179:
technology that is viewed as potentially having many benefits for its users, such as verifying one’s identity in security systems. This system uses biometrics to quantify and map out distinguishing facial features. However, face recognition as a technological fix for safety and security concerns comes with issues of privacy and discrimination. In the case of face recognition technology being used by the San Diego County police department, Black men were being falsely accused of crimes due to being mistakenly identified by the software. Additionally, San Diego police used the face recognition software on
African Americans up to twice as often than on other people. The cases of discrimination perpetuated by the face recognition tool led to a three-year ban on its use starting in 2019. Instead of addressing systemic and historically embedded issues of inequalities among racial groups, the face recognition technology was used to perpetuate discrimination and support police in doing their jobs unfairly and inaccurately.
183:
used to fix the underlying issues of the cost of employees to make child welfare case decisions and to eliminate human biases in the decision-making process. However, researchers at
Carnegie Mellon University found that the tool discriminates against Black families, who are statistically underserved and have historically lived in lower-income areas. This historical data caused by systemic disparities causes the algorithm to flag a greater percentage of children of Black families as high risk than children of White families. By using data based on historical biases, the automated decisions further fuel racial disparities, and actually accomplish the opposite of the intended outcomes.
510:. Due to the efficiency of DDT, it was soon adopted as a farm pesticide to help maximise crop yields to consequently cope with the rising populations food demands post WWII. This pesticide proved to be extremely effective in killing bugs and animals on crops, and was often referred as the "wonder-chemical". However, despite being banned for over forty years, we are still facing the externalities of this technology. It was found that DDT had major health impacts on both humans and animals. It was found that DDT accumulated within the fatty cells of both humans and animals and therefore highlights that technological fixes have their negatives as well as positives.
255:
563:
483:
problem is that industries often incorporate technology whose performance and effectiveness are not yet proven, without careful validation and reflection.” Algorithms may offer immediate relief to problems or an optimistic outlook to the current issues at hand, but they can also create more problems that require even more complex solutions. Sometimes, the use of algorithms as a technological fix leaves us asking, “Did anyone ask for this?” and wondering whether the benefits outweigh the harms. These tradeoffs should be rigorously assessed in order to determine if an algorithm is truly the most appropriate solution.
175:
decision-making by humans, often to reduce labor costs, increase efficiency, or reduce human bias. These solutions serve as a “quick and flawless way to solve complex real world problems… but technology isn’t magic”. The use of algorithms as fixes, however, are not addressing the root causes of these problems. Instead, algorithms are more often being used as “band-aid” solutions that may provide temporary relief, but do not ameliorate the issue for good. Additionally, these fixes tend to come with their own problems, some of which are even more harmful than the original problem.
624:
226:
246:
694:
235:
89:
514:
36:
452:. Interventions at large scale run a greater risk of unintended disruptions of natural systems, resulting in a dilemma that such disruptions might be more damaging than the climate damage that they offset. However, the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of the trajectory of climate change without them.
479:
as a one-size-fits-all solution because each problem comes with its own context and implications. While algorithms can offer solutions, it can also amplify discriminatory harms, especially to already marginalized groups. These externalities include racial bias, gender bias, and disability discrimination.
478:
Evgeny
Morozov, writer and researcher on social implications of technology, has said, “A new problem-solving infrastructure is new; new types of solutions become possible that weren’t possible 15 years ago”. The issue with the use of algorithms as technological fixes is that they shouldn’t be applied
384:
shrank from 68% to 62%. In 2022, renewables accounted for 30% of global electricity generation and are projected to reach over 42% by 2028. Many countries already have renewables contributing more than 20% of their total energy supply, with some generating over half or even all their electricity from
178:
One example of algorithms as a technological fix for increasing public safety is face recognition software, which has been used by the San Diego County police department and the
Pittsburgh police department, among other government security organizations. Face recognition is an example of algorithmic
138:
The technological fix is the idea that all problems can find solutions in better and new technologies. It now is used as a dismissive phrase to describe cheap, quick fixes by using inappropriate technologies; these fixes often create more problems than they solve or give people a sense that they have
782:
and states that technical fixes for climate change such as geoengineering bring significant risks as "we simply don't know enough about the Earth system to be able to re-engineer it safely". According to her the proposed technique of dimming the rays of the sun with sulphate-spraying helium balloons
182:
Another example of algorithms being used as a technological fix is tools to automate decision-making, such as in the cases of Oregon’s Child
Welfare Risk Tool and the Pittsburgh Allegheny County Family Screening Tool (AFST). In these cases, algorithms replacing humans as decision makers have been
469:
consequences of technology. It is evident that everything new and innovative can potentially have negative effects, especially if it is a new area of development. Although technologies are invented and developed to solve certain perceived problems, they often create other problems in the process.
