404:
considerable. Therefore, the resulting low-contrast prints usually required enhancement, the results often advertised as 'crayon portraits'; reworked with pastel crayons and varnished for protection. At first glance they resemble a photograph but close inspection detects distinctive crayon strokes, mostly distinct in the hair and beard areas, and outlining the irises of the eyes, and coat lapels and other margins. They were common in the latter part of the nineteenth century and were often made to life-size. Others were prints on sensitised canvas that was overpainted in oils, so that they are harder to distinguish from paintings. Portrait painters who could not afford to own an expensive solar camera could mail negatives to photographers such as Albert Moore of
Philadelphia to enlarge the negative onto paper or canvas. They would use the photograph as a starting point and could freely alter backgrounds, fabric, style and patterns of the clothing, and even the sitter's expression.
356:
feeling than any other solar picture exhibited. An enlarged full-length group of two young ladies in walking dress is the most satisfactory; the pose is easy and graceful, the drapery clear and distinctly rendered and full of halftone, and the whole give evidence of careful study. With a few skilful touches from the hands of an artist such a picture would, as a portrait, be almost faultless...We are disposed to consider the pictures of Mr Angel as generally preferable to those of Messrs. Smyth and
Blanchard, as they bear the impress of more studied and artistic feeling." A Mr. Turner, in receiving a silver medal, alongside Claudet, for 'a coloured enlarged photograph by the solar camera' at the same Birmingham Photographic Society awards doubted that "the mode of enlargement by the solar camera would ever be generally applicable to pure pictures" , and that in his opinion its great success would be in 'coloured' photographs.
320:"Photographic portraiture—which, for a considerable period, suffered from what we may call a surfeit of carte de visite—has, during recent times, received a great impetus from the degree of perfection which has been attained in the production of enlargements by several of the now well-known processes. We are, of course, aware that much of the beauty and, consequently, the growing popularity of such pictures depend on the skill and judgment with which the apparently absolutely necessary “retouching" and "touching-up" is done; but there can be no doubt that, judging from the specimens so frequently met with in photographic saloons, on the walls of our exhibitions, and in private collections, works of a high class, in this direction, is the rule rather than the exception.
235:
335:
light and shade, whereby a most accurate likeness or copy of any desired size may be produced, requiring only one sitting of the subject; and, secondly, to enable the photographic artist to print a picture on prepared paper, canvas, or other material of greater or less dimensions than those of the negative ordinarily used for such purpose, whereby he is enabled to use a more perfect negative produced by bringing the entire field of his picture within the focus of his instrument, and afterward throwing it up and printing it by concentrating the rays of light through the negative in the instrument and focusing the object on the prepared paper or canvas, instead of printing by superposition in the usual way.
296:'s camera that could shoot several frames on the one sheet, needed exposures only of between 2 and 10 seconds, and thus made more spontaneous portraits than could be achieved with the longer exposures needed for a large-format camera. They could be enlarged with the solar camera up to life-size, retaining detail. Claudet, at the
412:
Use of the solar camera was dependent on the vagaries of weather conditions before the later introduction of limelight as an illuminant in enlargers, but it continued to be an expensive item of professional equipment. Advertisements in the
British newspapers in the 1880s for second-hand solar cameras
355:
presented a critique of the
Birmingham Photographic Society awards, choosing the work of Owen Angel of Exeter for particular praise; "Unlike all the others, which are plain developed prints, those of Mr Angel are on aluminised paper, and toned with gold. With one exception they exhibit more artistic
329:
Woodward used sunlight and copying lenses for enlargements from a small negative onto large photographically sensitized paper or canvas, which he would then paint over in oils. In submitting his 1866 application for a renewal of his original patent, Woodward described the artistic applications of the
287:
for example chose to emphasise the 'from Life' quality she desired by using a camera that took 38 cm Ă— 30.5 cm (15.0 in Ă— 12.0 in) plates and, despite the availability of solar camera, she contact-printed all her negatives; but even with the relatively wide aperture of
388:
However the reception of solar enlargements, particularly those of large size, was not all positive; another reviewer of the 1862 International
Exhibition remarked that "Mr Claudet and others exhibit some photographs enlarged by means of the solar camera, but we cannot say much in favour of them."
