670:, virtually all US wetlands were, at least theoretically, subject to regulation under section 404. As federal jurisdiction is diminished, the responsibility to protect affected wetlands falls on states primarily and local governments, which also regulate some wetlands. State and local wetlands regulatory programs focus primarily upon navigable waters, tributaries, and adjacent wetlands. They supplement but do not substitute for federal jurisdiction. According to the Association of State Wetland Managers (ASWM), 14 states have some form of regulatory program for freshwater wetlands, but they are quite variable. Differences exist in part because freshwater wetland types vary greatly across the nation and because of differing state preferences. Some of the state programs are very comprehensive, but regulations in many of the 14 states are limited by wetland size, mapping requirements, and exemptions for specified activities. According to ASWM, state regulations do not generally apply to federal lands. Some of the states with the largest isolated wetland acreages provide little or no state protection, including
722:
various possible authorities, is difficult to draw together. To fill in the gap left by removal of some federal regulatory jurisdiction, states could adopt more comprehensive wetlands regulatory statutes or wetland amendments to state pollution control statutes (possibly including independent water quality certification programs) and rules. The latter, for example, could integrate wetlands, water quality, and watershed management. States do not have the constitutional constraints that the federal government does in enacting legislation (whether a legislative action exceeds
Congress' power under the Commerce Clause). Also, CWA section 404(t) expressly provides that the existence of section 404 does not preempt state law governing the discharge of dredged or fill material. However, whether states will take steps to expand wetlands protection in response to the Court's decision raises difficult political and resource questions. It is quite likely that, among states, the SWANCC decision pleases some states and is opposed by others.
455:, held that Congress, in enacting the 1977 amendments to the CWA, had not implicitly approved the Corps' broad definition of "navigable water" adopted that year under the original 1972 CWA. For example, Congress' failure to pass a bill in 1977 containing a narrow definition of navigable waters had not been shown by the Corps, said the majority, to constitute congressional approval of the Corps' broad definition. The majority then declined to afford the Corps the customary deference granted agency interpretations of ambiguous statutes. For one thing, it said that section 404 is not ambiguous at all. Even if it were, deference is not appropriate where an agency interpretation of a statute "invokes the outer limits of Congress' power," a reference to the Court's milestone decisions in recent years involving the reach of the Commerce Clause. That concern is particularly strong, it said, where the agency interpretation permits encroachment on a traditional state power, in this case land and water use.
631:, river fringing wetlands along small non-navigable rivers and streams, lake fringing wetlands for smaller non-navigable lakes, many forested wetlands, playas and vernal ponds of Texas and other areas of the west, seeps and spring, flats, bogs and large amounts of tundra in Alaska. A new report by the Department of Interior's Fish and Wildlife Service estimates that in 1997, there were 105,500,000 acres (427,000 km) of wetlands on public and private lands in the conterminous United States and that between 1986 and 1997, a net of 644,000 acres (2,610 km) of wetlands was lost. According to an analysis prepared by the Association of State Wetland Managers (ASWM), accurate estimates of impacts of the decision on wetland resources are not possible, in part because of uncertainty about how key terms in the opinion (such as "adjacent" and "tributary") will be defined, whether broadly or narrowly. Still, ASWM believes that impacts are likely to be environmentally significant.
639:
receiving waters. Wetlands also provide flood damage protection to urban and agricultural lands by storing flood waters that overflow river banks or surface waters and by collecting waters in isolated depressions. Wetlands recharge groundwater reserves that are hydrological: connected to surface waters. According to a 1995 National
Research Council report, many of these functions occur irrespective of whether the wetlands are isolated or contiguous to navigable waters because of groundwater connections between isolate) wetlands and surface waters. Small, shallow wetlands that are isolated from rivers are frequently important to waterfowl, the NRC said, for food and forage. Also, sites that are intermittently flooded, even those that may be completely dry for several years, can be important for storing flood waters and can have distinctive water-dependent biota (plants and animals) that persist over dry intervals but return when water return to the site.
718:
that before a federal permit or license is issued, states must certify that the project complies with water quality standards. That authority effectively gives states a veto power on the federal permit or the ability to require conditions that become part of a permit. State water quality certification has been used by a number of states to control activities affecting wetlands without having to independently establish state permitting and enforcement programs. However, if federal jurisdiction does not exist and no section 404 or other federal permit is required, section 401 certification also is not required and so is not available as a tool for the state to evaluate the proposed activity.
365:
must determine whether the disposal site is a "water of the United States" within CWA jurisdiction. The definitions of waters subject to CWA jurisdiction are contained in regulations of the Corps of
Engineers and EPA, the agencies with primary responsibility for administering section 404. Through judicial interpretation and regulatory changes since the 1970s, the types of regulated waters have evolved from narrow to broad, and also to include wetlands. Congress has not amended section 404 since 1977, when it provided regulatory exemptions for categories of routine activities, such as normal farming and forestry.
