393:. Myself and two mates looking out of the tent saw a great reflection in the southern heavens at about 7 o'clock p.m., and in about half an hour, a scene of almost unspeakable beauty presented itself: Lights of every imaginable color were issuing from the southern heavens, one color fading away only to give place to another if possible more beautiful than the last, the streams mounting to the zenith, but always becoming a rich purple when reaching there, and always curling round, leaving a clear strip of sky, which may be described as four fingers held at arm's length. The northern side from the zenith was also illuminated with beautiful colors, always curling round at the zenith, but were considered to be merely a reproduction of the southern display, as all colors south and north always corresponded. It was a sight never to be forgotten, and was considered at the time to be the greatest aurora recorded . The rationalist and pantheist saw nature in her most exquisite robes, recognising, the divine immanence, immutable law, cause, and effect. The superstitious and the fanatical had dire forebodings, and thought it a foreshadowing of Armageddon and final dissolution.
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gorgeous. The light appeared to cover the whole firmament, apparently like a luminous cloud, through which the stars of the larger magnitude indistinctly shone. The light was greater than that of the moon at its full, but had an indescribable softness and delicacy that seemed to envelop everything upon which it rested. Between 12 and 1 o'clock, when the display was at its full brilliancy, the quiet streets of the city resting under this strange light, presented a beautiful as well as singular appearance.
319:
701:
3772:
210:
600:, including the Carrington Event. More recent ice core work, however, casts significant doubt on this interpretation and shows that nitrate spikes are likely not a result of solar energetic particle events but can be due to terrestrial events such as forest fires, and correlate with other chemical signatures of known forest fire plumes. Nitrate events in cores from
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301:, and a geomagnetic storm observed the following day, Carrington suspected a solarβterrestrial connection. However, he was not sure whether the two phenomena were related, writing that "one swallow does not make a summer". Worldwide reports of the effects of the geomagnetic storm of 1859 were compiled and published by American mathematician
659:
370:
Those who happened to be out late on
Thursday night had an opportunity of witnessing another magnificent display of the auroral lights. The phenomenon was very similar to the display on Sunday night, though at times the light was, if possible, more brilliant, and the prismatic hues more varied and
336:
in the United States was so bright that the glow woke gold miners, who were reported to have begun to prepare breakfast because they thought it was morning. It was also reported that people in the north-eastern United States could read a newspaper by the aurora's light. The aurora was also visible
459:"My current is very strong at times, and we can work better without the batteries, as the aurora seems to neutralize and augment our batteries alternately, making current too strong at times for our relay magnets. Suppose we work without batteries while we are affected by this trouble."
1826:
Severe Space
Weather Events β Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts: A Workshop Report. Committee on the Societal and Economic Impacts of Severe Space Weather Events: A Workshop, National Research Council (Report). National Academies Press. 2008. p. 13.
275:
Just before noon on 1 September 1859, the
English amateur astronomers Richard Carrington and Richard Hodgson independently recorded the earliest observations of a solar flare. Carrington and Hodgson compiled independent reports which were published side by side in
619:. "Initial analysis suggests the rates of change of the field of over 700 nT/min exceeded the 1-in-100 years extreme value of 350β400 nT/min at this latitude based on digital-era records", indicating a far greater change rate than modern digital measurements.
260: mi) journey. Typical CMEs take several days to arrive at Earth, but it is believed that the relatively high speed of this CME was made possible by a prior CME, perhaps the cause of the large aurora event on 29 August that "cleared the way" of ambient
559:. Carbon-14 levels stored in 775 suggest an event about 20 times the normal variation of the Sun's activity, and 10 or more times the size of the Carrington Event. An event in 7176 BCE may have exceeded even the 774β775 event based on this proxy data.
414:. Telegraph pylons threw sparks. Some operators were able to continue to send and receive messages despite having disconnected their power supplies. The following conversation occurred between two operators of the American telegraph line between
1717:
Moreno CΓ‘rdenas, Freddy; Cristancho SΓ‘nchez, Sergio; Vargas DomΓnguez, Santiago; Hayakawa, Satoshi; Kumar, Sandeep; Mukherjee, Shyamoli; Veenadhari, B. (2016). "The grand aurorae borealis seen in
Colombia in 1859".
3657:
Townsend, L.W.; Stephens, D.L.; Hoff, J.L.; Zapp, E.N.; Moussa, H.M.; Miller, T.M.; Campbell, C.E.; Nichols, T.F. (2006). "The
Carrington event: Possible doses to crews in space from a comparable event".
1475:
2757:
3177:
Kappenman, J. (2006). "Great geomagnetic storms and extreme impulsive geomagnetic field disturbance events β An analysis of observational evidence including the great storm of May 1921".
837:
540:
600 billion to $ 2.6 trillion (equivalent to $ 774 billion to $ 3.35 trillion in 2023), which, at the time, equated to roughly 3.6 to 15.5 percent of annual GDP.
927:
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Ridley, A.J.; de Zeeuw, D.L.; Manchester, W.B.; Hansen, K.C. (2006). "The magnetospheric and ionospheric response to a very strong interplanetary shock and coronal mass ejection".
2299:
Paleari, Chiara I.; F. Mekhaldi; F. Adolphi; M. Christl; C. Vockenhuber; P. Gautschi; J. Beer; N. Brehm; T. Erhardt; H.-A. Synal; L. Wacker; F. Wilhelms; R. Muscheler (2022).