370:
Renewable energy systems have rapidly become more efficient and cheaper over the past 30 years. A large majority of worldwide newly installed electricity capacity is now renewable. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, have seen significant cost reductions over the past decade,
152:
defines this as "Recasting all complex social situations either as neat problems with definite, computable solutions or as transparent and self-evident processes that can be easily optimized – if only the right algorithms are in place." Morozov has defined this perspective as an ideology that is
482:
Oftentimes, algorithms are implemented into systems without a clear understanding of whether or not it is an appropriate solution to a problem. In
Understanding perception of algorithmic decisions: Fairness, trust, and emotion in response to algorithmic management, Min Kyung Lee writes, “...the
174:
The definition of algorithms according to the Oxford
Languages dictionary is “a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, especially by a computer.” Algorithms are increasingly used as technological fixes in modern society to replace tasks or
164:, rather than focusing on the arduous process of passing laws to tax carbon, etc. Another example is the use of technological tools alone to solve complex sociopolitical crises such as pandemics, or the belief that such crises can be solved through the integration of technical fixes alone.
800:
Various experts and environmental groups have also come forward with their concerns over views and approaches that look for techno fixes as solutions and warn that those would be "misguided, unjust, profoundly arrogant and endlessly dangerous" approaches as well as over the prospect of a
707:. The capital to build and create these technologies are usually low, yet labour is high. Local expertise can be used to maintain these technologies making them very quick and effective to build and repair. An example of an intermediate technology can be seen by
156:
While some criticizes this approach to the issues of today as detrimental to efforts to truly solve these problems, opponents find merits in such approach to technological improvement of our society as complements to existing activists and policy efforts.
147:
In the contemporary context, technological fix is sometimes used to refer to the idea of using data and intelligent algorithms to supplement and improve human decision making in hope that this would result in ameliorating the bigger problem. One critic,
1629:
Passive daytime radiative cooling dissipates terrestrial heat to the extremely cold outer space without using any energy input or producing pollution. It has the potential to simultaneously alleviate the two major problems of energy crisis and global
765:
they show why negative unintended consequences of science and technology are inherently unavoidable and unpredictable, why counter-technologies or techno-fixes are no lasting solutions, and why modern technology in current context does not promote
752:
would not be appropriate, as it would not suit the technological advancement apparent in these countries. Therefore, appropriate technological fixes take into consideration the level of development within a country before implementing them.
123:
Some references define technological fix as an "attempt to repair the harm of a technology by modification of the system", that might involve modification of the machine and/or modification of the procedures for operating and maintaining it.
1584:
One possibly alternative approach is passive radiative cooling—a sky-facing surface on the Earth spontaneously cools by radiating heat to the ultracold outer space through the atmosphere's longwave infrared (LWIR) transparency window
379:
are the cheapest new-build electricity. From 2011 to 2021, renewable energy grew from 20% to 28% of global electricity supply. Power from the sun and wind accounted for most of this increase, growing from a combined 2% to 10%. Use of
582:
have revolutionised civilisation and technology. However, whilst the technology was new and innovative, helping to connect places through the ability of transport, it was not recognised at the time that burning fossil fuels, such as
1752:
648:
is an example of a high-tech technological fix. The creation of the multi-purpose navigation hydropower and flood control scheme was designed to fix the issues with flooding whilst providing efficient, clean renewable
1497:
1212:
336:, although this is controversial. Renewable energy installations can be large or small and are suited for both urban and rural areas. Renewable energy is often deployed together with further
669:). The dam is the largest operating hydroelectric facility in terms of annual energy generation, generating 83.7 TWh in 2013 and 98.8 TWh in 2014, while the annual energy generation of the
1398:
1736:
1182:
991:
127:
Technological fixes are inevitable in modern technology. It has been observed that many technologies, although invented and developed to solve certain perceived problems, often
681:
was 98.6 TWh in 2013 and 87.8 in 2014. It was estimated to have cost over ÂŁ25 billion. There have been many externalities from this technology, such as the extinction of the
778:
595:. This is an explicit example of an externality caused by a technological fix, as the problems caused from the development of the technology was not recognised at the time.
