1171:
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314:
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1110:
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1329:
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1318:
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257:, although he had renounced German citizenship in 1901 and become a Swiss citizen (in 1896, he renounced his German citizenship, and remained officially stateless before becoming a Swiss citizen in 1901), declined his invitation to attend the conference and publicly renounced any German citizenship again. Because anti-Semitism had been on the rise, Einstein accepted the invitation by Dr.
300:
who, alone among them, had won Nobel Prizes in two separate scientific disciplines. The anti-German prejudice that had prevented
Einstein and others from attending the Solvay conferences held after the First World War had melted away. Essentially all of those names who had contributed to the recent
269:
The fourth Solvay
Conference on Physics was held in 1924. These conferences, supported by the King of Belgium, had become the leading international gathering for the discussion of the very latest developments in physics. The subject was "The electrical conductivity of metals and related topics".
1163:
Fifth
Conference, 1927. 1st row : Langmuir, Planck, Madame Curie, Lorentz, Einstein, Langevin, Guye, Wilson, Richardson. 2nd row : Debye, Knudsen, W. L. Bragg, Kramers, Dirac, Compton, de Broglie, Born, Bohr. 3rd row : Piccard, Henriot, Ehrenfest, Herzen, de Donder, Schrödinger,
309:"Through the possibility of exchange between the representatives of different lines of research, this conference has contributed extraordinarily to the clarification of the physical foundations of the quantum theory. It forms, so to speak, the outward completion of the quantum theory."
1938:
A. Einstein (1921), F. Soddy (1921) - N. Bohr (1922), F. W. Aston (1922) - K. M. Siegbahn (1924) - J. Franck (1925), G. Hertz (1925) - J. Perrin (1926) - A. H. Compton (1927), C. T. R. Wilson (1927), H. Wieland (1927) - O. Richardson (1928) - L. de
Broglie (1929)
1947:
W. Heisenberg (1932), I. Langmuir (1932) - P. A. M. Dirac (1933), E. Schrödinger (1933) - J. Chadwick (1935), F. Joliot-Curie (1935), I. Curie (1935) - W. Debije (1936) - E. Fermi (1938), R. Kuhn (1938) - E. Lawrence (1939), L. Ruzicka (1940)
186:. The institutes coordinate conferences, workshops, seminars, and colloquia. Recent Solvay Conferences entail a three year cycle: the Solvay Conference on Physics followed by a gap year, followed by the Solvay Conference on Chemistry.
1911:
The following Nobel prize-winning scientists either attended Solvay
Conferences before 1934 or were recipients of a Solvay subsidy. (Before 1934 seven Solvay conferences on physics and four Solvay conferences on chemistry were held.)
2129:"H. A. Lorentz chaired the meeting with incomparable tact and unbelievable virtuosity. He speaks all three languages equally well and has a unique scientific acumen." (Albert Einstein in a letter to H. Zangger, 7 November 1911.)
1285:
1929:
W. Wien (1911) - V. Grignard (1912) - H. Kamerlingh Onnes (1913) - M. von Laue (1914) - W. H. Bragg (1915), W. L. Bragg (1915) - C. G. Barkla (1917) - M. Planck (1918) - J. Stark (1919) - W. Nernst (1920)
1920:
H. A. Lorentz (1902), P. Zeeman (1902) - M. Curie (1903), S. Arrhenius (1903) - Lord
Rayleigh (1904) - J. J. Thomson (1906) - A. A. Michelson (1907) - E. Rutherford (1908) - J. D. van der Waals (1910)
1098:, L. Groven, LĂ©on Van Hove, Yves Goldschmidt, MM Van Styvendael, Demeur, Van Isacker (administrative commission) Jules Bordet, Ernest-John Solvay, Dr F. HĂ©ger-Gilbert, E. Henriot, F. van den Dungen.
270:
Scientists based in
Germany and Austria were not invited to this Solvay meeting due to the tensions still prevailing after the First World War. So there was no Planck, Einstein, Sommerfeld or Born.
