1242:). This activity has also been associated with creating clay figurines. The second Sumerian tradition which compares men to plants, made to "break through the ground", an allusion to imagery of the fertility or mother goddess and giving an image of man being "planted" in the ground. Wayne Horowitz notes that five Sumerian myths recount a creation scene with the separation of heaven and earth. He further notes the figurative imagery relaying the relationship between the creation of agricultural implements making a function for mankind and thereby its creation from the "seed of the land". The myth was called the "Creation of the Pickax" by Samuel Noah Kramer, a name by which it is referred in older sources. In Sumerian literature, the hoe or pickaxe is used not only in creation of the Ekur but also described as the tool of its destruction in
17:
50:
1020:"Not only did the lord make the world appear in its correct form, the lord who never changes the destinies which he determines – Enlil – who will make the human seed of the Land come forth from the earth – and not only did he hasten to separate heaven from earth, and hasten to separate earth from heaven, but, in order to make it possible for humans to grow in "where flesh came forth" , he first raised the axis of the world at
1257:'s categorization of cosmogenic myths. Creation has been suggested to have been the responsibility of different gods via different processes. Creation via a cosmological agricultural implement seems to occupy a unique place in the creation myth genre. The song was meant to be sung aloud with the repetition of the word hoe or "al" a total of forty five times in the text with common use of the two
1940:
Farber, Gertrud., ""Das Lied von der Hacke", ein literarischer Spass?", in
Klengel, Horst and, Renger, Johannes (eds.), Landwirtschaft im Alten Orient: ausgewählte Vorträge der XLI. Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale Berlin., 4.-8.7.1994 (Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient, 18), Dietrich
1967:
1229:
did not function. Two of the major traditions of the
Sumerian concept of the creation of man are discussed in the myth. The first is the creation of mankind from brick moulds or clay. This has notable similarities to the creation of man from the dust of the earth in the
1944:
Farber, Gertrud., "Sumerian
Canonical Compositions. A. Divine Focus. 1. Myths: The Song of the Hoe (1.157)", in Hallo, William W. (ed.), The Context of Scripture, I: Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World. Brill: Leiden/New York/Köln, 511-513,
1277:. He suggests that "perhaps by praising the simple tool of an extremely important group of laborers, and imbuing it with cosmological significance, those wielders of the hoe are themselves brought into a grand cosmological drama."
1936:
Edzard, Dietz Otto., "U 7804 // UET VI/1 26: "Gedicht von der Hacke"", in George, A. R. (ed.), and Finkel, I. L., Wisdom, Gods and
Literature: Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W. G. Lambert, Eisenbrauns: Winona Lake, 131-135,
1273:. Gary Martin discusses the sociological benefits of singing songs to a hoe, to remind people that they wield the implement of Enlil and of creation. That they can participate in creativity and work well to preserve and improve
1220:
and the ability to build roads, canals and eventually the first proto-cities. One of the tablets from the Yale
Babylonian Collection was published by J.J. Van Dijk which spoke of three cosmic realms; heaven, earth and
982:
in 1928 along with several others to bring it to its present form, which is virtually complete. The latest composite text and translation was produced in 1996 by H. Behrens, B. Jagersma and
Joachim Krecher.
940:
995:. The verb-forms and nouns also frequently start with, or contain the syllable "al" (or "ar"), suggesting the writer intended it for humour as a satirical school text or as a
1030:
The myth continues with a description of Enlil creating daylight with his hoe; he goes on to praise its construction and creation. Enlil's mighty hoe is said to be made of
907:
and address humanity's place in the world. Some of the debates may be from 2100 BC. The song of the hoe stands alone in its own sub-category as a one-sided debate poem.
835:
1189:; the hoe is an overseer. The hoe is brick moulds; the hoe has made people exist. It is the hoe that is the strength of young manhood. The hoe and the
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British museum and
Pennsylvania University. University museum. Joint expedition to Mesopotamia; Pennsylvania University. University museum (1928).