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and
Atmospheric and Environmental Research (AER) in the US used data from the Carrington Event to estimate the cost of a similar event in the present to the US alone at
278:
2192:
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3722:
Wilson, L. (2006). "Excerpts from and
Comments on the Wochenschrift fΓΌr Astronomie, Meteorologie und Geographie, Neue Folge, zweiter Jahrgang (new series 2)".
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power at all and working solely with the current induced by the aurora, the first time on record that more than a word or two was transmitted in such manner.
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is still unclear. The Sun may differ in important ways such as size and speed of rotation from the types of stars that are known to produce superflares.
188:βthe first records of a solar flare. A geomagnetic storm of this magnitude occurring today has the potential to cause widespread electrical disruptions,
2741:"The largest magnetic storm on record ... or is it? The 'Carrington Event' of August 27 to September 7, 1859: Recorded at Greenwich Observatory, London"
1906:
Loomis, Elias; Kingston, G. P.; Lyman, C. S.; Twining, Alexander C.; Kirkwood, Daniel; Cornette, A.; Poey, Andreas; Trask, John B.; et al. (1859).
1485:
2581:
581:-rich layers have been analysed to reconstruct a history of past solar storms predating reliable observations. This was based on the hypothesis that
3490:"Compendium of the eight articles on the "Carrington Event" attributed to or written by Elias Loomis in the American Journal of Science, 1859β1861"
505:
were similar to the
Carrington event in size and magnitude; however, unlike the 1859 storms, they did not cause an extreme geomagnetic storm. The
760:
3804:
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217:, which generated CMEs of comparable strength to the one of 1859. The small bright circle in the light baffle demonstrates the size of the Sun.
630:
51:. A and B mark the initial positions of an intensely bright event, which moved over the course of five minutes to C and D before disappearing.
2902:
1890:
1865:
1832:
1328:"The Great Auroral Exhibition of Aug. 28th to Sept. 4th, 1859; and the Geographical Distribution of Auroras and Thunder storms β 5th Article"
1208:
881:
377:
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3927:
2256:
1448:"On Electrical currents circulating near the earth's surface and their connection with the phenomena of the Aurora Polaris. β 9th Article"
2621:
3258:
Manchester, W.B. IV; Ridley, A.J.; Gombosi, T.I.; de Zeeuw, D.L. (2006). "Modeling the Sun-to-Earth propagation of a very fast CME".
322:
Aurora during a geomagnetic storm that was most likely caused by a coronal mass ejection from the Sun on 24 May 2010, taken from the
2649:
1920:
in more than one case the north and south lines were worked during the daytime of
September 3d solely by the atmospheric influence!
3062:
Green, J.; Boardsen, S.; Odenwald, S.; Humble, J.; Pazamickas, K. (2006). "Eyewitness reports of the great auroral storm of 1859".
593:
and other oxidised nitrogen compounds, which would not be too diluted in the atmosphere before being deposited along with snow.
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3003:
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1078:
498:
181:
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Nevanlinna, H. (2006). "A study on the great geomagnetic storm of 1859: Comparisons with other storms in the 19th century".
3316:
Odenwald, S.; Green, J.; Taylor, W. (2006). "Forecasting the impact of an 1859-calibre superstorm on satellite resources".
2490:
Mekhaldi, F.; McConnell, J. R.; Adolphi, F.; Arienzo, M. M.; Chellman, N. J.; Maselli, O. J.; et al. (November 2017).
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Beggan, C. D.; Clarke, E.; Lawrence, E.; Eaton, E.; Williamson, J.; Matsumoto, K.; Hayakawa, H. (29 February 2024).
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Beginning in 1986, some researchers claimed that data from
Greenland ice cores showed evidence of individual
3229:
Li, X.; Temerin, M.; Tsurutani, B.; Alex, S. (2006). "Modeling of 1β2 September 1859 super magnetic storm".
3101:
Hayakawa, H. (2016). "East Asian observations of low-latitude aurora during the Carrington magnetic storm".
1776:
1664:
Hayakawa, H. (2016). "East Asian observations of low-latitude aurora during the Carrington magnetic storm".
362:
2682:
Boteler, D. (2006). "The super storms of August/September 1859 and their effects on the telegraph system".
2451:"Nitrate deposition to surface snow at Summit, Greenland, following the 9 November 2000 solar proton event"
1932:
Green, James L.; Boardsen, Scott; Odenwald, Sten; Humble, John; Pazamickas, Katherine A. (1 January 2006).
4237:
4221:
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1991:"The extreme space weather event of 1872 February: sunspots, magnetic disturbance, and auroral displays"
1055:
789:
526:
415:
407:
237:
214:
193:
162:
1410:"On the great Auroral Exhibition of Aug. 28th to Sept. 4th, 1859, and Auroras generally. β 8th Article"
612:
551:(among other isotopes) in ice cores. The signature of a large solar storm has been found for the years
501:, 1941, 1958, 1959 and 1960, when widespread radio disruption was reported. The flares and CMEs of the
3418:"Geomagnetic cutoff rigidities and geomagnetic coordinates appropriate for the Carrington flare Epoch"
3384:
Robertclauer, C.; Siscoe, G. (2006). "The great historical geomagnetic storm of 1859: A modern look".
2894:
The Sun Kings: The unexpected tragedy of Richard Carrington and the tale of how modern astronomy began
2492:"No coincident nitrate enhancement events in polar ice cores following the largest known Solar storms"
1933:
1200:
The Sun Kings: The unexpected tragedy of Richard Carrington and the tale of how modern astronomy began
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537:
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488:
158:
3148:
Humble, J. (2006). "The solar events of August/September 1859 β Surviving Australian observations".
