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binding in
February. This 41-page document is referred to as the Cheondogyo Daeheon (Ch'Ĺndogyo TaehĹn, Charter of the Heavenly Way Religion). Carl Young summarized the governance and responsibilities contained in the charter in an organizational chart. At the top was the Taedoju (Leader of the Great Way), the position filled by Son. The office of Administration and Doctrine was presided over by Kim Yon-guk, one of the previous members of Haewolâs Samam and who had been released from prison by that time. Yi Yong-gu was assigned a position in the four-member Bureau of Advisors. The charter specified that the headquarters would be in Seoul, which placed it closer to the national center of power. As noted by George Kallander: "Under leadership, church leaders no longer hid deep in the mountains or at Buddhist temples, creating problems for the state or alarming the foreign community or governments. Instead, they were drawn into the social and political fold."
494:(Advancement Society, or Advance in Unity Society). Both societies had similar objectives, but the latter was more pro-Japanese and had the protection of the Japanese authorities. The Ilchinhoe was composed primarily of elites and was centered in Seoul. The Jinbohoe was composed primarily of people of lower status and was centered in the provinces. Leaders in each organization realized that it would be advantageous to collaborate, and the collaboration eventually led to their merger in early December 1904. Yi became president of the provincial assemblies. The synergies led to Ilchinhoe becoming the largest popular organization in the country. Its main activities included promotion of education, economic development, defense of peopleâs rights and aid to the Japanese in the Russo-Japanese War. A prime example of the latter was the contribution of three thousand volunteers during the construction of a railway to facilitate troop movements.
464:, written in 1912, states that the cutting of hair was seen by Son as a sign that Korea and Donghak were becoming part of the contemporary world. Around 160,000 people participated in one of these events. Many Jinbohoe members wore black, Western-style clothes, in apparent emulation of Japanese practice. The hair cutting was a significant departure from Neo-Confucian ideals because: âoneâs body, including the hair and skin, came from oneâs parents, and therefore should not be hurt or damaged. Hurting oneâs body meant hurting oneâs parentsâ bones and flesh; therefore, it was regarded as disrespect towards parents.â In Joseon Korean, men tied their hair in a topknot when they married, and it became a symbol of manhood. Furthermore, earlier forced haircutting of Koreans, including the King Gojong, by the Japanese was considered a major humiliation.
570:, or Samil Movement. Son read the declaration in the presence of the other signers at a well-known restaurant near the park. The indoor location was chosen to avoid violence. They sent a complimentary copy to the Japanese governor-general and telephoned the police to report what they had done and that they were waiting for arrest. A large crowd gathered at the park including five or six thousand students. The protest was initially peaceful but turned violent. The public took to the streets and demonstrated, calling for Korean independence. This initiated a nationwide movement in which many people took part, regardless of locality and social status, but the Japanese immediately mobilized their police and army and brutally put down the demonstrations. More than 7,500 Koreans were killed, nearly 17,000 wounded, and around 47,000 arrested, including Son.
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then make a coordinated attack on Seoul. Sonâs brother met with a
Japanese general, the deputy chief of staff, and received enthusiastic support for the idea. However, the plan was abandoned before it could be carried out when the brother and general died unexpectedly. Carl Young made the following comment about this episode: â might seem strange that he and his Korean reformist friends actually agreed to plot with the Japanese to overthrow the Korean government. It is important to note, however, that those desiring change in Korean government often looked to Japan's Meiji Restoration as an example that Korea could follow, and this often led reformists to seek Japanese help to implement their visionâ.
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concepts developed by these previous leaders. For example, the division between heaven and God became less distinct. He instilled heaven with spirituality by using declarations such as: âHeaven is divine. âAs there is only one spirit, it is the source of the Wayâ. The
Heavenly Way is the utmost pure and sincere.â His concept of heaven diverged from the Neo-Confucian toward the Christian concept, although the texts took pains to emphasize the âblurryâ differences. Koreans held a special place in the divine order; he stated that although the Lord on High is the father of all people he loves âour countryâ. He also described Su-un as the âchild of the Lord High Godâ.
321:. As Japanese rule became more harsh Koreans began to feel that the situation was intolerable. Finally in 1919, a mass demonstration was organized calling for Korean independence, with Cheondogyo, Christian and Buddhist religious leaders at the forefront of the movement. A Declaration of Independence was drafted and Son was the first to sign it. After reading the declaration at the protest, he was voluntarily arrested. Although the first phase of the protest was peaceful, it became violent and was brutally suppressed by the Japanese. Son became ill in prison and was released. He died at home in 1922.
