596:
425:
31:
205:
475:, following a circular route, traveling north up the western side of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans at the end of the nesting season in March–May, reaching subarctic waters in June–July, where they cross from west to east, then return south down the eastern side of the oceans in September–October, reaching to the breeding colonies in November. They do not migrate as a flock, but rather as individuals, associating only opportunistically; in June 1906, for example, two were shot near
83:
377:
417:
58:
634:
Scientists looking at the stomach contents of turtles and seabirds gathered in 1961 Monterey Bay ship surveys found that toxin-making algae were present in 79% of the plankton the creatures ate. "I am pretty convinced that the birds were poisoned," says ocean environmentalist Sibel Bargu of
Louisiana
638:
Plankton expert
Raphael Kudela of USC points to leaky septic tanks installed amid a housing boom around Monterey Bay in the early 1960s as the ultimate culprit that may have fed the toxic algae: "It is to some extent a natural phenomenon, and the best thing we can do is monitor for the presence of
388:
Sooty shearwaters are 40–51 cm (16–20 in) in length with a 94–110 cm (37–43 in) wingspan. It has the typical "shearing" flight of the genus, dipping from side to side on stiff wings with few wing beats, the wingtips almost touching the water. Its flight is powerful and direct,
407:
at long range; the latter does not have the pale stripe on the underwing. In the
Pacific part of its range, other all-dark large shearwaters are found. The short-tailed shearwater in particular is almost impossible to tell apart from the present species at a distance.
503:, the longitudinal width of the ocean makes longer migrations necessary. Recent tagging experiments have shown that birds breeding in New Zealand may travel 74,000 km in a year, reaching Japan, Alaska, and California, averaging more than 500 km per day.
568:
for oils and food each year by the indigenous Māori population. Young birds just about to fledge are collected from the burrows, plucked, and often preserved in salt. In 2022, climate change was thought to be impacting this cultural harvest by
360:) and the short-tailed shearwater, all blunt-tailed, black-billed species, but its precise relationships are obscure. In any case, these three species are among the larger species of shearwaters that have been moved into a separate genus
494:
In the
Atlantic Ocean, they cover distances in excess of 14,000 km (8,700 mi) from their breeding colony on the Falkland Islands (52°S 60°W) north to 60 to 70°N in the North Atlantic Ocean off north
1041:
Rheindt, F. E. & Austin, Jeremy J. (2005). "Major analytical and conceptual shortcomings in a recent taxonomic revision of the
Procellariiformes – A reply to Penhallurick and Wink (2004)".
514:, with passage of a few, or exceptionally up to a thousand birds in a day, may be seen flying back north up the British east coast as they retrace their path back to the Atlantic over northern
397:, which is responsible for its name. In poor viewing conditions, it looks all black, but in good light, it shows as dark chocolate-brown with a silvery strip along the centre of the underwing.
400:
Sooty shearwaters are vocal at night on the breeding grounds, with usually loud coos and croaks. At sea, they are usually silent, though may call when competing for food in large groups.
992:
Penhallurick, John & Wink, Michael (2004). "Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the
Procellariiformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome
557:. The architecture of sooty shearwater burrows can vary within and between breeding colonies, and is influenced by competition for breeding space and habitat type, with soil under dense
538:
to catch fish disturbed by them. They also follow fishing boats to take fish scraps thrown overboard. Isotopic analyses revealed significant niche overlap between sooty shearwaters and
491:
in the
Marshall Islands remain enigmatic; they might have been either sooty or short-tailed shearwaters, but neither species is generally held to pass through this region at that time.
499:; distances covered in the Pacific are similar or larger; although the Pacific Ocean colonies are not quite so far south, at 35 to 50°S off New Zealand, and moving north to the
584:. In 2009, the harvest reported record-low catches, on average a trapping cage yielded nearly 500 birds; in 2009, the number was estimated to be closer to 40 per cage.
1867:
1220:
1214:
Shaffer, S.A.; Tremblay, Y.; Weimerskirch, H.; Scott, D.; Thompson, D.R.; Sagar, P.M.; Moller, H.; Taylor, G.A.; Foley, D.G.; Block, B.A. & Costa, D.P. (2006).
1505:
2116:
2076:
734:
A Voyage
Towards the South Pole, and Round the World : performed in His Majesty's ships the Resolution and Adventure, in the years 1772, 1773, 1774, and 1775
1919:
510:, they move south in late August and September; with strong north and north-west winds, they may occasionally become "trapped" in the shallow, largely enclosed
1672:
1445:
487:, several weeks before the bulk of the population would pass by. Likewise, the identity of numerous large, dark shearwaters observed in October 2004 off
468:. They start breeding in October, and incubate their young for about 54 days. Once the chick hatches, the parents raise their chick for 86 to 109 days.