1208:
Modern society may have trouble comprehending the virtue of extolling a tool such as the lowly hoe, for the
Sumerians the implement had brought
1012:
1954:
Pettinato, Giovanni., Das altorientalische
Menschenbild und die sumerischen und akkadischen Schöpfungsmythen. Winter: Heidelberg, 82-85, 1971.
1997:
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1973:
Song of the hoe., Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Robson, E., and ZĂłlyomi, G., The
Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, Oxford 1998-.
1933:
Civil, Miguel., The Farmer's Instructions. A Sumerian Agricultural Manual. (Aula Orientalis Supplementa, 5) Editorial Ausa: Sabadell, 1994.
1904:
1520:
Musée du Louvre. Département des antiquités orientales et de la céramique antique; Musée du Louvre. Département des antiquités orientales.
1110:
also set about building. The useful construction and agricultural uses of the hoe are summarized, along with its capabilities for use as a
970:
included CBS tablets 8531, 10310, 10335, 29.16.23, 29.16.436. He also included translations from tablets in the Nippur collection of the
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1197:. It builds the right kind of house; it cultivates the right kind of fields. It is you, hoe, that extend the good agricultural land!
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praises the hoe; they start reproducing and Enlil makes numerous shining hoes, for everyone to begin work. Enlil then founds the
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1977:
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Königliche Museen zu Berlin. Vorderasiatische Abteilung; Heinrich Zimmern; Otto Schroeder; H. H. Figulla; et al. (1966).
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2002:
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1968:
Cheira, Edward., Sumerian Epics and Myths, University of Chicago, Oriental Institute Publications, 1934. Online Version
2012:
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in a time when darkness covered an arid land, when heaven and earth were joined and the Enlil's universal laws, the
1948:
Jacobsen, Thorkild., "Sumerian Mythology, a Review Article", Journal of Near Eastern Studies 5, 128-152: 134, 1946.
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78:
105:
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2007:
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Kramer, Samuel Noah., Sumerian Mythology. The American Philosophical Society: Philadelphia, 51-53, 1944.
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The song of the hoe - Bibliography - The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, Oxford 1998-.
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88:
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Wilcke, Claus., "Hacke - B. Philologisch", in Reallexikon der Assyriologie 4, 33-38: 36-38, 1972.
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1911:
1139:"dead people are also brought up from the ground by the hoe. With the hoe, the hero honoured by
1876:
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Sumerian mythology: a study of spiritual and literary achievement in the third millennium B.C.
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1082:. Various gods are then described establishing construction projects in other cities, such as
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919:, numbers 80170, 132243 (unpublished) and 139993. Two tablets of the myth are held by the
661:
344:
216:
1444:
958:. Tablets from this collection, numbers 8111, 13122, 13382 and 13864 were documented by
1930:
Civil, Miguel., "Review of CT 44", Journal of Near Eastern Studies 28, 70-72: 70, 1969.
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996:
916:
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Seven debate topics are known from the Sumerian literature, falling in the category of
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1185:"The hoe makes everything prosper; the hoe makes everything flourish. The hoe is good
1991:
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Sumerian literary texts from Nippur: in the Museum of the Ancient Orient at Istanbul
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20:
1456:
Jeremy A. Black; Jeremy Black; Graham Cunningham; Eleanor Robson (13 April 2006).
899:, etc. These topics came some centuries after writing was established in Sumerian
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1978:
Composite text - The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, Oxford 1998-.
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Sumerian literary tablets and fragments in the archeological museum of Istanbul-I
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1983:
Bibliography - The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, Oxford 1998-.
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Weep, O daughter of Zion: a study of the city-lament genre in the Hebrew Bible
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978:, catalogue numbers 1117, 2337, 2473, 2742. Other tablets were added from the
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The Context of Scripture: Canonical compositions from the biblical world
1180:. The hymn ends with extensive praisings of the hoe, Enlil, and Nisaba:
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together "al"/"ar". A cosmological link is suggested between the hoe's
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The poem is composed of the frequent use of the word "al", which means
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and fastened by cord. It is inlaid with lapis lazuli and adorned with
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Cuneiform texts from Babylonian tablets in the British museum, 58, 52
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Cuneiform texts from Babylonian tablets in the British museum, 44, 10
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Babylonian collection, numbers 5487, 7070 and 11941. Lines of the
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University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
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and for burying the dead. Allusions are made to the scenes of
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British Museum. Dept. of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities.