658:
waters. Another provision, section 311, concerns liability for oil discharges into the nation's waters. Neither was at issue in this case but might be challenged through extension of the ruling. The
January 19 joint Corps-EPA memorandum states that federal implementation of any other CWA provision that involves "waters of the United States" will be governed by the same interpretation that applies to section 404. As a result, federal jurisdiction to require NPDES permits or assess oil spill liability in some isolated waters could be limited. Such impacts will become clearer in time.
42:
471:, holding that the CWA went beyond navigable waters to embrace marshes and adjacent inland lakes would extend the CWA indefinitely. The 1972 CWA, in the dissent's view, offers no support for such a constraint, and the 1977 CWA amendment supports coverage of isolated waters. Moreover, the dissent declares that there is no Commerce Clause problem since the discharge of dredged and fill materials into "waters of the United States" is an economic activity that may be aggregated to show a substantial effect on interstate commerce.
484:
length of time to obtain section 404 permits will be longer than in the past. If federal jurisdiction is diminished, the responsibility to protect affected wetlands falls on states and local governments. A comprehensive picture of their ability to protect wetlands, under various possible state and local authorities, is difficult to draw together. Whether states will act to fill in the gap left by removal of some federal jurisdiction by new laws or programs raises difficult political and resource questions.
538:, particularly its section 13 known as the "Refuse Act." With the shift in emphasis in the mid-20th century from protection of navigation to protection of the environment, however, the phrase "navigable waters" was no longer a comfortable fit. Notwithstanding, Congress used "navigable waters" in 1972 when it wrote the CWA, including section 404, accommodating the broader concerns of environmental protection by defining "navigable waters" expansively to mean "waters of the United States." The question in
574:• Traditionally navigable waters, interstate waters, their tributaries, and wetlands adjacent to each are still covered. • Intrastate waters that could affect interstate commerce solely by virtue of their use as habitat for migratory birds are no longer covered. • As to intrastate waters having other (non-migratory bird) connections to interstate commerce, staff is advised to consult agency legal counsel. For example, waters that are isolated and intrastate but nonetheless navigable (such as the
650:: the federal government owns about one- third of the nation's lands. As a result of the Court's decision, federal agency decisions on these lands affecting isolated wetlands will no longer be subject to section 404 permitting, but they will still be subject to requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act and Executive Orders dealing with wetlands, floodplain management, and protection of migratory birds.
445:
Rule' is not fairly supported by the CWA." The decision's rationale, however, was broader, appearing to preclude federal assertion of section 404 jurisdiction over isolated waters on any basis. Stated the Court: "In order to rule for , we would have to hold that the jurisdiction of the Corps extends to ponds that are not adjacent to open water. But we conclude that the text of the statute will not allow this."
361:. The parcel had been used for sand and gravel mining until about 1960. Since then, the excavation trenches from the mining had evolved into ponds ranging in size from a 'few feet across to several acres. SWANCC obtained the needed local and state permits, but the Corps, on the basis of the ponds and their use by migratory birds, asserted jurisdiction under section 404 and denied a permit.
1334:
815:
554:
appears to preclude any effort by the Corps to assert jurisdiction over isolated waters, including isolated wetlands, on the basis of linkages with interstate commerce other than the interstate flight of migratory birds. (The Corps asserted such non-migratory-bird linkages after the litigation commenced, noting that
597:
itself, the wetlands in question were only "near" the shores of the lake, "part o/a wetland that actually abuts on a navigable waterway." The Court expressly noted that the concept of adjacent wetlands includes those adjacent wetlands "that are not the result of flooding or permeation by water having
491:
decision also raises issues for
Congress. One is whether confusion that may now exist about the extent of Clean Water Act jurisdictional waters and wetlands should be resolved, as well as what constitutional limits may apply. Another is whether to provide federal resources and incentives to encourage
717:
Changes in section 404 jurisdiction would diminish use of one tool used by many states to control activities affecting wetlands. In recent years, most states have used CWA section 401 water quality certification programs in addition to or in lieu of specific regulatory statutes. Section 401 requires
626:
A key policy question that may not be clearly answered for some time is how regulatory protection of wetlands will be affected or reduced as a result of the decision. Many types of isolated wetlands are not physically adjacent to navigable waters and under a broad reading of the decision, would lack
618:
decision restricts federal regulation depend on how broadly or narrowly the opinion is applied. Two scenarios are possible. A broad reading would be interpreted as knocking out all section 404 jurisdiction and Corps regulation of isolated waters and wetlands. However, a narrow reading, one asserting
558:
s municipal landfill is clearly of a commercial nature and, when aggregated with similar activity elsewhere, would substantially affect interstate commerce. The
Supreme Court declined to consider this argument, pointing out that landfill activity is a "far cry" from the "waters of the United States"
483:
decision are very difficult to assess, in part because of questions about Corps and EPA interpretation of the ruling, but the decision may affect up to 79% of wetland acreage. One likely result is that case-by-case evaluations will then be required to determine if regulatory jurisdiction exists, the