2023:
La théorie du rayonnement et les quanta. Rapports et discussions de la réunion tenue à Bruxelles, du 30 octobre au 3 novembre 1911, sous les auspices de M. E. Solvay
2025:. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1912. See also: The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 3: Writings 1909–1911, Doc. 26, p. 402 (English translation supplement).
344:
2372:
323:
334:
318:
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100:
167:. They began with the historic invitation-only 1911 Solvay Conference on Physics, considered a turning point in the world of physics, and are ongoing.
345:
331:
2377:
301:
development of the quantum theory were at this Solvay
Conference, including Bohr, Born, de Broglie, Dirac, Heisenberg, Pauli, and Schrödinger.
321:
278:
Perhaps the most famous conference was the fifth Solvay
Conference on Physics, which was held from 24 to 29 October 1927. The subject was
1003:
The following list of participants is extracted from the proceedings of the Solvay
Conferences in Physics stored in the Solvay archives
343:
288:
and the world's most notable physicists met to discuss the newly formulated quantum theory. The leading figures were Albert Einstein and
322:
2382:
325:
189:
The 1st Solvay Conference on Biology titled "The organisation and dynamics of biological computation" took place in April 2024.
1133:
478:
327:
320:
2362:
2332:
341:
340:
317:
205:
was chairman of the first Solvay Conference on Physics, held in Brussels from 30 October to 3 November 1911. The subject was
337:
1317:
333:
330:
329:
324:
319:
1432:
2367:
1145:
1895:
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342:
2223:
1973:
1109:
989:
460:
1229:
1035:
1019:
374:
1412:
1225:
1075:
354:
1356:
1233:
1043:
419:
339:
326:
35:
1305:
1289:
328:
338:
336:
332:
1217:
1205:
1015:
464:
407:
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1177:
1011:
366:
132:
112:
1257:
1079:
708:
335:
1556:
1401:
1363:
2242:
1701:
Molecular Movements and Chemical Reactivity as conditioned by Membranes, Enzymes and other Molecules
1480:
1379:
1087:
370:
63:
1747:
800:
2274:
Vous avez dit : sabbat de sorcières ? La singulière histoire des premiers Conseils Solvay
2205:
Vous avez dit : sabbat de sorcières ? La singulière histoire des premiers Conseils Solvay
1781:
1352:
1090:(auditeurs) J. Timmermans, G. Balasse, J. Errera, O. Goche, P. Kipfer, L. Flamache, M. Occhialini,
1071:
725:
456:
261:, the president of the World Zionist Organization, for a trip to the United States to raise money.
1374:
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84:
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238:
234:
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128:
120:
96:
75:
1907:
Nobel prize winners present at Solvay Conferences 1911–1933 or recipients of a Solvay subsidy
2250:
2035:
1874:
1853:
1832:
1815:
1677:
1638:
1397:
1393:
1047:
1039:
770:
116:
47:
2207:, EDP Sciences – Collection : Sciences et Histoire – octobre 2019. Annexe 1, page 263.
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2194:
edition of 1985; this photo by Benjamin Couprie with names in caption is facing p. 214
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59:
470:
Fifth conference participants, 1927. Institut International de Physique Solvay in
2254:
1956:
G. de Hevesy (1943) - W. Pauli (1945) - P. Bridgman (1946) - P. Blackett (1948)
17:
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253:. Most German scientists were barred from attending. In protest at this action,
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124:
71:
1964:
