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1437:(AFM) are often used to characterize forms of soft matter due to their applicability to mapping systems at the nanoscale. These imaging techniques are not universally appropriate to all classes of soft matter and some systems may be more suited to one kind of analysis than another. For example, there are limited applications in imaging hydrogels with TEM due to the processes required for imaging. However,
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Colloids are non-soluble particles suspended in a medium, such as proteins in an aqueous solution. Research into colloids is primarily focused on understanding the organization of matter, with the large structures of colloids, relative to individual molecules, large enough that they can be readily
1407:
methods are often employed to model and understand soft matter systems, as they have the ability to strictly control the composition and environment of the structures being investigated, as well as span from microscopic to macroscopic length scales. Computational methods are limited, however, by
1328:
Due to the importance of mesoscale structures in the overarching properties of soft matter, experimental work is primarily focused on the bulk properties of the materials. Rheology is often used to investigate the physical changes of the material under stress. Biological systems, such as protein
1007:), and yet are much smaller than the macroscopic (overall) scale of the material. The properties and interactions of these mesoscopic structures may determine the macroscopic behavior of the material. The large number of constituents forming these mesoscopic structures, and the large
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Self-assembly is an inherent characteristic of soft matter systems. The characteristic complex behavior and hierarchical structures arise spontaneously as a system evolves towards equilibrium. Self-assembly can be classified as static when the resulting structure is due to a
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into mesoscopic physical structures. The assembly of the mesoscale structures that form the macroscale material is governed by low energies, and these low energy associations allow for the thermal and mechanical deformation of the material. By way of contrast, in hard
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Soft materials are important in a wide range of technological applications, and each soft material can often be associated with multiple disciplines. Liquid crystals, for example, were originally discovered in the biological sciences when the botanist and chemist
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Polymers are large molecules composed of repeating subunits whose characteristics are governed by their environment and composition. Polymers encompass synthetic plastics, natural fibers and rubbers, and biological proteins. Polymer research finds applications in
1030:
are mesoscopic because they individually consist of a vast number of molecules, and yet the foam itself consists of a great number of these bubbles, and the overall mechanical stiffness of the foam emerges from the combined interactions of the bubbles.
991:
with no changes in the pattern at any mesoscopic scale. Unlike hard materials, where only small distortions occur from thermal or mechanical agitation, soft matter can undergo local rearrangements of the microscopic building blocks.
1025:
are much smaller than the overall quantity of liquid and yet much larger than its individual molecules, and the emergence of these vortices controls the overall flowing behavior of the material. Also, the bubbles that compose a
911:. Together, they postulated that the chemical stability, ease of deformation, and permeability of certain polymer networks in aqueous environments would have a significant impact on medicine, and were the inventors of the soft
1241:, that have a high solvent/content ratio. Research into functionalizing gels that are sensitive to mechanical and thermal stress, as well as solvent choice, has given rise to diverse structures with characteristics such as
1149:
Soft matter consists of a diverse range of interrelated systems and can be broadly categorized into certain classes. These classes are by no means distinct, as often there are overlaps between two or more groups.
1278:
Liquid crystals can consist of proteins, small molecules, or polymers, that can be manipulated to form cohesive order in a specific direction. They exhibit liquid-like behavior in that they can
1521:. Polymers also encompass biological molecules such as proteins, where research insights from soft matter research have been applied to better understand topics like protein crystallization.
1563:
to the concepts of soft matter physics. Applications of soft matter characteristics are used to understand biologically relevant topics such as membrane mobility, as well as the rheology of
1555:
Historically the problems considered in the early days of soft matter science were those pertaining to the biological sciences. As such, an important application of soft matter research is
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minimum, or dynamic when the system is caught in a metastable state. Dynamic self-assembly can be utilized in the functional design of soft materials with these metastable states through
873:
in 1889. The experimental setup that
Lehmann used to investigate the two melting points of cholesteryl benzoate are still used in the research of liquid crystals as of about 2019.
1532:. The physical properties available to foams have resulted in applications which can be based on their viscosity, with more rigid and self-supporting forms of foams being used as
3758:
Wu, H., Friedrich, H., Patterson, J. P., Sommerdijk, N. A. J. M., de, N. (2020), "Liquid-Phase
Electron Microscopy for Soft Matter Science and Biology".
1034:
Typical bond energies in soft matter structures are of similar scale to thermal energies. Therefore the structures are constantly affected by thermal fluctuations and undergo
716:
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this causes, results in a general disorder between the large-scale structures. This disorder leads to the loss of long-range order that is characteristic of hard matter.
1137:
molecule; a common scaffold used in the formation of gels. The atoms are colored such that red represents oxygen, cyan represents carbon, and white represents hydrogen.
4194:- a blog run by graduate students and postdocs that makes soft matter more accessible through bite-sized posts that summarize current and classic soft matter research
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found in tires. Polymers encompass a large range of soft matter, with applications in material science. An example of this is hydrogel. With the ability to undergo
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in the prediction of soft matter properties is also a growing field in computer science thanks to the large amount of data available for soft matter systems.