1345:
The
Supreme Court Addresses Corps of Engineers Jurisdiction Over "Isolated Waters": The SWANCC Decision by Robert Meltz, Legislative Attorney American Law Division and Claudia Copeland, Specialist in Resources and Environmental Policy. Resources, Science, and Industry Division. February 16,
638:
Scientists recognize the value of wetlands on the basis of a range of physical functions that they perform. One group of functions relates to water quality. Wetlands are good water filters: they remove and retain nutrients, they process chemical and organic wastes, and they reduce sediment loads to
634:
Tentative state estimates which have been provided to the
Association of State Wetland Managers suggest 30% to 79% of total wetland acreage may be affected.... Even if SWANCC results in only a one percent loss of America's wetlands, the decision would cause more wetlands to be destroyed than were
517:
did not reach the constitutional question, but rather disposed of the case on purely statutory grounds. Nonetheless, its analysis of the CWA has, as noted, a strong undercurrent of the same
Commerce Clause and federalism concerns. In not addressing the constitutional issue, SWANCC resembles another
1278:
decision is interpreted, the state retains independent authority under its statutes to regulate discharges of waste to all waters of the state, including those waters that are no longer considered waters of the United States. Craig M. Wilson, chief counsel, California State Water
Resources Control
721:
A number of states without wetlands laws on their books still have other state environmental laws dealing with water quality or natural resources, and they may already provide substantial authority to regulate wetlands. However, a comprehensive picture of states' ability to protect wetlands, under
622:
The question of which view the government would take was answered in a January 19 memorandum issued jointly by EPA and the Corps for headquarters and field/regional staff who work on the section 404 program, discussed above; the agencies provide a legal interpretation, based on a narrow reading of
533:
decision arises largely from the history of some jurisdictional terms used by Congress in water-related statutes. In the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, Congress set the scope of many such statutes as the "navigable waters" of the United States.This made sense because Congress was
364:
Section 404 requires permits for discharges to dispose of dredged and fill material into the nation's navigable waters, such as when a landowner undertakes activity to develop or otherwise improve his or her property. To assess whether this requirement applies to a particular activity, a landowner
553:
s implications for the scope of the federal wetlands permitting program are certain to be significant, but it will take years of litigation before they are fully clear. A key source of confusion is the aforementioned disconnect between the decision's narrow holding and broad rationale. The latter
444:
ruling saw the Court divide 5-4. The five-justice majority opinion, in one reading, concluded only that the Corps and EPA could not continue to use the migratory bird rule to assert section 404 jurisdiction over isolated waters. "We conclude," said the Court at one point, that the 'Migratory Bird
415:
In reading its section 404 jurisdiction broadly, the Corps was not without congressional support. In defining "navigable waters" as "waters of the United States," Congress "evidently intended to repudiate limits that had been placed on federal regulation by earlier water pollution control federal
657:
ruling on other parts of the CWA, especially its principal permit program, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program under section 402. It requires permits for pollutant discharges from point sources (industrial facilities and municipal sewage plants) into the nation's
588:
Another source of uncertainty for the wetlands permitting program will be the extent to which, lacking any clear authority over isolated waters now, the Corps may seek to recharacterize wetlands from that category to ones over which its section 404 authority remains undisputed. For example, the
336:
case, there had been controversy and litigation over whether isolated waters that are not adjacent to true navigable waters are properly within the jurisdiction of Section 404. In 1985, the Supreme Court sustained the assertion by the Corps and EPA that waters and wetlands adjacent to navigable
375:
upheld the Corps' authority under section 404 to regulate wetlands (and other waters) adjacent to navigable and interstate waters, and their tributaries. It expressly left open the question, however, whether isolated waters, not being adjacent, lie within the reach of section 404, or, for that
605:
will affect the scope of other CWA sections whose jurisdictional scope is defined by that same phrase. Such sections include those governing oil spill cleanup (section 311), the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit program (section 402), and state water quality certification
391:
waters," defined expansively by the CWA to mean "the waters of the United States." Second, under 1977 regulations the Corps defines "waters of the United States" broadly to include, in addition to traditionally navigable waters, interstate waters, their tributaries, and adjacent wetlands, the
746:, the Court further narrowed the scope of the term "waters of the United States," which "include only those relatively permanent, standing or continuously flowing bodies of water 'forming geographic features' that are described in ordinary parlance as 'streams ... oceans, rivers, lakes.'"
431:
ruled in favor of Corps jurisdiction as well. The Seventh Circuit found that Congress has the authority under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution to regulate isolated waters, and that Congress, in enacting section 404, intended to reach such waters. The Supreme Court reversed.
619:
that jurisdiction will be found lacking only if the sole connection to interstate commerce is the presence of migratory birds and wildlife, would allow federal regulation of some isolated waters to continue (such as in waters that are used by interstate travelers for recreation).
