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compatibility of the material with the wastes, leachates and geology with which it is likely to come in contact is of particular importance for barriers constructed from fluids which are supposed to set in-situ. EPA emphasizes this compatibility in its guidance documents, noting that thorough characterization of the waste, leachate, barrier material chemistry, site geochemistry, and compatibility testing of the barrier material with the likely disposal site chemical environment are all required.
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While adding a soil conditioner to crops or a garden can seem like a great way to get healthier plants, over-application of some amendments can cause ecological problems. For example, salts, nitrogen, metals and other nutrients that are present in many soil amendments are not productive when added in
359:
to meet the needs of specific plants or to make highly acidic or alkaline soils more usable. The possibility of using other materials to assume the role of composts and clays in improving the soil was investigated on a scientific basis earlier in the 20th century, and the term soil conditioning was
403:
In the context of construction there are some soil improvement techniques that are intended to improve the effective strength and resistance of very soft soils, for example when excavating deep tunnels for underground subway or tunnel construction. The soil stabilization technique of low pressure
386:
due to their high acrylamide monomer residue. Although manufacturing advances later brought the monomer concentration down below the toxic level, scientific literature shows few successes in utilizing these polymers for increasing plant quality or survival. The appearance of a new generation of
613:
Guilherme, Marcos R.; Aouada, Fauze A.; Fajardo, André R.; Martins, Alessandro F.; Paulino, Alexandre T.; Davi, Magali F.T.; Rubira, Adley F.; Muniz, Edvani C. (2015). "Superabsorbent hydrogels based on polysaccharides for application in agriculture as soil conditioner and nutrient carrier: A
1002:
The selection of subsurface barriers for any given site which needs remediation, and the selection of a particular barrier technology must be done, however, by means of the
Superfund Process, with special emphasis on the remedial investigation and feasibility study portions. The chemical
338:
The total number of cations a soil can hold, its total negative charge, is the soil's cation exchange capacity. The higher the CEC, the higher the negative charge and the more cations that can be held and exchanged with plant roots, providing them with the nutrition they require.
167:
under the trade name
Krilium. The soil conditioning technology was presented at a symposium on "Improvement of Soil Structure" held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 29, 1951. The technology was strongly documented and was published in the June 1952 issue of the journal
243:
and streams. As an nonionic monomer it can be co-polymerize with anionic for example
Acrylic acid and cationic monomer such as diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC) and resulted co-polymer that can have different compatibility in different applications.
360:
coined. The criteria by which such materials are judged most often remains their cost-effectiveness, their ability to increase soil moisture for longer periods, stimulate microbiological activity, increase nutrient levels and improve plant survival rates.
226:
The cross-linked forms of polyacrylamide, which strongly retain water, are often used for horticultural and agricultural under trade names such as
Broadleaf P4 and Swell-Gel. In addition to use on farm lands, these polymers are used at
176:
soil conditioners was difficult to use because it contained calcium which cross-linked the linear polymer under field conditions. Krilium was abandoned by
Monsanto. Water-soluble soil conditioners offer the following benefits:
432:
should be performed prior to applying a soil conditioner to learn more about the composition and structure of the soil. This testing will determine which conditioners will be more appropriate for the available conditions.
152:, for people concerned with maintaining organic crops or organic gardens. Soil conditioners of almost every description are readily available from online stores or local nurseries as well as garden supply stores.
526:
Kavitha, Beluri; Reddy, Pullagurala
Venkata Laxma; Kim, Bojeong; Lee, Sang Soo; Pandey, Sudhir Kumar; Kim, Ki-Hyun (2018). "Benefits and limitations of biochar amendment in agricultural soils: A review".
428:
Soil conditioners may be applied in a number of ways. Some are worked into the soil with a tiller before planting. Others are applied after planting, or periodically during the growing season.
981:...application is limited by the soil conditions and whilst ideal in the aeolian sands, it may not be appropriate in the fluvial deposits which are richer in silts and organic matter.
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1941:
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For centuries people have been adding things to poor soils to improve their ability to support healthy plant growth. Some of these materials, such as compost, clay and
1367:
826:
570:
Bolan, Nanthi; Adriano, Domy; Mahimairaja, Santiago (2004). "Distribution and
Bioavailability of Trace Elements in Livestock and Poultry Manure By-Products".
272:
impedes root growth, decreasing the ability of plants to take up nutrients and water. Soil conditioners can add more loft and texture to keep the soil loose.
1234:
351:
in dry, coarse soils which are not holding water well. The addition of organic material for instance can greatly improve the water retention abilities of
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770:
284:, are still used extensively today. Many soil amendments also add nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen, as well as beneficial bacteria.