2301:"Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP"
1907:
447:"Mine is disconnected, and we are working with the auroral current. How do you receive my writing?"
39:
4009:
1019:
692:
518:
410:, telegraph systems all over Europe and North America failed, in some cases giving their operators
3521:
Silverman, S. (2006). "Comparison of the aurora of September 1β2, 1859 with other great auroras".
332:
were seen around the world in the northern and southern hemispheres. The aurora borealis over the
3136:
3110:
2944:
2914:"The 1859 SolarβTerrestrial Disturbance and the Current Limits of Extreme Space Weather Activity"
2779:
2274:
2165:
2060:"How a giant sunspot unleashed solar storms that spawned global auroras that just dazzled us all"
2059:
1753:
1727:
1699:
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1548:
1520:
958:
928:"The 1859 solar-terrestrial disturbance and the current limits on extreme space weather activity"
678:
390:
375:
In 1909, an Australian gold miner named C. F. Herbert retold his observations in a letter to the
290:
48:
1568:"Observations of Low Latitude Red Aurora in Mexico During the 1859 Carrington Geomagnetic Storm"
2533:"Digitized Continuous Magnetic Recordings for the August/September 1859 Storms From London, UK"
4090:
3964:
3050:
2898:
2562:
2408:"Solar cosmic ray events for the period 1561β1994 β 1. Identification in polar-ice, 1561β1950"
2338:
2237:
2219:
2157:
1971:
1886:
1861:
1828:
1646:
1471:
1204:
1036:
877:
353:, southern Japan and China, and even at lower latitudes very close to the equator, such as in
221:
On 1 and 2 September 1859, one of the largest geomagnetic storms (as recorded by ground-based
146:
1857:
608:
do not align, so the hypothesis that they reflect proton events is now in significant doubt.
4059:
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2552:
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2010:
1961:
1953:
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1538:
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Another strong solar storm occurred in February 1872. Less severe storms also occurred in
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2006:
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1427:
1389:
1146:
1100:
946:
805:
4032:
3212:
3045:
3012:
2582:"History's Biggest Solar Storm, The Carrington Event, Was Even Bigger Than We Realized"
2359:
Wolff, E. W.; Bigler, M.; Curran, M. A. J.; Dibb, J.; Frey, M. M.; Legrand, M. (2012).
2333:
2300:
2232:
2187:
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1010:
706:
636:
411:
180:
on 1 September 1859. It was observed and recorded independently by British astronomers
150:
132:
3550:
Silverman, S. (2006). "Low latitude auroras prior to 1200 C.E. and Ezekiel's vision".
1800:
1032:
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3999:
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1198:
1174:. Space Weather Services. Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from
1006:
962:
611:
A 2024 study analysed digitized magnetogram readings from magnetic observatories at
4080:
4004:
3989:
3897:
3579:
Siscoe, G.; Crooker, N.; Clauer, C. (2006). "Dst of the Carrington storm of 1859".
1443:
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209:
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17:
1231:
regarding "The great auroral exhibition", 28 β 4 August September 1859:
1284:"The Great Auroral Exhibition of August 28th to September 4th, 1859 β 3d Article"
1262:"The Great Auroral Exhibition of August 28th to September 4th, 1859 β 2d Article"
240:(CME) that traveled directly toward Earth, taking 17.6 hours to make the 150
4085:
3875:
3813:
2830:, eds. (2006). "The great historical geomagnetic storm of 1859: A modern look".
2090:
1083:"Description of a singular appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859"
177:
2972:
2324:
2015:
1990:
1543:
1508:
3920:
3915:
3743:
3679:
3636:
3600:
3571:
3542:
3513:
3477:
3441:
3405:
3376:
3337:
3308:
3279:
3250:
3198:
3169:
3083:
3036:
2999:
2940:
2843:
2818:
2740:
2732:
2703:
2269:
2030:
1957:
1749:
1632:
954:
626:
605:
563:
350:
282:
and exhibited their drawings of the event at the November 1859 meeting of the
261:
230:
2711:
Boteler, D. (2006). "Comment on time conventions in the recordings of 1859".
2566:
2223:
2161:
1975:
1435:
3771:
3346:
3092:
2882:
2214:
1966:
1397:
1372:"The Great Auroral Exhibition of Aug. 28th to Sept. 4th, 1859 β 7th Article"
1350:"The Great Auroral Exhibition of Aug. 28th to Sept. 4th, 1859 β 6th Article"
1306:"The Great Auroral Exhibition of Aug. 28th to Sept. 4th, 1859 β 4th Article"
1155:
1109:
601:
544:
117:
3054:
2856:"Description of a singular appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859"
2342:
2241:
1650:
1040:
543:
Other research has looked for signatures of large solar flares and CMEs in
157:
displays that were reported globally and caused sparking and even fires in
3759:
3132:
1695:
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3984:
3713:
3644:
2557:
2532:
2516:
2491:
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2434:
2407:
2387:
1592:
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866:
Severe Space Weather Events β Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts
845:. Lloyd's of London and Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc. 2013
813:
574:
453:"Better than with our batteries on. β Current comes and goes gradually."
354:
44:
3454:"Solar proton events for 450 years: The Carrington event in perspective"
3979:
3890:
727:
719:
578:
3653:β Excerpts of articles from newspapers concerning the Carrington Event
1509:"Low-latitude aurorae during the extreme space weather events in 1859"
562:
Whether the physics of solar flares is similar to that of even larger
4027:
2402:
McCracken, K. G.; Dreschhoff, G. A. M.; Zeller, E. J.; Smart, D. F.;
2188:"Core concept: What are the chances of a hazardous solar superflare?"