504:
decision continued the efforts of the five Supreme Court justices generally regarded as conservative to limit federal regulatory power. In 1995 and 2000, the same five justices found that Congress had exceeded Commerce Clause limits in enacting legislation dealing with
1273:
California, for example, does not have a wetlands law and has used section 401 certification to evaluate projects affecting wetlands. However, according to a memorandum, prepared by the chief counsel of the State Water Resources Control Board, irrespective of how the
542:
was whether this definition entirely removed the "navigable" qualifier from the Act or merely limited it. The justices in the majority opted for the latter and were unwilling to go beyond the erosion of that qualifier that had already been accepted by the Court in
522:, the Court used the possibility of Commerce Clause issues being raised by a broad interpretation of a federal statute to support its adoption of a narrow reading. The Court did not grant a petition for certiorari in a similar Commerce Clause challenge to the
1905:
589:
concept of traditionally-navigable waters is an elastic one, covering all waters that are now navigable, were once navigable, or could reasonably be made navigable in the future. Another example is the "adjacent wetlands" jurisdiction upheld in
1507:
834:
The Corps administers the permit program under section 404, pursuant to EPA guidelines. CWA § 404(b); 33 U.S.C. § 1344(b). EPA also has veto authority over Corps permitting decisions, though it is rarely exercised. CWA § 404(c);
1577:
1338:
821:
408:, a 1986 attempt by the agency to clarify the intrastate waters covered by this regulation, says that such "isolated waters" include those "which are or would be used as habitat by ... migratory birds that cross state lines
368:
The SWANCC site ponds are known in section 404 parlance as "isolated waters"- waters that are not traditionally navigable or interstate, nor tributaries thereof, nor adjacent to any of these. In 1985, the Supreme Court in
1008:..." Because the Constitution nowhere confers an express authority on Congress to legislate for environmental protection, most federal environmental statutes rest on the broad, contemporary reading of the Commerce Clause.
310:. Section 404 of the Act requires permits for the discharge of dredged or fill materials into "navigable waters," which is defined by the Act as "waters of the United States." That provision was the basis for the federal
566:
On that point, a legal memorandum issued by the Corps and EPA on January 19, 2001, stays more closely to the narrow holding but in tentative terms. The memorandum notes the above-discussed difference between the
420:..." Indeed, the conference report accompanying enactment of the CWA in 1972 states that "he conferees fully intend that the term 'navigable waters' be given the broadest possible constitutional interpretation
1561:
1531:
2641:
2117:
1803:
1787:
1639:
1190:
Memorandum by Gary Guzy, General Counsel, EPA, and Robert W. Andersen, Chief Counsel, Corps of Engineers, "Supreme Court Ruling Concerning CWA Jurisdiction over Isolated Waters" (January 19, 2001). 9 p.
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its source in adjacent bodies of water," approving the Corps' view that wetlands may affect the water quality of adjacent waterbodies by functioning as integral parts of the same aquatic environment.
1921:
534:
focused on fostering waterborne commerce, and the Supreme Court had obliged by articulating a broad vision of federal power over navigation. A prominent example, and a forerunner of the CWA, was the
1711:
2261:
2358:
1889:
1873:
1857:
1849:
1795:
2537:
1463:
448:
The Court deemed it unnecessary to reach the constitutional issue pressed by SWANCC: whether the EPA's interpretation of the CWA exceeded the power of Congress, under the Commerce Clause.
1017:
121 S. Ct. at 680. See also 121 S. Ct. at 684 ("We hold that 33 CFR §328.3(a)(3) (1999), as clarified and applied to petitioner's balefill site pursuant to the 'Migratory Bird Rule,' 51
2173:
1569:
329:(EPA) to interpret the reach of its Section 404 authority over discharges into "isolated waters" (including isolated wetlands), exceeded the authority that was granted by that section.
2599:
2516:
2504:
2351:
1811:
1655:
428:
2079:
1368:
1298:
1140:
1082:
1057:
860:
802:
755:
146:
83:
2424:
2327:
387:
The Corps' assertion of jurisdiction over the isolated waters at the SWANCC site, as elsewhere, was based on a three-step argument. First, section 404 applies by its terms to "
2167:
2297:
2279:
614:
Since the Court's actual holding concerning CWA regulation was narrow, while its rationale was wider ranging (as discussed above), the policy implications of how much the
1937:
1897:
2409:
1631:
1539:
1246:
Kusler, Jon, Associate Director, Association of State Wetlands Managers. "The SWANCC Decision and State Regulation of Wetlands." Memorandum, February 7, 2001: 8-9.
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holding, while important, is "limited," and must be interpreted in light of other Supreme Court precedents "which... broadly uphold CWA jurisdictional authority."
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2671:
2419:
1663:
1585:
855:
371:
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rationale and holding, and takes a case-by-case approach as to the waters falling within the coverage gap (last item below). In summary, the memorandum asserts:
2429:
2401:
1456:
2364:
2656:
2344:
1647:
1237:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. "Report to Congress on the Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States 1986 to 1997." January 2001, 84 p.