81:
A wide variety of materials have been described as soil conditioners due to their ability to improve soil quality. Some examples include
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420:. Pressure grouting can be difficult to apply correctly at sites with waste materials or heterogeneous and coarse soils.
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of excess nutrients into waterways also occurs, which is harmful to the water quality and, through it, the environment.
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have been widely investigated as soil conditioners. They were introduced as "linear soil conditioner" in the 1950s by
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994:"Laboratory Evaluation of Performance and Durability of Polymer Grouts for Subsurface Hydraulic/Diffusion Barriers"
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The most common use of soil conditioners is to improve soil structure. Soils tend to become compacted over time.
2181:
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1985:
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and non-organic materials. In the context of construction soil conditioning is also called soil stabilization.
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291:, may be augmented by amendments as well. This enriches the soil, allowing plants to grow bigger and stronger.
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Soil conditioners can be used to improve poor soils, or to rebuild soils which have been damaged by improper
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1995:
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Noble, R (March 2011). "Risks and benefits of soil amendment with composts in relation to plant pathogens".
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2005:
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1963:
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potentially effective tools in the early 1980s, including hydroabsorbent polymers and copolymers from the
172:, volume 73, June 1952 that was dedicated to polymeric soil conditioners. The original formulation of poly
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was the most used. Because of their ability to absorb several hundred times their own weight in water,
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The first synthetic soil conditioners were introduced in the 1950s, when the chemical hydrolysed
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50:. In general usage, the term "soil conditioner" is often thought of as a subset of the category
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73:. They can make poor soils more usable, and can be used to maintain soils in peak condition.
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Friedman, Mendel (2003). "Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Safety of
Acrylamide. A Review".
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make soil dry quicker after rain or irrigation, so that the soil can be worked sooner
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2010:
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379:) were tested in agriculture, horticulture and landscaping beginning in the 1960s.
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307:. The relative ability of soils to store one particular group of nutrients, the
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806:"NIOSH skin notation (SK) profile: acrylamide [CAS No. 79-06-1]"
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Conference: Geotechnical
Advances and Challenges in Urban Development
332:
130:
110:
787:"Screening Assessment for the Challenge: 2-Propenamide (Acrylamide)"
375:(also known as hydroabsorbent polymers, superabsorbent polymers or
255:
in the production of N-methylol acrylamide and N-butoxyacrylamide.
2015:
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114:
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1936:
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815:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
281:
118:
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35:
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excess, and can actually be detrimental to plant health. (See
62:), which more often is understood to include a wide range of
46:(ability to provide nutrition for plants) and sometimes its
1016:"Producing Garden Vegetables with Organic Soil Amendments"
950:. The American Institute of Architects. 2008. p. 18.
652:"Questions and Answers on Land Application of Biosolids"
572:
Critical
Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology
382:
Interest disappeared when experiments proved them to be
204:
stronger, larger plants with more extensive root system
216:
more response to fertilizers and to new crop varieties
184:
increase water infiltration into soils containing clay
885:"Fundamentals of Soil Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)"
287:
Additional nutrients, such as calcium, magnesium and
2593:
2562:
2501:
2465:
2387:
2207:
2144:
2111:
1873:
1416:
1281:
1042:"Protecting Water Quality from Agricultural Runoff"
219:less plant diseases related to poor soil aeration
303:(CEC) of soils. Soils act as the storehouses of
827:"Soil Compaction: Causes, Effects, and Control"
772:"Standard Specifications State of California".
657:. Water Environment Federation. Archived from
299:Soil amendments can also greatly increase the
2361:
1255:
8:
2131:List of organic gardening and farming topics
1235:List of organic gardening and farming topics
408:has also been used for high rise foundation
181:increase pore space in soils containing clay
193:make friable soil that is easy to cultivate
148:Many soil conditioners come in the form of
2368:
2354:
2346:
1262:
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1240:
711:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
635:
347:Soil conditioners may be used to improve
1000:. Brookhaven National Laboratory. 1994.
251:. Another use of polyacrylamide is as a
222:decreased energy requirement for tillage
207:earlier seed emergence and crop maturity
458:
1230:List of sustainable agriculture topics
416:at a residential development over the
813:DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2011-139
791:Environment and Climate Change Canada
7:
2316:
355:and they can be added to adjust the
247:Polyacrylamide is also used in some
2328:
529:Journal of Environmental Management
395:families, opened new perspectives.