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was unheard of at the time, with the scientific consensus being that the recorded high molecular weights of compounds like natural rubber were instead due to
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Lin, Qianming; Li, Longyu; Tang, Miao; Uenuma, Shuntaro; Samanta, Jayanta; Li, Shangda; Jiang, Xuanfeng; Zou, Lingyi; Ito, Kohzo; Ke, Chenfeng (2021).
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aspects are generally unimportant. When soft materials interact favorably with surfaces, they become squashed without an external compressive force.
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of the constituents in the system. There are limitations in the application of scattering techniques to some systems, as they can be more suited to
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American
Chemical Society International Historic Chemical Landmarks. Foundations of Polymer Science: Hermann Staudinger and Macromolecules.
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states. This characteristic can allow for recovery of initial state through an external stimulus, which is often exploited in research.
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3681:"General procedure for evaluating amorphous scattering and crystallinity from X-ray diffraction scans of semicrystalline polymers"
1831:"Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen"
1509:. Due to their stimuli responsive behavior, 3D printing of hydrogels has found applications in a diverse range of fields, such as
1430:
923:
1833:[On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat].
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Interesting behaviors arise from soft matter in ways that cannot be predicted, or are difficult to predict, directly from its
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their suitability to the system and must be regularly validated against experimental results to ensure accuracy. The use of
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can also be used for materials when probing for the average properties of the constituents. These methods can determine
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in simple systems can be generalized to the more complex cases found in soft matter, in particular, to the behaviors of
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4157:"Soft Matter and Biomaterials on the Nanoscale: The WSPC Reference on Functional Nanomaterials — Part I (In 4 Volumes)"
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constituents. Materials termed soft matter exhibit this property due to a shared propensity of these materials to
3710:
Peerless, James S.; Milliken, Nina J. B.; Oweida, Thomas J.; Manning, Matthew D.; Yingling, Yaroslava G. (2019).
1114:
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The self-assembly of individual phospholipids into colloids (Liposome and
Micelle) or a membrane (bilayer sheet).
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it is often possible to predict the overall behavior of a material because the molecules are organized into a
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that can be deformed or structurally altered by thermal or mechanical stress which is of similar magnitude to
604:
3784:"Nanomechanical mapping of soft materials with the atomic force microscope: methods, theory and applications"
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813:
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3218:"Exploring Macrocycles in Functional Supramolecular Gels: From Stimuli Responsiveness to Systems Chemistry"
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are another example of soft materials, where the constituent elements in liquid crystals can self-propel.
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The crystalline optical properties of liquid crystals and their ability to flow were first described by
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787:. These materials share an important common feature in that predominant physical behaviors occur at an
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of physical structures. The structures are much larger than the microscopic scale (the arrangement of
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1282:, yet they can obtain close-to-crystal alignment. One feature of liquid crystals is their ability to
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2656:"Dynamic Macromolecular Material Design-The Versatility of Cyclodextrin-Based Host-Guest Chemistry"
2138:
http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/staudingerpolymerscience.html
2085:
Hermann
Staudinger – Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Mon. 13 Feb 2023.
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1975:
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The Nobel Prize in
Physics 1991. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Mon. 13 Feb 2023.
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Miller, Daniel S.; Carlton, Rebecca J.; Mushenheim, Peter C.; Abbott, Nicholas L. (2013-03-12).
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or makeup. Foams have also found biomedical applications in tissue engineering as scaffolds and
2405:"Fracture in soft elastic materials: Continuum description, molecular aspects and applications"
2099:
862:). This work built on established research into systems that would now be considered colloids.
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Chen, Daniel T.N.; Wen, Qi; Janmey, Paul A.; Crocker, John C.; Yodh, Arjun G. (2010-08-10).
2513:
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2006:
1959:
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Cartoon representation of the molecular order of crystal, liquid crystal, and liquid states.
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1038:. The ease of deformation and influence of low energy interactions regularly result in slow
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792:
284:
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R.G. Larson, "The
Structure and Rheology of Complex Fluids," Oxford University Press (1999)
922:. The work of de Gennes across different forms of soft matter was key to understanding its
4525:
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4381:
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3519:
3043:
Maimouni, Ilham; Cejas, Cesare M.; Cossy, Janine; Tabeling, Patrick; Russo, Maria (2020).
1817:
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81:
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induced flow or phase transitions. However, excessive external stimuli often result in
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59:
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1215:. Foams are also used in automotive for water and dust sealing and noise reduction.
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3937:
3897:
3825:
3745:
3696:
3483:
3288:
2924:
2851:
2334:
2295:
2072:
1716:
Carroll, Gregory T.; Jongejan, Mahthild G. M.; Pijper, Dirk; Feringa, Ben L. (2010).