2285:
1601:
1593:
911:
2636:
1687:
1679:
17:
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other waters such as intrastate lakes, rivers, streams (including intermittent streams), mudflats, sandflats, wetlands, sloughs, prairie potholes,
2037:
760:
2000:
1449:
2651:
2572:
2434:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
1388:
2527:
2370:
2267:
2255:
1929:
1731:
2661:
2615:
2136:
1913:
1111:
318:
2315:
2273:
2587:
2439:
1749:
1695:
1609:
2309:
2073:
1833:
1771:
1741:
1480:
1171:
893:
837:
779:
285:
46:
578:
in Utah) may still support jurisdiction "if their use, degradation, or destruction could affect interstate or foreign commerce."
2142:
2085:
2049:
1881:
1551:
492:
expansion of state wetlands protection and regulatory programs or others that encourage acquisition and conservation of wetlands.
2646:
2567:
2547:
2414:
2303:
2249:
2124:
412:..." The Corps had found that the water areas on the SWANCC site are used as habitat by migratory birds that cross state lines.
2203:
2160:
1472:
326:
2494:
2474:
2185:
2130:
2012:
1779:
1761:
1350:
535:
1200:
1523:
337:
waters, interstate waters, or their tributaries are "waters of the United States" under Section 404. The question left for
2103:
1621:
2067:
479:
Estimates of waters and wetland acreage likely to be removed from the section 404 permitting program as a result of the
1004:
U.S. Const. art. I, sec. 8, cl. 3: "The Congress shall have Power... To regulate Commerce ... among the several States
627:
regulation. Major wetland types that potentially would not be regulated include prairie potholes of the Upper Midwest,
2532:
2479:
2449:
2332:
2154:
1959:
1135:
381:
427:
The district court granted summary judgment to the Corps of Engineers on the jurisdictional issue. On appeal, the
400:, playa lakes, or natural ponds, the use, degradation, or destruction of which could affect interstate commerce
2522:
2459:
2338:
2321:
2191:
2097:
2061:
1077:
510:
2610:
2605:
2542:
1865:
1293:
738:
970:
134:
2390:
2197:
1162:, 214 F.3d 483 (4th Cir. 2000), petition for cert. filed, 69 U.S.L.W. 3383 (November 22, 2000) (No. 00-844).
452:
1424:
992:
138:
123:
1052:
523:
506:
210:
2055:
2510:
2499:
2384:
2377:
2091:
1967:
1499:
1372:
1302:
1144:
1086:
1061:
864:
806:
150:
75:
2043:
2593:
1719:
1671:
699:
2489:
2484:
2006:
1491:
1406:
405:
322:
238:
172:
1515:
1415:
559:
to which the CWA extends.) Plainly, the degree of section 404 program contraction occasioned by
384:. Both before and after Riverside Bayview, the lower courts have wrestled with these questions.
2666:
2552:
2179:
2109:
2025:
1117:
1107:
202:
194:
2469:
1397:
1018:
928:
303:
353:-area cities and villages, sought to develop landfill for baled nonhazardous solid waste (
2148:
1985:
1823:
1703:
575:
464:
377:
307:
281:
234:
222:
176:
1379:
646:
decision affects not only privately owned lands but also isolated waters and wetlands on
341:
was whether waters and wetlands not so adjacent, "isolated waters," are also so covered.
18:
Solid Waste Agency of North Cook County (SWANCC) v. United States Army Corps of Engineers
2562:
1343:
1305:
1147:
1089:
1064:
867:
809:
695:
691:
246:
214:
914:
2630:
2577:
2557:
897:
841:
2464:
687:
683:
601:
By interpreting the scope of "waters of the United States" as used in section 404,
388:
299:
Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County (SWANCC) v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
226:
1441:
783:
289:
78:
1175:
1024:(1986), exceeds the authority granted to respondents under §404(a) of the CWA.").
2582:
711:
647:
2018:
1906:
Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council
1121:
628:
563:
will depend on which aspects of the decision shape the government's response.
397:
142:
94:
65:
Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County. v. Army Corps of Engineers, et al.
653:
In addition to the section 404 program, questions arise about impacts of the
2291:
2031:
1949:
974:
675:
116:
90:
1021:
931:
1433:
593:. One might think the concept of adjacency to be relatively clear, but in
703:
358:
354:
311:
131:
127:
350:
1578:
Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council
1283:
on the 401 Certification Program." Memorandum, January 25, 2001. 5 p.