334:
The object of my invention is, first, to furnish the artist or draftsman with an instrument by which he may be enabled to produce an accurate image of the object to be delineated by photography, and that will afterward portray on his canvas or other material an infallible representation thereof in
282:
was gaining popularity in the late 1850s, but there was increasing demand for larger portraits, which were normally contact printed from larger negatives, requiring an unwieldy lens and camera, an inconvenience which, professionals concluded, was "not repaid by a proportionate increase in the size
137:
photographer and professor of drawing at the
Government School of Design, David Acheson Woodward's 1857 solar enlarging camera was an evolution of the solar microscope, and was a large instrument operated out-of-doors that could produce life size prints from quarter plate and half plate negatives
130:
John Towler, writing in 1864 is at pains to point out that; "The appendages to the solar camera and to the solar microscope are facsimiles of each other; but the solar microscope existed before photography had been elicited from chaos; the solar camera, therefore, is a mere imitation of its
403:
negative 54.0 mm Ă— 89 mm (2.13 in Ă— 3.50 in) or, in an extreme case, enlarged 15x from 2.54 cm (1-inch) -square glass plates of the 'Pistolgraph' camera invented in 1859 by
British photographer Thomas Skaife (1806–1876), the enlargement ratios were often
350:
Solar camera enlargements were newsworthy, reported in 1862 as "a most important and interesting application of science to the photographic art," and contemporaneous discussions of them make it apparent that they were compared in aesthetic terms to painting and drawing. In 1861 the
308:
enlarged by the solar camera, showing the great perfection of proportion and the natural expression which may be impart to portraits when they are taken in a very short sitting, and with the apparatus placed at a proper distance from the persons, as is the case for small
80:
on other substrates (glass, fabric, leather etc.) inside the instrument. Mounted on a stand, they could be swivelled to continuously face the Sun, and were later built into the structure of a darkroom with an opening to the sky to admit light.
166:
that cost ÂŁ21 (ÂŁ2,845.61 or $ US3,760.29 in 2020); the smaller had a 5 in (13 cm) condenser for quarter-plates costing ÂŁ13. In 1860 the photo-microscopist
Auguste-Adolphe Bertsch improved the Woodward design with a second condenser.
258:. After securing patents in England and France he went into manufacture. His apparatus was built into the darkroom wall, while J.F. Campbell's vertical design of the following year gathered light through an opening in the roof.
264:
used
Alphonse Liebert's enlarger for his first enlargements around that time, a design which used a hand-operated drive to keep the condenser lens focussed on the sun directly; with no mirrors, exposure times were decreased.
685:
International
Congress: Pioneers of Photographic Science and Technology (1st : 1986 : International Museum of Photography); Ostroff, Eugene; SPSE--the Society for Imaging Science and Technology (1987),
444:
Even at the turn of the century simple folding daylight enlargers still found a use amongst amateurs to easily produce prints of a fixed size; one made by Griffin and Sons to enlarge quarter-plates to whole
949:
Rusek, M. (2007). Photography and society in the Victorian Era - based on Jens Jäger's book 'Gesellschaft und Photographie – Formen und Funktionen der Photographie in Deutschland und England 1839–1860'
1253:
1248:
192:, which were praised as 'magnificent' and 'without distortion', the reviewer noting that Claudet would have exhibited more but "for the continued absence of sunlight during the last few weeks."
453:
built in, was 12s 6d (ÂŁ60, or $ US80 in 2020); while other amateurs constructed their own from instructions in popular magazines. Some cameras were made convertible to use in a similar manner.