160:
An example of the criticism is how policy makers may be tempted to think that installing smart energy monitors would help people conserve energy better, thus improving
1427:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of
Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1465:
783:
in order to mimic the cooling effect on the atmosphere of large volcanic eruptions for instance is highly dangerous and such schemes will surely be attempted if
1444:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1204:
658:
2142:
333:
1068:
415:
914:
2043:
1137:
Armaroli, Nicola; Balzani, Vincenzo (2016). "Solar
Electricity and Solar Fuels: Status and Perspectives in the Context of the Energy Transition".
1912:
1837:"World Health Organization. DDT and its derivatives. Environmental aspects. Environmental Health Criteria. Geneva, Switzerland, 1989; Vol. 83".
1663:
558:
DDT moderately toxic to amphibians like frogs, toads, and salamanders. Immature amphibians are more sensitive to the effects of DDT than adults.
966:
835:
820:
1853:
Toxicology Profile for (Update); U. S. Department of Human Health & Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1994
1390:
729:
Technology that suits the level of income, skills and needs of the people. Therefore, this factor encompasses both high and low technologies.
1483:
1174:
92:
Renewable energy is one primary example of a technological fix, as it has been designed to combat the issues associated with climate change.
1737:"Removing CO2 From the Air Only Hope for Fixing Climate Change, New Study Says; Without 'negative emissions' to help return atmospheric CO
2166:
1139:
254:
2091:
154:
2000:
888:
776:
is a prominent opponent of the view that simply technological fixes will solve our problems. She explained her concerns in her book
427:
75:
57:
1040:
562:
195:
is an example of the use of technology to restore the environment. This can be seen through various different strategies such as:
2229:
2193:
1532:
An alternative, third geoengineering approach would be enhanced cooling by thermal radiation from the Earth's surface into space.
1102:
46:
2117:
685:, an increase in pollution, as the river can no longer 'flush' itself, and over 4 million locals being displaced in the area.
2224:
825:
612:
are large scale and require huge sums of investment and revenue to be created. Examples of these high technologies are dams,
128:
414:, when applied at a planetary scale. However, these two processes have very different characteristics. For this reason, the
617:
1263:
616:, and airports. They usually cause externalities on other factors such as the environment, are highly expensive, and are
135:. In other words, there would be modification of the basic hardware, modification of techniques and procedures, or both.
411:
623:
430:
into the climate engineering category. This technology increases the Earth's thermal emittance. The media tends to use
801:
technological 'fix' for global warming, however impractical, causing lessened political pressure for a real solution.
748:
and can be maintained by local skills, making them affordable and efficient. However, to implement rain barrels in a
1422:
579:
1938:
1866:
419:
349:
1439:
444:
Some types of climate engineering are highly controversial due to the large uncertainties around effectiveness,
830:
264:
1234:
555:
Highly toxic to aquatic animals. DDT affects various systems in aquatic animals including the heart and brain.
449:
1965:
1519:
724:
407:
268:
784:
682:
2092:"This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs the Climate review – Naomi Klein's powerful and urgent polemic"
1672:
165:
1992:
Financial Market Integration and Growth: Structural Change and Economic Dynamics in the European Union
1916:
697:
439:
1520:"Radiative cooling through the atmospheric window: A third, less intrusive geoengineering approach"
875:
The sacred and the limits of the technological fix AR Drengson – Zygon®, 1984, Wiley Online Library
613:
403:
396:
372:
352:
sources are those that have a fluctuating nature, such as wind power and solar power. In contrast,
200:
1311:
936:
50:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
1748:
1705:
1620:
1489:
733:
704:
662:
435:
305:
1741:
to 350 ppm, future generations could face costs that 'may become too heavy to bear,' paper says"
1671:. FNI Climate Policy Perspectives. Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI), Perspectives. Archived from
761:
Michael and Joyce Huesemann caution against the hubris of large-scale techno-fixes In the book
693:
1996:
1575:
1479:
1467:
Reflecting Sunlight: Recommendations for Solar Geoengineering Research and Research Governance
1446:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2215–2256,
1374:
1156:
1119:
1015:
793:
788:
749:
1665:
Climate Engineering – Avoiding Pandora's Box through Research and Governance
1610:
1565:
1557:
1471:
1447:
1148:
1111:
1097:
645:
632:
628:
423:
365:
357:
345:
329:
297:
276:
213:
196:
1721:
1093:
892:
810:
337:
245:
885:
2019:
552:
Decreases the reproductive rate of birds by causing eggshell thinning and embryo deaths.