988:
Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. Army Corps of Engineers
966:
Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. Army Corps of Engineers
799:
Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. Army Corps of Engineers
707:
671:
112:
1365:
Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook Cty. v. Army Corps of Engineers
35:
Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook Cty. v. Army Corps of Engineers
679:
2118:
Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission
120:
1804:
Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1788:
Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon
1445:
41:
1922:
National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense
1874:
National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
1796:
National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife
1712:
HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association
1890:
Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council
1858:
S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection
1850:
South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe
736:
were resolved by the Supreme Court's subsequent ruling in
2538:
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
2642:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
1570:
Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy
822:
public domain material from this U.S government document
1812:
United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club
1656:
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA
1532:
Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services
263:
Rehnquist, joined by O'Connor, Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas
756:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 531
2328:
Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
2448:
2400:
2168:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
1982:
1948:
1822:
1760:
1730:
1620:
1550:
1479:
275:
267:
259:
254:
183:
165:
157:
107:
102:
70:
60:
53:
34:
2298:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
2352:Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA
2410:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2174:Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
1540:BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore
581:The guidance goes on to state its view that the
518:recent Commerce Clause decision in which, as in
119:1995); affirmed in part, reversed in part, 101
2420:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1664:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
1586:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen
856:United States v. Riverside Bayview Homes, Inc.
372:United States v. Riverside Bayview Homes, Inc.
2430:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2080:Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act
1457:
429:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
302:, 531 U.S. 159 (2001), was a decision by the
8:
1640:Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council
2286:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
1602:Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council
1594:Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance
271:Stevens, joined by Souter, Ginsburg, Breyer
2280:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
1688:American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut
1680:Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.
1632:Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council
1547:
1464:
1450:
1442:
31:
2038:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
2007:Forest Service Organic Administration Act
1648:Whitman v. American Trucking Associations
1033:121 S. Ct. at 680 (emphasis in original).
761:List of United States Supreme Court cases
376:matter, within Congress' power under the
357:) on a 533-acre (2.16 km) parcel in
2001:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act
1216:, 474 U.S. at 124, 135 (emphasis added).
161:Remanded, 248 F.3d 1159 (7th Cir. 2001).
2435:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
772:
2528:National Ambient Air Quality Standards
2371:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
2268:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
2256:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
1930:County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund
1201:United States v. Appalachian Power Co.
2677:United States Army Corps of Engineers
2672:Waste management in the United States
2616:Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action
2137:Environmental Quality Improvement Act
1914:Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co.
1524:Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation
1186:
1184:
137:(N.D. Ill. 1998); affirmed; 191 F.3d
29:2001 United States Supreme Court case
7:
2345:Energy Independence and Security Act
2316:National Environmental Education Act
794:
792:
306:that interpreted a provision of the
2657:Government of Cook County, Illinois
2588:Significant New Alternatives Policy
2440:U.S. Global Change Research Program
1750:Southern Union Co. v. United States
1696:Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA
1610:Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms
955:S. Rep. No. 92-1236, at 144 (1972).
513:. To be sure, the Supreme Court in
317:The Court held that the use of the
2365:America's Water Infrastructure Act
2355:(D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012)
2074:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
1834:United States v. Riverside Bayview
1772:Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill
1742:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
507:possession of guns in school zones
47:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
2637:United States Supreme Court cases
2381:(5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022)
2143:National Environmental Policy Act
2121:(2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965)
1882:Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.
1842:SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers
1375:159 (2001) is available from:
451:The majority opinion, written by
2568:Presidential Climate Action Plan
2548:New Source Performance Standards
2415:Council on Environmental Quality
2304:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act
1337: This article incorporates
1332:
813:
732:Some of the issues left open by
40:
2204:Water Resources Development Act
2161:Coastal Zone Management Program
1473:United States environmental law
327:Environmental Protection Agency
2652:2001 in United States case law
2495:Environmental impact statement
2475:Corporate average fuel economy
2359:Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act
1780:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
1351:Congressional Research Service
666:As noted previously, prior to
536:Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899
1:
1042:See text accompanying note 7.
934:, 41217 (1986) (in preamble).
2662:United States water case law
2274:Toxic Substances Control Act
325:," adopted by the Corps and
179:, as interpreted by the EPA.
2533:National Climate Assessment
2480:Discharge Monitoring Report
2333:Food Quality Protection Act
2155:Coastal Zone Management Act
1102:Percival, Robert V (2021).
529:The problem underlying the
321:of the long-controversial "
2693:
2310:Global Change Research Act
1960:United States v. Bestfoods
1434:Oyez (oral argument audio)
1204:, 311 U.S. 377, 408 (1940)
820:This article incorporates
2583:Section 608 Certification
2523:Maximum contaminant level
2460:Best available technology
2106:(1963, 1970, 1977, 1990)
2086:Air Pollution Control Act
2050:Migratory Bird Treaty Act
1078:United States v. Morrison
995: (7th Cir. 1999).
635:lost in the past decade.
280:
188:
175:exceeds the scope of the
170:
39:
2611:Toxicity category rating
2606:Total maximum daily load
2543:National Priorities List
2425:Office of Surface Mining
2250:Federal Noxious Weed Act
2151:(1972, 1977, 1987, 2014)
2125:Solid Waste Disposal Act
1866:Rapanos v. United States
1294:Rapanos v. United States
1104:Environmental Regulation
971:998 F. Supp. 946
739:Rapanos v. United States
463:The dissent, written by
349:SWANCC, a consortium of
2647:2001 in the environment
2573:Renewable Fuel Standard
2391:Inflation Reduction Act
2198:Safe Drinking Water Act
1281:SWANCC v. United States
453:Chief Justice Rehnquist
56:Decided January 9, 2001
54:Argued October 31, 2000
2186:Endangered Species Act
2131:Endangered Species Act
2013:Rivers and Harbors Act
1562:United States v. SCRAP
1508:Vermont Yankee v. NRDC
1339:public domain material
1136:Jones v. United States
1053:United States v. Lopez
882:, 474 U.S. at 131 n.8.