363:, enlargement – remained popular into the early 20th century, created using techniques described by Jerome A. Barhydt and other contemporary practitioners. Several appear on the wall behind
250:". It diverged from Woodward's design and had an appearance more like a modern horizontal enlarger and used a heliostat mirror instead of being pointed at the sun directly. It corrected for
203:
improved Woodward's design with a reflector and condenser of one metre (39 inches) diameter and a focus of two meters (about 6½feet), attracting much attention, and presented it to the
121:
An Account of a Method of Copying Paintings upon Glass, and of Making Profiles, by the Agency of Light upon Nitrate of Silver. Invented by T. Wedgwood, Esq. With Observations by H. Davy
1010:
David A. Woodward, of Baltimore, Maryland, "Solar Camera", Specification forming part of Letters Patent No. 16,700, dated February 24, 1857 Reissue No. 2,311, dated July 10, 1866, via
65:
Solar cameras were at first freestanding, a design based on picture-taking cameras but with the relative position of negative and lens reversed so that sunlight shone through the
438:
131:
antecedent; the patentees of the latter instrument, then, can make no claim to originality of design; their only claim can be the application of the instrument to photography."
178:
in Oxford in June 1860, and in 1862 presented "On the means of following the small divisions of the scale regulating the distances and enlargement in the solar camera" at the
58:"). The solar camera enlarger permitted photographers to make enlargements from glass negatives. However, exposures required for making such copies from negatives increase
158:
inches (17 cm) to about 3 feet , and yet the greatest clearness and accuracy were preserved." His apparatus was made in two sizes: one with a 9 in (23 cm)
936:
710:
46:
was registered as the brand of an unrelated electrically illuminated darkroom enlarger marketed post-WW2 in the United States by Burke & James Inc., Chicago.
92:, was left unattended and still open to full sunlight. Jacob Wothly's huge version of the device required water troughs to keep it cool enough to use safely.
234:
208:
901:
Rohrbach, John, Pauwels, Erin Kristl, Salvesen, Britt, Valverde, Fernanda, Amon Carter Museum of Western Art, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (2020).
433:
bulb – sufficiently powerful to expose materials which were being made increasingly sensitive, were commonly used in enlargers, so when, that year,
1053:. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History at Boise State University April 6, 2006
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and sharpness of the picture obtained; and that it is more practicable to obtain extra-sized pictures by enlarging with a solar camera."
647:
573:
227:
in 1862 and built by his son-in-law, to rotate the mirror in synchronisation with the Sun's passage to concentrate its light on the
1000:(5). Washington: Photographic Materials Group of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic & Artistic Works.: 28–36.
1051:
The Photographic Crayon Portrait: Nineteenth-Century Icons of Absent Family Members and Present-Day Relics of Latter-Day Saints
891:. Reaktion Books; Seattle, Wash., USA : Distributed in USA and Canada by the University of Washington Press, London, p.54
268:
Louis Jules Duboscq's apparatus, like Quinet's, used electric light, and was shown to the Paris Photographic Society in 1861.
119:
in making the first, but impermanent, photographic enlargements. Their discoveries were published in June 1802 by Davy in his
1238:
112:
100:
A number of photographers, inventors and photographic businesses contributed to the design development of the solar camera.
255:
216:
189:
731:(8th ed., enl., improved, and illustrated with numerous woodcuts ed.), New York E. & H.T. Anthony, p. 258
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can be gauged from reports of near loss of life when a fire started from a late version of the device, built in to a
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proliferated as professional photographers started to abandon the device, and by 1890, artificial light sources –
959:
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who completely overpainted the enlargements of portraits that he used. During Woodward's 1859 visit to England,
138:
with an exposure of about forty-five minutes. During his visit to England to exhibit and market his device, the
62:
with enlargement area. Photographers therefore employed the most powerful light source then available: the Sun.