311:. The most common soil cations are
200:Consequently, these translate into
25:
853:"Soil Amendments and Fertilizers"
2327:
2315:
2304:
2303:
2291:
1110:
1096:
1082:
1068:
769:Construction Contract Standards
684:"Natural Fertilizers Amendments"
467:"Glossary of Soil Science Terms"
210:more efficient water utilization
1076:Agriculture and Agronomy portal
973:"Permeation Grouting in Sydney"
948:Architectural Graphic Standards
785:; Health Canada (August 2009).
628:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.04.017
471:Soil Science Society of America
34:is a product which is added to
1:
2637:Physiological plant disorders
541:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.082
190:stop erosion and water runoff
493:Australasian Plant Pathology
406:chemical permeation grouting
2412:Magnesium deficiency#Plants
2162:Index of pesticide articles
906:"What is Soil Conditioner?"
2658:
1306:Climate-friendly gardening
1225:List of environment topics
1220:List of composting systems
1182:Polymer soil stabilization
1157:Organic farming by country
235:, in order to protect the
150:certified organic products
2627:Agricultural soil science
2285:
2182:Plant disease forecasting
2136:Vegan organic agriculture
1986:Genetically modified tree
1142:Certified Naturally Grown
1127:Agricultural soil science
804:Dotson, GS (April 2011).
592:10.1080/10643380490434128
505:10.1007/s13313-010-0025-7
40:soilâs physical qualities
2601:Algal nutrient solutions
2447:Micronutrient deficiency
971:Lees, David (May 2021).
616:European Polymer Journal
301:cation exchange capacity
2478:Phosphorus assimilation
1197:Sustainable agriculture
793:. Government of Canada.
139:hydroabsorbant polymers
2121:Biodynamic agriculture
2058:Postharvest physiology
2006:Landscape architecture
1703:Indonesian home garden
1162:Organic Farming Digest
1152:Industrial agriculture
1137:Biodynamic agriculture
2473:Nitrogen assimilation
2432:Phosphorus deficiency
2422:Molybdenum deficiency
1368:Historic conservation
927:"Improving Your Soil"
412:as an alternative to
253:chemical intermediate
187:prevent soil crusting
2488:Microbial assistance
2437:Potassium deficiency
2417:Manganese deficiency
2298:Gardening portal
2197:Aquamog weed remover
2172:List of insecticides
751:(1986). "Foreword".
2544:Nutrient management
2483:Sulfur assimilation
2427:Nitrogen deficiency
998:UNT Digital Library
584:2004CREST..34..291B
437:Ecological concerns
418:East River landfill
213:easier weed removal
2575:Nutrient pollution
2549:Organic fertilizer
2539:Nutrient budgeting
2402:Calcium deficiency
2167:List of fungicides
1932:Companion planting
1118:Environment portal
783:Environment Canada
399:Soil stabilization
229:construction sites
2614:
2613:
2554:Plant tissue test
2529:Hydroponic dosers
2524:Hoagland solution
2343:
2342:
2215:Community orchard
2041:drought tolerance
749:Sheldon D. Nelson
723:10.1021/jf030204+
717:(16): 4504â4526.
690:on April 24, 2012
373:polymethacrylates
365:polyacrylonitrile
16:(Redirected from
2649:
2594:Related concepts
2493:Photorespiration
2397:Boron deficiency
2370:
2363:
2356:
2347:
2331:
2330:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2306:
2296:
2295:
2272:Plant collecting
2208:Related articles
2145:Plant protection
1326:French intensive
1264:
1257:
1250:
1241:
1172:Organic movement
1120:
1115:
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1092:
1090:Gardening portal
1087:
1086:
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1072:
1071:
1056:
1055:
1053:
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1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1018:. Archived from
1012:
1006:
1005:
990:
984:
983:
968:
962:
961:
944:
938:
937:
935:
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914:
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896:
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891:
881:
875:
874:
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864:
858:. Archived from
857:
849:
843:
842:
840:
838:
829:. Archived from
823:
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801:
795:
794:
779:
773:
767:
761:
760:
741:
735:
734:
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686:. Archived from
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567:
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499:(157): 157â167.
