347:, an apotheosized cultural hero. If one relies on the Sonjo age-grade lists, one can estimate that he lived around 400 years ago. There is no single version of his life, but there are multiple, depending on the narrator and the moment of telling. Simeon Ndula narrated Ghambageu's life before 1955, which is the oldest reported full version. Ndula was the main messenger for the British authority in Loliondo and was most likely the first Sonjo to be baptized. The following is a description of the Ndula version:
414:″Hura" land, on the other hand, is more central, conceptually if not geographically, and more heavily utilised. The soil is a thicker, darker (occasionally black) alluvial loam with a high silt/clay concentration. It is low-lying, frequently occurring in river and stream floodplains. It is relatively fruitful, and tends to be farmed every year. It is always watered. It is produced communally by women during the
383:, has grown in importance in Sonjo religion to the point where it appears to be on the verge of a unique monotheistic. Ghambegeu's personality has become more like that of Jesus. Eventually, these two holy figures will be merged together. Sonjo traditional leaders have taken an active role in this process. Their actions can be considered sensible in terms of sustaining Sonjo social and cultural stability.
53:
288:'s 'Sonjo Expedition' in 1963-64 (to examine Pleistocene fossiliferous strata) discovered Sonjo living and cultivating at Peninyi. In the 1970s and 1980s, a Sonjo settlement coexisted with the Maasai, and a school was established in 1978; by 1984, the Sonjo at Peninyi numbered over 1500 people). However, they left the area in 1987 after deadly clashes with Maasai over pasture.
351:
murder him. Ghambageu learned of the plot and treated a blind old lady before transporting her to the village of
Samunge. Tinagans followed Ghambageu into Samunge. He persuaded the people of Samunge to support him by shooting burning bird feathers towards Tinagans. That had a terrible effect, and Tinagans fled, while the people of his new village saw him as a God as a result.
257:, above Lake Natron. The climate is semi-arid, with an annual rainfall of 400–600 mm. This is focused in two wet seasons, March–April and November/December. There were records of a maximum of 752 milimetres and a minimum of 508 milimetres throughout an eight-year period in the 1950s, when rainfall was above average.
398:
Gravity irrigation is used at Sonjo, with simple unlined canals. There are two main sources of irrigation water used. The first is made up of springs that are utilised either directly as they rise at the base of the escarpment or after they have been consolidated into little streams. The second water
406:
There has been changes in Sonjo livestock management, and hence ties between the Sonjo and nearby Maasai pastoralists, have also occurred in the recent three decades. The Sonjo had many goats but no cattle until the 1960s, with the typical rationale being that having cattle would provide Maasai with
362:
Ghambageu, according to the wenamijie, created their leadership. For those who seek to call the wenamijie's religious, political, and economic leadership into doubt, there are two options: either cut the link between the wenamijie and
Ghambageu or discredit Ghambageu. The churches have opted for the
280:
Bantu in a sea of nomadic Masai". Although the Maasai currently irrigate in Pagasi (where some Sonjo also live) and
Peninyi, the irrigation of the Sonjo is a notable aspect of an otherwise pastoral area. In 1963, Robert Gray published the only comprehensive study of the Sonjo as "an irrigation-based
411:
often sloping, and it is planted primarily in March, as the rains begin, and harvested in June, when they cease. During this time, most magare receives supplemental irrigation as needed. Gray believes that magare land is cultivated on alternating years, and our observations likely to back this up.