1643:
1570:
1545:
1361:
992:"Pittsburgh City Council introduces police facial recognition, predictive policing ban"
840:
815:
767:
737:
712:
503:
309:
284:
192:
161:
149:
88:
1285:
2218:
1696:
Trakimavicius, Lukas. "Playing God with climate: the EU's geoengineering conundrum".
1624:
1599:"Passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, material designs, and applications"
1493:
670:
381:
280:
132:
418:
no longer uses this overarching term. Carbon dioxide removal approaches are part of
495:
313:
2143:"'Under A White Sky' Examines What It Might Take For Humans To Continue To Exist"
1990:
1069:"How an algorithm that screens for child neglect could harden racial disparities"
1041:"Oregon is dropping an artificial intelligence tool used in child welfare system"
517:
DDT being sprayed (1958, The United States' National Malaria Eradication Program)
2065:
864:
773:
609:
445:
272:
234:
113:
1561:
1337:
371:
making them more competitive with traditional fossil fuels. In most countries,
225:
2167:"Geoengineering Has No Place Among Serious Climate Solutions, Declare Experts"
1451:
1369:
1259:
708:
650:
575:
507:
376:
321:
317:
117:
1774:
1546:"A structural polymer for highly efficient all-day passive radiative cooling"
1429:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA
1123:
434:
also for other technologies such as glacier stabilization, ocean liming, and
2044:"Moonshots for the Earth: are there technological fixes for climate change?"
1365:
787:
gets seriously under way. Such concerns are explored in their complexity in
741:
592:
588:
513:
361:
341:
325:
1890:
1806:
1579:
1160:
1152:
120:
to solve a problem (often created by earlier technological interventions).
17:
1391:"Some Good News: 10 Countries Generate Almost 100% Renewable Electricity"
678:
666:
288:
1597:
Chen, Meijie; Pang, Dan; Chen, Xingyu; Yan, Hongjie; Yang, Yuan (2022).
967:"With State Ban Set to Expire, Local Police Could Bring Back Facial Rec"
153:
especially prevalent in Silicon Valley, and defined it as "solutionism".
1615:
1598:
1544:
Wang, Tong; Wu, Yi; Shi, Lan; Hu, Xinhua; Chen, Min; Wu, Limin (2021).
1115:
884:
The Technological Fix Critique of Agricultural Biotechnology, D Scott,
703:
Is usually small-scale and cheap technologies that are usually seen in
499:
1443:
1426:
2194:"Scientists: We Cannot Geoengineer Our Way Out of the Climate Crisis"
1662:
Matthias Honegger; Axel Michaelowa; Sonja Butzengeiger-Geyer (2012).
1417:
1415:
674:
301:
1657:
1655:
1205:"Renewable Energy Now Accounts for a Third of Global Power Capacity"
1475:
654:
561:
512:
87:
584:
937:"Techno solutionism—very few things actually need to be an app"
736:
that implement technologies that suit their expertise, such as
491:
29:
27:
Attempt at using engineering or technology to solve a problem
1913:"Three Gorges breaks world record for hydropower generation"
763:
Techno-Fix: Why Technology Won't Save Us Or the Environment
332:
are also significant in some countries. Some also consider
47:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1464:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering (2021-03-25).
498:
to control a range of different illnesses, varying from
915:"Toward a Complex, Realistic, and Moral Tech Criticism"
903:
E. Morozov, To Save Everything, Click Here (2013), pg 5
53:
886:
http://wiki.umt.edu/odc/images/d/db/TechFixISU6-25.pdf
348:
efficiently and is clean at the point of consumption.