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restive. Religious organizations, which were protected under Japanâs freedom of religion policy, became an important channel for expression of nationalistic sentiments because political parties like
Ilchinhoe had been banned. Cheondogyo and Protestant groups (Presbyterians and Methodists) were particularly active in this respect. Cheondogyo under the leadership of Son was able to adopt a more nationalistic stance without arousing Japanese suspicion in part because the authorities still considered it pro-Japanese.
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pressed to petition the government to exonerate Su-un and he complied. While the petition movement was initially peaceful it turned violent, despite Haewolâs effort to prevent that from happening. This eventually led to a full scale revolt known as the
Donghak Peasant Revolution. The Korean government requested aid from China to suppress the revolt which prompted Japan to deploy its army as well. Initially, only Donghak followers from the southern assembly, led by
378:, participated while followers from the northern assembly held back. In the end, Haewol allowed his followers to join the rebels. but their joint force was defeated by the Japanese and Korean armies which had modern weapons. Jeon dispersed his rebel army on 28 November 1894, and was subsequently captured and executed. Donghak followers, particularly in the southern assembly were decimated. The northern assembly was less affected and Haewol managed to escape.
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in order to maintain
Ilchinhoe and his own power and influence and to help implement the Ilchinhoe agenda. This action by Yi shocked Son and he summoned him to Japan to explain. Yi did not back away from his action and argued that the protectorate status would be a benefit to the Korean nation. The lure of the protectorate status was that Japan would help modernize Korea and then grant it independence at some future time.
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economic power by industrialization." Son viewed this struggle as a pan-Asian effort that was expressed through the use of terms such as âWe Asiansâ and âOur Asian Landâ. When the Russo-Japanese War (1904â1905) broke out, Son contributed 10,000 won to the
Japanese government to aid its war efforts. A Cheondogyo history notes: "that this money was a token of âhis support for the yellow race fighting to expel the white race.â
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maintain control of
Donghak. His primary aim was to learn modern ways which seemed to give western nations and Japan their power. He hoped to modernize Donghak and in so doing Donghak could help to modernize and strengthen the Korean nation. He went back to Korea briefly and returned to Japan with 24 students who studied Japanese language and trained in modern ways. Many additional students came later.
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qualified it for legal protection under Japanâs freedom of religion policy. However, he was not in a position to simply break away from Yi and his followers at that point. Many of Yiâs followers were
Donghak leaders and an outright break would have likely led them to defect. When the Cheondogyo constitution was announced in February 1906, Yi was given a leadership position in its central headquarters.
357:. Son was the son of the concubine of a minor official, and as such he was ineligible for government office. However, he was able to attain an education. He was introduced to Donghak by his nephew who was a preacher and he joined in 1881 or 1882. He devoted himself to the new religion and was said to engage in long recitations of the Donghak incantation, the 21-character
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Donghak as
Cheondogyo (Ch'Ĺndogyo, Religion of the Heavenly Way) on 1 December 1905. He took concrete steps to modernize it and to extend its doctrinal concepts of Heaven's/Godâs eminence in humankind. In September1906, he excommunicated Yi, who went on to form another branch of Donghak known as Sijeongyo (Sich'Ĺn'gyo, Religion of Serving Heaven).
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were standardized, and the more shamanistic elements were eliminated. Key elements included recitation of the Donghak talisman, presentation of a bowl of pure water to represent the clarity of heaven and an offering. Prayer was not directed to an external God but was a meditation to draw closer to God/Heaven immanent in the human heart.
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neo-Confucian worldview. They staged attacks on Ilchinhoe in 1904 and 1905. In response, Ilchinhoe organized self-defense units and became more attached to the Japanese for protection. Son was still in Japan at the time but the union of Jinbohoe and Ilchinhoe must have had his tacit approval at least in the beginning.
514:, also known as the Eulsa Treaty, that made Korea a Japanese protectorate. Its legality has been disputed. According to Carl Young â policy had been alliance with Japan not Japanese control over Korean affairs. probably felt betrayed and from this time on he began to increasingly distance himself from them.â
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were not in full agreement with it. Cheondogyoâs perceived association with it became a public relations disaster and even led to violent attacks on it by the Righteous Armies. Son initiated a series of actions that diminished Yiâs influence in Cheondogyo and ultimately excommunicated him in September 1906.