J. D. Cockcroft (1951), E. T. Walton (1951) - M. Born (1954), W. Bothe (1954).
824:
767:
Order and Fluctuations in Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics
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1213:
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436:
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88:
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Quantum Theory at the Crossroads: Reconsidering the 1927 Solvay Conference
249:
The third Solvay Conference on Physics was held in April 1921, soon after
209:. This conference looked at the problems of having two approaches, namely
2343:
1723:
Design and Synthesis of Organic Molecules Based on Molecular Recognition
423:
280:
183:
1812:
New Chemistry and New Opportunities from the Expanding Protein Universe
210:
175:
160:
2276:, EDP Sciences – Collection : Sciences et Histoire – octobre 2019
932:
The Physics of Living Matter: Space, Time and Information in Biology
284:
2284:
paperity.org "Einstein's witches' sabbath: the first Solvay council"
1761:
Chemical Reactions and their Control on the Femtosecond Time Scale
2300:
2237:
1998:
312:
29:
221:
was the second youngest physicist present (the youngest one was
1850:
Computational Modeling: From Chemistry to Materials to Biology
2221:
Straumann, N. (2011). "On the first Solvay Congress in 1911".
34:
Photograph of the first conference, 2 November, 1911, at the
2188:
Thirty Years That Shook Physics: The Story of Quantum Theory
159:) have been devoted to preeminent unsolved problems in both
1058:(additional participants) H. Casimir, J. Cockroft, P. Dee,
567:
Conductibilité électrique des métaux et problèmes connexes
170:
Since the success of 1911, they have been organised by the
2338:
Overview of the transcript of the famous Fifth Conference
172:
International Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemistry
1522:
Constitution et Configuration des Molécules Organiques
1447:
492:
1094:(secrétaires) E. Stahel, J. Géhéniau, Miss Dilworth,
570:
Electric conductivity of metals and related problems
1525:
Constitution and Configuration of Organic Molecules
722:
Fundamental Problems in Elementary Particle Physics
1993:
1991:
1989:
1539:Oxygen, and its chemical and biological reactions.
1164:
Verschaffelt, Pauli, Heisenberg, Fowler, Brillouin.
2078:
1778:From Noncovalent Assemblies to Molecular Machines
1690:Electrostatic Interactions and Structure of Water
1536:L'Oxygène, ses réactions chimiques et biologiques
1006:1948: (scientific committee – present) Sir
970:The Structure and Dynamics of Disordered Systems
618:Structure & properties of the atomic nucleus
1666:Reactivity of the Photoexcited Organic Molecule
1038:(speakers) C. F. Powell, P. Auger, Felix Bloch,
316:
292:. Seventeen of the 29 attendees were or became
615:Structure et propriétés des noyaux atomiques
8:
2021:Paul Langevin and Maurice de Broglie, eds.,
680:The structure and evolution of the universe
2349:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
2145:. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 35.
2100:. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 19.
2236:
1871:Chemistry Challenges of the 21st Century
1795:Quantum Effects in Chemistry and Biology
677:La structure et l'Ă©volution de l'univers
2318:Previous Solvay Conferences on Chemistry
1637:
1575:
1479:
865:The Quantum Structure of Space and Time
842:
769:
741:
705:The Structure and Evolution of Galaxies
634:
600:
524:
519:La théorie du rayonnement et les quanta
2344:Bacciagaluppi G., Valentini A. (2009.)
1985:
1891:
1105:
2313:Previous Solvay Conferences on Physics
2272:Franklin Lambert & Frits Berends:
2203:Franklin Lambert & Frits Berends:
2119:. Instituut-Lorentz, Leiden University
2113:"Lorentz & the Solvay conferences"
1618:Quelques Problèmes de Chimie Minérale
1026:(scientific committee – absent)
840:Dynamical Systems and Irreversibility
27:Belgium academic gatherings since 1911
1621:Some Problems of Inorganic Chemistry
7:
2373:Recurring events established in 1911
2067:, A. Douglas Stone, Chap. 23, 2013.
1829:Catalysis in Chemistry and Biology
949:The Physics of Quantum Information
882:Quantum Theory of Condensed Matter
522:The theory of radiation and quanta
1050:, Rudolf Peierls, Walter Heitler,
25:
2282:Frits Berends, Franklin Lambert:
2085:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
2055:, Louisa Gilder, Chapter 5, 2008.