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British Museum. Dept. of Egyptian and Assyrian Antiquities.
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From the poetry of Sumer: creation, glorification, adoration
48:
23:
hoes, similar in appearance to the first Near Eastern hoes.
1250:, where it is torn apart with a storm and then pickaxes.
1253:
The cosmological position of the hoe does not fit into
1793:
1791:
1712:
William W. Hallo; K. Lawson Younger (January 1997).
1414:
The Sumerians: their history, culture and character
1151:– is as powerful as a hunting net. The sage son of
927:, number AO 7087 & AO 8898. One is held in the
1269:; making everything prosper and flourish within a
1159:. With the hoe, he is the great "kindajal" of the
1776:. Brill Archive. pp. 140–. GGKEY:SDQ069KTBZ0
1672:Ur excavations texts... 6/3 152, 6/3 168, 6/3 206
871:from the last century of the 3rd millennium BCE.
1383:. University of California Press. pp. 25–.
1182:
1136:
1017:
1417:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 218–.
999:. The song starts with a creation myth where
947:section (CBS), from their excavations at the
829:
8:
1875:. GBPress Pont. Ist.Biblicum. pp. 57–.
1807:. Jewish Publication Society. pp. 21–.
1372:
1370:
1368:
1070:with his hoe whilst a "god-man" called Lord
1042:and gold. Enlil makes civilized man, from a
1563:Sumerian epics and myths, 33, 34, 37 and 39
1910:. University of Washington. Archived from
1462:. Oxford University Press. pp. 311–.
915:Three tablets of the myth are held by the
836:
822:
26:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1591:Forgotten Books. pp. 75 & 165.
1538:Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler 24, 68
1524:. Librairie orientaliste, Paul Geuthner.
1804:Studies in Bible and feminist criticism
1625:. American Schools of Oriental Research
1364:
38:
1941:Reimer Verlag: Berlin, 369-373, 1999.
1644:Muazzez Cig; Hatice Kizilyay (1969).
897:The Dispute between Silver and Copper
7:
1522:Textes cunéiformes, 16, 72 & 92
64:Religions of the ancient Near East
14:
1566:. The University of Chicago Press
1377:Samuel Noah Kramer (April 1979).
1318:Self-praise of Shulgi (Shulgi D)
1303:Debate between Winter and Summer
1172:is suggested to create both the
931:, number 17378 and three at the
893:Debate between Winter and Summer
1459:The Literature of Ancient Sumer
929:Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin
770:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
1841:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 134–.
1293:Debate between sheep and grain
1003:separates heaven and earth in
885:Debate between sheep and grain
852:, sometimes also known as the
1:
1838:Mesopotamian cosmic geography
1046:mould with his hoe – and the
1998:3rd-millennium BC literature
1869:F. W. Dobbs-Allsopp (1993).
1298:Debate between bird and fish
972:Museum of the Ancient Orient
889:Debate between bird and fish
1619:Samuel Noah Kramer (1944).
1585:Samuel Noah Kramer (1961).
1411:Samuel Noah Kramer (1964).
1193:are the tools for building
2044:
1799:Tikva Simone Frymer-Kensky
964:"Sumerian Epics and Myths"
1143:, the younger brother of
1062:start organizing things.
1034:, with the blade made of
883:; some examples are: The
53:Chaos Monster and Sun God
1835:Wayne Horowitz (1998).
1650:. Tarih Kurumu Basimevi
939:were discovered on the
854:Creation of the pickaxe
1905:"The Cosmological Hoe"
1560:Edward Chiera (1964).
1201:
1167:
1028:
980:"Ur excavations texts"
54:
24:
2028:Comparative mythology
2023:Religious cosmologies
2003:Sumerian disputations
1903:Martin, Gary (2005).
1773:religious of the past
1343:Sumerian disputations
1323:Old Babylonian oracle
1050:start to praise him.