2035:
1831:
2101:
595:
1164:
1133:
842:
710:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
613:
in
California, regurgitating anchovies, flying into objects, and dying on the streets. The incident sparked the interest of local resident
911:"Phylogenetic relationships in Mediterranean and North Atlantic shearwaters (Aves: Procellariidae) based on nucleotide sequences of mtDNA"
2091:
424:
1593:
1573:
1341:
834:
2111:
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1981:
449:
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403:
In the
Atlantic, it is the only all-dark large shearwater, though can be confused with the smaller and usually somewhat paler
828:
1906:
1745:
1501:
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1795:
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had described a museum specimen, again without giving it a scientific name. The sooty shearwater is now placed in the
309:
305:
910:
1584:
793:
1924:
1279:
534:. They can dive up to 68 m deep for food, but more commonly take surface food, in particular often following
1599:
Gillson, Greg (2008). Field separation of Sooty and Short-tailed Shearwaters off the west coast of North America
970:
82:
1932:
1560:
951:
Austin, Jeremy J.; Bretagnolle, Vincent & Pasquet, Eric (2004). "A global molecular phylogeny of the small
30:
635:
State University. "All the symptoms were extremely similar to later bird poisoning events in the same area."
2106:
704:
628:
290:
270:
259:
194:
1937:
1782:
1698:
1639:
1476:
1185:"Observations on the birds of Kwajalein Atoll, including six new species records for the Marshall Islands"
204:
1800:
1502:
Detroit Free Press. "Mystery of incident that inspired Hitchcock's 'The Birds' solved?" December 28, 2011
1968:
1667:"The incredible journey of sooty shearwater from New Zealand to the north Pacific for an endless summer"
177:
682:
2053:
2086:
1986:
1774:
1229:
1157:
Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic
1052:
1007:
925:
875:
1736:
605:
404:
286:
47:
1898:
1685:
1601:
1386:
1314:
1216:"Migratory shearwaters integrate oceanic resources across the Pacific Ocean in an endless summer"
1068:
1023:
974:
322:
77:
1973:
1653:
1522:
777:
308:
to the Pacific, but without a valid scientific name; and also in 1785 the English ornithologist
1872:
732:
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1453:
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1257:
1160:
1129:
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838:
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241:
134:
713:(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 564.
2081:
1846:
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1370:
1358:
1304:
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461:
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445:
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A sooty shearwater in the North Sea off the Northumberland coast, in the northeast Atlantic.
353:
1787:
376:
1955:
1643:
1509:
1121:
955:
shearwaters and implications for systematics of the Little-Audubon's Shearwater complex".
728:
577:
480:
62:
659:
545:
They breed in huge colonies and the female lays one white egg. These shearwaters nest in
251:
1947:
1233:
1056:
1011:
929:
879:
776:
The title page has 1850 (original title page missing in the BHL scan but available from
609:
reported that thousands of crazed sooty shearwaters were sighted on the shores of North
1252:
1215:
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A small portion of a huge flock off the shore of California, United States in September
549:
lined with plant material, which are visited only at night to avoid predation by large
472:
453:
237:
144:
1761:
1666:
1359:"Niche dynamics of sympatric non-breeding shearwaters under varying prey availability"
1266:
937:
627:, a cautionary tale of nature revolting against man. The film is now ranked among the
2070:
1880:
1390:
1152:
1043:
998:
957:
668:
576:
Its numbers have been declining in recent decades, and it is presently classified as
565:
507:
433:
294:
255:
67:
1159:. Vol. I: Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 143–145.
1086:
1072:
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978:
769:
752:
708:
416:
1630:
1309:
610:
558:
432:
Sooty shearwaters breed on small islands in two main populations, one in the south
420:
A sooty shearwater off the shore of Westport, Washington, in the northeast Pacific.
774:. Dresden and Leipzig: Expedition der vollständigsten naturgeschichte. p. IV.
570:
2026:
1810:
1721:
1404:
Clark, T.J.; Bonnet-Lebrun, A.S.; Campioni, L.; Catry, P.; Wakefield, E. (2019).
1999:
1911:
1893:
1854:
1730:
546:
441:
1619:
1446:"'Like going back 1,000 years': ancient Māori bird hunt faces uncertain future"
1405:
1994:
1680:
1658:
1336:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Northumberland and Tyneside Bird Club. pp. 16–17.
801:
724:
346:
301:
229:
1457:
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1542:
1488:
1242:
737:. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). London: W. Strahan and T. Cadell. p. 258.