325:
The wenamijie make choices collaboratively, and the post is hereditary in the sense that a dead mwenamijie's disciple is chosen from his tribe. Each village also has a priest, who works closely with the wenamijie and plays no significant political role. The Sonjo use an age-grade system similar to
354:
Ghambageu settled in
Samunge as the hero and the leader, married, and got so many children that he no longer could endure with them. He transformed his children into stones, except two of his sons, of whom he later exiled one. Only his favorite son Aka remained. Aka decided to flee his father one
321:
The group of traditional leaders (singular mwenamijie, plural wenamijie) who govern the usage of irrigation water, arable land, and trees is the most visible political organization in each community. Water control is the most valuable political power one can have because the economy is reliant on
317:
Each Sonjo village is a separate entity, and there are no governmental mechanisms that connect Sonjo from different villages. Nonetheless, they had and continue to share a great sense of belonging together. A major feature of this connection and their identity as "the Sonjo" is in their religious
299:
program (rural'socialism' and villagization) in the 1970s had a considerable impact on Sonjo settlement patterns. Ironically, given that one purpose of the initiative was to concentrate scattered populations, such 'villagization' pushed Sonjo, in 1975, to migrate out of their tight sites into the
410:
When it comes to farming, there is a definite gender division of labor. Men clear and burn fields, while women cultivate and sow the soil. Men irrigate, and women harvest and transport the crop. Irrigated land is classified into two types. Magare is a light sandy terrain that is well-drained and
430:
and sweet potato. Other bean cultivars, banana, maize, cucurbits, cabbage, lettuce, tomatoes, tobacco, papaya, and in a few areas mango, lime, and lemon are also produced presently, having been introduced since the 1960s. Many of these crops, however, are farmed by a small group of individuals,
350:
Ghambageu appeared in the world without a mother or father. He was a poor man from Tinaga who worked as a babysitter. He refused to help with the collective labor of repairing the irrigation channels and played tricks on the Tinaga residents. The
Tinagans became enraged with him and intended to
308:
There were approximately 18,000 Sonjo in the mid-1980s. In the 1960s and 1970s, the population seemed to have expanded relatively quickly. The 1928 census counted 2,300 Sonjo and the 1957 census counted 4,400, but both may have been undercounted. Incomplete data collected in 1991 indicate that
399:
source is the much larger
Lelessuta River and its tributaries in the main valley (the Juhe). The task of maintaining canals and dams is organized and managed by an institutionalized group of elders (wenamiji) in each community, with the labor mostly the responsibility of young men (batana).
358:
When
Ghambageu died, he insisted on being laid out on a flat stone to dry in the sun rather than buried. The Kisangiro people, on the other hand, buried him. When the Samunge villagers learnt of Ghambageu's death, they hurried to Kisangiro and demanded that the burial be opened. Except for
366:
On the outskirts of
Samunge, adjacent to the road leading to the neighboring village of Digodigo, there lies a stone under a thatched roof. Passers-by left grass as a sacrifice on the stone. This stone, according to one belief, is one of the children who were turned into stones.
407:
an excuse to raid Sonjo territory and seize the stock. But, since then, the Sonjo have started rearing cattle in large numbers without suffering too much from Maasai attacks (save in the outlying districts of
Peninyi and Masusu during the late-1980s assaults).
425:
The old grains sorghum was produced more extensively than finger millet (which is less susceptible of water-logging), serving as the principal staple, as it still does in many Sonjo homes today, despite the introduction of maize and the root carbohydrates
402:
Sonjo economy and society (as well as Sonjo irrigation) have undergone a variety of changes over time. In recent decades, there has been a significant exodus from the main Sonjo villages to what appear to be permanent communities some distance distant.
370:
A Lutheran mission among the Sonjo began in 1947 with the use of
African resources, and an American-led Roman Catholic mission arrived in 1952. The wenamijie viewed Christian mission as a threat to the Sonjo culture and society's unity and continuance.
378:
missions have labored among the Sonjo in northern Tanzania. Despite this, there are extremely few Christian converts. However, Christian doctrines have been completely integrated into Sonjo traditional religion. Ghambageu, the apotheosized Sonjo
300:
flatter lands below. To promote this migration, the old settlements were set on fire. In the case of Digodigo Jigo, the residents relocated 500 meters east of the creek from which their irrigation water was drawn, and named the area Moholo.
326:
the Maasai. Especially, the age- group of the warriors tended to play a large political role in the past. Today, as ethnic tensions between the Sonjo and the Maasai have subsided, the political relevance of the warriors has waned.
435:
are another important crop that appears to be well-established, and its sale to Maasai (as receptacles, particularly for milk) is a significant source of wealth. Cassava is now widely grown and is planted extremely densely.
