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can reach up to 5 m in length and 1.5 cm in diameter. The leaves are of the simple form and are attached in an alternate arrangement on the stem. Individual blades may be up to 25 cm in length and 7 cm in width. The flowers are small and are clustered in groups of 3 to 11. Petals are
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can tolerate light conditions varying from full sun to full shade and temporary flooding but is sensitive to frost and severe flooding. Adventitious roots may form at leaf axils and fruit develops in May or early Fall. The seeds may be dispersed by birds or flowing water and germination rates can
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was first reported to have invaded the United States in a wetland in the Peace River drainage in the state of
Florida in the early 1980s. Since then it has been contained to the state of Florida, but has spread throughout the state to areas such as the Peace River tributaries and the Big Cypress
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Swamp drainage. The largest concentration of wetland nightshade in
Florida is located in the Fisheating Creek Wildlife Refuge and is expanding toward Lake Okeechobee. A lack of natural enemies in Florida may have allowed this species to gain a competitive advantage over native plants.
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Family. It can exist as a vine, tree, or shrub and is native to the West Indies and
Central America. It is classified as a noxious weed by the United States Department of Agriculture and by several states and is known as an invasive species in the state of Florida.
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white and the stamens grow close together and possess yellow anthers. Fruits resemble a tomato in appearance as they change from an initial green color to bright red as they mature. Each fruit can be up to 1 cm wide and contain between 10 and 60 seeds.
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is known to grow in undisturbed wetlands such as cypress swamps and near river margins. Wetland nightshade may grow in large stands where it acts as an epiphyte; growing on native species and in the understory of cypress heads. In the state of
Florida,
473:
Cuda, J.P., D. Gandolfo, J.C. Medal, R. Charudattan, and J.J. Mullahey. "TROPICAL SODA APPLE, WETLAND NIGHTSHADE, AND TURKEY BERRY." Biological
Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States (2002): 293-309. Web. 17 May 2011.
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Coile, Nancy. "Tropical Soda Apple, Solanum viarum Dunal: The Plant from Hell." Botany
Circular 27 (1993): 1-4. Web. 17 May 2011. <
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363:. It is categorized as an invasive plant by the state of South Carolina and the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council.
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is classified as a noxious weed by the United States
Department of Agriculture and the states of
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which is known as tropical soda apple and is also an invasive species in the state of
Florida.
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Information on wetland nightshade from the Center for
Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health
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A study of biological control agents of invasive species found potential in the bacteria
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is known to grow in strand swamps, floodplain swamps, and ruderal communities.
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by its longer leaves and curved prickles located on the leaves and stems.
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Identification and
Biology of Nonnative Plants in Florida's Natural Areas
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491:. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL.
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PLANTS Profile for Solanum tampicense (Scrambling nightshade).
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https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=262
390:. 2nd ed. University of Florida-IFAS Pub , 2008. 123. Print.
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This species is known by various other common names such as
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337:being used as a bio-herbicide to control invasive
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453:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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282:exceed 90% under ideal conditions.
386:Langeland, K.A., and H.M. Cherry.
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813:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:821208-1
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404:Kartesz, John. United States.
310:As a weed and invasive species
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16:Species of flowering plant
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41:Scientific classification
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867:Plants described in 1852
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495:RevisionDate: 4/22/2003
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266:is distinguished from
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294:USDA distribution map
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258:may be confused with
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202:scrambling nightshade
489:Solanum tampicense
226:wetlands soda apple
558:Solanum tampicense
528:Solanum tampicense
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327:Solanum tampicense
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320:Solanum tampicense
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279:Solanum tampicense
264:Solanum tampicense
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241:Solanum tampicense
222:Tampico soda apple
198:aquatic soda apple
194:wetland nightshade
189:Solanum tampicense
172:Solanum tampicense
154:S. tampicense
25:Solanum tampicense
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769:Open Tree of Life
520:Taxon identifiers
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424:"Archived copy"
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163:Binomial name
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438:. Retrieved
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274:Life history
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743:NatureServe
668:iNaturalist
552:Wikispecies
232:Description
84:Angiosperms
856:Categories
782:Plant List
440:2011-05-18
367:References
214:Nightshade
210:Solanaceae
130:Solanaceae
735:205608704
341:species.
206:perennial
148:Species:
120:Solanales
54:Kingdom:
826:29601937
821:Tropicos
748:2.734606
709:10208628
696:821208-1
543:Q7555785
537:Wikidata
449:cite web
318:Several
126:Family:
110:Asterids
97:Eudicots
862:Solanum
634:2929938
608:8761082
361:Vermont
353:Florida
349:Alabama
339:Solanum
286:Habitat
208:in the
204:, is a
141:Solanum
136:Genus:
116:Order:
58:Plantae
795:PLANTS
774:814375
761:693387
722:508061
673:169084
660:409884
582:315123
566:AoFP:
359:, and
322:plants
224:, and
200:, and
800:SOTA3
704:IRMNG
680:IPA:
621:SOLTA
595:6YTB6
478:>.
459:>.
434:(PDF)
427:(PDF)
412:>.
243:plant
179:Dunal
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
808:POWO
756:NCBI
730:IUCN
717:ITIS
691:IPNI
683:4279
655:GRIN
642:GISD
629:GBIF
616:EPPO
577:BOLD
474:<
455:link
834:WFO
647:424
603:EoL
590:CoL
569:273
212:or
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464:^
451:}}
447:{{
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