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After Japan emerged victorious in the Russo-Japanese war, Russia acknowledged Japanese dominance in Korea. Other nations including the United States followed suit, at least implicitly. At that point Yi and Ilchinhoe called for Korea to become a protectorate of Japan. Yi was perhaps motivated to do so
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Cheondogyo sources indicate that Son participated in the petition movement and was a leader of northern assembly forces in the rebellion. Histories from Sijeongyo and outside sources make no mention of participation by Son. In any event, Son was in Haewolâs inner circle following the rebellion.
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Yi eventually went so far as to call for Japan to take over Koreaâs affairs ostensibly because he thought the arrangement would be temporary and beneficial to Korea. In any event, after Japan forced Korea to become its protectorate, Son began to distance Donghak from Japanese affiliation. Son renamed
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Protestants under encouragement from foreign missionaries were promoting Democratic ideals similar to those espoused in the West. They also invoked images of the Children of Israel under foreign bondage. Buddhist also became more nationalistic in part because they were resentful of Japanese attempts
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As noted above one of the founding principles of Jinbohoe was to aid Japan. In 1903, a plan was devised for driving the pro-Russian faction from the Korean government. Donghak members would lead Japanese soldiers who would enter Korea disguised as merchants. Donghak and Japanese elements would
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Some details concerning Uiamâs life are taken from the official web site of Cheondogyo (Chondogyo). This is the renamed branch of Donghak established by Uiam as described below. Some of these details are not found in histories of the other major branch of Donghak established by Yi Yong-gu which was
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During the five years of the protectorate period and even after annexation in 1910, many Koreans had accepted Japanâs control as unavoidable and a temporary state of affairs which would allow Korea to modernize. However as Japanese rule became increasingly harsh and inflexible, Koreans became
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Rituals similar to mainstream Christian services were also adopted. Services were held once a week on Sundays, a day of rest. Previously, Donghak initiation rituals were held usually on mountaintops on the first and fifteenth days of the month, followed by singing and dancing. The new rituals
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Sonâs writings at that time emphasized that there was a clear lineage from the founder Su-un, Haewol the chosen second leader and himself. A Cheondogyo doctrinal text from the period states: âThe Great Teacher Su-un is the founder of Cheondogyo.â Nevertheless, he shifted the focus of some religious
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In January 1906, Son returned to Korea to personally supervise Cheondogyo. He arrived in Pusan where he was greeted by 40,000 followers. In Seoul, he was greeted by 80,000 followers. Once in Korea, he reorganized the Cheondogyo administrative structure. The constitution or charter was proclaimed as
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After living as a fugitive for 36 years, Haewol was becoming old and frail. He was captured by pursuing government troops in 1898 and executed. Cheondogyo sources claimed that Son was chosen by Haewol to become the next leader. Sijeongyo sources claimed that Kim Yon-guk (another member of the
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Following the rebel defeat, Haewol and the top leadership of Donghak remained on the run from government authorities. However, in 1895/96, Haewol began to rebuild the Donghak organization. He established a three person leadership group including Son called the Samam (the three âamâ, referring
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Yi was sent back to Korea in 1902 and became the chief liaison between Son and Donghak followers in Korea. At Sonâs direction he founded Jungniphoe (Chungniphoe âneutrality societyâ), a political organization which was later reorganized as the Jinbohoe (Chinbohoe "progressive society"). This
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In March 1901, Son, his brother and Yi Yong-gu, fled to Japan. Son used an assumed name to avoid arrest. He had considered going to the United States but decided on Japan as the best place to learn of modern western culture while remaining close enough to Korea to monitor developments there and to
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Son and other leaders travel to the northern provinces of Hwanghae and Pyeongan provinces to proselytize. Yi Yong-gu, an associate of Son was a particularly successful missionary and Haewol rejoiced at the success there. From that time the northwest became the main center of Donghak. The expansion
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Son, Son Byeong-hi, has become a symbol of Korean nationalism. He is depicted in a large statue at the entrance of Independence Park (formerly Pagoda Park in the center of Seoul where the Declaration of Independence was proclaimed). However, the focus on nationalist aspects of Cheondogyo seems to