623:the Court's decision.
524:Endangered Species Act
511:violence against women
402:
2511:Executive Order 13990
2505:Executive Order 13432
2500:Environmental justice
2385:CHIPS and Science Act
2092:Fish and Wildlife Act
1968:Guam v. United States
1500:Sierra Club v. Morton
394:
314:-permitting program.
2594:State of the Climate
2262:Magnuson–Stevens Act
2068:McSweeney-McNary Act
1720:West Virginia v. EPA
1672:Massachusetts v. EPA
1106:. pp. 657–717.
993:191 F.3d 845
467:, stated that given
89:121 S. Ct. 675; 148
2558:Not-To-Exceed (NTE)
2490:Environmental crime
2485:Effluent guidelines
2246:, 2014, 2016, 2022)
1986:federal legislation
1492:Missouri v. Holland
1425:Library of Congress
610:Policy implications
406:migratory bird rule
323:migratory bird rule
239:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
211:Sandra Day O'Connor
173:migratory bird rule
2378:Louisiana v. Biden
2292:CERCLA (Superfund)
2200:(1974, 1986, 1996)
1516:Hughes v. Oklahoma
1320:, 547 U.S. at 739.
1279:Board. "Effect of
1228:, 474 U.S. at 134.
946:, 474 U.S. at 133.
496:Legal implications
404:Third, the Corps'
319:Corps of Engineers
199:Associate Justices
2624:
2623:
2553:New Source Review
2339:Energy Policy Act
2322:Oil Pollution Act
2192:Oil Pollution Act
2180:Noise Control Act
2110:Acid Rain Program
2098:Oil Pollution Act
2062:Oil Pollution Act
2056:Clarke–McNary Act
1978:
1977:
1938:Sackett v. EPA II
1226:Riverside Bayview
1214:Riverside Bayview
1113:978-1-5438-2616-6
944:Riverside Bayview
880:Riverside Bayview
595:Riverside Bayview
591:Riverside Bayview
545:Riverside Bayview
469:Riverside Bayview
295:
294:
195:William Rehnquist
141:(7th Cir. 1999);
16:(Redirected from
2684:
2470:Clean Power Plan
2402:Federal agencies
2044:Weeks–McLean Act
1898:Sackett v. EPA I
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1160:Gibbs v. Babbitt
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423:
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332:Long before the
304:US Supreme Court
184:Court membership
153:1129 (2000).
44:
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2149:Clean Water Act
1993:
1992:and lower court
1991:
1989:
1984:
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1818:
1756:
1726:
1704:Michigan v. EPA
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1255:Id. at 137-139.
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662:State authority
612:
606:(section 401).
576:Great Salt Lake
498:
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465:Justice Stevens
461:
438:
421:
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409:
378:Commerce Clause
347:
308:Clean Water Act
282:Clean Water Act
237:
235:Clarence Thomas
225:
223:Anthony Kennedy
213:
203:John P. Stevens
177:Clean Water Act
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2563:PACE financing
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898:§ 1362(7)
891:CWA § 502(7);
884:
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842:§ 1344(c)
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780:33 U.S.C.
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958:
952:
949:
945:
940:
937:
933:
930:
924:
921:
916:
913:
907:
904:
899:
895:
888:
885:
881:
876:
873:
869:
866:
862:
858:
857:
851:
848:
843:
839:
831:
828:
825:
823:
812: (2001).
811:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
776:
773:
766:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
749:
747:
745:
741:
740:
735:
728:
725:
723:
719:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
661:
659:
656:
651:
649:
645:
640:
636:
632:
630:
624:
620:
617:
609:
607:
604:
599:
596:
592:
586:
584:
579:
577:
572:
570:
564:
562:
557:
552:
548:
546:
541:
537:
532:
527:
525:
521:
516:
512:
508:
503:
500:In 2001, the
495:
493:
490:
485:
482:
474:
472:
470:
466:
458:
456:
454:
449:
446:
443:
435:
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430:
425:
413:
407:
401:
399:
393:
390:
385:
383:
379:
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373:
366:
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360:
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352:
344:
342:
340:
335:
330:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:Case opinions
253:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:Chief Justice
190:
189:
187:
182:
178:
174:
169:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
133:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
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80:
77:
73:
69:
66:
63:
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52:
48:
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2592:
2465:Citizen suit
2453:and concepts
2376:
2350:
2116:
1966:
1958:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1841:
1840:
1832:
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1802:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1748:
1740:
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1662:
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1646:
1638:
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1608:
1600:
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1560:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1506:
1498:
1490:
1364:
1344:
1331:
1317:
1313:
1308: (2006).