264:, 20 kilometers to the north-west across the hills from the main Sonjo villages (as the crow flies). The area was historically part of the ancestral land of the Sonjo. Sonjo left Hajaro in 1987 owing to pressure from the
268:. The Maasai renamed it Pinyinyi. Wards in Monduli district like Orokhata were renamed Sale. The Sonjo names are only used when speaking in ki-Sonjo or referring to the former village site.
359:
Ghambageu's footwear, the burial was discovered to be empty. As a result, they assumed he had risen from the grave. Ghambageu is expected to return at the end of time to save all Sonjo.
295:, standing on strong defensive locations on hillsides above the neighboring plains, surrounded by impenetrable thorn thickets, and secured by many wooden stake entrances. Nyerere's
395:
complex, situated some 60 miles to the southeast. The Sonjo also maintain terraced village sites, albeit of considerably more rudimentary form than what is found at Engaruka.
692:
284:
Sonjo have moved in and out of Peninyi during the last few decades. Sonjo are claimed to have arrived in the 1950s by current (Maasai) locals. Glynn Isaac and
2086:
2081:
1770:
685:
615:
355:
night, so he transformed into a bird and flew away. This upset Ghambageu so much that he decided to leave Samunge and move to Kisangiro.
1722:
391:
The Sonjo are known for their use of irrigation systems in agriculture. They have consequently been linked by some historians with the
2076:
678:
578:
1808:
253:
etc.). They dwell in six communities in northern Tanzania, on the hills between the upper and lower western escarpments of the
260:
Sonjoland is administratively part of Arusha Region's Ngorongoro District. The District Headquarters are currently located at
108:
1833:
1803:
322:
irrigated agriculture. One of the community leaders stated that whomever controls the water controls the entire town.
431:
primarily younger farmers, those who have worked extensively outside Sonjo, and strangers such as church employees.
1996:
1727:
1763:
701:
534:
Vähäkangas, Mika (2008). "Ghambageu Encounters Jesus in Sonjo Mythology: Syncretism as African Rational Action".
478:
Adams, W. M.; Potkanski, T.; Sutton, J. E. G. (1994). "Indigenous Farmer-Managed Irrigation in Sonjo, Tanzania".
1823:
1818:
1484:
1991:
1813:
1756:
1558:
1302:
1160:
422:
harvest two months later. In actuality, however, some hura land is cultivated more or less consistently.
2017:
1828:
2022:
650:
Nurse, Derek; Rottland, Franz (January 1993). "The History of Sonjo and Engaruka: A Linguists' View".
2001:
752:
1972:
1732:
187:
75:
1915:
998:
621:
551:
495:
2032:
1383:
1102:
638:
611:
574:
1494:
1469:
659:
603:
543:
487:
418:
ceremony in September, and is harvested in theory in February. Ratooning can yield a second
363:
latter option. However, the wenamijie have not been passive in the face of their challenge.
179:
92:
309:
population expansion has continued, with the current amount estimated to be around 25,000.
2037:
1614:
1609:
1512:
1350:
1218:
1193:
1092:
1034:
963:
230:
1869:
1704:
1699:
1672:
1662:
1619:
1540:
1459:
1436:
1393:
1284:
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1155:
1074:
1064:
1049:
1039:
983:
925:
882:
808:
788:
760:
722:
285:
226:
158:
88:
2070:
2027:
1900:
1884:
1849:
1779:
1667:
1657:
1642:
1637:
1601:
1591:
1576:
1568:
1553:
1548:
1530:
1522:
1507:
1502:
1451:
1431:
1403:
1398:
1388:
1322:
1312:
1307:
1294:
1279:
1261:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1226:
1170:
1112:
1107:
1059:
1054:
978:
945:
935:
930:
907:
892:
874:
864:
859:
846:
831:
826:
798:
783:
775:
765:
742:
717:
709:
633:
Nurse, Derek; Rottland, Franz (1991). "Sonjo: Description, Classification, History".