586:
525:) was observed, but its trajectory narrowly missed Earth. During the
510:
346:
338:
329:
154:
3688:
3613:"The Carrington event: Possible solar proton intensityβtime profile"
3612:
3489:
3453:
3417:
2794:
2361:"The Carrington event not observed in most ice core nitrate records"
1908:"The great Auroral Exhibition of August 28th to September 4th, 1859"
1240:"The Great Auroral Exhibition of August 28th to September 4th, 1859"
3115:
2795:"Energetics of the April 2000 magnetic superstorm observed by DMSP"
1732:
1678:
1525:
873:
658:
4042:
382:
317:
208:
3687:
Tsurutani, B.T.; Gonzalez, W.D.; Lakhina, G.S.; Alex, S. (2003).
1940:. The Great Historical Geomagnetic Storm of 1859: A Modern Look.
2036:
905:
517:
registered the most powerful solar explosions ever recorded. On
342:
161:
stations. The geomagnetic storm was most likely the result of a
4107:
3786:
3782:
3452:; Smart, D.; McCracken, K.; Dreschhoff, G.; Spence, H. (2006).
2257:"Are we ready? Understanding just how big solar flares can get"
529:, the Aurora Borealis was sighted as far south as Puerto Rico.
2606:
475:
The conversation was carried on for around two hours using no
236:
The geomagnetic storm is thought to have been caused by a big
166:
1015:"Bracing the satellite infrastructure for a Solar superstorm"
895:
893:
435:"Please cut off your battery entirely for fifteen minutes."
2032:
Carrington-class coronal mass ejection narrowly misses Earth
305:, which support the observations of Carrington and Stewart.
1476:"What if the biggest solar storm on record happened today?"
521:, a "Carrington-class" solar superstorm (solar flare, CME,
337:
from the poles to low latitude areas such as south-central
1883:
Storms from the Sun: The emerging science of space weather
149:
in recorded history, peaking on 1β2 September 1859 during
2354:
2352:
832:
830:
3013:"Duration and extent of the great auroral storm of 1859"
1609:"Duration and extent of the great auroral storm of 1859"
1001:
999:
997:
176:
The geomagnetic storm was associated with a very bright
1934:"Eyewitness reports of the great auroral storm of 1859"
1566:
GonzΓ‘lez-Esparza, J. A.; Cuevas-Cardona, M. C. (2018).
1227:
published from November 1859 to July 1862 in
422:, on the night of 2 September 1859 and reported in the
389:
I was gold-digging at Rokewood, about four miles from
1203:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
839:
Solar Storm Risk to the North American Electric Grid
4230:
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3906:
3842:
112:
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61:
56:
3689:"The extreme magnetic storm of 1β2 September 1859"
1849:
790:"The extreme magnetic storm of 1β2 September 1859"
532:In June 2013, a joint venture from researchers at
3103:Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
2861:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1666:Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
1134:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1088:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
768:Geophysical Institute at the University of Alaska
279:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2758:"Space storm alert: 90 seconds from catastrophe"
868:. Washington, D.C.: The National Academy Press.
2193:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2089:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023).
1881:Carlowicz, Michael J.; Lopez, Ramon E. (2002).
430:
387:
368:
977:"Near miss: The Solar superstorm of July 2012"
902:"Near miss: The solar superstorm of July 2012"
3798:
2766:. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009
2665:Bell, Trudy E.; Phillips, Tony (6 May 2008).
465:"Very well. Shall I go ahead with business?"
225:) occurred. Estimates of the storm strength (
8:
3208:"PFOP: Solar Superstorm Awed Locals in 1859"
2973:"The 1859 space weather event: Then and now"
2496:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
2455:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
2181:
2179:
1780:. 3 September 1859. p. 2, column 2
1777:Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser
363:Baltimore American and Commercial Advertiser
32:
2255:Crockett, Christopher (17 September 2021).
2132:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
1060:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 (
509:knocked out power across large sections of
4117:
4104:
3839:
3805:
3791:
3783:
297:magnetometer record by Scottish physicist
31:
3712:
3345:
3114:
3091:
3044:
2881:
2650:Learn how and when to remove this message
2556:
2515:
2474:
2433:
2386:
2332:
2268:
2231:
2213:
2151:
2014:
1965:
1731:
1677:
1640:
1591:
1542:
1524:
1154:
1129:"On a curious appearance seen in the Sun"
1108:
1885:. National Academies Press. p. 58.
497:(this was comparable by some measures),
2793:Burke, W.; Huang, C.; Rich, F. (2006).
2449:Duderstadt, K. A.; et al. (2014).
2186:Battersby, Stephen (19 November 2019).
2039:. 28 April 2014. Event occurs at 04:03
1989:Hayakawa, Hisashi; et al. (2023).
1799:Herbert, Count Frank (8 October 1909).
1170:Thompson, Richard (24 September 2015).
751:
589:nitrogen, leading to the production of
433:Boston operator (to Portland operator):
293:(a "magnetic crochet") observed in the
192:and damage due to extended cuts of the
2777:
1053:
441:"Will do so. It is now disconnected."
1856:. Columbia University Press. p.
1807:. Perth, Western Australia. p. 9
926:Cliver, E. W.; Svalgaard, L. (2005).
7:
3928:Interplanetary coronal mass ejection
2912:Cliver, E.W.; Svalgaard, L. (2004).