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Although Son had given Yi a prominent position in the Cheondogyo leadership, Yiâs association with Ilchinhoe became increasingly problematic. Ilchinhoe had begun to harass those who did not agree with its modernization policies and to carryout negative publicity campaigns against politicians that
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The Cheondogyo website includes a history with this description of Sonâs dedication: "After joining Donghak, ESon Sungsa . . . trained reading the Twenty-One Incantation thirty thousand times a day. In addition to reading the incantation in this way he made . . . straw sandals every day in his
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proposed three means for attaining a stronger nation: religion, the military and industrialization. As summarized by Yumi Moon: "Even if the people could not immediately overcome the military strength of the West, they could compete with the West by pursuing moral superiority and by accumulating
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World War I, then underway, may have given inspiration for a righteous crusade against tyranny. After the war, the Paris Peace accords and Woodrow Wilsonâs philosophy of âself-determination of peoplesâ became important motivations. Son's Cheondogyo gave financial support to the movement, and he
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His writing also adopted a more egalitarian tone. While Su-unâs writing often referred to his disciples as âgentlemenâ; Son used a more generic term connoting âpeopleâ. He also stated that there was equality between high and low classes, although he did not advocate the elimination of the
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Donghakâs founder Su-un had been executed in 1984 for his teachings which were heretical from a Neo-Confucian perspective and his assumed association with Catholicism. However, by the early 1890s, Donghak had regained popularity particularly in Chungcheong and Jeolla provinces. Haewol was
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In order to regain his leadership roll and to distance Donghak from the Ilchinhoe and its Japanese connection, Son renamed it Cheondogyo (Religion of the Heavenly Way) on 1 December 1905. The new name emphasized its religious status and de-emphasized its previous political activism. That shift
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includes the concept that Donghak "should fight on two frontiers, the political and the moral. This struggle should begin with moral enlightenment of the people in Donghak doctrine. He also stressed the importance of a national religion: "Each country in the world safeguards religious
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However, Ilchinhoeâs increasing cooperation with the Japanese caused it to become a target of those opposed to Japanese presence in Korea, most notably by members of the Uibyeong or Righteous Armies. The righteous armies were composed of soldiers, peasants and conservative scholars with a
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cabinet who must have helped him develop his reformist ideas. This was a dramatic reversal from the sentiments of General Jeon Bongjun, who had cursed Gabo reformists as pro-Japanese âtraitorsâ before he was executed. Son was even able to convert some of these Gabo reformists to Donghak.
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insisted that the independence movement must be popular in nature and non-violent. A Declaration of Independence was prepared which was signed by 33 religious leaders, 15 of which were members of Cheondogyo. Son was the most prominent of these, and he was the first to sign.
302:(Chinbohoe "progressive society"). One of the most notable of Jinbohoe activities was the organization of mass hair cutting ceremonies in which Korean men cut off their traditional topknots. Modernization through education was its top priority. It also had a
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291:. Up to that point Donghak was highly traditional, opposed to modernization and foreign intervention in Korea. Son pivoted from that world view by embracing modernization and accepting help from Japan to achieve that goal.
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to the last character of their religious names). It was at this time Son was given his honorific religious name. The Samam were charged with administering Donghak (under Haewolâs direction) with âone heart and mindâ.
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spare time. He went to the five-day periodic market in Cheongju and sold these sandals. He continued this life for three years." After this period, Son became the student of Haewol and entered a life of devoted study.
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Samam) was destined to be the leader. The third member of the Samam had been arrested and executed. In any event, after Kim was arrested Son emerged as the recognized leader of Donghak.
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have detracted from its identity as a religion. Less than 1% of South Koreans affiliate themselves with Cheondogyo. Government figures for 1998 indicated membership at about 26,000.
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to act as his liaison. At Sonâs direction, Yi founded a political organization known as Jungniphoe (Chungniphoe âneutrality societyâ) which was later reorganized as the
361:. He met Haewol and accompanied him on a 49-day retreat. His ties to Haewol were strengthened when Haewol married Sonâs sister after his first wife died.