625:
265:
250:
215:
191:
183:
128:
124:
120:
66:
2042:
1879:
1864:
1859:
1686:
1652:
1647:
1629:
1586:
1479:
1474:
1464:
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1426:
1413:
1365:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1274:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1188:
1180:
1150:
1145:
1135:
1130:
1097:
1044:
1026:
1011:
1006:
988:
920:
915:
897:
836:
818:
803:
727:
380:
206:
In 2002, the Sonjo population was estimated to number around 30,000 individuals (
2055:
1941:
1421:
1378:
1340:
1330:
1231:
1165:
1140:
1122:
1082:
1016:
968:
953:
887:
854:
793:
277:
254:
246:
242:
1920:
1714:
1373:
1087:
732:
663:
375:
207:
642:
1581:
958:
670:
547:
340:
292:
104:
607:
1910:
1682:
432:
392:
261:
195:
58:
555:
1967:
1905:
973:
499:
427:
419:
1962:
1957:
1925:
1854:
1789:
1694:
296:
491:
276:
Fosbrooke in 1938 defined the Sonjo as "an island of
241:. The language, whose closest living cousins are those found around
2050:
1737:
1748:
1752:
674:
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
457:
455:
453:
451:
449:
335:
Ghambageu, the central figure in Sonjo mythology and religion
2010:
1981:
1950:
1934:
1893:
1842:
1796:
1713:
1681:
1628:
1600:
1567:
1539:
1521:
1493:
1450:
1412:
1364:
1321:
1293:
1260:
1217:
1179:
1121:
1073:
1025:
997:
944:
906:
873:
845:
817:
774:
751:
708:
154:
146:
138:
114:
98:
82:
44:
34:
27:
529:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
218:. Group members prefer to call themselves the
1764:
686:
8:
22:
536:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
16:Ethnic group from Arusha Region of Tanzania
1771:
1757:
1749:
693:
679:
671:
21:
652:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa
387:Agriculture and Sonjo irrigation systems
445:
291:Old Sonjo communities were compact and
214:is the name given to the people by the
573:. Penguin Classics. pp. 275–277.
135:
7:
45:Regions with significant populations
2087:Indigenous peoples of Arusha Region
339:The most important figure in Sonjo
14:
2082:Indigenous peoples of East Africa
635:Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika
51:
1809:Arusha District Council, Arusha
233:language. They refer to it as
1:
109:African Traditional Religion
1982:National Parks and Reserves
1804:Arusha City Council, Arusha
571:The Tree Where Man Was Born
569:Matthiessen, Peter (2010).
186:ethnic group from northern
2103:
1997:Lake Manyara National Park
2077:Ethnic groups in Tanzania
1786:
702:Ethnic groups in Tanzania
664:10.1080/00672709309511646
119:
103:
87:
49:
39:
598:Gray, Robert F. (2018).
480:The Geographical Journal
1992:Tarangire National Park
1894:National Historic Sites
600:The Sonjo of Tanganyika
225:The Sonjo people speak
1951:Major Cities and Towns
608:10.4324/9780429491535
548:10.1093/jaarel/lfm117
115:Related ethnic groups
2002:Arusha National Park
1834:Ngorongoro District
188:Ngorongoro District
76:Ngorongoro District
24:
2011:National Landmarks
1916:Nasera Rockshelter
1728:Chinese Tanzanians
2064:
2063:
2033:Ngorongoro Crater
2023:Monduli Mountains
1988:Mount Meru Forest
1746:
1745:
1733:Indian Tanzanians
617:978-0-429-49153-5
374:For six decades,
164:
163:
134:
133:
2094:
2038:Ngurudoto Crater
1935:Rivers and Lakes
1824:Monduli District
1819:Longido District
1773:
1766:
1759:
1750:
1723:White Tanzanians
695:
688:
681:
672:
667:
646:
629:
585:
584:
566:
560:
559:
531:
504:
503:
475:
159:Kisonjo (Ketɛmi)
150:Wasonjo (Motɛmi)
136:
57:
55:
54:
35:Total population
25:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2047:Ol Donyo Lengai
2006:
1977:
1946:
1930:
1889:
1838:
1814:Karatu District
1792:
1782:
1777:
1747:
1742:
1709:
1677:
1624:
1596:
1563:
1535:
1517:
1489:
1446:
1408:
1360:
1317:
1289:
1256:
1213:
1175:
1117:
1069:
1021:
993:
940:
902:
869:
841:
813:
770:
747:
704:
699:
649:
632:
618:
597:
594:
592:Further reading
589:
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563:
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532:
507:
492:10.2307/3060138
477:
476:
447:
442:
389:
337:
332:
315:
306:
274:
204:
142:Msonjo (Batɛmi)
107:
52:
50:
30:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2100:
2098:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1843:Native Peoples
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1753:
1744:
1743:
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1735:
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1725:
1719:
1717:
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1660:
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1579:
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1534:
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1527:
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1519:
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1510:
1505:
1499:
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1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1319:
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1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
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1153:
1148:
1143:
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1133:
1127:
1125:
1119:
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1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1079:
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1071:
1070:
1068:
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1062:
1057:
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942:
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928:
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904:
903:
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829:
823:
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786:
780:
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772:
771:
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755:
749:
748:
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735:
730:
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706:
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630:
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593:
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586:
580:978-0143106241
579:
561:
542:(1): 111–137.