1292:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1264:Id. at 9-10.
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1195:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1150: (2000).
1134:
1130:
1103:
1097:
1092: (2000).
1076:
1072:
1067: (1995).
1051:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1013:
1000:
987:
982:
965:
960:
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943:
939:
923:
906:
887:
879:
875:
870: (1985).
854:
850:
830:
819:
798:
775:
743:
737:
733:
731:
726:
720:
716:
688:South Dakota
684:North Dakota
667:
665:
654:
652:
648:public lands
643:
641:
637:
633:
625:
621:
615:
613:
602:
600:
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386:
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370:
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276:Laws applied
242:
230:
227:David Souter
218:
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103:Case history
82:
64:
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2450:Regulations
977: 1998).
912:33 CFR
784:§ 1344
712:Mississippi
629:wet meadows
398:wet meadows
290:§ 1344
145:. granted,
130:1996); 998
2631:Categories
2019:Refuse Act
1176:§ 407
1122:1252739235
767:References
345:Background
158:Subsequent
95:U.S. LEXIS
93:576; 2001
2032:Weeks Act
2026:Lacey Act
1994:decisions
1990:treaties,
1484:decisions
975:N.D. Ill.
894:33 U.S.C.
838:33 U.S.C.
676:Louisiana
389:navigable
117:N.D. Ill.
91:L. Ed. 2d
71:Citations
2667:Landfill
2517:LDV Rule
1363:Text of
750:See also
704:Nebraska
436:Decision
416:statutes
359:Illinois
355:balefill
312:wetlands
260:Majority
132:F. Supp.
128:7th Cir.
2157:(1972)
2015:(1899)
1398:Findlaw
1380:Cornell
1328:Sources
1318:Rapanos
918:(a)(3).
744:Rapanos
727:Rapanos
700:Georgia
556:SWANCC'
459:Dissent
380:of the
351:Chicago
268:Dissent
166:Holding
2602:(2010)
2519:(2010)
2513:(2022)
2507:(2007)
2393:(2022)
2387:(2022)
2373:(2021)
2367:(2018)
2361:(2016)
2347:(2007)
2341:(2005)
2335:(1996)
2324:(1990)
2318:(1990)
2312:(1990)
2306:(1986)
2300:(1986)
2294:(1980)
2288:(1978)
2282:(1977)
2276:(1976)
2270:(1976)
2264:(1976)
2258:(1975)
2252:(1975)
2194:(1973)
2188:(1973)
2182:(1972)
2176:(1972)
2170:(1972)
2145:(1970)
2139:(1970)
2133:(1969)
2127:(1965)
2100:(1961)
2094:(1956)
2088:(1955)
2082:(1954)
2076:(1934)
2070:(1928)
2064:(1924)
2058:(1924)
2052:(1918)
2046:(1913)
2040:(1911)
2034:(1911)
2028:(1900)
2009:(1897)
2003:(1872)
1971:(2021)
1963:(1998)
1950:CERCLA
1941:(2023)
1933:(2020)
1925:(2018)
1917:(2016)
1909:(2013)
1901:(2012)
1893:(2009)
1885:(2009)
1877:(2007)
1869:(2006)
1861:(2006)
1853:(2004)
1845:(2001)
1837:(1985)
1815:(2021)
1807:(2018)
1799:(2007)
1791:(1995)
1783:(1992)
1775:(1978)
1753:(2012)
1745:(1978)
1723:(2022)
1715:(2021)
1707:(2015)
1699:(2014)
1691:(2011)
1683:(2007)
1675:(2007)
1667:(2004)
1659:(2004)
1651:(2001)
1643:(1984)
1635:(1975)
1613:(2010)
1605:(2008)
1597:(2004)
1589:(2004)
1581:(1983)
1573:(1983)
1565:(1973)
1543:(2021)
1535:(2000)
1527:(1990)
1519:(1979)
1511:(1978)
1503:(1972)
1495:(1920)
1437:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1416:Justia
1413:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1377:
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1276:SWANCC
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710:, and
708:Kansas
672:Alaska
668:SWANCC
655:SWANCC
644:SWANCC
616:SWANCC
603:SWANCC
583:SWANCC
569:SWANCC
561:SWANCC
551:SWANCC
540:SWANCC
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520:SWANCC
515:SWANCC
502:SWANCC
489:SWANCC
481:SWANCC
475:Impact
442:SWANCC
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339:SWANCC
334:SWANCC
288:
245:
243:·
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231:·
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108:Prior
2244:2007
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2228:1992
2224:1990
2220:1988
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2212:1976
2208:1974
1732:RCRA
1552:NEPA
1373:U.S.
1303:U.S.
1145:U.S.
1118:OCLC
1108:ISBN
1087:U.S.
1062:U.S.
865:U.S.
807:U.S.
642:The
509:and
487:The
440:The
171:The
151:U.S.
143:cert
121:F.3d
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