357:(MWT) measures a person's ability to stay awake for a certain period of time, essentially measuring the time one can stay awake during the day. The test isolates a person from factors that can influence sleep such as temperature, light, and noise. Furthermore, the patient is also highly suggested to not take any hypnotics, drink alcohol, or smoke before or during the test. After allowing the patient to lie down on the bed, the time between lying down and falling asleep is measured and used to determine one's daytime sleepiness.
284:, nasal pressure, thermal sensors, and expired carbon dioxide. Pneumotachography measures the difference in pressure between inhalation and exhalation, nasal pressure can help determine the presence of airflow similar to pneumotachography, thermal sensors detect the difference in temperature between inhaled and exhaled air, and expired carbon dioxide monitoring detect the difference in carbon dioxide between inhaled and exhaled air.
20:
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200:, number of awakenings in a night, time in bed, daytime napping, sleep quality assessment, use of hypnotic agents, use of alcohol and cigarettes, and unusual events which may influence a person's sleep. Such a log is usually made for one or two weeks before visiting a somnologist. The sleep diary may be used in conjunction with actigraphy.
468:
Generally, these treatments are given after the behavioral treatment has failed. Drugs such as tranquilizers, though they may work well in treating insomnia, have a risk of abuse which is why these treatments are not the first resort. Some sleep disorders such as narcolepsy do require pharmacological
345:(MSLT) measures a person's physiological tendency to fall asleep during a quiet period in terms of sleep latency, the amount of time it takes for someone. An MSLT is normally performed after a nocturnal polysomnography to ensure both an adequate duration of sleep and to exclude other sleep disorders.
223:
The
Epworth Sleepiness Scale measures general sleep propensity and asks the patient to rate their chances of dozing off in eight different situations. The Stanford Sleepiness Scale asks the patient to note their perception of sleepiness by using a seven-point test. The Sleep Timing Questionnaire is a
271:
as well as airflow, oxygenation, and ventilation measurements. Electroencephalography measures the voltage activity of neuronal somas and dendrites within the cortex, electro-oculography measures the potential between cornea and retina, electromyography is used to identify REM sleep by measuring the
235:
can assess sleep/wake patterns without confining one to the laboratory. The monitors are small, wrist-worn movement monitors that can record activity for up to several weeks. Sleep and wakefulness are determined by using an algorithm that analyzes the movement of the patient and the input of bed and
183:
Somnologists employ various diagnostic tools to determine the nature of a sleep disorder or irregularity. Some of these tools can be subjective such as the sleep diaries or the sleep questionnaire. Other diagnostic tools are used while the patient is asleep such as the polysomnograph and actigraphy.
83:
was created to administer the tests and eventually assumed all the duties of the
Examination committee in 1991. In the United States, the American Board of Sleep Medicine grants certification for sleep medicine to both physicians and non-physicians. However, the board does not allow one to practice
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Transcutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide monitoring measure the oxygen and carbon dioxide tension on the skin surface respectively, and the pulse transit time measures the transmission time of an arterial pulse transit wave. For the lattermost, pulse transit time increases when one is aroused from
464:
Of particular interest are the benzodiazepine drugs which reduce insomnia by increasing the efficiency of GABA. GABA decreases the excitability of neurons by increasing the firing threshold. Benzodiazepine causes the GABA receptor to better bind to GABA, allowing the medication to induce sleep.
116:; sleep disorders associated with mental, neurological, or other medical conditions; and sleep disorders that do not have enough data available to be counted as definitive sleep disorders. The ICSD has created a comprehensive description for each sleep disorder with the following information.
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Pulse oximetry measures the oxygenation in peripheral capillaries (such as the fingers); however, an article written by
Bohning states that pulse oximetry may be imprecise for use in diagnosing obstructive sleep-apnea, due to the differences in signal processing in the devices.
292:
The monitoring of oxygenation and ventilation is important in the assessment of sleep-related breathing disorders. However, because oxygen values can change often during the course of sleep, repeated measurements must be taken to ensure accuracy. The direct measurements of
272:
electrical potential of skeletal muscle, and electrocardiography measures cardiac rate and rhythm. It is important to point out that EEG, in particular, always refers to a collective of neurons firing as EEG equipment is not sensitive enough to measure a single neuron.
665:
Main, C., Liu, Z., Welch, K., Weiner, G., Jones, S., et al. (2009). Surgical
Procedures and Non-surgical Devices for the Management of Non-apnoeic Snoring: A Systematic Review of Clinical Effects and Associated Treatment Costs. Clinical Otolaryngology, 34(3),
612:
Migita, M., Gocho, Y., Ueda, T., Saigusa, H., & Fukunaga, Y. (2010). An 8-year-old Girl with a
Recurrence of Obstructive Sleep Apnee Syndrome Caused by Hypertrophy of Tubal Tonsils 4 Years After Adenotonsillectomy. Journal of Nippon Medical School, 77(5),
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Sangameswaran, L., & Blas, A. (1985). Demonstration of
Benzodiazepine-Like Molecules in the Mammalian Brain with a Monoclonal Antibody to Benzodiazepines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 82(16),
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10-minute self-administration test that can be used in place of a 2-week sleep diary. The questionnaire can be a valid determinate of sleep parameters such as bed time, wake time, sleep latency, and wake after sleep onset.