488:
482:
481:
479:
477:
463:
414:pile foundations
391:and propenamide-
165:Monsanto Company
56:soil improvement
32:soil conditioner
21:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2632:Organic farming
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2589:
2558:
2514:Fertilizer tree
2497:
2461:
2457:Fertilizer burn
2442:Zinc deficiency
2407:Iron deficiency
2383:
2377:Plant nutrition
2374:
2344:
2339:
2290:
2281:
2277:Turf management
2262:Lists of plants
2257:List of gardens
2203:
2140:
2107:
1869:
1419:
1412:
1277:
1268:
1216:
1211:
1207:Plant nutrition
1116:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1022:on May 23, 2000
1014:
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991:
987:
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965:
958:
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878:
868:
866:
865:on May 26, 2012
862:
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834:
833:on May 29, 2012
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808:
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743:
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708:
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677:
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665:
664:on 4 April 2015
661:
654:
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607:
569:
568:
564:
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520:
490:
489:
485:
475:
473:
465:
464:
460:
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444:fertilizer burn
439:
426:
401:
369:polyacrylamides
349:water retention
345:
343:Water retention
305:plant nutrients
297:
295:Cation exchange
278:
270:Soil compaction
266:
261:
233:erosion control
161:Polyacrylamides
158:
156:Polyacrylamides
79:
71:soil management
52:soil amendments
38:to improve the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2642:Soil improvers
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2570:Soil fertility
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2252:Garden tourism
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2242:Groundskeeping
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2031:free-flowering
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2013:
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1620:
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1618:
1613:
1608:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
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1583:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1348:Groundskeeping
1345:
1344:
1343:
1341:computer-aided
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1107:
1104:Ecology portal
1093:
1079:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1033:
1007:
985:
963:
956:
939:
918:
897:
876:
844:
818:
796:
774:
762:
745:Arthur Wallace
736:
701:
675:
643:
605:
578:(3): 291â338.
562:
518:
483:
457:
455:
452:
438:
435:
425:
422:
400:
397:
357:pH of the soil
344:
341:
296:
293:
277:
276:Soil nutrients
274:
265:
264:Soil structure
262:
260:
257:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
198:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
157:
154:
95:coffee grounds
78:
75:
60:soil condition
42:, usually its
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2654:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:Miscellaneous
2561:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
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2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2336:
2335:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2247:Garden centre
2245:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2225:Floral design
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2091:reforestation
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Intercropping
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1942:most valuable
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:Arboriculture
1908:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
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1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1503:Garden square
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:Ancient Egypt
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1336:Garden design
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:Related lists
1213:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1187:Seasonal food
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1066:
1061:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
989:
986:
982:
978:
974:
967:
964:
959:
957:9780470085462
953:
949:
943:
940:
928:
922:
919:
907:
901:
898:
886:
880:
877:
861:
854:
848:
845:
832:
828:
822:
819:
814:
807:
800:
797:
792:
788:
784:
778:
775:
771:
766:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
740:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
702:
689:
685:
679:
676:
660:
653:
647:
644:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
609:
606:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
566:
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
522:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
487:
484:
472:
468:
462:
459:
453:
451:
449:
445:
436:
434:
431:
423:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
398:
396:
394:
390:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
358:
354:
350:
342:
340:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
294:
292:
290:
285:
283:
275:
273:
271:
263:
258:
256:
254:
250:
245:
242:
238:
237:water quality
234:
230:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
201:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
178:
175:
171:
166:
162:
155:
153:
151:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:sphagnum moss
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
76:
74:
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
27:Soil additive
19:
18:Soil improver
2606:Biostimulant
2534:Living mulch
2519:Green manure
2466:Assimilation
2332:
2320:
2308:
2289:
2192:Weed control
2081:horticulture
2011:Olericulture
1991:Hydroculture
1981:Fruticulture
1959:Floriculture
1888:Permaculture
1875:Horticulture
1271:Horticulture
1192:Soil science
1177:Permaculture
1167:Organic food
1048:. Retrieved
1036:
1024:. Retrieved
1020:the original
1010:
1001:
997:
988:
980:
976:
966:
947:
942:
930:. Retrieved
921:
911:February 18,
909:. Retrieved
900:
888:. Retrieved
879:
867:. Retrieved
860:the original
847:
835:. Retrieved
831:the original
821:
812:
799:
790:
777:
765:
756:
753:Soil Science
752:
739:
714:
710:
704:
692:. Retrieved
688:the original
678:
666:. Retrieved
659:the original
646:
637:11449/172035
619:
615:
608:
575:
571:
565:
532:
528:
521:
496:
492:
486:
474:. Retrieved
461:
440:
430:Soil testing
427:
410:underpinning
402:
381:
362:
346:
337:
298:
286:
279:
267:
249:potting soil
246:
225:
199:
170:Soil Science
169:
159:
147:
80:
68:
59:
55:
51:
31:
29:
2585:Agrobiology
2509:Fertigation
2334:WikiProject
2103:Monoculture
2098:Viticulture
2076:agriculture
2036:propagation
1976:HĂŒgelkultur
1898:sustainable
1883:Agriculture
1825:Therapeutic
1805:Shakespeare
1616:Renaissance
1408:Xeriscaping
1403:Sustainable
1398:Square foot
1388:Proplifting
1353:Garden tool
1321:Foodscaping
1202:Wildculture
1132:Agroecology
622:: 365â385.