1652:
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These seemingly separate fields were dramatically influenced and brought together by
889:
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355:
336:
318:
219:
139:
17:
3595:
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2044:
2026:
1979:
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1341:
can be used in understanding the average structure and lipid mobility of membranes.
4490:
3579:
3387:
2828:"Kinetic trapping of 3D-printable cyclodextrin-based poly(pseudo)rotaxane networks"
2243:
1582:
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1305:
1134:
912:
569:
559:
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489:
484:
464:
309:
289:
149:
3841:"Introduction to Optical Methods for Characterizing Liquid Crystals at Interfaces"
3466:
3449:
2054:
1211:, and are undergoing active research in the biomedical field of drug delivery and
2843:
2518:
2493:
1286:. Liquid crystals have found significant applications in optical devices such as
4210:- a wiki dedicated to simple liquids, complex fluids, and soft condensed matter.
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2416:
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784:
654:
589:
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534:
479:
474:
3921:
3639:
3181:
2720:
1089:, which differs significantly from the general fracture mechanics formulation.
4510:
4500:
3280:
2623:
2170:
1947:
1932:
1888:
1871:
1556:
1429:
can be used in the study of colloidal systems, but more advanced methods like
1421:
1355:
1350:
1238:
1230:
1118:
1015:
938:
structures the underlying chemistry creates. He extended the understanding of
499:
341:
134:
4030:
3978:
3929:
3864:
3809:
3737:
3647:
3527:
3475:
3426:
3371:
3265:"Naturally biomimicked smart shape memory hydrogels for biomedical functions"
3241:
3217:
3132:
3070:
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2908:
2793:
2728:
2581:
2527:
2386:
2287:
2235:
2123:
2115:
2018:
1971:
1897:
1855:
1830:
1795:
1741:
4361:
4230:
4103:
Nanostructured Soft Matter - Experiment, Theory, Simulation and
Perspectives
3362:
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2785:
2473:
2377:
2352:
1549:
1525:
1445:
to determine the ordering of the material under various conditions, such as
1383:
1141:
1070:
950:
of polymer systems, and successfully mapped polymer behavior to that of the
943:
931:
927:
554:
504:
377:
224:
124:
4222:- A group dedicated to Soft Matter Engineering at the University of Florida
3996:
3882:
3817:
3770:
3728:
3665:
3587:
3535:
3434:
3379:
3330:
3322:
3249:
3199:
3150:
3088:
3026:
3018:
2987:
2916:
2801:
2746:
2681:
2672:
2655:
2603:
2311:"Exponents for the excluded volume problem as derived by the Wilson method"
2278:
2261:
2203:
2150:
2010:
1912:
1803:
1718:"Spontaneous generation and patterning of chiral polymeric surface toroids"
1682:
1109:
4169:
4010:
3616:"Pathways and challenges towards a complete characterization of microgels"
3123:
1559:, with a major goal of the discipline being the reduction of the field of
3969:
2960:
2697:"A comparative review of artificial muscles for microsystem applications"
2453:
2087:
https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1953/staudinger/biographical/
1632:
1387:
1317:
1130:
1090:
1004:
975:
900:
816:, who has been called the "founding father of soft matter," received the
114:
3045:"Microfluidics Mediated Production of Foams for Biomedical Applications"
1042:
of the mesoscopic structures which allows some systems to remain out of
4213:
3800:
3783:
3061:
2900:
2866:
2654:
Schmidt, Bernhard V. K. J.; Barner-Kowollik, Christopher (2017-07-10).
1963:
1733:
1717:
1587:
1545:
1537:
1258:
1208:
1159:
988:
829:
807:
803:
760:
756:
434:
419:
382:
373:
368:
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3951:
Zhan, Shuai; Guo, Amy X. Y.; Cao, Shan
Cecilia; Liu, Na (2022-03-30).
3856:
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4465:
4202:
3166:"Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review"
2227:
1787:
1763:
1617:
1199:
has been dispersed to form cavities. This structure imparts a large
1022:
1018:
788:
752:
737:
387:
363:
94:
4216:- organizes, reviews, and summarizes academic papers on soft matter.
856:
must have a similar thermal energy to the fluid itself (of order of
4214:
Harvard School of
Engineering and Applied Sciences Soft Matter Wiki
3570:
2883:
1692:
884:, was the first person to suggest that polymers are formed through
4186:
1564:
1140:
1124:
1108:
961:
853:
780:
392:
89:
4197:
4089:
Sensitive Matter: Foams, Gels, Liquid Crystals and Other Miracles
1917:(1st ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
1320:
allows for the elastic deformation of the large-scale structure.
4219:
4156:
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Statistical thermodynamics of surfaces, interfaces and membranes
3403:"Liquid Crystals: Versatile Self-Organized Smart Soft Materials"
1607:
1597:
1470:. Now, however, liquid crystals have also found applications as
1190:
1027:
1000:
971:
764:
4234:
2104:
Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series)
1540:, and foams that exhibit the ability to flow being used in the
1441:
can be readily applied. Liquid crystals are often probed using
1316:. The localized, low energy associated with the forming of the
4187:
American Physical Society Topical Group on Soft Matter (GSOFT)
2403:
Spagnoli, A.; Brighenti, R.; Cosma, M.P.; Terzano, M. (2022),
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Jin, Fan-Long; Zhao, Miao; Park, Mira; Park, Soo-Jin (2019).