511:
488:
437:
390:
342:
267:
94:
1261:
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895:
757:. Vol. 3, Part 2. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. p. 435.
389:
with wings held stiff and straight, giving the impression of a very small
2020:
1715:
515:
114:
39:
1960:
617:, along with a story about strange bird behaviour by the British writer
212:
Range of the Sooty shearwater in dark blue and breeding sites in yellow
2040:
1836:
1769:
1637:
Website of a long-term sooty shearwater research project in New Zealand
1565:
The Audubon Society field guide to North American birds, Eastern Region
1318:
394:
381:
317:
233:
154:
1859:
1429:
1374:
1410:
burrows varies with habitat and increases with competition for space"
496:
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104:
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1300:
1064:
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1823:
1818:
1087:"Proposal (647) to South American Classification Committee: Split
594:
535:
531:
423:
415:
375:
338:
313:
862:
Shearwaters: Preliminary Evidence from Mitochondrial Cytochrome
581:
554:
550:
527:
124:
1696:
909:
Heidrich, Petra; Amengual, José F. & Wink, Michael (1998).
1649:
1636:
1477:
Live Science. "Hitchcock's Crazed Birds Blamed on Toxic Algae"
780:). The Preface is dated 1852 but was not published until 1853.
653:
651:
971:
10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[0847:AGMPOT]2.0.CO;2
1559:
Bull, John L.; Farrand, John Jr.; Rayfield, Susan &
564:
In New Zealand, about 250,000 chicks are harvested for
300:. The shearwater had been briefly described in 1777 by
858:
Austin, Jeremy J. (1996). "Molecular Phylogenetics of
1280:"The Present State of the Ornis of Guadaloupe Island"
352:
It appears to be particularly closely related to the
329:
was used to refer to a seabird by Italian naturalist
2010:
1705:
1620:
Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
1523:"Harmful Algal Blooms in Coastal Upwelling Systems"
1209:
1207:
1205:
683:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22698209A154440143.en
1178:
1176:
1654:"The Common Shearwater, Nature's Migration King"
561:being easier to excavate than other substrates.
621:, helping to inspire Hitchcock's 1963 thriller
1357:Carvalho, Paloma C.; Davoren, Gail K. (2020).
393:. This shearwater is identifiable by its dark
1662:, aired August 8, 2006. Recovered 2006-NOV-20
1126:Antarctica: Secrets of the Southern Continent
8:
1689:episode 100 – a short video on muttonbirding
1278:Thayer, John E. & Bangs, Outram (1908).
1116:
1114:
1112:
830:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
341:for "grey". The species is considered to be
1677:in Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1479:. Livescience.com. Retrieved on 2013-04-03.
1128:. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 220.
245:
1693:
384:can be appreciated. Kaikoura, New Zealand.
240:. In New Zealand, it is also known by its
203:
56:
29:
20:
1541:
1428:
1308:
1251:
1241:
1097:. South American Classification Committee
681:
631:'s top-10 thrillers of the last century.
647:
1504:. Freep.com. Retrieved on 2013-04-03.
1147:
1145:
639:toxins, and treat impacted wildlife."
2117:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
2077:IUCN Red List near threatened species
868:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
833:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
808:. International Ornithologists' Union
788:
786:
7:
364:based on a phylogenetic analysis of
1491:. Afi.com. Retrieved on 2013-04-03.
918:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
669:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
471:They are spectacular long-distance
768:Reichenbach, H. G. Ludwig (1853).
333:in 1603, and the specific epithet
14:
450:Phillip Island off Norfolk Island
380:Up close, the chocolate-coloured
289:in 1789 by the German naturalist
1631:BTO BirdFacts – sooty shearwater
1521:Kudela, R.; et al. (2005).
806:IOC World Bird List Version 12.1
321:, that was described in 1853 by
81:
1406:"The depth of Sooty Shearwater
658:BirdLife International (2019).
526:The sooty shearwater feeds on
1:
2102:Birds of subantarctic islands
1567:. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
938:10.1016/S0305-1978(97)00085-9
452:, and the other in the south
1444:Corlett, Eva (9 July 2022).
1183:VanderWerf, Eric A. (2006).
588:Inspiration for Hitchcock's
1500:Vergano, Dan. (2011-12-28)
754:A General Synopsis of Birds
2133:
2092:Subterranean nesting birds
1452:. London, United Kingdom.
436:, mainly around southeast
827:Jobling, James A (2010).
676:: e.T22698209A154440143.