779:
This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate
2118:"A Review of Naomi Klein, This Changes Everything"
422:. Solar radiation modification is reflecting some
312:. The most widely used renewable energy types are
1312:"Share of electricity production from renewables"
406:(or geoengineering) is an umbrella term for both
1100:(2011). "Towards an electricity-powered world".
1775:"NPIC – National Pesticide Information Centre"
1260:Renewables 2020 Analysis and forecast to 2025
1016:"Understanding Facial Recognition Algorithms"
865:http://www.projectworldview.org/wvtheme46.htm
340:. This has several benefits: electricity can
8:
1518:Zevenhovena, Ron; Fält, Martin (June 2018).
1989:Welfens, Paul J. J.; Ryan, Cillian (2011).
1867:"internal-combustion engine: Introduction"
1807:"The DDT Story | Pesticide Action Network"
1063:
1061:
930:
928:
2085:
2083:
1995:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1614:
1569:
416:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1941:. Business News Americas. 5 January 2015
1915:. Xinhua. 1 January 2014. Archived from
692:
622:
852:
426:back to space. Some publications place
1966:"GoConqr - Types of technological fix"
1755:from the original on November 17, 2019
1717:
1713:
1703:
1292:(renewable energies): 44. 14 June 2019
960:
958:
956:
836:Social engineering (political science)
821:Differential technological development
599:Different types of technological fixes
334:nuclear power a renewable power source
263:Examples of renewable energy options:
2014:
2012:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1530:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1401:from the original on 17 November 2021
494:was initially use by the Military in
442:processes that take place in oceans.
7:
1185:from the original on 29 January 2019
913:Alexis C. Madrigal (13 March 2013).
129:create other problems in the process
2192:Carpenter, Zoë (10 February 2015).
1939:"Drought curbs Itaipu hydro output"
1423:Chapter 1: Introduction and Framing
591:, inside the engines would release
533:Miscarriages & low birth weight
438:of oceans. The latter would modify
1266:from the original on 26 April 2021
732:An example of this can be seen by
25:
2046:. New Statesman. 29 November 2015
1215:from the original on 2 April 2019
863:Parthenon Books 2009. Excerpt at
549:DDT is toxic to birds when eaten.
539:Nervous system & liver damage
2090:Gray, John (22 September 2014).
1389:Sensiba, Jennifer (2021-10-28).
1368:; Rosado, Pablo (January 2024).
1235:"2023 Levelized Cost Of Energy+"
1175:"Global renewable energy trends"
1103:Energy and Environmental Science
395:This section is an excerpt from
253:
244:
233:
224:
212:This section is an excerpt from
34:
2141:Frank, Adam (8 February 2021).
1735:Zahra Hirji (October 6, 2016).
1500:from the original on 2021-04-17
1140:Chemistry – A European Journal
1047:. Associated Press. 2022-06-02
826:Law of Unintended Consequences
657:. The Three Gorges Dam is the
1:
2020:"Appropriate Technology text"
659:world's largest power station
354:controllable renewable energy
1338:"Renewables - Energy System"
412:solar radiation modification
861:The Worldview Literacy Book
580:internal combustion engines
461:Externalities refer to the
306:renewable natural resources
2246:
1645:Geoengineering: the Gamble
1562:10.1038/s41467-020-20646-7
965:Marx, Jesse (2022-08-24).
722:
527:Breast & other cancers
424:sunlight (solar radiation)
394:
308:that are replenished on a
211:
191:The technological fix for
112:refers to attempts to use
1452:10.1017/9781009157896.022
744:. These technologies are
428:passive radiative cooling
420:climate change mitigation
350:Variable renewable energy
2068:. New Society Publishers
831:Philosophy of technology
719:Appropriate technologies
269:molten salt heat storage
265:concentrated solar power
2230:Problem solving methods
935:Samantha (2021-03-24).
689:Intermediate technology
450:unforeseen consequences
356:sources include dammed
1642:Gernot Wagner (2021).
1262:(Report). p. 12.
1153:10.1002/chem.201503580
770:but instead collapse.
725:Appropriate technology
700:
636:
604:High-tech megaprojects
567:
518:
408:carbon dioxide removal
106:technological shortcut
93:
56:by rewriting it in an
2225:Technology in society
1745:insideclimatenews.org
1550:Nature Communications
996:Pittsburgh City Paper
785:abrupt climate change
696:
683:Chinese River Dolphin
626:
620:governmental plans.