3896:
Zhang, Rui; Mozaffari, Ali; de Pablo, Juan J. (2021-02-25).
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Cipelletti, Luca; Martens, Kirsten; Ramos, Laurence (2020).
2155:. Vijay Kumar Thakur, Manju Kumari Thakur. Singapore. 2018.
820:
in 1991 for discovering that methods developed for studying
4191:
3898:"Autonomous materials systems from active liquid crystals"
3712:"Soft Matter Informatics: Current Progress and Challenges"
3107:"Recent Trends of Foaming in Polymer Processing: A Review"
806:
is considered the dominant factor. At these temperatures,
3450:"Mirror symmetry breaking in liquids and liquid crystals"
3263:
Korde, Jay M.; Kandasubramanian, Balasubramanian (2020).
2760:
Whitesides, George M.; Grzybowski, Bartosz (2002-03-29).
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4015:. Paulo Netti. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing. 2014.
3953:"3D Printing Soft Matters and Applications: A Review"
3554:"Soft matter perspective on protein crystal assembly"
1681:
Kleman, Maurice; Lavrentovich, Oleg D., eds. (2003).
4012:
Biomedical foams for tissue engineering applications
2266:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
888:
that link smaller molecules together. The idea of a
4544:
4481:
4409:
4325:
4297:
4269:
3305:Hamley, Ian W.; Castelletto, Valeria (2007-06-11).
1505:, hydrogels are well suited for the development of
1489:Polymers have found diverse applications, from the
1195:Foams consist of a liquid or solid through which a
840:The current understanding of soft matter grew from
4072:Structured Fluids: Polymers, Colloids, Surfactants
3346:"Colloidal matter: Packing, geometry, and entropy"
3216:Qi, Zhenhui; Schalley, Christoph A. (2014-07-15).
2867:"Microscopic precursors of failure in soft matter"
926:, where material properties are not based on the
903:in the biomedical field was pioneered in 1960 by
1329:crystallization, are often investigated through
1203:on the system. Foams have found applications in
995:A defining characteristic of soft matter is the
2260:Joanny, Jean-François; Cates, Michael (2019).
4246:
3401:Bisoyi, Hari Krishna; Li, Quan (2022-03-09).
710:
8:
2411:, vol. 55, Elsevier, pp. 255–307,
747:The science of soft matter is a subfield of
4060:(2nd edition), J. Wiley, Chichester (2000).
3957:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
3552:Fusco, Diana; Charbonneau, Patrick (2016).
3504:"Soft Matter in Lipid–Protein Interactions"
2948:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2695:Shi, Mayue; Yeatman, Eric M. (2021-11-23).
1304:Biological membranes consist of individual
942:in liquid crystals, introduced the idea of
4253:
4239:
4231:
2636:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2183:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1528:, or be created intentionally, such as by
1308:molecules that have self-assembled into a
1129:Host-guest complex of polyethylene glycol
717:
703:
47:
36:
4067:, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2002).
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2671:
2554:Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics
2517:
2376:
2353:"Grand Challenges in Soft Matter Physics"
2277:
1952:Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly
1948:"Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Cholesterins"
1887:
1854:
2574:10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-070909-104120
4125:Pattern Formation in Granular Materials
3311:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
3007:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2660:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1670:
1524:Foams can naturally occur, such as the
1339:nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
39:
4451:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
4182:Pierre-Gilles de Gennes' Nobel Lecture
4036:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3558:Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces
3547:
3545:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3300:
3298:
3211:
3209:
3100:
3098:
3038:
3036:
2821:
2819:
2629:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2176:
2038:
2036:
1914:Soft Matter: a Very Short Introduction
1249:molecules selectively and reversibly.
1081:responses. Soft matter becomes highly
1073:responses to external stimuli such as
1021:that naturally occur within a flowing
869:in 1888, and further characterized by
3520:10.1146/annurev-biophys-070816-033843
3344:Manoharan, Vinothan N. (2015-08-28).
2649:
2647:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2398:
2396:
2346:
2344:
2255:
2253:
2204:"Hydrophilic Gels for Biological Use"
7:
4082:Soft Matter Physics: An Introduction
3003:"Nanotechnology with Soft Materials"
2938:Mashaghi, Samaneh; Jadidi, Tayebeh;
2351:van der Gucht, Jasper (2018-08-22).
1999:Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie
1684:Soft Matter Physics: An Introduction
1676:
1674:
27:Subfield of condensed matter physics
4159:, World Scientific Publisher (2020)
4116:M. Daoud, C.E. Williams (editors),
2458:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1687:. New York, NY: Springer New York.