587:
285:The sooty shearwater was
258:, like its relatives the
211:
202:
183:
176:
78:Scientific classification
76:
54:
45:
37:
28:
23:
1579:Harrison, Peter (1988).
1561:National Audubon Society
1508:January 7, 2012, at the
705:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich
603:On August 18, 1961, the
412:Distribution and habitat
2112:Birds described in 1789
1646:. Recovered 2006-NOV-20
1626:Sooty shearwater photos
1543:10.5670/oceanog.2005.53
1489:American Film Institute
1310:2027/hvd.32044072250186
1243:10.1073/pnas.0603715103
629:American Film Institute
291:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
271:short-tailed shearwater
260:wedge-tailed shearwater
888:10.1006/mpev.1996.0060
802:"Petrels, albatrosses"
771:Avium systema naturale
600:
429:
421:
385:
304:in the account of his
250:, and is harvested by
246:
1969:Paleobiology Database
598:
427:
419:
379:
38:Sooty shearwater off
1674:Tītī – muttonbirding
800:, eds. (July 2021).
228:) is a medium-large
1618:Sooty shearwater –
1234:2006PNAS..10312799S
1228:(34): 12799–12802.
1057:2005EmuAO.105..181R
1012:2004EmuAO.104..125P
930:1998BioSE..26..145H
880:1996MolPE...6...77A
606:Santa Cruz Sentinel
405:Balearic shearwater
48:Conservation status
2097:Cosmopolitan birds
2012:Procellaria grisea
1686:Tales from Te Papa
1642:2012-07-28 at the
1635:The Titi Project:
1334:Northumbrian Birds
1332:Kerr, Ian (2001).
1267:Supporting figures
796:; Donsker, David;
601:
522:Ecology and status
430:
422:
386:
323:Ludwig Reichenbach
298:Procellaria grisea
287:formally described
2064:
2063:
1699:Taxon identifiers
1596:
1576:
1430:10.1111/ibi.12631
1375:10.1111/ibi.12783
1166:978-0-19-857358-6
1135:978-1-55407-398-6
866:Gene Sequences".
844:978-1-4081-2501-4
798:Rasmussen, Pamela
619:Daphne du Maurier
540:great shearwaters
366:mitochondrial DNA
331:Ulisse Aldrovandi
325:. The genus name
216:
215:
135:Procellariiformes
71:
24:Sooty shearwater
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615:Alfred Hitchcock
501:Aleutian Islands
477:Guadalupe Island
466:Tristan da Cunha
462:Tierra del Fuego
458:Falkland Islands
446:Auckland Islands
354:great shearwater
349:are recognised.
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220:sooty shearwater
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1554:Further reading
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578:near threatened
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481:Baja California
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275:A. tenuirostris
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63:Near Threatened
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16:Species of bird
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1613:External links
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1536:(2): 184–197.
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1436:
1423:(2): 192–197.
1408:Ardenna grisea
1396:
1369:(3): 701–712.
1349:
1342:
1324:
1295:(3): 101–106.
1270:
1201:
1172:
1165:
1155:, ed. (1977).
1153:Cramp, Stanley
1141:
1134:
1108:
1078:
1051:(2): 181–186.
1033:
1006:(2): 125–147.
984:
965:(3): 847–864.
943:
924:(2): 145–170.
901:
850:
843:
819:
782:
760:
740:
716:
696:
662:Ardenna grisea
646:
644:
641:
592:
586:
523:
520:
454:Atlantic Ocean
413:
410:
373:
370:
282:
279:
238:Procellariidae
225:Ardenna grisea
214:
213:
209:
208:
200:
199:
192:
187:Ardenna grisea
181:
180:
174:
173:
169:A. grisea
166:
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145:Procellariidae
142:
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1669:25 April 2007
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1574:0-394-41405-5
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1343:0-9538839-1-4
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1198:(2): 221–237.
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508:Great Britain
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434:Pacific Ocean
426:
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307:
306:second voyage
303:
299:
296:
295:binomial name
292:
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210:
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196:
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182:
179:
178:Binomial name
175:
171:
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53:
49:
44:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2011:
1706:
1684:
1673:
1665:TerraNature
1657:
1605:
1600:
1580:
1564:
1533:
1530:Oceanography
1529:
1516:
1496:
1484:
1472:
1461:. Retrieved
1450:The Guardian
1449:
1439:
1420:
1416:
1407:
1399:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1333:
1327:
1292:
1286:
1273:
1225:
1219:
1195:
1191:
1156:
1125:
1099:. Retrieved
1092:
1088:
1081:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1003:
997:
993:
987:
962:
956:
952:
946:
921:
917:
904:
874:(1): 77–88.
