457:
185:
Sokemen remained an important rural element after the
Conquest, buying and selling property, and providing their overlords with money rents and court attendance, rather than manorial labour. According to the
115:
was an especially 'free' area of
Britain because the rank and file of the Danish armies, from whom sokemen were descended, had settled in the area and imported their own social system."
170:, in that they owned and paid taxes on their land themselves. Forming between 30% and 50% of the countryside, they could buy and sell their land, but owed service to their lord's
130:
private justice was encroaching on public justice". Other scholars have viewed the judicial powers represented by the Anglo-Saxon Soke as rather limited. The standard grant of
306:
should be accepted only where it stands for the fuller phrase, "sake and soke", and that "soke" standing by itself denoted services. Certainly, many passages in the
122:
considered royal grants of sac and soc as opening the way for national to be replaced by local justice, through the creation of immunities or franchises. As
686:
478:
714:
704:
80:
The phrase 'Sac and soc' was used in early
English for the right to hold a court (the primary meaning of 'soc' seems to have involved
724:
469:
509:
194:
specified determining for each manor "how many freemen; how many sokemen...and how much each freeman and sokeman had and has".
202:
After the Norman
Conquest, doubt developed over the precise meaning of the word soke. In some versions of the much-used tract
729:
310:
support this contention, but in other passages "soke" seems to serve merely as a short expression for "sake and soke".
373:
69:
142:
court, impinging on royal justice, for instance, in the right to slay a thief caught red-handed (infangentheof).
139:
231:
285:
of the men over whom it was granted when they had been condemned in a court of competent jurisdiction. The
709:
668:
719:
390:
327:
72:, generally denoted "jurisdiction", but its vague usage makes it lack a single, precise definition.
287:
256:
675:
462:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
302:
Ballard in the early twentieth century argued that the interpretation of the word "soke" as
282:
175:
167:
155:
119:
108:
28:
647:
326:, sometimes applied to the district over which the right of jurisdiction extended (compare
408:
396:
135:
123:
402:
385:
278:
680:
698:
473:
463:
307:
219:
191:
104:
576:
270:
510:
SOKEMEN AND FREEMEN IN LATE ANGLO-SAXON EAST ANGLIA IN COMPARATIVE CONTEXT. (PDF)
187:
163:
49:
415:
381:
482:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 353.
331:
159:
112:
330:). By the same usage, it could designate the ward of a town, as with
422:
344:
247:
denoted the right to hold a court, especially when associated with
358:
89:
62:
54:
350:
679:
635:
Essays in
Medieval History Presented to Thomas Frederick Tout
549:
Essays in
Medieval History Presented to Thomas Frederick Tout
178:
argued that a sokeman was a man who rendered service from a
37:
348:, used of this tenure, arose by adding the French suffix
158:, found chiefly in the eastern counties, especially the
40:
34:
648:"Winchester: The soke | British History Online"
536:
Early
Medieval Studies in Memory of Patrick Wormald
134:represented the equivalent of the authority of the
31:
162:, occupying an intermediate position between the
182:, and was not necessarily under jurisdiction).
222:for ‘to have a free court’), and in others as
8:
623:. London: Methuen & Company. p. 84.
562:The Oxford History of the Laws of England II
212:
293:
237:
224:
204:
100:was the duty of seeking the lord's mill).
94:
299:(‘pleas which are in his investigation’).
669:The Story of Our Law for Little Children
450:
448:
446:
444:
442:
440:
438:
277:Sometimes only the right to receive the
491:
489:
434:
132:sac et soc, toll et team et infangthief
572:
570:
523:The Cambridge Medieval History Vol III
671:(A simple history of the word Socage)
7:
103:According to many scholars, such as
594:The Medieval Foundations of England
581:The Medieval Foundations of England
295:in socna, id est, in quaestione sua
14:
68:, "to seek"), at the time of the
455:
226:interpellacio maioris audientiae
27:
174:, court, or jurisdiction. (But
715:Former subdivisions of England
468:Turner, George James (1911). "
1:
190:, the terms of remit for the
334:in the charters of Henry I.
206:Interpretationes vocabulorum
88:was the duty of seeking the
60:, connected ultimately with
16:Early medieval legal concept
374:History of English land law
746:
619:Ballard, Adolphus (1906).