1097:, is often used to investigate the
4226:Google Scholar page on soft matter
4091:, Harvard University Press (2012).
4070:T. A. Witten (with P. A. Pincus),
3448:Tschierske, Carsten (2018-12-08).
2942:; Mashaghi, Alireza (2013-02-21).
2701:Microsystems & Nanoengineering
2494:"Experimental soft-matter science"
2046:An Introduction to Liquid Crystals
1065:Soft materials often exhibit both
25:
4142:, Nobel Lecture, December 9, 1991
4120:, Springer Verlag, Berlin (1999).
4096:Intermolecular and Surface Forces
1872:"Grand Challenges in Soft Matter"
1870:Mezzenga, Raffaele (2021-12-22).
1093:, the study of deformation under
4168:
3679:Murthy, N.S.; Minor, H. (1990).
3502:Brown, Michael F. (2017-05-22).
2152:Hydrogels : recent advances
1431:transmission electron microscopy
1233:3D polymer scaffolds, which are
848:, understanding that a particle
684:
683:
670:
4572:Timeline of physics discoveries
3716:Advanced Theory and Simulations
3614:Scheffold, Frank (2020-09-04).
2492:Nagel, Sidney R. (2017-04-12).
2202:Wichterle, O.; Lím, D. (1960).
3782:Garcia, Ricardo (2020-08-17).
3580:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.07.023
1764:"Soft matter: more than words"
1476:liquid crystal tunable filters
1:
4105:, Springer/Dordrecht (2007),
4101:A. V. Zvelindovsky (editor),
3467:10.1080/02678292.2018.1501822
3222:Accounts of Chemical Research
2762:"Self-Assembly at All Scales"
2605:Foams: Structure and Dynamics
2452:Jones, Richard A. L. (2002).
2409:Advances in Applied Mechanics
2098:Staudinger, H. (1920-06-12).
1946:Reinitzer, Friedrich (1888).
1324:Experimental characterization
4058:Introduction to Soft Matter
3697:10.1016/0032-3861(90)90243-R
3269:Chemical Engineering Journal
3170:Journal of Advanced Research
2844:10.1016/j.chempr.2021.06.004
2550:"Rheology of Soft Materials"
2519:10.1103/RevModPhys.89.025002
2335:10.1016/0375-9601(72)90149-1
1364:small-angle X-ray scattering
1284:spontaneously break symmetry
1229:Gels consist of non-solvent-
1201:surface-area-to-volume ratio
4536:Quantum information science
3508:Annual Review of Biophysics
3419:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761
3307:"Biological Soft Materials"
2417:10.1016/bs.aams.2021.07.001
2055:10.1088/2053-2571/ab2a6fch1
1995:"Über fliessende Krystalle"
1480:liquid crystal thermometers
1360:wide-angle X-ray scattering
4614:
4367:Classical electromagnetism
4138:de Gennes, Pierre-Gilles,
3922:10.1038/s41578-020-00272-x
3640:10.1038/s41467-020-17774-5
3182:10.1016/j.jare.2013.07.006
2721:10.1038/s41378-021-00323-5
2140:(accessed Feb 13th, 2023).
2043:DiLisi, Gregory A (2019).
1993:Lehmann, O. (1889-07-01).
1603:Fracture of soft materials
1443:polarized light microscopy
1419:
1397:
1376:particle-size distribution
1348:
1297:
1271:
1256:
1222:
1188:
1157:
260:Spin gapless semiconductor
29:
3281:10.1016/j.cej.2019.122430
2602:Cantat, Isabelle (2013).
2498:Reviews of Modern Physics
1889:10.3389/frsfm.2021.811842
1829:Einstein, Albert (1905).
1314:non-covalent interactions
1245:, or the ability to bind
751:. Soft materials include
200:Electronic band structure
4598:Condensed matter physics
4473:Condensed matter physics
4098:, Academic Press (2010).
4080:and O. D. Lavrentovich,
3902:Nature Reviews Materials
3788:Chemical Society Reviews
2608:(1st ed.). Oxford.
2309:de Gennes, P.G. (1972).
2116:10.1002/cber.19200530627
1876:Frontiers in Soft Matter
1856:10.1002/andp.19053220806
1372:dynamic light scattering
985:condensed matter physics
882:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
880:, recipient of the 1953
749:condensed matter physics
110:Bose–Einstein condensate
41:Condensed matter physics
4220:Soft Matter Engineering
4203:Softmatterresources.com
4149:, Westview Press (2003)
3363:10.1126/science.1253751
3164:Ahmed, Enas M. (2015).
3001:Hamley, Ian W. (2003).