1652:Transfert d'Energie dans les Gaz
1176:Sixth Conference, 1930. 1st row:
182:in 1912 and 1913, and located in
1894:
1888:Conferences on chemistry gallery
1881:(Groningen U., The Netherlands)
1497:Structure and Chemical Activity
1431:
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1316:
1304:
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1120:
1108:
899:The Theory of the Quantum World
691:La théorie quantique des champs
2340:— American Institute of Physics
2301:International Solvay Institutes
2081:Einstein: His life and universe
1494:Structure et Activité Chimique
1444:Solvay conferences on chemistry
241:(see image for attendee list).
2378:1911 establishments in Belgium
1860:(Utrecht U., The Netherlands)
1712:Aspects of Chemical Evolution
1550:Les vitamines et les Hormones
1102:Conferences on physics gallery
739:Symmetry Properties of Nuclei
663:Les électrons dans les métaux
1:
854:The Physics of Communication
756:Astrophysics and Gravitation
489:Solvay conferences on physics
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1590:Le MĂ©canisme de l'Oxydation
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843:Ioannis Antoniou (Brussels)
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629:Les particules élémentaires
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2224:European Physical Journal H
1974:List of physics conferences
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1593:The mechanism of oxidation
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1487:
1474:Cinq Questions d'Actualité
1467:
1384:, Flamache, Goche, Groven,
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915:Astrophysics and Cosmology
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539:La structure de la matière
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512:
2399:
2307:The Solvay Science Project
2255:10.1140/epjh/e2011-20043-9
193:Notable Solvay conferences
2383:Science events in Belgium
2309:(Exhibition and database)
2077:Isaacson, Walter (2007).
1870:
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1811:
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1655:Energy transfer in gases
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1044:Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat
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2065:Einstein and the Quantum
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1335:Ninth Conference, 1951.
1311:Seventh Conference, 1933
1020:Jules-Émile Verschaffelt
542:The structure of matter
498:
495:
225:). Other members of the
207:Radiation and the Quanta
2141:C Clary, David (2022).
2096:C Clary, David (2022).
2053:The Age of Entanglement
2003:www.solvayinstitutes.be
1477:Five topical questions
1337:Left to right, sitting:
1323:Eighth Conference, 1948
1151:Fourth Conference, 1924
1127:Second Conference, 1913
1062:, Ferretti, O. Frisch,
1016:Owen Willans Richardson
229:were experts including
1901:First Conference, 1922
1553:Vitamins and Hormones
1508:Questions d'Actualité
1438:Tenth Conference, 1954
1139:Third Conference, 1921
1115:First Conference, 1911
1032:Abram Fedorovich Ioffé
784:Higher Energy Physics
584:Electrons and photons
482:
311:
156:
144:
2363:Chemistry conferences
2290:, 42/5 pp 15–17, 2011
2143:Schrödinger in Oxford
2117:lorentz.leidenuniv.nl
2098:Schrödinger in Oxford
1080:J. Robert Oppenheimer
1036:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
999:Participants per year
709:J. Robert Oppenheimer
694:Quantum field theory
632:Elementary particles
581:Electrons et photons
347:
307:
33:
1632:Les Nucléoprotéines
1481:William Jackson Pope
1066:, Leprince-Ringuet,
666:Electrons in metals
556:Atoms and electrons
553:Atomes et Ă©lectrons
2368:Physics conferences
2247:2011EPJH...36..379S
2171:"Solvay Institutes"
1999:"Solvay Institutes"
1877:(ETH Zurich) &
1856:(ETH Zurich) &
1835:(ETH Zurich) &
1782:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
1034:, Albert Einstein,
1012:Théophile de Donder
441:M. Skłodowska-Curie
296:winners, including
133:H. Kamerlingh Onnes
2303:(official website)
2192:Dover Publications
2157:"Ioannis Antoniou"
2111:Beenakker, Carlo.
