest L, Berkland C (June 2016).
164:
141:
1484:
1298:
1273:
1142:
1118:"Recent advances in hyaluronic acid-decorated nanocarriers for targeted cancer therapy"
1117:
813:
788:
764:
739:
635:
381:
364:
343:
254:
1453:
1289:
1200:
Sundaram H, Mackiewicz N, Burton E, Peno-Mazzarino L, Lati E, Meunier S (April 2016).
1006:
981:
854:
837:
740:"Relative efficacy of knee osteoarthritis treatments: are all placebos created equal?"
596:
1592:
724:
334:
When used in ophthalmological procedures, sodium hyaluronate may cause postoperative
286:
153:
1088:
665:
651:
110:
63:
335:
235:
22:
30:
1133:
1523:
1046:"Soft Tissue Fillers Approved by the Center for Devices and Radiological Health"
522:
437:
402:
922:
905:
1502:
246:
1321:
1250:
390:
377:
302:
57:
1307:
1217:
1186:
1151:
1080:
1072:
997:
966:
931:
890:
863:
773:
716:
643:
604:
1015:
822:
441:
vision, facilitating intra-operative and post-operative inspection of the
1417:
History of
Hyaluroan Science: From Basic Science to Clinical Applications
958:
804:
498:
426:
385:
1561:
478:
458:
231:
96:
1178:
1035:. (Updated 8 December 2004). RxList, Inc. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
755:
708:
442:
434:
273:
Sodium hyaluronate, as hyaluronic acid, is distributed widely in the
219:
195:
904:
Bannuru RR, Natov NS, Dasi UR, Schmid CH, McAlindon TE (June 2011).
331:
Adverse effects are relatively rare when used to treat the joints.
339:
262:
373:
1457:
558:
1031:. (2002). Kalamazoo, Michigan: Pharmacia Corporation. (Web).
48:
Healon, Provisc, Viscoat, Hyalgan, Euflexxa, Supartz, Gel-One
393:. It may also be effective when used with the ankle joint.
126:
982:"Sodium hyaluronate eyedrops in the treatment of dry eyes"
789:"Intra-articular hyaluronan treatment for osteoarthritis"
666:"Hyaluronate sodium: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings"
1366:"Bladder Instillation of Cystistat (sodium hyaluronate)"
181:
947:
The
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
836:
Karlsson J, Sjögren LS, Lohmander LS (November 2002).
1391:"Patient Information Triluron™ (Sodium Hyaluronate)"
1371:. East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust. 5 September 2020
1570:
1554:
1516:
1495:
152:
120:
95:
70:
52:
42:
37:
1443:. Fidia Pharma. 26 September 2011. Archived from
1251:"Hylira gel: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings"
1105:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2016-12-20.
1048:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2015-07-27.
109:
363:It is used to treat knee pain in patients with
616:
614:
245:The polyanionic form, commonly referred to as
1469:
8:
1415:Hargittai M, Hargittai I, Balazs EA (2011).
261:of the eye and in the fluid of articulating
21:
1476:
1462:
1454:
624:International Journal of Clinical Practice
163:
140:
29:
1297:
1141:
1005:
921:
853:
812:
763:
457:Sodium hyaluronate is injected to reduce
301:Sodium hyaluronate functions as a tissue
1233:"Makeup gets in on the anti-aging craze"
574:
136:
84:
154:
20:
62:
7:
986:The British Journal of Ophthalmology
738:Mandl LA, Losina E (January 2015).
100:
636:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2003.tb10535.x
453:Skin injections in plastic surgery
397:Intraocular viscoelastic injection
14:
1290:10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00069
793:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
1322:"Hyacyst® (sodium hyaluronate)"
1206:Journal of Drugs in Dermatology
879:American Journal of Orthopedics
855:10.1093/rheumatology/41.11.1240
1578:Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan
787:Puhl W, Scharf P (July 1997).
346:, and short-term increases in
1:
1253:. Drugs.com. 14 February 2019
1029:"Healon (Sodium Hyaluronate)"
597:10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65472-9
1134:10.1016/j.drudis.2016.12.009
1103:"Filling in Wrinkles Safely"
910:Osteoarthritis and Cartilage
417:(intra- and extracapsular),
1231:Stukin S (27 August 2009).
744:Annals of Internal Medicine
697:Annals of Internal Medicine
549:Hyaluronic acid sodium salt
431:anterior segment of eyeball
64:Multum Consumer Information
1620:
1419:. Vol. 2. Pubmatrix.