2786:10.1126/science.1070821
2378:10.3389/fphy.2018.00087
1472:liquid-crystal displays
1439:fluorescence microscopy
1435:atomic force microscopy
1335:neutron crystallography
1288:liquid-crystal displays
1179:protein crystallization
920:Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
814:Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
4557:Nobel Prize in Physics
4419:Relativistic mechanics
4043:: CS1 maint: others (
3771:10.1002/adma.202001582
3729:10.1002/adts.201800129
3323:10.1002/anie.200603922
3019:10.1002/anie.200200546
2944:"Lipid Nanotechnology"
2673:10.1002/anie.201612150
2279:10.1098/rsbm.2018.0033
2011:10.1515/zpch-1889-0434
1484:Active liquid crystals
1146:
1138:
1122:
1105:Classes of soft matter
967:
818:Nobel Prize in Physics
791:scale comparable with
4562:Philosophy of physics
4177:at Wikimedia Commons
4094:J. N. Israelachvili,
4065:Soft Condensed Matter
3620:Nature Communications
3124:10.3390/polym11060953
2455:Soft condensed matter
2187:) CS1 maint: others (
2100:"Über Polymerisation"
1911:McLeish, Tom (2020).
1144:
1128:
1112:
965:
734:soft condensed matter
255:Topological insulator
32:Soft Matter (journal)
30:For the journal, see
18:Soft condensed matter
4521:Mathematical physics
3970:10.3390/ijms23073790
3460:(13–15): 2221–2252.
2961:10.3390/ijms14024242
2357:Frontiers in Physics
1578:Biological membranes
1519:flexible electronics
1390:and dilute samples.
1358:techniques, such as
1294:Biological membranes
894:particle aggregation
742:thermal fluctuations
273:Electronic phenomena
120:Fermionic condensate
4496:Atmospheric physics
4335:Classical mechanics
4263:branches of physics
4198:Softmatterworld.org
4118:Soft Matter Physics
3914:2021NatRM...6..437Z
3632:2020NatCo..11.4315S
2893:2020SMat...16...82C
2778:2002Sci...295.2418W
2772:(5564): 2418–2421.
2713:2021MicNa...7...95S
2566:2010ARCMP...1..301C
2510:2017RvMP...89b5002N
2369:2018FrP.....6...87V
2327:1972PhLA...38..339D
2220:1960Natur.185..117W
1847:1905AnP...322..549E
1780:2005SMat....1...16.
1464:Friedrich Reinitzer
1400:Computer simulation
1300:Biological membrane
989:crystalline lattice
958:Distinctive physics
867:Friedrich Reinitzer
280:Quantum Hall effect
4552:History of physics
4123:Gerald H. Ristow,
4084:, Springer (2003).
3801:10.1039/D0CS00318B
3062:10.3390/mi11010083
2940:Koenderink, Gijsje
2901:10.1039/C9SM01730E
2049:. IOP Publishing.
1964:10.1007/BF01516710
1835:Annalen der Physik
1734:10.1039/c0sc00159g
1613:Granular materials
1530:fire extinguishers
1515:tissue engineering
1466:was investigating
1427:Optical microscopy
1368:neutron scattering
1213:tissue engineering
1147:
1139:
1123:
1117:, an example of a
1009:degrees of freedom
968:
930:of the underlying
878:Hermann Staudinger
783:, and a number of
773:granular materials
677:Physics portal
4580:
4579:
4567:Physics education
4516:Materials science
4483:Interdisciplinary
4441:Quantum mechanics
4173:Media related to
4111:978-1-4020-6329-9
4022:978-1-306-47861-8
3857:10.1021/la304679f
3851:(10): 3154–3169.
3794:(16): 5850–5884.
3356:(6251): 1253751.
3317:(24): 4442–4455.
3234:10.1021/ar500193z
3013:(15): 1692–1712.
2666:(29): 8350–8369.
2615:978-0-19-966289-0
2426:978-0-12-824617-7
2315:Physics Letters A
2214:(4706): 117–118.
2162:978-981-10-6077-9
2064:978-1-64327-684-7
1924:978-0-19-880713-1
1702:978-0-387-95267-3
1643:Protein structure
1542:cosmetic industry
1499:vulcanized rubber
1312:structure due to
1171:materials science
1113:A portion of the
1087:crack propagation
1014:For example, the
934:, more so on the
842:Albert Einstein's
727:
726:
425:Granular material
193:Electronic phases
16:(Redirected from
4605:
4506:Chemical physics
4446:Particle physics
4372:Classical optics
4255:
4248:
4241:
4232:
4172:
4074:, Oxford (2004).
4063:R. A. L. Jones,
4049:
4048:
4042:
4034:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3990:
3972:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3876:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3803:
3779:
3773:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3731:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3659:
3611:
3600:
3599:
3573:
3549:
3540:
3539:
3499:
3488:
3487:
3469:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3413:(5): 4887–4926.
3407:Chemical Reviews
3398:
3392:
3391:
3365:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3228:(7): 2222–2233.
3213:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3144:
3126:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3082:
3064:
3040:
3031:
3030:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2981:
2963:
2954:(2): 4242–4282.
2935:
2929:
2928:
2886:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2838:(9): 2442–2459.