378:Soke used in place-names:
70:Norman conquest of England
705:English legal terminology
652:www.british-history.ac.uk
725:Legal history of England
234:somewhat ambiguously as
687:Encyclopædia Britannica
637:(Manchester 1925) p. 48
551:(Manchester 1925) p. 48
479:Encyclopædia Britannica
359:
351:
213:
154:belonged to a class of
63:
55:
605:Quoted in D. Douglas,
525:(Cambridge 1922)p. 466
294:
238:
225:
205:
95:
607:William the Conqueror
414:Liberty of the Soke,
291:also speaks of pleas
210:, "soke" is defined:
126:wrote, "by grants of
730:Medieval English law
621:The Domesday Inquest
609:(London 1966) p. 349
596:(London 1966) p. 243
583:(London 1966) p. 136
564:(Oxford 2012) p. 291
391:Soke of Peterborough
384:, a district in the
328:Soke of Peterborough
255:in the alliterative
499:(London 1926) p. 92
257:binomial expression
239:ajustis et requeste
118:Historians such as
96:secta ad molendinum
76:Anglo-Saxon origins
497:History of England
198:Later developments
92:'s court, just as
676:Vinogradoff, Paul
633:A. G. Little ed,
547:A. G. Little ed,
508:Emma Day (2011),
495:G. M. Trevelyan,
338:Legal terminology
243:: thus sometimes
214:aver fraunc court
737:
691:
690:(11th ed.).
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584:
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512:p. 21, cam.ac.uk
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393:, Cambridgeshire
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176:Adolphus Ballard
120:Paul Vinogradoff
109:H. P. R. Finberg
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534:S. Baxter ed.,
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409:Walton-le-Soken
397:Thorpe-le-Soken
370:
340:
316:
262:
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200:
148:
124:G. M. Trevelyan
78:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
743:
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733:
732:
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712:
707:
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681:"Socage"
672:
664:
663:External links
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639:
626:
611:
598:
592:G. O. Sayles,
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566:
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527:
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485:
474:Chisholm, Hugh
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403:Kirby-le-Soken
400:
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386:City of London
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369:
366:
342:The law term,
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336:
315:
312:
199:
196:
147:
144:
77:
74:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
742:
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723:
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710:Feudal duties
708:
706:
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464:public domain
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308:Domesday Book
305:
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263:sake and soke
258:
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51:
45:
24:
23:
685:
651:
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629:
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614:
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601:
593:
588:
580:
577:G. O. Sayles
561:
556:
548:
543:
535:
530:
522:
521:J. B. Bury,
517:
504:
496:
477:
357:
349:
343:
341:
323:
319:
317:
304:jurisdiction
303:
301:
292:
286:
276:
269:
260:
259:
252:
248:
244:
235:
223:
211:
203:
201:
184:
179:
171:
168:bond tenants
164:free tenants
151:
149:
131:
127:
117:
102:
93:
85:
81:
79:
61:
53:
21:
20:
18:
720:Land tenure
560:J. Hudson,
314:Territorial
283:forfeitures
271:soc and sac
188:Ely Inquiry
128:sac and soc
111:, "... the
86:soka faldae
50:Old English
699:Categories
429:References
416:Winchester
382:Portsoken
322:, unlike
318:The term
19:The term
678:(1911).
368:See also
230:, which
180:sokeland
166:and the
476:(ed.).
466::
411:, Essex
405:, Essex
399:, Essex
332:Aldgate
232:glosses
160:Danelaw
156:tenants
152:sokeman
146:Sokemen
140:hundred
138:at the
113:Danelaw
84:; thus
82:seeking
538:(2017)
472:". In
460:
423:Socken
345:socage
236:claim
220:Norman
288:Leges
279:fines
136:reeve
64:secan
48:; in
470:Soke
352:-age
324:sake
320:soke
281:and
274:).
253:sake
245:soke
172:soke
107:and
90:lord
22:soke
360:soc
356:to
251:or
249:sak
56:soc
701::
684:.
650:.
579:,
569:^
488:^
437:^
364:.
150:A
52::
38:oʊ
654:.
268:(
218:(
44:/
41:k
35:s
32:ˈ
29:/
25:(
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