1011:
359:
In the United States in particular the life-size 'crayon portrait' – a hand-coloured solar camera or later, a
690:, SPSE—The Society for Imaging Science and Technology; : Distributed by Northeastern University Press,
340:
215:, reportedly for 20,000 francs soon after, who was awarded a medal for his enlarged photographs at the 1862
284:
31:
862:
The history of photography from the earliest use of the camera obscura in the eleventh century up to 1914
486:
382:
254:("appareil solar dialytique") for sharper, more even light, for which he received a bronze medal at the
77:
1031:
The Exeter Flying Post or, Trewman's Plymouth and Cornish Advertiser, Exeter, Wed, October 9, 1861, p.5
591:
Focal encyclopedia of photography : digital imaging, theory and applications, history, and science
54:
Early photographic materials were less light sensitive, and prints were made by simple superposition ("
1263:
492:
251:
1149:
The Exeter Flying Post or, Trewman's Plymouth and Cornish Advertiser, Saturday, August 17, 1889, p.1
1091:
762:
514:
527:
Kelbaugh, R. J. (1991). Introduction to Civil War photography. Gettysburg, Pa: Thomas Publications
1022:
The Exeter Flying Post or, Trewman's Plymouth and Cornish Advertiser, Wed, December 12, 1860, p.9
930:
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The silver sunbeam a practical and theoretical text-book on sun drawing and photographic printing
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reported that his pictures "were universally admired. One of the prints had been enlarged from
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in October. Earlier that year he exhibited a number of life-size portrait enlargements from
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639:
Photography, essays & images : illustrated readings in the history of photography
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registered in August 1863 a patent for "an optical apparatus intended for enlarging by
174:
was a user and active promoter of the solar camera, who lectured on the subject to the
108:
30:, and was used in the mid-to-late 19th century to make photographic enlargements from
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55:
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for another use of a similar design, for multi-viewer display, mostly in education;
414:
116:
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family group, an image included, itself much enlarged, as a centrepiece of 1955
339:
Woodward's technique influenced others, including the American portrait painter
84:
The intensity of the light, and heat, they transmitted and concentrated through
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688:
Pioneers of photography : their achievements in science and technology
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987:"A short review of crayon enlargements: history, technique, and treatment"
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589:
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89:
27:
24:
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642:. Newhall, Beaumont, 1908–1993. New York: Museum of Modern Art. 1980.
1140:
Hampshire Telegraph and Naval Chronicle, Saturday, June 4, 1887, p.12
1067:"The Project Gutenberg eBook of Crayon Portraiture, by J. A. Barhydt"
368:
288:
f8, for whole head close-ups, exposures were up to five minutes. The
200:
985:
Albright, Gary E.; Lee, Michael K. (1989). Siegel, Robin E. (ed.).
495:
for discussion of earlier use of projected enlargement by artists.
261:
233:
219:. Further adjustments to the original design included a clockwork
316:
summed up the value of enlargements to advancing the business of;
195:
In the 1860s and 1870s advances on Woodward's design were made.
904:
Acting out: cabinet cards and the making of modern photography
747:
745:
489:
for an overview of analogue photographic printmaking methods;
594:. Peres, Michael R. (4th ed.). Amsterdam: Focal. 2007.
465:
for a non-enlarging method of producing photographic prints;
483:
for a design that could project images of opaque originals;
441:
the students would have considered it a vintage curiosity.
554:
Hannavy, John (December 16, 2013). Hannavy, John (ed.).
437:
installed a Wothly solar camera on the roof of Vienna's
1209:
Jordan, Allan (December 15, 1915). Burke, Keast (ed.).
1173:"A History of Photography, by Robert Leggat: Enlargers"
808:
Camera clues: a handbook for photographic investigation
107:
of c.1740, employed in experiments with photosensitive
16:
Early form of photographic enlarger employing sunlight
1254:
Photographic techniques dating from the 19th century
824:
Eder, Josef Maria; Epstean, Edward (March 2, 1945).