2823:
2814:
2813:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2627:
2599:
2586:
2585:
2545:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2489:
2478:
2477:
2449:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2400:
2391:
2390:
2380:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2281:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2228:10.1038/185117a0
2199:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2174:
2147:
2141:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2110:(6): 1073–1085.
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2040:
2031:
2030:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1788:10.1039/b419223k
1760:
1754:
1753:
1722:Chemical Science
1713:
1707:
1706:
1678:
1638:Protein dynamics
1133:bound within an
1115:DNA double helix
1101:of soft matter.
1060:kinetic trapping
997:mesoscopic scale
793:room temperature
719:
712:
705:
692:
687:
686:
679:
675:
674:
285:Spin Hall effect
175:Phase transition
145:Luttinger liquid
82:States of matter
65:Phase transition
51:
37:
21:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4540:
4526:Medical physics
4477:
4436:Nuclear physics
4405:
4399:Non-equilibrium
4321:
4293:
4265:
4259:
4166:
4053:
4052:
4035:
4023:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3757:
3753:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3691:(6): 996–1002.
3678:
3677:
3673:
3613:
3612:
3603:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3501:
3500:
3491:
3454:Liquid Crystals
3447:
3446:
3442:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3304:
3303:
3296:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3104:
3103:
3096:
3042:
3041:
3034:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2628:
2616:
2601:
2600:
2589:
2547:
2546:
2535:
2491:
2490:
2481:
2466:
2451:
2450:
2439:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2175:
2163:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2131:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2065:
2042:
2041:
2034:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1925:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1774:(1): 16. 2005.
1762:
1761:
1757:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1623:Liquid crystals
1573:
1459:
1424:
1418:
1402:
1396:
1353:
1347:
1326:
1302:
1296:
1276:
1270:
1268:Liquid crystals
1261:
1255:
1227:
1221:
1193:
1187:
1162:
1156:
1107:
1099:bulk properties
1036:Brownian motion
960:
846:Brownian motion
838:
826:liquid crystals
822:order phenomena
777:liquid crystals
723:
682:
669:
668:
661:
660:
659:
449:
441:
440:
439:
415:Amorphous solid
409:
399:
398:
397:
376:
358:
348:
347:
346:
335:
333:Antiferromagnet
326:
324:Superparamagnet
317:
304:
303:Magnetic phases
296:
295:
294:
274:
266:
265:
264:
194:
186:
185:
184:
170:Order parameter
164:
163:Phase phenomena
156:
155:
154:
84:
74:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4611:
4609:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4585:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
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4528:
4523:
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4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
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4487:
4485:
4479:
4478:
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4475:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4415:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4396:
4389:Thermodynamics
4386:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4331:
4329:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4189:
4184:
4165:
4164:External links
4162:
4161:
4160:
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4136:
4121:
4114:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4051:
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4021:
4002:
3943:
3908:(5): 437–453.
3888:
3831:
3774:
3751:
3722:(1): 1800129.
3702:
3671:
3601:
3541:
3514:(1): 379–410.
3489:
3440:
3393:
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3294:
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3205:
3176:(2): 105–121.
3156:
3094:
3032:
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2930:
2857:
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2687:
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2587:
2560:(1): 301–322.
2533:
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2129:
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2063:
2032:
2005:(1): 462–472.
1985:
1958:(1): 421–441.
1938:
1923:
1903:
1862:
1841:(8): 549–560.
1821:
1809:
1755:
1708:
1701:
1693:10.1007/b97416
1669:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1628:Microemulsions
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1593:Complex fluids
1590:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1526:head on a beer
1503:shear thinning
1491:natural rubber
1458:
1455:
1451:electric field
1420:Main article:
1417:
1414:
1398:Main article:
1395:
1392:
1349:Main article:
1346:
1343:
1325:
1322:
1298:Main article:
1295:
1292:
1274:Liquid crystal
1272:Main article:
1269:
1266:
1257:Main article:
1254:
1251:
1237:or physically
1223:Main article:
1220:
1217:
1189:Main article:
1186:
1183:
1167:nanotechnology
1158:Main article:
1155:
1152:
1135:α-cyclodextrin
1106:
1103:
959:
956:
946:regarding the
909:Otto Wichterle
886:covalent bonds
837:
834:
796:thermal energy
725:
724:
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430:Liquid crystal
427:
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417:
411:
410:
405:
404:
401:
400:
396:
395:
390:
385:
380:
371:
366:
360:
359:
356:Quasiparticles
354:
353:
350:
349:
345:
344:
339:
330:
321:
315:Superdiamagnet
312:
306:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
293:
292:
287:
282:
276:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
263:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
240:Thermoelectric
237:
235:Superconductor
232:
227:
222:
217:
215:Mott insulator
212:
207:
202:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
183:
182:
177:
172:
166:
165:
162:
161:
158:
157:
153:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
86:
85:
80:
79:
76:
75:
73:
72:
67:
62:
56:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4610:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4531:Ocean physics
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4466:Modern optics
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4316:
4315:Computational
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4256:
4251:
4249:
4244:
4242:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4171:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:S. A. Safran,
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4133:3-540-66701-6
4130:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4054:
4046:
4040:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4006:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3675:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3049:Micromachines
3046:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2504:(2): 025002.