858:Praise of the pickaxe
174:Seven gods who decree
52:
42:Mesopotamian religion
19:
1155:is pre-eminent with
697:Seven-headed serpent
636:Spirits and monsters
1445:Sumerian literature
1353:Sumerian literature
943:, catalogue of the
572:Demigods and heroes
236:Other major deities
2013:Mesopotamian myths
1758:2009-04-02 at the
1699:2009-04-03 at the
1246:hymns such as the
1126:'s ferry over the
1013:Garden of the Gods
968:Samuel Noah Kramer
903:. The debates are
55:
25:
21:Late Mississippian
1882:978-88-7653-346-4
1848:978-0-931464-99-7
1814:978-0-8276-0798-9
1753:ETCSL Translation
1725:978-90-04-10618-5
1598:978-1-60506-049-1
1541:. Louis D. Levine
1469:978-0-19-929633-0
1424:978-0-226-45238-8
1390:978-0-520-03703-8
1348:Sumerian religion
1132:Epic of Gilgamesh
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1465:
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1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1338:Lament for Ur
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1328:Hymn to Enlil
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1313:Eridu Genesis
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
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1286:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
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1256:
1251:
1249:
1248:Lament for Ur
1245:
1241:
1240:Genesis 2:6–7
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1196:
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1027:
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1023:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1007:, the cosmic
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
986:
984:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:Edward Chiera
957:
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946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
910:
908:
906:
905:philosophical
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
874:
872:
870:
867:, written on
866:
865:creation myth
863:
859:
855:
851:
839:
834:
832:
827:
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678:
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663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
647:Lamassu/Shedu
645:
643:
640:
639:
633:
632:
625:(seven sages)
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
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589:
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579:
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569:
568:
561:
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536:
533:
531:
528:
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351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
314:Minor deities
311:
310:
303:
300:
298:
295:
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288:
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280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
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248:
245:
243:
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239:
233:
232:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
212:Inanna/Ishtar
210:
209:
208:
205:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
181:
178:
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171:
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163:
160:
158:
154:
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149:
145:
142:
140:
136:
133:
132:
126:
125:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
102:
99:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
80:
79:Ancient Egypt
77:
75:
72:
71:
65:
61:
60:
59:
58:
51:
47:
46:
43:
37:
33:
29:
28:
22:
18:
2008:Clay tablets
1912:the original
1898:
1886:. Retrieved
1871:
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1837:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1803:
1801:(May 2006).
1778:. Retrieved
1772:
1766:
1729:. Retrieved
1714:
1707:
1689:
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1671:
1664:
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1646:
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1621:
1614:
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1587:
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1562:
1555:
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1537:
1530:
1521:
1515:
1506:
1500:
1491:
1485:
1473:. Retrieved
1458:
1451:
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1413:
1406:
1394:. Retrieved
1379:
1266:
1262:
1255:Charles Long
1252:
1207:
1184:
1183:
1168:
1161:watercourses
1138:
1137:
1036:lapis lazuli
1029:
1019:
1018:
990:
979:
963:
914:
896:
881:disputations
878:
875:Disputations
869:clay tablets
857:
853:
849:
847:
782:
775:
768:
761:
754:
530:PaniÄťinÄťarra
206:
180:Four primary
179:
1244:city-lament
1210:agriculture
1074:builds the
911:Compilation
901:Mesopotamia
672:Ušum/Dragon
415:Lugala'abba
350:Dumuzi-abzu
277:Geshtinanna
222:Utu/Shamash
84:Mesopotamia
1992:Categories
1360:References
1214:irrigation
1204:Discussion
945:Babylonian
777:Enūma Eliš
763:Atra-Hasis
613:Atra-Hasis
598:Lugalbanda
540:Shul-utula
420:Mami/Nintu
375:Hendursaga
262:Ereshkigal
257:Enmesharra
1718:. Brill.