1249:
Photographic processes dating from the 19th century
242:Belgian photochemist and professional photographer
439:Höhere Graphische Bundes-Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt
298:British Association for the Advancement of Science
180:British Association for the Advancement of Science
125:Journals of the Royal Institution of Great Britain
775:Daily News, London, Tuesday, October 7, 1862, p.2
1040:Birmingham Daily Post, Sat, January 4, 1862, p.2
332:
318:
302:
238:M. Monckhoven's 1864 solar enlarger (engraving)
1197:Photo era: The American journal of photography
557:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography
211:in early November 1860, selling the design to
170:Prominent London photographer the French-born
958:'Enlarging pictures from small photographs',
859:Gernsheim, Helmut; Gernsheim, Alison (1955),
8:
935:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
751:Liverpool Mercury, Friday, May 20, 1859, p.7
1211:"Daylight enlarging with a magazine camera"
709:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1131:The Standard, Saturday, April 3, 1880, p.8
1113:The Times, Wednesday, March 24, 1880, p.16
1104:The Times, Saturday, March 20, 1880, p. 18
723:Microphotography and Macrophotography, in
300:in October 1862, was reported as having;
23:or solar enlarger, is an ancestor of the
1162:. London: Hazell, Watson and Viney, 1891
1122:The Times, Saturday, April 3, 1880, p.18
1199:. (1898). Boston, Mass., September 1915
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994:Topics in Photographic Preservation
518:, February 1949, Vol 24, No.2, p.29
471:for a directory of projector types;
1221:(12). Baker & Rouse: 670, 673.
973:The British Journal of Photography
876:The British Journal of Photography
539:, Wednesday, February 9, 1870, p.3
314:The British Journal of Photography
304:"exhibited last night a number of
14:
766:, London, Fri, June 29, 1860, p.6
209:Societe Francaise de Photographie
292:by contrast, particularly with
217:London International Exhibition
887:Clarke, Graham, 1948– (1992).
353:British Journal of Photography
207:, October 8, 1860, and at the
1:
962:, Saturday, Dec 27, 1862, p.5
830:. Columbia University Press.
256:Exposition Universelle (1867)
1160:Ilford Manual of Photography
397:Often made life-size from a
347:also took up the technique.
889:The Portrait in photography
760:'The British Association',
393:Identifying characteristics
223:, such as that invented by
1280:
975:. December 1, 1876, p. 566
971:'Landscape enlargements',
794:, Sat, April 19, 1862, p.5
377:exhibition, and chosen by
205:French Academy of Sciences
123:in the first issue of the
1215:Australasian Photo-Review
1049:DiAnne Iverglynne (2006)
960:The Sydney Morning Herald
878:, February 25, 1876, p.92
1095:, Wed, July 2, 1862, p.3
276:The calling-card format
341:Erastus Salisbury Field
1158:C. H. Bothamley (ed.)
827:History of Photography
670:: CS1 maint: others (
622:: CS1 maint: others (
383:Voyager Golden Records
337:
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285:Julia Margaret Cameron
239:
103:An antecedent was the
1239:Photography equipment
836:10.7312/eder91430-056
725:Towler, John (1873),
566:10.4324/9780203941782
487:Photographic printing
244:Désiré van Monckhoven
237:
69:to be projected onto
493:Hockney-Falco thesis
272:Value in photography
252:spherical aberration
515:Popular Photography
176:British Association
1259:Retouched pictures
1244:Printing processes
1177:www.mpritchard.com
475:Overhead projector
240:
1071:www.gutenberg.org
914:978-0-520-30668-4
845:978-0-231-88370-2
697:978-0-89208-131-8
601:978-0-08-047784-8
537:The Derby Mercury
374:The Family of Man
188:negatives at the
141:Liverpool Mercury
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500:References
379:Carl Sagan
309:pictures."
248:projection
86:condensers
38:Other uses
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365:Nina Leen
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