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2465:0-19-850590-6
2461:
2457:
2456:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:(in German).
1953:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:(in German).
1836:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1653:Active matter
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1511:soft robotics
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1406:
1405:Computational
1401:
1394:Computational
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:crystallinity
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1175:drug delivery
1172:
1168:
1161:
1153:
1151:
1143:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
990:
986:
981:
980:self-organize
977:
973:
964:
957:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:phase changes
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
914:
910:
906:
905:Drahoslav Lím
902:
897:
895:
891:
890:macromolecule
887:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
863:
861:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
835:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
809:
805:
801:
798:(of order of
797:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
736:is a type of
735:
731:
720:
715:
713:
708:
706:
701:
700:
698:
697:
691:
681:
678:
673:
667:
666:
665:
664:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
455:Van der Waals
453:
452:
445:
444:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
408:
403:
402:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
357:
352:
351:
343:
340:
338:
334:
331:
329:
325:
322:
320:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
300:
299:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
270:
269:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
250:Ferroelectric
248:
246:
245:Piezoelectric
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
220:Semiconductor
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
197:
190:
189:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
160:
159:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
140:Superfluidity
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
83:
78:
77:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
57:
55:
54:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
33:
19:
4491:Astrophysics
4305:Experimental
4167:
4155:Gang, Oleg,
4146:
4139:
4124:
4117:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4011:
4005:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3848:
3844:
3834:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3762:
3759:
3754:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3623:
3619:
3561:
3557:
3511:
3507:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3314:
3310:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3225:
3221:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3114:
3110:
3052:
3048:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2951:
2947:
2933:
2877:(1): 82–93.
2874:
2870:
2860:
2835:
2831:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2663:
2659:
2604:
2557:
2553:
2501:
2497:
2454:
2430:, retrieved
2408:
2360:
2356:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2269:
2265:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2151:
2145:
2132:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2081:
2045:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1913:
1906:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1812:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1683:
1583:Biomaterials
1561:cell biology
1554:
1523:
1495:latex gloves
1488:
1468:cholesterols
1460:
1457:Applications
1425:
1403:
1354:
1327:
1306:phospholipid
1303:
1277:
1262:
1243:shape-memory
1239:cross-linked
1228:
1194:
1163:
1148:
1064:
1052:
1033:
1013:
994:
969:
924:universality
917:
913:contact lens
898:
875:
871:Otto Lehmann
864:
857:
839:
812:
802:), and that
785:biomaterials
746:
733:
729:
728:
585:von Klitzing
406:
290:Kondo effect
150:Time crystal
130:Fermi liquid
4593:Soft matter
4394:Statistical
4310:Theoretical
4287:Engineering
4175:Soft matter
4140:Soft Matter
4056:I. Hamley,
3963:(7): 3790.
3760:Adv. Mater.
3626:(1): 4315.
2871:Soft Matter
2272:: 143–158.
1768:Soft Matter
1648:Surfactants
1507:3D printing
1447:temperature
1410:informatics
1056:free energy
1044:equilibrium
952:Ising model
899:The use of
730:Soft matter
407:Soft matter
328:Ferromagnet
4587:Categories
4511:Geophysics
4501:Biophysics
4345:Analytical
4298:Approaches
4087:M. Mitov,
3571:1505.05214
3275:: 122430.
3117:(6): 953.
2884:1909.11961
2624:1011990362
2432:2023-02-13
2171:1050163199
1933:1202271044
1882:: 811842.
1728:(4): 469.
1665:References
1557:biophysics
1550:biosensors
1534:insulation
1433:(TEM) and
1422:Microscopy
1416:Microscopy
1356:Scattering
1351:Scattering
1345:Scattering
1264:observed.
1235:covalently
1205:insulation
1119:biopolymer
1067:elasticity
1048:metastable
948:relaxation
936:mesoscopic
550:Louis Néel
540:Schrieffer
448:Scientists
342:Spin glass
337:Metamagnet
319:Paramagnet
135:Supersolid
4461:Molecular
4362:Acoustics
4355:Continuum
4350:Celestial
4340:Newtonian
4327:Classical
4270:Divisions
4208:SklogWiki
4192:Softbites
4078:M. Kleman
4039:cite book
4031:872654628
3979:1422-0067
3938:232044197
3930:2058-8437
3865:0743-7463
3826:220519766
3810:1460-4744
3765:2001582.
3746:139778116
3738:2513-0390
3648:2041-1723
3564:: 22–31.
3528:1936-122X
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2909:1744-683X
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2019:2196-7156
1972:0026-9247
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1079:nonlinear
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850:suspended
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630:Abrikosov
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515:Van Vleck
505:Luttinger
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210:Insulator
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2069:S2CID
2023:S2CID
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