1073:
1071:
47:of 1 September 1859, as sketched by
2153:10.1146/annurev-astro-112420-023324
900:Phillips, Dr. Tony (23 July 2014).
3611:; Shea, M.; McCracken, K. (2006).
3006:from the original on 20 June 2017.
2058:Garofalo, Meredith (13 May 2024).
360:On Saturday 3 September 1859, the
25:
2756:Brooks, Michael (18 March 2009).
2743:. British Geological Survey. 2011
1033:10.1038/scientificamerican0808-80
864:Baker, D.N.; et al. (2008).
229:) range from β0.80 to β1.75
3770:
3758:
3011:Green, J.; Boardsen, S. (2006).
2611:
2580:Luntz, Stephen (25 March 2024).
2070:from the original on 15 May 2024
699:
685:
671:
657:
643:
629:
66:
38:
4154:November 1882 geomagnetic storm
3970:Geomagnetically induced current
3693:Journal of Geophysical Research
2671:Science@NASA (science.nasa.gov)
2413:Journal of Geophysical Research
2110:Gross Domestic Product deflator
1452:The American Journal of Science
1415:The American Journal of Science
1377:The American Journal of Science
1355:The American Journal of Science
1333:The American Journal of Science
1311:The American Journal of Science
1289:The American Journal of Science
1267:The American Journal of Science
1245:The American Journal of Science
1229:the American Journal of Science
794:Journal of Geophysical Research
761:"A Study of the Aurora of 1859"
404:geomagnetically induced current
4175:January 1938 geomagnetic storm
4076:Health threat from cosmic rays
4050:Sudden ionospheric disturbance
2897:. Princeton University Press.
1:
4180:August 1972 geomagnetic storm
3945:Interplanetary magnetic field
2634:and help improve the section.
2091:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"
759:Kimball, D. S. (April 1960).
741:Nuclear electromagnetic pulse
4185:March 1989 geomagnetic storm
3975:Disturbance storm time index
3940:Interplanetary current sheet
2366:Geophysical Research Letters
507:March 1989 geomagnetic storm
391:Rokewood township (Victoria)
4206:2003 Halloween solar storms
3206:Kemp, Bill (31 July 2016).
1912:American Journal of Science
523:solar electromagnetic pulse
515:2003 Halloween solar storms
324:International Space Station
4298:
4170:May 1921 geomagnetic storm
3724:Advances in Space Research
3660:Advances in Space Research
3617:Advances in Space Research
3581:Advances in Space Research
3552:Advances in Space Research
3523:Advances in Space Research
3494:Advances in Space Research
3458:Advances in Space Research
3422:Advances in Space Research
3386:Advances in Space Research
3357:Advances in Space Research
3318:Advances in Space Research
3289:Advances in Space Research
3260:Advances in Space Research
3231:Advances in Space Research
3179:Advances in Space Research
3150:Advances in Space Research
3064:Advances in Space Research
3017:Advances in Space Research
2980:Advances in Space Research
2832:Advances in Space Research
2799:Advances in Space Research
2713:Advances in Space Research
2684:Advances in Space Research
2325:10.1038/s41467-021-27891-4
1938:Advances in Space Research
1848:Odenwald, Sten F. (2002).
1801:"The Great Aurora of 1859"
1720:Advances in Space Research
1613:Advances in Space Research
486:
284:Royal Astronomical Society
267:for the Carrington Event.
101:2 September 1859
86:1 September 1859
4116:
4103:
3869:Solar energetic particles
3838:
3820:
3744:10.1016/j.asr.2006.07.004
3680:10.1016/j.asr.2005.01.111
3637:10.1016/j.asr.2005.04.116
3601:10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.102
3572:10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.158
3543:10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.157
3514:10.1016/j.asr.2006.07.005
3478:10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.100
3442:10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.156
3406:10.1016/j.asr.2006.09.001
3377:10.1016/j.asr.2006.06.010
3338:10.1016/j.asr.2005.10.046
3309:10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.076
3280:10.1016/j.asr.2005.09.044
3251:10.1016/j.asr.2005.06.070
3199:10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.055
3170:10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.053
3084:10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.021
3037:10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.054
3000:10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.077
2941:10.1007/s11207-005-4980-z
2844:10.1016/j.asr.2006.09.002
2819:10.1016/j.asr.2005.07.085
2784:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2733:10.1016/j.asr.2006.07.006
2704:10.1016/j.asr.2006.01.013
2270:10.1146/knowable-091721-1
1995:The Astrophysical Journal
1958:10.1016/j.asr.2005.12.021
1750:10.1016/j.asr.2015.08.026
1633:10.1016/j.asr.2005.08.054
1513:The Astrophysical Journal
955:10.1007/s11207-005-4980-z
788:Tsurutani, B. T. (2003).
583:solar energetic particles
289:Because of a geomagnetic
128:
124:
73:
37:
27:Geomagnetic storm in 1859
4201:Bastille Day solar storm
4055:Ground level enhancement
3210:. A Page from Our Past.
2502:(21): 11, 900β911, 913.
2126:Hudson, Hugh S. (2021).
2016:10.3847/1538-4357/acc6cc
1870:– via archive.org.
1544:10.3847/1538-4357/aae47c
1481:National Geographic News
1436:10.2475/ajs.s2-32.96.318
1035:(inactive 11 May 2024).