208:
Sleep questionnaires help determine the presence of a sleep disorder by asking a patient to fill out a questionnaire about a certain aspect of their sleep such as daytime sleepiness. These questionnaires include the
63:
After the invention of the EEG, the stages of sleep were determined in 1936 by Harvey and Loomis, the first descriptions of delta and theta waves were made by Walter and Dovey, and REM sleep was discovered in 1953.
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only offer a static glimpse, and repeated measurements from invasive procedures such as sampling arterial blood for oxygen will disturb the patient's sleep; therefore, noninvasive methods are preferred such as
603:
Bohning, N., Schultheiss, B., Eilers, S., Penzel, T., Bohning, W., et al. (2010). Comparability of Pulse
Oximeters Used in Sleep Medicine for the Screening of OSA. Physiological Measurement, 31(7), 875-888.
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Mechanical treatments are primarily used to reduce or eliminate snoring and can be either invasive or non-invasive. Surgical procedures for treating snoring include palatal stiffening techniques,
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R. Tremaine, J. Dorrian and S. Blunden. Measuring Sleep Habits using the Sleep Timing
Questionnaire: A Validation Study for School-Age Children. Sleep and Biological Rhythms. 2010 Volume 8.
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Synonyms and Key Words – This section describes the terms and phrases used to describe the disorder and also includes an explanation on the preferred name of the disorder when appropriate.
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Associated
Features – This section describes the features that appear often but not always present. Furthermore, complications that are caused directly by the disorder are listed here.
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Pharmacological treatments are used to chemically treat sleep disturbances such as insomnia or excessive daytime sleepiness. The kinds of drugs used to treat sleep disorders include:
457:. Furthermore, melatonin, benzodiazepines hypnotics, and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics may be used to treat insomnia. Finally, anti-narcoleptics help treat narcolepsy and
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Duration
Criteria – This section allows a clinician to determine how long a disorder has been present and separates the durations into “acute,” “subacute,” and “chronic.
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Pathology – This section describes the microscopic pathologic features of the disorder. If this is not known, the pathology of the disorder is described instead.
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Severity Criteria – This section has a three-part classification into “mild,” “moderate,” and “severe” and also describes the criteria for the severity.
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is a daily log made by the patient that contains information about the quality and quantity of sleep. The information includes sleep onset time,
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Predisposing Factors – This section describes internal and external factors that increase the chances of a patient developing the sleep disorder.
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includes making the patient sleep regularly, discourage the patient from taking daytime naps, or suggesting they sleep in a different position.
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Behavioral treatments tend to be the most prescribed and the most cost-efficient of all treatments; these treatments include exercise,
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device was made in 1978 by Krupke, and continuous positive airway pressure therapy and uvulopalatopharyngoplasty were created in 1981.
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is the primary reference for scientists and diagnosticians. Sleep disorders are separated into four distinct categories:
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Complications – This section describes any possible disorders or complications that can occur because of the disease.
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Bradley DT. Respiratory Sleep Medicine. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2008. Vol 117.
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Minimal Criteria – This section is used for general clinical practice and is used to make a provisional diagnosis.
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A physical examination can determine the presence of other medical conditions that can cause a sleep disorder.
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Other Laboratory Features - This section describes other laboratory test such as blood tests and brain imaging.
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involves the continuous monitoring of multiple physiological variables during sleep. These variables include
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539:"The International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Revised: Diagnostic and Coding Manual". 2001 edition,
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Airflow measurement can be used to indirectly determine the presence of an apnea; measurements are taken by
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was identified in 1965. In 1970, the first clinical sleep laboratory was developed at Stanford. The first
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Roehrs, T. (2009). Does Effective Management of Sleep Disorders Improve Pain Symptoms?. Drugs, 69, 5-11.
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Prevalence – This section, if known, describes the proportion of people who have or had this disorder.
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369:, somnologists can use behavioral, mechanical, or pharmacological means to correct a sleep disorder.
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Sex Ratio – This section describes the relative frequency that the disorder is diagnosed in each sex.
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Polysomnographic Features – This section describes how the disorder appears under a polysomnograph.
79:, was established in 1978 and administered the sleep administration test until 1990. In 1989, the
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Familial Pattern – This section describes whether the disorder is found among family members.
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Course – This section describes the clinical course and the outcome of an untreated disorder.
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Age of Onset – This section describes the age range when the clinical features first appear.
647:. J. Murray. A new perspective on sleepiness. Sleep and Biological Rhythms 2010; 8: 170–179
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Essential Features – This section describes the main symptoms and features of the disorder.
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The Examination Committee of the Association of Sleep Disorders Centers, which is now the
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Diagnostic Criteria – This section has the criteria that can make a clear-cut diagnosis.
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Bowman TJ. Review of Sleep Medicine. Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002.
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453:. Anticonvulsants, opioids, and anti-Parkinsonian drugs are often used to treat
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Differential Diagnosis – This section describes disorders with similar symptoms.