565:
516:
300:(or green energy) is
275:in South Africa; the
91:
1290:Global Status Report
941:Digital Rights Watch
734:developing countries
705:developing countries
698:Rainwater harvesting
651:hydro-electric power
614:nuclear power plants
440:carbon sequestration
143:Contemporary context
139:solved the problem.
110:(techno-)solutionism
1893:. Itaipu Binacional
1440:Annex VII: Glossary
715:and pumpkin tanks.
536:Developmental delay
432:climate engineering
404:Climate engineering
397:Climate engineering
390:Climate engineering
201:climate engineering
2173:. 16 February 2015
1919:on January 2, 2015
1871:www.infoplease.com
1749:InsideClimate News
1714:|access-date=
1616:10.1002/eom2.12153
1370:"Renewable Energy"
1116:10.1039/c1ee01249e
971:Voice of San Diego
891:2016-03-04 at the
701:
663:installed capacity
637:
568:
566:Automobile in 1936
519:
436:iron fertilization
385:renewable sources.
373:photovoltaic solar
94:
58:encyclopedic style
45:is written like a
1485:978-0-309-67605-2
1375:Our World in Data
1316:Our World in Data
1286:"Renewables 2022"
1179:Deloitte Insights
1098:Balzani, Vincenzo
859:Cook, Stephen P.
794:Under a White Sky
789:Elizabeth Kolbert
750:developed country
98:technological fix
86:
85:
78:
16:(Redirected from
2237:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2024:lsa.colorado.edu
2016:
2007:
2006:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1962:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1803:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1670:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1618:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1573:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1461:
1455:
1436:
1430:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1211:. 2 April 2019.
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1110:(9): 3193–3222.
1094:Armaroli, Nicola
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
987:
981:
980:
978:
977:
962:
951:
950:
948:
947:
932:
923:
922:
910:
904:
901:
895:
882:
876:
873:
867:
857:
646:Three Gorges Dam
640:Three Gorges Dam
629:Three Gorges Dam
530:Male infertility
366:geothermal power
358:hydroelectricity
330:geothermal power
298:Renewable energy
277:Three Gorges Dam
257:
248:
237:
228:
214:Renewable energy
207:Renewable energy
197:renewable energy
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2151:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2028:
2026:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1835:
1824:
1815:
1813:
1805:
1804:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1712:
1702:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1503:
1501:
1486:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1437:
1433:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1402:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1362:Ritchie, Hannah
1360:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1000:
998:
989:
988:
984:
975:
973:
964:
963:
954:
945:
943:
934:
933:
926:
912:
911:
907:
902:
898:
893:Wayback Machine
883:
879:
874:
870:
858:
854:
849:
811:Attitudinal fix
807:
759:
727:
721:
691:
642:
606:
601:
573:
546:
524:
489:
476:
459:
454:
453:
400:
392:
387:
386:
338:electrification
310:human timescale
295:
294:
293:
292:
260:
259:
258:
250:
249:
240:
239:
238:
230:
229:
217:
209:
189:
172:
145:
82:
71:
65:
62:
54:help improve it
51:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2243:
2241:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2184:
2171:BillMoyers.com
2158:
2133:
2108:
2079:
2057:
2035:
2008:
2001:
1981:
1952:
1930:
1904:
1882:
1858:
1844:
1822:
1783:
1766:
1738:
1727:
1688:
1651:
1634:
1589:
1585:(λ ~ 8–13 μm).
1536:
1510:
1484:
1476:10.17226/25762
1456:
1431:
1411:
1381:
1353:
1329:
1303:
1277:
1250:
1239:www.lazard.com
1226:
1196:
1166:
1129:
1085:
1057:
1032:
1007:
982:
952:
924:
905:
896:
877:
868:
851:
850:
848:
845:
844:
843:
841:Technocentrism
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
816:Structural fix
813:
806:
803:
768:sustainability
758:
755:
723:Main article:
720:
717:
690:
687:
641:
638:
605:
602:
600:
597:
572:
569:
560:
559:
556:
553:
550:
545:
542:
541:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
523:
520:
504:bubonic plague
488:
485:
475:
472:
458:
455:
401:
393:
391:
388:
285:biomass energy
262:
261:
252:
251:
243:
242:
241:
232:
231:
223:
222:
221:
220:
219:
218:
210:
208:
205:
193:climate change
188:
187:Climate change
185:
171:
168:
162:global warming
150:Evgeny Morozov
144:
141:
84:
83:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2242:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2119:
2116:Scipes, Kim.