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While in prison, Son became ill and was eventually released from custody on sick bail. His illness worsened, however, and in 1922 he died at home in
276:(religious name Haewol), had both been executed. Haewol, Sonâs mentor and predecessor, was involved in a peasant revolt in 1894 (referred to as the
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enlightenment, protects its people and teaches them an occupation, making their countries as safe as the Tai Mountains "
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Eastern Learning and the Heavenly Way: The Tonghak and Ch'Ĺndogyo Movements and the Twilight of Korean Independence
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In 1903, Son synthesized his new reform ideas in two essays called Samjonnon (The theory of the three wars), and
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475:(The essay for explaining the doctrine). These were incorporated into the Donghak/Cheondogyo canon.
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The organization is to be started from this date (fifth day of the eighth month, 1904).
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in March 1901. He was accompanied with his brother and chief lieutenant Yi Yong-gu.
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was named in honor of Son Byong-Hi after his respectful title of Eui-am Seong-sa.
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Su-un and His World of Symbols: the Founder of Korea's First Indigenous Religion
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Chondogyo Scripture: Donggyeong Daejeon (Great Scripture of Eastern Learning)
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1632:"Treaties Leading to Japan's Annexation of Korea: What Are the Problems?"
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A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict
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outlook which encouraged Jinbohoe volunteers to aid the Japanese in the
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1443:"Cheondogyo and the Donghak Revolution: the (un) making of a religion"
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Salvation through Dissent: Tonghak Heterodoxy and Early Modern Korea
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particularly in construction of a railroad to aid troop deployment.
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1376:"Participatory anti-imperialism: the 1919 Independence Movement"
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known as Sijeongyo. Instances of material differences are noted.
253:; 8 April 1861 â 19 May 1922) was a Korean religious leader and
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The Ilchinhoe and the Japanese Colonization of Korea, 1896-1910
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On 17 November 1905, Japan forced the signing of the
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Assist the allied countryâs military (i.e., Japan).
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The name of the organization is to be the Jinbohoe.
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447:Help improve peopleâs livelihood and productivity.
420:coordinated series of activities was known as the
1582:"Tracing the Course of the Peasant War of 1894"
272:(religious name Su-un), and the second leader,
1733:Participants in the Donghak Peasant Revolution
851:The official website of Cheondogyo (Chondogyo)
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1474:"Symbolism of hairstyles in Korea and Japan"
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1542:Kim, Young Choon; Yoon, Suk San (2007).
1613:Reform, Rebellion, and the Heavenly Way
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799:"[ę°ëŹ¸ě ëżëŚŹ] ěě¡ěëłíŹ ě ě ëšëë 'ë°ěěě¨'"
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334:Son was born on 8 April 1861 in
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1671:. University of Hawai'i Press.
1615:. University of Arizona Press.
1546:. University Press of America.
1508:. University of Hawai'i Press.
972:Neff, Robert (5 January 2002).
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1504:Kallander, George L. (2013).
261:. He was the third leader of
1698:Korean independence movement
1565:. Cornell University Press.
1527:. Indiana University Press.
456:Members must cut their hair.
294:In 1902, He sent Yi back to
1748:March First Movement people
1611:Weems, Benjamin B. (1966).
450:Bring finances into order.
369:Petition and 1894 rebellion
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1728:19th-century Korean people
512:JapanâKorea Treaty of 1905
386:Aftermath of the rebellion
278:Donghak Peasant Revolution
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1380:Journal of Korean Studies
805:(in Korean). 11 June 2021
257:. His religious name was
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1753:Korean religious leaders
926:, pp. 35â36, 40â42.
268:The founder of Donghak,
1667:Young, Carl E. (2014).
1653:10.25024/kj.2016.56.4.5
1580:Suh, Young-hee (1994).
1472:Choi, Na-Young (2006).
1374:Baldwin, Frank (1979).
1743:Korean revolutionaries
1478:Asian Folklore Studies
1441:Bell, Kirsten (2004).
974:"The politics of hair"
441:Protect independence.
422:Gapjin reform movement
1662:– via Academia.
1523:Kim, Jinwung (2012).
1422:Beirne, Paul (2019).
1392:10.1353/jks.1979.0015
255:independence activist
36:, the family name is
1763:People from Cheongju
1630:Yi, Tae-Jin (2016).
1360:, pp. 123, 125.
376:General Jeon Bongjun
340:Chungcheong Province
212:Revised Romanization
147:Revised Romanization
1561:Moon, Yumi (2013).
1348:, pp. 179â180.