505:
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305:
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286:Richard Leakey
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89:Sonjo language
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32:
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2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2028:Olduvai Gorge
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
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1949:
1943:
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1939:
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1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
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1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:Olduvai Gorge
1899:
1898:
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1878:
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1858:
1856:
1853:
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1845:
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1835:
1832:
1830:
1829:Meru District
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1780:Arusha Region
1774:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1755:
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1739:
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1397:
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1036:
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985:
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835:
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828:
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795:
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787:
785:
782:
781:
779:
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773:
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764:
762:
759:
758:
756:
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753:Dar es Salaam
750:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
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707:
703:
696:
691:
689:
684:
682:
677:
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673:
665:
661:
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648:
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640:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
613:
609:
605:
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596:
595:
591:
582:
576:
572:
565:
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
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512:
510:
506:
501:
497:
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489:
485:
481:
474:
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460:
458:
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454:
452:
450:
446:
439:
437:
434:
429:
423:
421:
417:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
394:
386:
384:
382:
381:cultural hero
377:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
346:
342:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
312:
310:
303:
301:
298:
294:
289:
287:
282:
279:
271:
269:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
201:
199:
197:
193:
192:Arusha Region
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
160:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
130:
129:Bantu peoples
126:
125:Chagga people
122:
118:
113:
110:
106:
102:
97:
94:
90:
86:
81:
77:
71:
70:
69:
68:
67:Arusha Region
62:
61:
60:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
2043:Mungu Crater
1874:
1860:Chaga people
737:
655:
651:
634:
599:
570:
564:
539:
535:
486:(1): 17–32.
483:
479:
424:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
390:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
338:
324:
320:
316:
307:
304:Demographics
290:
283:
278:agricultural
275:
259:
238:
234:
224:
219:
211:
210:). The term
205:
175:
171:
167:
165:
127:& other
65:
19:Ethnic group
2056:Lake Natron
1942:Lake Duluti
999:Kilimanjaro
637:: 171–289.
318:tradition.
255:Rift Valley
243:Mount Kenya
2071:Categories
2018:Mount Meru
1921:Mumba Cave
1715:Immigrants
1384:Ndengereko
658:(1): 1–5.
440:References
433:Calabashes
281:society".
208:Ethnologue
1973:Usa River
1797:Districts
1788:Capital:
1615:Nyanyembe
1582:Nyamwanga
1495:Shinyanga
1470:Ndendeule
643:0170-5946
626:126717088
416:Mbaribari
376:Christian
345:Ghambageu
341:mythology
293:fortified
105:Christian
83:Languages
1911:Engaruka
1850:Waarusha
1683:Zanzibar
1610:Nyamwezi
1513:Nyamwezi
1219:Morogoro
1194:Nyakyusa
1093:Barabaig
1035:Machinga
964:Holoholo
556:40006027
393:Engaruka
330:Religion
262:Loliondo
222:people.