503:August 1972 solar storms
4133:993β994 carbon-14 spike
4128:774β775 carbon-14 spike
2826:Calvin, Robert Clauer;
2215:10.1073/pnas.1917356116
2144:2021ARA&A..59..445H
1398:10.2475/ajs.s2-32.94.71
1223:The 9 articles by
715:774β775 carbon-14 spike
425:Boston Evening Traveler
4272:1859 natural disasters
3775:Quotations related to
2891:Clark, Stuart (2007).
1197:Clark, Stuart (2007).
1172:"A solar flare effect"
473:
395:
373:
326:
271:Associated solar flare
218:
4282:September 1859 events
4238:May 2024 solar storms
4222:July 2012 solar storm
3852:Coronal mass ejection
2883:10.1093/mnras/20.1.13
2667:"A Super Solar Flare"
2420:(A10): 21, 585, 598.
1772:"The Aurora Borealis"
1507:Hayakawa, H. (2018).
1156:10.1093/mnras/20.1.15
1110:10.1093/mnras/20.1.13
598:solar particle events
527:May 2024 solar storms
416:Boston, Massachusetts
408:electromagnetic field
321:
238:coronal mass ejection
215:July 2012 solar storm
212:
194:electrical power grid
171:Earth's magnetosphere
163:coronal mass ejection
145:was the most intense
57:Coronal mass ejection
4110:List of solar storms
4038:Subauroral ion drift
4020:Planetary atmosphere
3908:Interplanetary space
3881:Solar radio emission
3864:Solar particle event
3767:at Wikimedia Commons
3714:10.1029/2002JA009504
3488:; Smart, D. (2006).
3416:; Smart, D. (2006).
2558:10.1029/2023SW003807
2517:10.1002/2017JD027325
2476:10.1002/2013JD021389
2435:10.1029/2000JA000237
2388:10.1029/2012GL051603
2047:– via YouTube.
1593:10.1029/2017SW001789
1178:on 24 September 2015
814:10.1029/2002JA009504
489:List of solar storms
153:. It created strong
4010:Magnetic pulsations
3736:2006AdSpR..38..304W
3705:2003JGRA..108.1268T
3672:2006AdSpR..38..226T
3629:2006AdSpR..38..215S
3593:2006AdSpR..38..173S
3564:2006AdSpR..38..200S
3535:2006AdSpR..38..136S
3506:2006AdSpR..38..313S
3470:2006AdSpR..38..232S
3434:2006AdSpR..38..209S
3398:2006AdSpR..38..117R
3369:2006AdSpR..38..263R
3330:2006AdSpR..38..280O
3301:2006AdSpR..38..180N
3272:2006AdSpR..38..253M
3243:2006AdSpR..38..273L
3191:2006AdSpR..38..188K
3162:2006AdSpR..38..155H
3133:10.1093/pasj/psw097
3125:2016PASJ...68...99H
3076:2006AdSpR..38..145G
3029:2006AdSpR..38..130G
2992:2006AdSpR..38..119C
2971:Cliver, E. (2006).
2933:2004SoPh..224..407C
2874:1859MNRAS..20...13C
2811:2006AdSpR..38..239B
2725:2006AdSpR..38..301B
2696:2006AdSpR..38..159B
2549:2024SpWea..2203807B
2508:2017JGRD..12211900M
2467:2014JGRD..119.6938D
2426:2001JGR...10621585M
2379:2012GeoRL..39.8503W
2373:(8): 21, 585, 598.
2317:2022NatCo..13..214P
2206:2019PNAS..11623368B
2200:(47): 23368β23370.
2128:"Carrington Events"
2112:figures follow the
2007:2023ApJ...959...23H
1950:2006AdSpR..38..145G
1742:2016AdSpR..57..257M
1696:10.1093/pasj/psw097
1688:2016PASJ...68...99H
1625:2006AdSpR..38..130G
1584:2018SpWea..16..593G
1535:2018ApJ...869...57H
1428:1861AmJS...32..318L
1390:1861AmJS...32...71L
1147:1859MNRAS..20...15H
1101:1859MNRAS..20...13C
1020:Scientific American
947:2004SoPh..224..407C
806:2003JGRA..108.1268T
693:Solar System portal
34:
18:Solar storm of 1859
4277:Geomagnetic storms
3645:"Solar Storm 1859"
1607:Green, J. (2006).
1408:(September 1861).
679:Outer space portal
547:in tree rings and
439:Portland operator:
327:
291:solar flare effect
219:
182:Richard Carrington
83:Initial onset
49:Richard Carrington
4254:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4099:
4098:
4091:Solar observation
3965:Geomagnetic storm
3763:Media related to
3216:. Bloomington, IL
2958:on 11 August 2011
2904:978-0-691-12660-9
2828:Siscoe, George L.
2660:
2659:
2652:
2461:(11): 6938β6957.
2261:Knowable Magazine
1892:978-0-309-07642-5
1867:978-0-231-12079-1
1834:978-0-309-12769-1
1348:(November 1860).
1282:(February 1860).
1238:(November 1859).
1210:978-0-691-12660-9
1079:Carrington, R. C.
1007:Odenwald, Sten F.
883:978-0-309-12769-1
534:Lloyd's of London
205:Geomagnetic storm
147:geomagnetic storm
139:
138:
116:Severe damage to
78:Geomagnetic storm
16:(Redirected from
4289:
4149:Carrington Event
4118:
4105:
4060:Magnetic crochet
3933:Forbush decrease
3857:Solar prominence
3844:Solar atmosphere
3840:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3784:
3777:Carrington Event
3774:
3765:Carrington Event
3762:
3747:
3718:
3716:
3683:
3652:
3651:. 17 April 2017.