1324:. Syner-Med. November 2021
923:10.1016/j.joca.2010.09.014
218:Sodium hyaluronate is the
1496:Unsulfated, extracellular
1346:. Bladder Health UK. 2022
493:Intravesical instillation
481:, such as that caused by
401:It is used as an aid in
359:Intra-articular injection
171:
75:
28:
1396:. Fidia Pharma USA. 2019
1555:Sulfated, intracellular
1517:Sulfated, extracellular
1278:Molecular Pharmaceutics
1167:Molecular Pharmaceutics
554:Biochem/physiol Actions
1073:10.1055/s-0029-1220647
1061:Facial Plastic Surgery
998:10.1136/bjo.79.11.1007
585:The Journal of Urology
536:Endre Alexander Balazs
505:, by replenishing the
253:polymer found in the
1604:Organic sodium salts
1122:Drug Discovery Today
959:10.2106/JBJS.E.00193
805:10.1136/ard.56.7.441
348:intraocular pressure
275:extracellular matrix
1529:Chondroitin sulfate
466:Topical application
415:cataract extraction
297:Mechanism of action
291:corneal endothelium
25:
1599:Glycosaminoglycans
1508:Sodium hyaluronate
1489:glycosaminoglycans
511:bladder urothelium
423:corneal transplant
403:ophthalmic surgery
269:Natural occurrence
192:Sodium hyaluronate
23:Sodium hyaluronate
1586:
1585:
1426:978-0-9820350-4-7
1179:10.1021/mp500676e
992:(11): 1007–1011.
885:(11 Suppl): 5–7.
848:(11): 1240–1248.
675:. 5 February 2014
564:Legal Information
517:Contraindications
507:glycosaminoglycan
483:atopic dermatitis
376:, increasing the
289:, as well as the
228:glycosaminoglycan
208:connective tissue
206:found in various
204:glycosaminoglycan
189:
188:
122:CompTox Dashboard
87:Hyaluronan Sodium
16:Chemical compound
1611:
1534:Dermatan sulfate
1478:
1471:
1464:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1447:on 27 July 2014.
1437:
1431:
1430:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1284:(6): 1904–1914.
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1173:(5): 1391–1401.
1162:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1009:
977:
971:
970:
942:
936:
935:
925:
901:
895:
894:
874:
868:
867:
857:
833:
827:
826:
816:
784:
778:
777:
767:
756:10.7326/M14-2636
735:
729:
728:
709:10.7326/M14-1231
691:
685:
684:
682:
680:
670:
662:
656:
655:
618:
609:
608:
579:
447:photocoagulation
419:intraocular lens
321:canal of Schlemm
315:Pharmacokinetics
185:
184:
177:
167:
156:
145:
144:
130:
128:
113:
103:
102:
66:
33:
26:
24:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1566:
1550:
1546:Keratan sulfate
1541:Heparan sulfate
1512:
1491:
1485:Polysaccharides
1482:
1452:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1027:
1023:
979:
978:
974:
944:
943:
939:
903:
902:
898:
876:
875:
871:
835:
834:
830:
786:
785:
781:
737:
736:
732:
693:
692:
688:
678:
676:
668:
664:
663:
659:
620:
619:
612:
581:
580:
576:
572:
559:Hyaluronic Acid
545:
531:
519:
501:and associated
495:
479:Dry, scaly skin
468:
455:
399:
361:
356:
329:
327:Adverse effects
317:
299:
271:
259:vitreous humour
230:and long-chain
224:hyaluronic acid
216:
200:hyaluronic acid
180:
178:
175:(what is this?)
172:
148:
124:
116:
99:
91:
88:
83:
82:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1617:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1451:
1450:
1432:
1425:
1407:
1382:
1357:
1335:
1313:
1264:
1242:
1223:
1212:(4): 434–441.
1192:
1157:
1128:(4): 665–680.
1108:
1094:
1051:
1037:
1021:
972:
953:(2): 295–302.
937:
916:(6): 611–619.
896:
869:
828:
779:
730:
686:
657:
630:(6): 467–474.
610:
591:(1): 380–384.
573:
571:
568:
567:
566:
561:
556:
551:
544:
541:
530:
527:
518:
515:
494:
491:
467:
464:
454:
451:
421:implantation,
411:vitreous humor
398:
395:
382:synovial fluid
365:osteoarthritis
360:
357:
355:
352:
344:decompensation
328:
325:
316:
313:
298:
295:
287:neural tissues
270:
267:
215:
212:
187:
186:
169:
168:
158:
150:
149:
147:
146:
138:DTXSID30238233
133:
131:
118:
117:
115:
114:
106:
104:
93:
92:
90:
89:
86:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
68:
67:
60:
50:
49:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1616:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1265:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
976:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
938:
933:
929:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
900:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
870:
865:
861:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
829:
824:
820:
815:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
783:
780:
775:
771:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
690:
687:
674:
667:
661:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
617:
615:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
578:
575:
569:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
542:
540:
537:
528:
526:
524:
516:
514:
512:
509:layer of the
508:
504:
500:
492:
490:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
465:
463:
460:
452:
450:
448:
444:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
396:
394:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
358:
353:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
326:
324:
322:
314:
312:
309:
304:
296:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
277:of mammalian
276:
268:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:visco-elastic
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
213:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
183:
176:
170:
166:
162:
159:
157:
155:ECHA InfoCard
151:
143:
139:
135:
134:
132:
123:
119:
112:
108:
107:
105:
98:
94:
85:
81:
74:
69:
65:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
45:
41:
38:Clinical data
36:
32:
27:
19:
1507:
1445:the original
1435:
1416:
1410:
1400:29 September
1398:. Retrieved
1385:
1375:29 September
1373:. Retrieved
1360:
1350:29 September
1348:. Retrieved
1344:"Cystistat®"
1338:
1328:29 September
1326:. Retrieved
1316:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1255:. Retrieved
1245:
1237:The LA Times
1236:
1226:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1097:
1067:(2): 86–94.