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Created in 1990 by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (with assistance from
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547:, PDF-complete, Library of Congress Catalog No. 97-71405.
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transcutaneous carbon dioxide, and pulse transit time
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sleep, making it useful in determining sleep apnea.
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Bibliography – This section contains the references.
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The International Classification of Sleep Disorders
333:and may be a symptom of obstructive sleep-apnea.
106:International Classification of Sleep Disorders
624:"Forget Snoring is Real | Forget Snoring"
47:. It includes clinical study and treatment of
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8:
365:Though somnology does not necessarily mean
1039:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
841:
724:
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84:sleep medicine without a medical license.
385:, and improving sleep hygiene. Improving
288:Oxygenation and ventilation measurements
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579:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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405:while non-invasive procedures include
7:
407:continuous positive airway pressure
527:"American Board of Sleep Medicine"
98:Japanese Society of Sleep Research
77:American Academy of Sleep Medicine
14:
34:Children's Hospital (Saint Louis)
879:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
874:Central hypoventilation syndrome
689:
304:transcutaneous oxygen monitoring
81:American Board of Sleep Medicine
1034:Periodic limb movement disorder
1001:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
355:Maintenance of Wakefulness Test
349:Maintenance of Wakefulness Test
236:wake times from a sleep diary.
94:European Sleep Research Society
411:mandibular advancement splints
1:
1306:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
1114:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
976:Advanced sleep phase disorder
986:Delayed sleep phase disorder
914:Excessive daytime sleepiness
459:excessive daytime sleepiness
379:cognitive behavioral therapy
102:Latin American Sleep Society
1119:Nocturnal penile tumescence
991:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
451:melatonin receptor agonists
433:, anti-Parkinsonian drugs,
343:Multiple Sleep Latency Test
337:Multiple Sleep Latency Test
219:Sleep Timing Questionnaire.
43:is the scientific study of
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981:Cyclic alternating pattern
421:Pharmacological treatments
55:is a subset of somnology.
1197:Behavioral sleep medicine
1006:Shift work sleep disorder
954:Sleep state misperception
399:uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
215:Stanford Sleepiness Scale
16:Scientific study of sleep
754:Rapid eye movement (REM)
415:tongue-retaining devices
211:Epworth Sleepiness Scale
1075:Exploding head syndrome
884:Obstructive sleep apnea
445:as well as the hormone
295:arterial oxygen tension
1390:Sleeping while on duty
939:Idiopathic hypersomnia
455:restless legs syndrome
381:, relaxation therapy,
257:electroencephalography
37:
1212:Neuroscience of sleep
944:Night eating syndrome
929:Kleine–Levin syndrome
437:, non-benzodiazepine
393:Mechanical treatments
373:Behavioral treatments
329:can be detected by a
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1366:Sleep and creativity
698:at Wikimedia Commons
276:Airflow measurements
240:Physical examination
204:Sleep questionnaires
51:and irregularities.
1361:Sleep and breathing
817:Sensorimotor rhythm
269:electrocardiography
1371:Sleep and learning
1124:Nocturnal emission
1024:Nightmare disorder
889:Periodic breathing
261:electrooculography
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282:pneumotachography
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1063:Benign phenomena
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746:sleep cycles
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1142:Sleep diary
1094:Hypnopompia
1089:Sleep onset
1080:Hypnic jerk
919:Hypersomnia
869:Catathrenia
864:Sleep apnea
774:Brain waves
744:Stages of
469:treatment.
194:sleep diary
110:parasomnias
66:Sleep apnea
1385:Sleep debt
1331:Microsleep
1311:Chronotype
1225:Daily life
1109:Somnolence
1085:Hypnagogia
1016:Parasomnia
934:Narcolepsy
846:Anatomical
827:Theta wave
797:Gamma wave
792:Delta wave
782:Alpha wave
676:5560-5564.
634:2015-04-16
566:2011-07-26
495:References
403:uvulectomy
383:meditation
361:Treatments
331:microphone
233:Actigraphy
228:Actigraphy
217:, and the
114:dyssomnias
100:, and the
70:actigraphy
1395:Sleepover
1346:Power nap
1341:Nightwear
1207:Melatonin
1169:Somnology
1134:Treatment
967:disorders
906:Dyssomnia
812:PGO waves
807:Mu rhythm
802:K-complex
787:Beta wave
764:Slow-wave
696:Somnology
447:melatonin
439:hypnotics
41:Somnology
24:Pediatric
1410:Category
1262:Mattress
1237:Bunk bed
1157:Hypnosis
949:Nocturia
924:Insomnia
666:240-244.
613:265-268.
575:cite web
473:See also
1289:Bedtime
1284:Bedroom
1279:Bedding
1274:Bed bug
1257:Hammock
1162:Lullaby
996:Jet lag
896:Snoring
854:Bruxism
489:Snoring
443:opiates
327:Snoring
322:Snoring
104:), the
59:History
30:patient
1356:Siesta
1242:Daybed
1070:Dreams
543:
441:, and
413:, and
267:, and
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1299:Story
1252:Futon
1185:Other
733:Sleep
560:(PDF)
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735:and
581:link
541:ISBN
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