202:Overview
196:Tanzania
182:) are a
155:Language
99:Religion
59:Tanzania
1968:Namanga
1906:Laetoli
1870:Datooga
1865:Hadzabe
1705:Swahili
1700:Shirazi
1673:Swahili
1620:Swahili
1559:Nyaturu
1541:Singida
1460:Matengo
1437:Tumbuka
1394:Swahili
1285:Swahili
1270:Makonde
1252:Vidunda
1156:Ngurimi
1103:Kw'adza
1075:Manyara
1065:Swahili
1050:Makonde
1040:Matumbi
984:Swahili
974:Manyema
926:Konongo
883:Hangaza
809:Sandawe
789:Burunge
761:Swahili
723:Datooga
500:3060138
428:cassava
420:sorghum
313:Culture
272:History
180:Swahili
176:Wasonjo
93:Swahili
29:Wasonjo
1963:Karatu
1958:Arusha
1926:Peninj
1885:Maasai
1790:Arusha
1695:Hadimu
1685:&
1668:Zigula
1663:Sambaa
1658:Segeju
1643:Dhaiso
1638:Bondei
1602:Tabora
1592:Lambya
1577:Malila
1569:Songwe
1554:Isanzu
1549:Iramba
1531:Sukuma
1523:Simiyu
1508:Sukuma
1503:Iramba
1452:Ruvuma
1432:Mambwe
1404:Zigula
1399:Zaramo
1389:Rufiji
1351:Pangwa
1323:Njombe
1313:Sukuma
1308:Kerewe
1295:Mwanza
1280:Maviha
1262:Mtwara
1247:Sagara
1242:Pogolo
1237:Luguru
1227:Kaguru
1171:Zanaki
1113:Mbugwe
1108:Maasai
1060:Ngindo
1055:Ndonde
1007:Chagga
979:Tongwe
946:Kigoma
936:Rungwa
931:Pimbwe
908:Katavi
893:Nyambo
875:Kagera
865:Ndamba
860:Mbunga
847:Iringa
832:Sumbwa
827:Sukuma
799:Gorowa
784:Alagwa
776:Dodoma
766:Zaramo
743:Maasai
718:Arusha
710:Arusha
641:
624:
614:
577:
554:
498:
297:ujamaa
266:Maasai
251:Kikuyu
239:Gitemi
235:Kitemi
220:Batemi
216:Maasai
172:Batemi
147:People
139:Person
121:Kikuyu
91:&
56:
40:30,000
2051:Gelai
1880:Iraqw
1875:Sonjo
1738:Arabs
1687:Pemba
1653:Ngulu
1648:Mbugu
1630:Tanga
1587:Ndali
1480:Nindi
1475:Ngoni
1465:Mpoto
1442:Wanda
1427:Lungu
1414:Rukwa
1366:Pwani
1356:Wanji
1346:Manda
1336:Kinga
1275:Makua
1209:Sangu
1204:Safwa
1199:Nyiha
1189:Kimbu
1181:Mbeya
1151:Kuria
1146:Kabwa
1136:Ikoma
1131:Ikizu
1098:Iraqw
1045:Mwera
1027:Lindi
1012:Ngasa
989:Vinza
921:Bende
916:Bembe
898:Shubi
837:Zinza
819:Geita
804:Rangi
738:Sonjo
728:Hadza
622:S2CID
552:JSTOR
496:JSTOR
231:Bantu
227:Sonjo
212:Sonjo
184:Bantu
178:, in
168:Sonjo
23:Sonjo
1855:Meru
1422:Fipa
1379:Kami
1341:Kisi
1331:Bena
1303:Kara
1232:Kutu
1166:Ware
1161:Suba
1141:Jita
1123:Mara
1083:Akie
1017:Pare
969:Jiji
954:Goma
888:Haya
855:Hehe
794:Gogo
733:Meru
639:ISSN
612:ISBN
575:ISBN
247:Meru
229:, a
166:The
1485:Yao
1374:Doe
1088:Asa
660:doi
604:doi
544:doi
488:doi
484:160
343:is
237:or
194:in
190:of
170:or
2073::
959:Ha
656:28
654:.
620:.
610:.
602:.
550:.
540:76
538:.
508:^
494:.
482:.
448:^
249:,
198:.
123:,
1772:e
1765:t
1758:v
694:e
687:t
680:v
666:.
662::
645:.
628:.
606::
583:.
558:.
546::
502:.
490::
245:(
174:(
78:)
74:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.