1727:Ephraim Katchalski
1511:Topical Questions
483:
149:Solvay Conferences
145:
2036:"Albert Einstein"
1885:
1884:
1678:Phase Transitions
1092:Marc de Hemptinne
1088:Erwin Schrödinger
996:
995:
886:Bertrand Halperin
475:
467:
375:J.E. Verschaffelt
265:Fourth conference
235:Ernest Rutherford
211:classical physics
174:, founded by the
18:Solvay conference
16:(Redirected from
2390:
2333:Proceedings 1933
2328:Proceedings 1913
2323:Proceedings 1911
2288:Europhysics News
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2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1995:
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1744:Surface Science
1729:(Rehovot) &
1639:Alfred Ubbelohde
1448:
1435:
1419:Gaspart, Lomer,
1410:
1383:
1372:
1332:
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1308:
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1160:
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1136:
1124:
1112:
1072:Christian Møller
1048:Louis de Broglie
1040:Patrick Blackett
976:(Santa Barbara)
955:(Santa Barbara)
938:(Santa Barbara)
871:(Santa Barbara)
828:
726:Christian Møller
652:The solid state
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469:
349:
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274:Fifth conference
245:Third conference
198:First conference
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1918:
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1858:Bert Weckhuysen
1839:(Caltech, USA)
1731:Vladimir Prelog
1635:Nucleoproteins
1557:Frédéric Swarts
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1427:
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1290:J. H. Van Vleck
1230:J. Verschaffelt
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1104:
1086:, P. Scherrer,
1024:Hendrik Kramers
1001:
959:(Innsbruck U.)
919:Roger Blandford
822:
796:Surface Science
526:Hendrik Lorentz
491:
485:
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468:
465:O.W. Richardson
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313:
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255:Albert Einstein
247:
227:Solvay Congress
219:Albert Einstein
203:Hendrik Lorentz
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137:Albert Einstein
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38:
36:Hotel Metropole
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2295:External links
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2277:
2267:
2231:(3): 379–399.
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2042:. 16 May 2019.
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1813:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1799:Graham Fleming
1796:
1793:
1790:
1786:
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1779:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1765:Pierre Gaspard
1762:
1759:
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1752:
1751:
1748:F. W. de Wette
1745:
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1633:
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1627:
1623:
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1619:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:Les Protéines
1602:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1574:
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1568:
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1445:
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1441:
1440:
1437:
1430:
1428:
1400:, C.S. Smith,
1334:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1284:, J. Dorfman (
1262:P. A. M. Dirac
1175:
1168:
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1155:
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1143:
1141:
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1129:
1126:
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1114:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1096:Ilya Prigogine
1084:Wolfgang Pauli
1076:Francis Perrin
1056:LĂ©on Rosenfeld
1010:, Niels Bohr,
1008:Lawrence Bragg
1000:
997:
994:
993:
986:Giorgio Parisi
971:
968:
965:
961:
960:
950:
947:
944:
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939:
936:Boris Shraiman
933:
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855:
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849:
845:
844:
841:
838:
835:
831:
830:
817:
815:Quantum Optics
812:
809:
805:
804:
801:F. W. de Wette
798:
793:
790:
786:
785:
782:
779:
775:
774:
768:
765:
762:
758:
757:
754:
751:
747:
746:
743:Edoardo Amaldi
740:
737:
734:
730:
729:
723:
720:
717:
713:
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706:
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700:
696:
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682:
681:
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675:
672:
668:
667:
664:
661:
658:
654:
653:
650:
649:L'Ă©tat solide
647:
644:
640:
639:
636:Lawrence Bragg
633:
630:
627:
624:
620:
619:
616:
613:
610:
606:
605:
599:
596:
595:Le magnétisme
593:
590:
586:
585:
582:
579:
576:
572:
571:
568:
565:
562:
558:
557:
554:
551:
548:
544:
543:
540:
537:
534:
530:
529:
523:
520:
517:
514:
510:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
490:
487:
371:E. Schrödinger
348:
275:
272:
266:
263:
259:Chaim Weizmann
246:
243:
239:Henri Poincaré
215:quantum theory
199:
196:
194:
191:
178:industrialist
157:Congrès Solvay
85:R. Goldschmidt
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2395:
2384:
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2197:
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2163:
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2149:
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2118:
2114:
2107:
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2049:
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2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1942:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1906:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1876:
1875:Kurt WĂĽthrich
1863:
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1854:Kurt WĂĽthrich
1842:
1838:
1837:Robert Grubbs
1834:
1833:Kurt WĂĽthrich
1821:
1818:(ETH Zurich)
1817:
1816:Kurt WĂĽthrich
1804:
1800:
1787:
1784:(Strasbourg)
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1572:
1570:Les Isotopes
1569:
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1350:
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1298:W. Heisenberg
1295:
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1274:H. A. Kramers
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
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1218:W. J. De Haas
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1199:
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1191:
1190:A. Sommerfeld
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1178:Th. de Donder
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1123:
1118:
1111:
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1057:
1054:, R. Serber,
1053:
1052:Edward Teller
1049:
1046:on behalf of
1045:
1042:, S. Bhabha,
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
998:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
962:
958:
954:
941:
937:
924:
920:
907:
904:
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887:
874:
870:
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832:
826:
821:
816:
806:
802:
797:
787:
776:
772:
771:LĂ©on Van Hove
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748:
744:
731:
728:(Copenhagen)
727:
714:
710:
697:
693:
690:
683:
679:
676:
669:
665:
662:
655:
651:
648:
641:
637:
631:
628:
621:
617:
614:
607:
603:
602:Paul Langevin
597:
594:
587:
583:
580:
573:
569:
566:
559:
555:
552:
545:
541:
538:
531:
527:
521:
518:
511:
494:
488:
486:
481:
480:
473:
466:
462:
461:C.T.R. Wilson
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
425:
421:
420:L. de Broglie
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
388:
384:
383:W. Heisenberg
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:Th. De Donder
364:
360:
356:
352:
310:
306:
304:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:
282:
273:
271:
264:
262:
260:
256:
252:
244:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
197:
192:
190:
187:
185:
181:
180:Ernest Solvay
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:E. Rutherford
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:M. de Broglie
102:
98:
97:A. Sommerfeld
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
2345:
2287:
2280:(in English)
2273:
2228:
2222:
2204:
2199:
2187:
2184:George Gamow
2179:
2165:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2128:
2121:. Retrieved
2116:
2106:
2097:
2091:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2022:
2017:
2006:. Retrieved
2002:
1963:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1483:(Cambridge)
1460:Translation
1416:
1360:
1347:, Borelius,
1336:
1270:L. Brillouin
1264:, H. Bauer,
1234:C. Manneback
1068:Lise Meitner
1005:
1002:
957:Peter Zoller
711:(Princeton)
638:(Cambridge)
505:Translation
484:
477:
472:Leopold Park
445:H.A. Lorentz
416:A.H. Compton
412:P.A.M. Dirac
408:H.A. Kramers
391:L. Brillouin
359:P. Ehrenfest
308:
305:commented:
279:
277:
268:
248:
226:
206:
201:
188:
171:
169:
148:
146:
113:F. Hasenöhrl
101:F. Lindemann
80:
48:M. Brillouin
39:
2270:(in French)
2040:history.com
1879:Ben Feringa
1801:(Berkeley)
1767:(Brussels)
1577:Paul Karrer
1405: [
1378: [
1367: [
1361:middle row:
1220:; 2nd row:
1202:A. Einstein
1198:P. Langevin
1064:Oskar Klein
1028:Peter Debye
990:Sapienza U.