2112:
2109:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2002:9783642162749
1998:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1982:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1841:. 2015-10-29.
1840:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1812:
1811:www.panna.org
1808:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1707:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1678:on 2015-09-06
1674:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1400:
1396:
1395:CleanTechnica
1392:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1008:
997:
993:
986:
983:
972:
968:
961:
959:
957:
953:
942:
938:
931:
929:
925:
920:
916:
909:
906:
900:
897:
894:
890:
887:
881:
878:
872:
869:
866:
862:
856:
853:
846:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
804:
802:
798:
796:
795:
790:
786:
781:
780:
775:
771:
769:
764:
756:
754:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
726:
718:
716:
714:
710:
706:
699:
695:
688:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
665:(22,500
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
639:
634:
633:hydroelectric
630:
625:
621:
619:
615:
611:
603:
598:
596:
594:
590:
586:
581:
577:
570:
564:
557:
554:
551:
548:
547:
543:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
525:
521:
515:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
486:
484:
480:
473:
471:
468:
464:
457:Externalities
456:
451:
447:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
398:
389:
383:
382:fossil energy
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
290:
286:
282:
281:Yangtze River
278:
274:
270:
266:
256:
247:
236:
227:
215:
206:
204:
202:
198:
194:
186:
184:
180:
176:
169:
167:
166:
163:
158:
155:
151:
142:
140:
136:
134:
133:externalities
130:
125:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
102:technical fix
99:
90:
80:
77:
69:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
2201:. Retrieved
2197:
2187:
2175:. Retrieved
2170:
2161:
2150:. Retrieved
2146:
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2111:
2099:. Retrieved
2096:The Guardian
2095:
2070:. Retrieved
2066:"Techno-Fix"
2060:
2048:. Retrieved
2038:
2027:. Retrieved
2023:
1991:
1984:
1973:. Retrieved
1969:
1943:. Retrieved
1933:
1921:. Retrieved
1917:the original
1907:
1895:. Retrieved
1891:"Generation"
1885:
1874:. Retrieved
1870:
1861:
1852:
1847:
1838:
1814:. Retrieved
1810:
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1744:
1730:
1697:
1691:
1680:. Retrieved
1673:the original
1664:
1644:
1637:
1628:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1583:
1556:(365): 365.
1553:
1549:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1502:. Retrieved
1466:
1459:
1438:IPCC, 2021:
1434:
1421:IPCC (2022)
1403:. Retrieved
1394:
1384:
1373:
1356:
1345:. Retrieved
1341:
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1315:
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1289:
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1258:IEA (2020).
1253:
1242:. Retrieved
1238:
1229:
1217:. Retrieved
1208:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1178:
1169:
1147:(1): 32–57.
1144:
1138:
1132:
1107:
1101:
1088:
1077:. Retrieved
1075:. 2022-04-29
1073:PBS NewsHour
1072:
1049:. Retrieved
1044:
1035:
1024:. Retrieved
1022:. 2021-03-25
1019:
1010:
999:. Retrieved
995:
990:Deto, Ryan.