871:
867:
863:
859:
853:
829:
822:
810:. Retrieved
805:
770:
763:
753:
749:Latham, John
743:
733:
719:
709:
699:
687:. Retrieved
673:
667:
661:
637:
633:
622:
611:Monterey Bay
604:
602:
589:
575:
563:
559:tussac grass
544:
525:
505:
493:
470:
431:
402:
399:
387:
361:
357:
351:
337:is medieval
334:
326:
316:
297:
284:
274:
264:A. pacificus
263:
252:Māori people
224:
223:
219:
217:
186:
184:
168:
167:
155:
18:
2087:Shearwaters
1933:Neotropical
1894:NatureServe
1855:iNaturalist
1731:Wikispecies
1608:(2): 34–40.
1583:(2nd ed.).
1192:Micronesica
837:, 54, 179.
794:Gill, Frank
725:Cook, James
689:12 November
444:and in the
442:New Zealand
372:Description
310:John Latham
2071:Categories
1995:Xeno-canto
1659:Day to Day
1587:, London.
1463:2022-07-10
1101:23 January
812:3 February
643:References
566:muttonbird
347:subspecies
302:James Cook
293:under the
268:Australian
266:) and the
256:muttonbird
230:shearwater
195:Gmelin, JF
2027:Q27976956
1722:Q27074603
1458:0261-3077
1391:203409303
1383:1474-919X
624:The Birds
590:The Birds
571:Ngāi Tahu
512:North Sea
489:Kwajalein
438:Australia
391:albatross
358:A. gravis
343:monotypic
163:Species:
101:Kingdom:
95:Eukaryota
2021:Wikidata
1899:2.103124
1886:22698209
1873:11802473
1788:22698209
1783:BirdLife
1716:Wikidata
1640:Archived
1581:Seabirds
1563:(1977).
1506:Archived
1262:16908846
1124:(2008).
1093:Puffinus
1073:20390465
1028:83202756
979:86177092
953:Puffinus
860:Puffinus
751:(1785).
731:(1777).
707:(1788).
516:Scotland
473:migrants
281:Taxonomy
141:Family:
115:Chordata
111:Phylum:
105:Animalia
91:Domain:
68:IUCN 3.1
40:Tasmania
2082:Ardenna
2054:1304526
2041:7961442
1837:8249990
1770:Avibase
1602:Birding
1319:1360977
1253:1568927
1230:Bibcode
1089:Ardenna
1053:Bibcode
1008:Bibcode
996:gene".
926:Bibcode
896:8812308
876:Bibcode
580:by the
547:burrows
456:on the
395:plumage
382:plumage
362:Ardenna
327:Ardenna
318:Ardenna
236:family
234:seabird
232:in the
197:, 1789)
156:Ardenna
151:Genus:
131:Order:
121:Class:
66: (
1987:707542
1974:368280
1945:NZBO:
1938:sooshe
1860:502899
1844:GNAB:
1824:sooshe
1811:sooshe
1801:745422
1750:sooshe
1592:
1572:
1456:
1389:
1381:
1340:
1317:
1288:Condor
1260:
1250:
1163:
1132:
1071:
1026:
977:
894:
841:
536:whales
497:Norway
485:Mexico
464:, and
335:grisea
2049:WoRMS
1982:WoRMS
1925:37052
1868:IRMNG
1819:eBird
1808:BOW:
1526:(PDF)
1413:(PDF)
1387:S2CID
1315:JSTOR
1283:(PDF)
1188:(PDF)
1091:from
1069:S2CID
1024:S2CID
975:S2CID
914:(PDF)
555:skuas
551:gulls
532:squid
345:; no
339:Latin
314:genus
244:name
242:Māori
2036:GBIF
1961:1388
1920:NCBI
1881:IUCN
1832:GBIF
1796:BOLD
1590:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1454:ISSN
1417:Ibis
1379:ISSN
1363:Ibis
1338:ISBN
1258:PMID
1221:PNAS
1161:ISBN
1130:ISBN
1103:2016
892:PMID
839:ISBN
814:2022
691:2021
674:2019
582:IUCN
553:and
530:and
528:fish
479:off
448:and
254:for
247:tītī
218:The
125:Aves
1907:NBN
1757:AFD
1746:ABA
1650:NPR
1538:doi
1425:doi
1421:161
1371:doi
1367:162
1305:hdl
1297:doi
1248:PMC
1238:doi
1226:103
1061:doi
1049:105
1044:Emu
1016:doi
1004:104
999:Emu
967:doi
963:121
958:Auk
934:doi
884:doi
778:BSB
678:doi
506:In
277:).
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