978:Marc MĂ©zard
974:David Gross
953:David Gross
921:(Stanford)
903:David Gross
869:David Gross
829:(Brussels)
823: [
820:Paul Mandel
457:Ch. E. Guye
453:P. Langevin
449:A. Einstein
433:I. Langmuir
387:R.H. Fowler
298:Marie Curie
294:Nobel Prize
251:World War I
231:Marie Curie
141:P. Langevin
125:J. H. Jeans
117:G. Hostelet
76:H. Poincaré
2357:Categories
2008:2024-07-13
1980:References
1373:, Koster,
1339:Crussaro,
1266:P. Kapitsa
1254:W. Gerlach
1250:A. Piccard
1226:E. Henriot
1210:B. Cabrera
1060:Paul Dirac
982:Bocconi U.
888:(Harvard)
598:Magnetism
404:W.L. Bragg
400:M. Knudsen
355:E. Henriot
351:A. Piccard
303:Heisenberg
290:Niels Bohr
109:M. Knudsen
60:E. Warburg
56:H. Lorentz
2263:119192352
2238:1109.3785
2190:, ©1966,
1960:1951–1954
1952:1941–1950
1943:1931–1940
1934:1921–1930
1925:1911–1920
1916:1902–1910
1750:(Austin)
1733:(Zurich)
1641:(London)
1607:Proteins
1579:(Zurich)
1573:Isotopes
1423:, Homes,
1411:, Laval,
1402:Dehlinger
1359:, Frank;
1355:, Sietz,
1258:C. Darwin
1242:J. Errera
1238:A. Cotton
1222:E. Herzen
1182:P. Zeeman
803:(Austin)
528:(Leiden)
437:M. Planck
363:E. Herzen
281:Electrons
223:Lindemann
165:chemistry
121:E. Herzen
93:H. Rubens
89:M. Planck
64:J. Perrin
52:E. Solvay
44:W. Nernst
1968:See also
1559:(Ghent)
1421:Cottrell
1417:top row:
1394:Shockley
1364:Rathenau
1357:Hollomon
1345:Cauchois
1294:E. Fermi
1282:W. Pauli
1278:P. Debye
1246:O. Stern
1194:M. Curie
1186:P. Weiss
604:(Paris)
396:P. Debye
379:W. Pauli
184:Brussels
81:Standing
72:M. Curie
2243:Bibcode
1413:Henriot
1398:Guinier
1390:Burgers
1375:Rudberg
1214:N. Bohr
773:(CERN)
745:(Rome)
428:N. Bohr
424:M. Born
285:Photons
176:Belgian
161:physics
83:(L–R):
68:W. Wien
42:(L–R):
2261:
2123:18 May
1463:Chair
1457:Title
1425:Curien
1386:Orowan
1353:Møller
1014:, Sir
508:Chair
502:Title
153:French
74:, and
40:Seated
2259:S2CID
2233:arXiv
1868:2022
1847:2019
1826:2016
1809:2013
1792:2010
1775:2007
1758:1995
1741:1987
1720:1983
1709:1980
1698:1976
1687:1970
1674:1969
1663:1965
1649:1962
1629:1959
1615:1956
1601:1953
1587:1950
1567:1947
1547:1937
1533:1934
1519:1931
1505:1928
1491:1925
1471:1922
1454:Year
1409:]
1382:]
1371:]
1349:Bragg
1341:Allen
967:2023
946:2022
929:2017
912:2014
896:2011
879:2008
862:2005
851:2001
837:1998
827:]
811:1991
792:1987
781:1982
764:1978
753:1973
736:1970
719:1967
702:1964
688:1961
674:1958
660:1954
646:1951
626:1948
612:1933
592:1930
578:1927
564:1924
550:1921
536:1913
516:1911
499:Year
479:Image
2125:2023
283:and
237:and
213:and
163:and
147:The
139:and
2251:doi
1865:26
1844:25
1823:24
1806:23
1789:22
1772:21
1755:20
1738:19
1717:18
1706:17
1695:16
1684:15
1671:14
1660:13
1646:12
1626:11
1612:10
1451:No
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964:29
943:28
926:27
909:26
893:25
876:24
859:23
848:22
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808:20
789:19
778:18
761:17
750:16
733:15
716:14
699:13
685:12
671:11
657:10
496:No
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