1064:
1060:
1054:
1040:
1032:
1024:
989:
985:
975:
950:
946:
940:
913:
909:
899:
882:
878:
872:
845:
842:Rheumatology
841:
831:
796:
792:
782:
750:(1): 71–72.
747:
743:
733:
703:(1): 46–54.
700:
696:
689:
677:. Retrieved
672:
660:
627:
623:
588:
584:
577:
532:
520:
503:bladder pain
496:
487:
477:
473:
469:
456:
400:
362:
354:Medical uses
336:inflammation
333:
330:
318:
300:
272:
244:
236:disaccharide
217:
191:
190:
179:
173:
18:
1524:Chondroitin
679:25 February
523:hyaluronate
438:endothelium
386:symptomatic
210:of humans.
161:100.130.288
71:Identifiers
44:Trade names
1593:Categories
1503:Hyaluronan
799:(7): 441.
570:References
413:, e.g. in
405:acting as
391:analgesics
370:injections
338:, corneal
283:epithelial
279:connective
247:hyaluronan
226:. It is a
80:IUPAC name
1571:Synthetic
725:207538194
673:Drugs.com
378:viscosity
372:into the
303:lubricant
214:Chemistry
58:Drugs.com
1308:27157508
1257:16 March
1218:27050698
1187:25871518
1152:28017836
1089:12498280
1081:19415575
967:16452740
932:21443958
891:10587245
864:12421996
774:25560716
717:25560713
652:28214461
644:12918884
605:11743360
543:See also
499:cystitis
459:wrinkles
427:glaucoma
240:affinity
222:salt of
198:salt of
182:(verify)
1562:Heparin
1299:5200957
1143:5413407
1016:8534643
823:9486013
814:1752402
765:4545522
529:History
435:corneal
407:aqueous
380:of the
255:aqueous
249:, is a
232:polymer
194:is the
111:3084049
97:PubChem
1423:
1306:
1296:
1216:
1185:
1150:
1140:
1087:
1079:
1033:RxList
1014:
1007:505317
1004:
965:
930:
889:
862:
821:
811:
772:
762:
723:
715:
650:
642:
603:
443:retina
308:buffer
285:, and
263:joints
220:sodium
196:sodium
1394:(PDF)
1369:(PDF)
1085:S2CID
721:S2CID
669:(Web)
648:S2CID
340:edema
1421:ISBN
1402:2022
1377:2022
1352:2022
1330:2022
1304:PMID
1259:2019
1214:PMID
1183:PMID
1148:PMID
1077:PMID
1012:PMID
963:PMID
928:PMID
887:PMID
860:PMID
819:PMID
770:PMID
713:PMID
681:2014
640:PMID
601:PMID
445:and
409:and
374:knee
257:and
202:, a
54:AHFS
1294:PMC
1286:doi
1175:doi
1138:PMC
1130:doi
1069:doi
1002:PMC
994:doi
955:doi
918:doi
850:doi
809:PMC
801:doi
760:PMC
752:doi
748:162
705:doi
701:162
632:doi
593:doi
589:167
513:.
342:or
234:of
127:EPA
101:CID
1595::
1487::
1302:.
1292:.
1282:13
1280:.
1276:.
1235:.
1210:15
1208:.
1204:.
1181:.
1171:12
1169:.
1146:.
1136:.
1126:22
1124:.
1120:.
1083:.
1075:.
1065:25
1063:.
1010:.
1000:.
990:79
988:.
984:.
961:.
951:88
949:.
926:.
914:19
912:.
908:.
883:28
881:.
858:.
846:41
844:.
840:.
817:.
807:.
797:56
795:.
791:.
768:.
758:.
746:.
742:.
719:.
711:.
699:.
671:.
646:.
638:.
628:57
626:.
613:^
599:.
587:.
449:.
425:,
350:.
323:.
293:.
281:,
265:.
242:.
1477:e
1470:t
1463:v
1429:.
1404:.
1379:.
1354:.
1332:.
1310:.
1288::
1261:.
1239:.
1220:.
1189:.
1177::
1154:.
1132::
1091:.
1071::
1018:.
996::
969:.
957::
934:.
920::
893:.
866:.
852::
825:.
803::
776:.
754::
727:.
707::
683:.
654:.
634::
607:.
595::
129:)
125:(
56:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