1271:community
1259:syllables
1174:priestess
1149:Gilgamesh
1130:, in the
1124:Urshanabi
1084:Ninhursag
1022:Dur-an-ki
756:An = Anum
750:Mythology
692:Ušumgallu
593:Gilgamesh
510:Ninsikila
480:Ningirima
475:Ningirida
330:Asaruludu
217:Nanna/Sin
200:Ninhursag
89:Babylonia
1756:Archived
1697:Archived
1281:See also
1265:and its
1218:drainage
1153:Ninsumun
1072:Nudimmud
1060:Nunamnir
1048:Annanuki
976:Istanbul
862:Sumerian
717:Lamashtu
687:Mušmaḫḫū
618:Ziusudra
588:Enmerkar
535:Sarpanit
515:Ninšubur
490:Ninkilim
455:Ninmarki
430:Maštabba
395:Kajamanu
355:Enbilulu
325:Anunnaki
74:Anatolia
32:a series
30:Part of
1888:10 June
1854:10 June
1820:10 June
1780:10 June
1731:10 June
1604:10 June
1475:10 June
1396:10 June
1275:society
1234:in the
1170:Ninmena
1100:Zabalam
1056:Ninmena
1005:Duranki
952:library
860:, is a
856:or the
702:Humbaba
623:Apkallu
603:Shamhat
485:Ninkasi
450:Nindara
365:Erragal
320:Agasaya
297:Ninurta
252:Enkimdu
247:Dumuzid
106:Semitic
101:Iranian
40:Ancient
1879:
1845:
1811:
1722:
1679:28 May
1654:28 May
1629:28 May
1595:
1570:28 May
1545:4 June
1466:
1430:23 May
1421:
1387:
1195:cities
1191:basket
1187:barley
1145:Nergal
1122:, and
1116:Enkidu
1112:weapon
1104:Nisaba
1092:Inanna
1090:, and
1080:Eridug
1058:, and
1052:Nisaba
1040:silver
1009:Nippur
956:Nippur
949:temple
921:Louvre
895:; and
891:; the
887:; The
808:Sukkal
803:Dingir
732:Rabisu
727:Pazuzu
657:Edimmu
608:Siduri
583:Enkidu
555:Tišpak
550:Ĺ ulpae
545:Ĺ ubula
520:Ninsun
505:Ninšar
500:Ninmug
495:Ninlil
470:Ningal
465:Ninazu
460:Nisaba
445:Nanshe
440:Namtar
425:Mamitu
385:Isimud
335:Ashnan
302:Ĺ ulpae
292:Nergal
287:Marduk
157:Anshar
153:Kishar
144:Lahamu
135:Tiamat
116:Canaan
111:Arabia
1945:1997.
1937:2000.
1915:(PDF)
1908:(PDF)
1267:doing
1263:being
1236:Bible
1128:Hubur
1120:ghost
1108:E-ana
1044:brick
1001:Enlil
987:Story
925:Paris
797:Terms
744:Tales
707:Hanbi
682:Bašmu
662:Siris
578:Adapa
525:Nuska
410:Lisin
400:Lahar
380:Igigi
370:Gibil
340:Ashgi
282:Lahar
272:Kingu
190:Enlil
162:Mummu
148:Lahmu
94:Sumer
1890:2011
1877:ISBN
1856:2011
1843:ISBN
1822:2011
1809:ISBN
1782:2011
1733:2011
1720:ISBN
1681:2011
1656:2011
1631:2011
1606:2011
1593:ISBN
1572:2011
1547:2011
1477:2011
1464:ISBN
1432:2011
1419:ISBN
1398:2011
1385:ISBN
1178:king
1176:and
1157:oars
1106:and
1094:and
1088:Kesh
1076:Abzu
1068:Ekur
1064:Enki
1032:gold
1011:or '
937:myth
933:Yale
848:The
722:Lilu
667:AnzĂ»
652:Asag
642:Udug
560:Uttu
435:Nabu
390:Išum
360:Erra
242:Adad
195:Enki
155:and
146:and
139:Abzu
137:and
1223:kur
1118:'s
1098:in
1096:Utu
1086:in
1078:in
1015:'.
993:hoe
974:in
962:in
954:at
923:in
712:Kur
405:Laṣ
345:Bel
185:Anu
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1790:^
1741:^
1367:^
1227:me
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1102:;
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267:Ki
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1024:.
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