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695:Kim & Yoon 2007
646:Kim & Yoon 2007
584:, just outside the
319:Japan annexed Korea
1499:– via JSTOR.
1417:– via JSTOR.
726:, p. 79, 135.
568:March 1st Movement
542:March 1st Movement
502:Russo-Japanese War
308:Russo-Japanese War
1288:, pp. 68â69.
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1072:, pp. 96â97.
1002:, pp. 53â54.
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902:, pp. 35â36.
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346:. He was of the
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67:Please read the
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979:The Korea Times
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857:on 30 July 2021
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403:Refuge in Japan
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63:may be too long
58:This article's
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1242:
1238:Kallander 2013
1230:
1228:, p. 144.
1226:Kallander 2013
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1214:Kallander 2013
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1204:, p. 139.
1202:Kallander 2013
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1182:
1178:Kallander 2013
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1154:Kallander 2013
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1058:Kallander 2013
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1046:Kallander 2013
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18:Son Byeong-hui
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1640:Korea Journal
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1587:Korea Journal
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1426:. Routledge.
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534:distinction.
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1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1644:
1638:
1612:
1602:– via
1596:. Retrieved
1591:
1585:
1562:
1543:
1524:
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1484:(1): 69â86.
1481:
1477:
1463:– via
1457:. Retrieved
1455:(2): 123â148
1452:
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1423:
1411:. Retrieved
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1334:Baldwin 1979
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983:. Retrieved
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859:. Retrieved
855:the original
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807:. Retrieved
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462:Pongyo Yoksa
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241:Son Byong-hi
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95:Son Byong-hi
78:
61:lead section
59:
37:
29:
1723:1922 deaths
1718:1861 births
1647:(4): 5â32.
1386:: 123â162.
1346:Beirne 2019
771:Beirne 2019
578: [
575:Sangchunwon
564:Pagoda Park
425: [
351: [
247::
109:Korean name
34:Korean name
1738:Cheondoism
1707:Categories
1594:(4): 17â30
1322:Weems 1966
1298:Weems 1966
1286:Weems 1966
1274:Young 2014
1262:Weems 1966
1250:Young 2014
1190:Young 2014
1166:Young 2014
1142:Young 2014
1130:Young 2014
1106:Young 2014
1094:Young 2014
1082:Young 2014
1070:Young 2014
1000:Weems 1966
948:Young 2014
924:Young 2014
912:Young 2014
900:Young 2014
888:Young 2014
829:Young 2014
809:3 February
786:Young 2014
754:Weems 1966
739:Weems 1966
724:Young 2014
712:Young 2014
680:Young 2014
661:Young 2014
633:References
586:Dongdaemun
477:Myongnijon
473:Myongnijon
330:Early life
81:March 2024
1408:145370522
1358:Bell 2004
1031:Moon 2013
1012:Moon 2013
960:Choi 2006
936:Moon 2013
602:taekwondo
484:Samjonnon
325:Biography
304:pan-Asian
270:Choe Je-u
71:and help
1687:See also
1495:2 August
1490:30030374
1400:41490143
1310:Kim 2012
985:3 August
876:Suh 1994
604:pattern
492:Iljinhoe
336:Cheongju
317:In 1910
300:Jinbohoe
32:In this
1658:24 July
1368:Sources
1118:Yi 2016
861:30 July
263:Donghak
1675:
1619:
1569:
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1531:
1512:
1488:
1459:18 May
1430:
1406:
1398:
606:Eui-Am
592:Legacy
588:gate.
344:Joseon
245:Korean
180:Hangul
115:Hangul
1635:(PDF)
1604:DBpia
1598:5 May
1486:JSTOR
1465:DBpia
1413:5 May
1404:S2CID
1396:JSTOR
612:Notes
582:]
429:]
359:Jumun
355:]
296:Korea
282:Japan
196:Hanja
131:Hanja
1673:ISBN
1660:2021
1617:ISBN
1600:2021
1567:ISBN
1548:ISBN
1529:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1497:2021
1461:2021
1428:ISBN
1415:2021
987:2021
863:2021
811:2024
803:ë°Ľěë´ě¤
600:The
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232:ĹŹiam
218:Uiam
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250:ěëłíŹ
138:ĺŤç§ç
122:ěëłíŹ
39:Son
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1390::
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243:(
83:)
79:(
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65:.
42:.
20:)
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