535:: 146â154.
424:Application
389:propenamide
353:sandy soils
127:vermiculite
103:compost tea
77:Composition
64:fertilizers
2621:Categories
2389:Imbalances
2381:Fertilizer
1996:Indigenous
1893:stock-free
1865:Zoological
1745:Pollinator
1638:Greenhouse
1581:Sharawadgi
1569:Vietnamese
1530:East Asian
1438:Australian
1393:Raised bed
1358:Green wall
454:References
393:propenoate
384:phytotoxic
289:phosphorus
239:of nearby
174:acrylamide
91:blood meal
2452:Chlorosis
2267:Perennial
2230:Floristry
2177:Pesticide
2157:Herbicide
2152:Fungicide
2046:hardiness
1810:Shrubbery
1790:Sculpture
1611:landscape
1540:Cantonese
1515:Container
1510:Community
1478:Byzantine
1473:Butterfly
1463:Botanical
1363:Guerrilla
1311:Community
1301:Butterfly
1296:Arboretum
1291:Allotment
1283:Gardening
1275:gardening
614:review".
377:hydrogels
321:potassium
317:magnesium
143:biosolids
87:bone meal
48:mechanics
44:fertility
2310:Category
2220:Features
2126:Grafting
2086:forestry
2068:Tropical
2053:Pomology
2026:cuttings
2021:breeding
1855:Wildlife
1835:Tropical
1785:Scottish
1735:Pleasure
1723:Paradise
1718:Charbagh
1688:Monastic
1683:Medieval
1593:Floating
1547:Japanese
1498:Communal
1488:Colonial
1453:Biblical
1418:Types of
1383:Parterre
1062:See also
731:14705871
668:24 April
600:97016838
557:52168678
549:30176434
329:hydrogen
325:ammonium
2580:Soil pH
2502:Methods
2322:Commons
2235:Ikebana
2187:Pruning
2113:Organic
2063:Roguing
1949:Cutting
1840:Victory
1815:Spanish
1795:Sensory
1740:Prairie
1708:Persian
1698:Orchard
1663:Kitchen
1658:Keyhole
1653:Italian
1648:Islamic
1643:Hanging
1602:French
1588:Fernery
1576:English
1535:Chinese
1520:Cottage
1448:Baroque
1420:gardens
1373:History
1147:Compost
1050:May 10,
1026:May 10,
932:May 10,
890:May 10,
869:May 10,
837:May 10,
694:May 10,
580:Bibcode
513:8999229
476:May 10,
313:calcium
309:cations
259:Purpose
141:, and
99:compost
83:biochar
2072:Urban
1969:Taiwan
1964:Canada
1927:Botany
1920:Saikei
1915:Bonsai
1860:Winter
1845:Walled
1780:School
1775:Sacred
1730:Physic
1693:Mughal
1673:Market
1628:German
1606:formal
1598:Flower
1564:Korean
1483:Cactus
1468:Bottle
1428:Alpine
1378:Native
1331:Garden
1316:Forest
954:
729:
598:
555:
547:
511:
448:Runoff
333:sodium
331:, and
241:rivers
131:sulfur
111:manure
2016:Plant
1954:Flora
1903:urban
1850:Water
1830:Trial
1800:Shade
1760:Roman
1633:Greek
1623:Front
1525:Dutch
1493:Color
1045:(PDF)
863:(PDF)
856:(PDF)
809:(PDF)
662:(PDF)
655:(PDF)
596:S2CID
553:S2CID
509:S2CID
115:straw
1937:Crop
1770:Rose
1765:Roof
1755:Rock
1750:Rain
1713:BÄgh
1678:Mary
1668:Knot
1552:Roji
1443:Back
1273:and
1052:2012
1028:2012
952:ISBN
934:2012
913:2013
892:2012
871:2012
839:2012
759:(5).
727:PMID
696:2012
670:2015
545:PMID
478:2012
371:and
282:peat
231:for
135:lime
119:peat
107:coir
54:(or
36:soil
1820:Tea
1557:Zen
1458:Bog
757:141
719:doi
632:hdl
624:doi
588:doi
537:doi
533:227
501:doi
446:.)
2623::
2379:/
996:.
979:.
975:.
811:.
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725:.
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630:.
620:72
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960:.
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873:.
841:.
733:.
721::
698:.
672:.
640:.
634::
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602:.
590::
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559:.
539::
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503::
480:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.