3640:
3604:
3575:
3546:
3517:
3481:
3445:
3409:
3380:
3351:
3349:
3347:2060/20050210154
3312:
3283:
3254:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3202:
3173:
3144:
3118:
3097:
3095:
3093:2060/20050210157
3058:
3048:
3007:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2951:. Archived from
2918:
2908:
2887:
2885:
2852:Carrington, R.C.
2847:
2822:
2789:
2783:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2736:
2707:
2678:
2673:. Archived from
2655:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2630:Please read the
2626:may need cleanup
2615:
2614:
2607:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2336:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2272:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2235:
2217:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2155:
2123:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1967:2060/20050210157
1929:
1923:
1922:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1855:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1735:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1681:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1563:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1528:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1484:. Archived from
1474:(2 March 2011).
1468:
1462:
1459:
1439:
1401:
1363:
1341:
1319:
1297:
1275:
1260:(January 1860).
1253:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1075:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1013:(28 July 2008).
1003:
992:
991:
989:
987:
973:
967:
966:
941:(1β2): 407β422.
932:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
897:
888:
887:
861:
855:
854:
852:
850:
844:
834:
825:
824:
822:
820:
785:
779:
778:
776:
774:
765:
756:
709:
704:
703:
695:
690:
689:
688:
681:
676:
675:
674:
667:
662:
661:
653:
651:Astronomy portal
648:
647:
646:
639:
634:
633:
577:containing thin
471:"Yes. Go ahead."
256:
255:
246:
245:
143:Carrington Event
108:
106:
93:
91:
68:
42:
35:
33:Carrington Event
21:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4267:1859 in science
4257:
4256:
4255:
4242:
4226:
4210:
4189:
4158:
4137:
4112:
4095:
4064:
4014:
3995:Space hurricane
3951:
3902:
3834:
3816:
3811:
3755:
3750:
3721:
3686:
3656:
3643:
3607:
3578:
3549:
3520:
3484:
3448:
3412:
3383:
3354:
3315:
3286:
3257:
3228:
3219:
3217:
3205:
3176:
3147:
3100:
3061:
3010:
2975:
2970:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2890:
2850:
2825:
2792:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2755:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2710:
2681:
2664:
2656:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2629:
2622:Further reading
2616:
2612:
2605:
2603:Further reading
2600:
2590:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2101:
2099:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2029:
2028:
2024:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1488:on 5 March 2011
1470:
1469:
1465:
1442:
1422:(96): 318β335.
1404:
1366:
1344:
1322:
1300:
1278:
1256:
1234:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1011:Green, James L.
1005:
1004:
995:
985:
983:
975:
974:
970:
930:
925:
924:
920:
910:
908:
899:
898:
891:
884:
863:
862:
858:
848:
846:
842:
836:
835:
828:
818:
816:
787:
786:
782:
772:
770:
763:
758:
757:
753:
749:
705:
698:
691:
686:
684:
677:
672:
670:
663:
656:
649:
644:
642:
635:
628:
625:
572:
491:
485:
420:Portland, Maine
412:electric shocks
402:Because of the
400:
334:Rocky Mountains
316:
311:
299:Balfour Stewart
295:Kew Observatory
273:
253:
251:
243:
241:
207:
202:
186:Richard Hodgson
169:colliding with
165:(CME) from the
129:
104:
102:
89:
87:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4295:
4293:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4259:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4159:
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4156:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4138:
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4135:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4033:Auroral chorus
4024:
4022:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3912:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3848:
3846:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3768:
3754:
3753:External links
3751:
3749:
3748:
3730:(2): 304β312.
3719:
3684:
3666:(2): 226β231.
3654:
3641:
3623:(2): 215β225.
3605:
3587:(2): 173β179.
3576:
3558:(2): 200β208.
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3529:(2): 136β144.
3518:
3500:(2): 313β385.
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3464:(2): 232β238.
3446:
3428:(2): 209β214.
3410:
3392:(2): 117β118.
3381:
3363:(2): 263β272.
3352:
3324:(2): 280β297.
3313:
3295:(2): 180β187.
3284:
3266:(2): 253β262.
3255:
3237:(2): 273β279.
3226:
3213:The Pantagraph
3203:
3185:(2): 188β199.
3174:
3156:(2): 155β158.
3145:
3098:
3070:(2): 145β154.
3059:
3023:(2): 130β135.
3008:
2986:(2): 119β129.
2968:
2909:
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2888:
2848:
2838:(2): 115β388.
2823:
2805:(2): 239β252.
2790:
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2719:(2): 301β303.
2708:
2690:(2): 159β172.
2679:
2677:on 9 May 2008.
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2175:
2118:
2114:MeasuringWorth
2108:United States
2096:MeasuringWorth
2081:
2050:
2022:
1981:
1944:(2): 145β154.
1924:
1914:. 2nd series.
1898:
1891:
1873:
1866:
1852:The 23rd Cycle
1840:
1833:
1818:
1805:The Daily News
1791:
1763:
1726:(1): 257β267.
1709:
1656:
1619:(2): 130β135.
1599:
1558:
1499:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1454:. 2nd series.
1440:
1418:. 2nd series.
1402:
1380:. 2nd series.
1364:
1358:. 2nd series.
1342:
1336:. 2nd series.
1320:
1314:. 2nd series.
1298:
1292:. 2nd series.
1276:
1270:. 2nd series.
1254:
1248:. 2nd series.