985:
974:. Retrieved
970:
944:. Retrieved
940:
919:The Atlantic
918:
908:
899:
880:
871:
860:
855:
799:
792:
777:
772:
762:
760:
745:
738:rain barrels
731:
728:
713:rain barrels
702:
661:in terms of
643:
610:megaprojects
607:
574:
496:World War II
490:
481:
477:
466:
462:
460:
446:side effects
431:
402:
377:onshore wind
353:
314:solar energy
296:
190:
181:
177:
173:
159:
146:
137:
126:
122:
109:
105:
101:
97:
95:
72:
63:
44:
2203:11 February
2177:11 February
2126:11 February
2101:11 February
2072:11 February
2050:11 February
1296:5 September
774:Naomi Klein
746:low costing
709:water wells
576:Automobiles
571:Automobiles
273:wind energy
131:, known as
114:engineering
66:August 2022
18:Solutionism
2219:Categories
2198:The Nation
2152:2021-03-08
2029:2015-11-03
1975:2015-11-02
1876:2015-11-03
1816:2015-10-29
1759:October 7,
1718:|url=
1682:2018-10-09
1504:2021-04-17
1405:2021-11-22
1366:Roser, Max
1347:2024-05-23
1244:2024-06-10
1219:2 December
1189:28 January
1079:2022-11-30
1051:2022-11-30
1026:2022-11-30
1001:2022-11-30
976:2022-11-30
946:2022-11-30
847:References
742:hand pumps
671:ItaipĂş Dam
608:High-tech
593:pollutants
474:Algorithms
467:unintended
463:unforeseen
322:hydropower
318:wind power
283:in China;
271:in Spain;
170:Algorithms
118:technology
1945:5 January
1923:2 January
1897:2 January
1716:requires
1706:cite news
1625:240331557
1494:234327299
1322:15 August
1209:irena.org
1124:1754-5692
508:body lice
362:bioenergy
342:move heat
326:Bioenergy
287:plant in
1753:Archived
1630:warming.
1580:33446648
1498:Archived
1399:Archived
1270:27 April
1264:Archived
1213:Archived
1183:Archived
1161:26584653
1020:RecFaces
889:Archived
805:See also
757:Concerns
679:Paraguay
618:top-down
346:vehicles
289:Scotland
2147:NPR.org
1970:GoConqr
1571:7809060
544:Animals
502:to the
500:Malaria
279:on the
52:Please
1999:
1623:
1603:EcoMat
1578:
1568:
1524:Energy
1492:
1482:
1318:. 2023
1159:
1122:
675:Brazil
522:Humans
320:, and
302:energy
2121:(PDF)
1778:(PDF)
1698:EUISS
1676:(PDF)
1669:(PDF)
1621:S2CID
1490:S2CID
1442:. In
655:China
631:is a
578:with
364:, or
304:from
267:with
2205:2017
2179:2017
2128:2017
2103:2017
2074:2017
2052:2017
1997:ISBN
1947:2015
1925:2015
1899:2015
1761:2016
1722:help
1576:PMID
1480:ISBN
1324:2023
1298:2022
1272:2021
1221:2020
1191:2019
1157:PMID
1120:ISSN
740:and
677:and
644:The
635:dam.
627:The
587:and
585:coal
506:and
448:and
410:and
344:and
328:and
199:and
1839:DDT
1611:doi
1566:PMC
1558:doi
1528:152
1472:doi
1448:doi
1425:in
1342:IEA
1149:doi
1112:doi
1045:NPR
791:'s
673:in
653:in
589:oil
492:DDT
487:DDT
465:or
375:or
116:or
108:or
2221::
2196:.
2169:.
2145:.
2094:.
2082:^
2022:.
2011:^
1968:.
1955:^
1869:.
1825:^
1809:.
1786:^
1751:.
1747:.
1743:.
1710::
1708:}}
1704:{{
1654:^
1627:.
1619:.
1609:.
1605:.
1601:.
1582:.
1574:.
1564:.
1554:12
1552:.
1548:.
1526:.
1522:.
1496:.
1488:.
1478:.
1470:.
1414:^
1397:.
1393:.
1372:.
1364:;
1340:.
1314:.
1288:.
1237:.
1207:.
1181:.
1177:.
1155:.
1145:22
1143:.
1118:.
1106:.
1096:;
1071:.
1060:^
1043:.
1018:.
994:.
969:.
955:^
939:.
927:^
917:.
797:.
711:,
667:MW
368:.
360:,
324:.
316:,
203:.
104:,
100:,
96:A
2207:.
2181:.
2155:.
2130:.
2105:.
2076:.
2054:.
2032:.
2005:.
1978:.
1949:.
1927:.
1901:.
1879:.
1855:.
1819:.
1780:.
1763:.
1739:2
1724:)
1720:(
1700:.
1685:.
1648:.
1613::
1607:4
1560::
1507:.
1474::
1454:.
1450::
1408:.
1378:.
1350:.
1326:.
1300:.
1274:.
1247:.
1223:.
1193:.
1163:.
1151::
1126:.
1114::
1108:4
1082:.
1054:.
1029:.
1004:.
979:.
949:.
921:.
399:.
291:.
216:.
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
60:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