1216:
1209:
1189:
1162:
1116:
1067:
993:
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918:
889:
882:
874:10.17226/12507
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637:Physics portal
624:
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570:Other evidence
568:
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483:Similar events
481:
399:
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366:reported that
315:
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4000:Space tornado
3998:
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3981:
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3957:Magnetosphere
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3887:
3886:Active region
3884:
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3862:
3858:
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3854:
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3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3830:Space climate
3828:
3826:
3825:Space weather
3823:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3803:
3801:
3796:
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2922:
2921:Solar Physics
2915:
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2896:
2895:
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2796:
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2781:
2765:
2764:
2763:New Scientist
2759:
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2654:
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2643:
2640:November 2021
2633:
2632:editing guide
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2537:Space Weather
2534:
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2034:
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2017:
2012:
2008:
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1996:
1992:
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1968:
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1947:
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1572:Space Weather
1569:
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1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
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1500:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1472:Lovett, R. A.
1467:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1446:(July 1862).
1445:
1444:Loomis, Elias
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1406:Loomis, Elias
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:(94): 71β84.
1383:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1370:(July 1861).
1369:
1368:Loomis, Elias
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1346:Loomis, Elias
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1326:(July 1860).
1325:
1324:Loomis, Elias
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1302:Loomis, Elias
1299:
1295:
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1281:
1280:Loomis, Elias
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1258:Loomis, Elias
1255:
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1236:Loomis, Elias
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1111:
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1084:
1080:
1074:
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1034:
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1021:
1016:
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1008:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
982:
978:
972:
969:
964:
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952:
948:
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936:
935:Solar Physics
929:
922:
919:
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903:
896:
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890:
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560:
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546:
541:
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287:
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268:
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239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
223:magnetometers
216:
213:Image of the
211:
204:
199:
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195:
191:
187:
183:
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174:
172:
168:
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160:
156:
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127:
123:
119:
115:
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85:
81:
76:
72:
64:
60:
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50:
46:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4148:
4081:Heliophysics
4005:Ring current
3990:Dungey Cycle
3898:Coronal hole
3814:Solar storms
3779:at Wikiquote
3727:
3723:
3699:(A7): 1268.
3696:
3692:
3663:
3659:
3649:Solar Storms
3648:
3620:
3616:
3584:
3580:
3555:
3551:
3526:
3522:
3497:
3493:
3461:
3457:
3425:
3421:
3389:
3385:
3360:
3356:
3321:
3317:
3292:
3288:
3263:
3259:
3234:
3230:
3218:. Retrieved
3211:
3182:
3178:
3153:
3149:
3106:
3102:
3067:
3063:
3020:
3016:
2983:
2979:
2960:. Retrieved
2953:the original
2927:(1β2): 407.
2924:
2920:
2893:
2865:
2859:
2835:
2831:
2802:
2798:
2768:. Retrieved
2761:
2745:. Retrieved
2716:
2712:
2687:
2683:
2675:the original
2670:
2646:
2637:
2625:
2589:. Retrieved
2585:
2575:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2417:
2411:
2397:
2370:
2364:
2311:(214): 214.
2308:
2304:
2294:
2284:30 September
2282:. Retrieved
2260:
2250:
2197:
2191:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2113:
2100:. Retrieved
2094:
2084:
2072:. Retrieved
2063:
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
2031:
2025:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1882:
1876:
1851:
1843:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1804:
1794:
1782:. Retrieved
1775:
1766:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1490:. Retrieved
1486:the original
1479:
1466:
1455:
1451:
1419:
1413:
1381:
1375:
1359:
1353:
1337:
1331:
1315:
1309:
1304:(May 1860).
1293:
1287:
1271:
1265:
1249:
1243:
1219:
1199:
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1176:the original
1165:
1138:
1132:
1119:
1092:
1086:
1056:cite journal
1044:. Retrieved
1027:(2): 80β87.
1024:
1018:
986:14 September
984:. Retrieved
981:NASA Science
980:
971:
938:
934:
921:
909:. Retrieved
865:
859:
847:. Retrieved
838:
817:. Retrieved
800:(A7): 1268.
797:
793:
783:
771:. Retrieved
767:
754:
736:Miyake event
728:
720:
665:Stars portal
610:
595:
591:nitric oxide
573:
561:
549:beryllium-10
542:
531:
519:23 July 2012
513:, while the
492:
474:
468:
467:
462:
461:
456:
455:
450:
449:
444:
443:
438:
437:
432:
431:
423:
401:
388:
376:
374:
369:
361:
359:
328:
303:Elias Loomis
288:
277:
274:
257:
250: km (93
247:
235:
220:
175:
142:
140:
131:
29:
4121:Before 1800
4086:Solar cycle
3876:Solar flare
2404:Shea, M. A.
2305:Nat. Commun
2138:: 445β477.
2102:30 November
1918:(84): 385.
1784:16 February
1492:5 September
1182:2 September
1125:Hodgson, R.
1046:16 February
849:17 February
819:28 November
773:28 November
564:superflares
178:solar flare
62:Travel time
4261:Categories
3921:Pickup ion
3916:Solar wind
3116:1608.07702
2624:" section
2586:IFLScience
2001:(23): 23.
1733:1508.06365
1679:1608.07702
1578:(6): 593.
1526:1811.02786
1362:: 339β361.
1318:: 386β399.
1296:: 249β266.
1252:: 385β408.
747:References
606:Antarctica
487:See also:
398:Telegraphs
378:Daily News
351:Queensland
262:solar wind
105:1859-09-02
98:Dissipated
90:1859-09-01
3609:Smart, D.
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