89:, smallpox was believed to be a disease foisted upon humans due to Shapona's âdivine displeasure.â Formal worship of the god of smallpox was highly controlled by specific priests in charge of shrines to the god. Prior to the early 20th century, people of this religion believed that if the priests were angered, they were capable of causing smallpox outbreaks through their intimate relationship with Shapona. The name "Sapona" (alt. Shapona, Saponna, etc.) is considered a secret and taboo name, not to be spoken aloud in respect for the power of the Lord of
132:. He is the divinity of the earth, wellness, smallpox, and can heal or inflict both insanity and disease on humans. It is known as Sakpata among other Gbe speaking people such as Ewe, Fon and Adja. Their territory stretches from south western Nigeria to the Volta Region of Ghana. Oral history has it that this disease decimated their ancestors during their sojourn at Adja Tado until they were cured by a Yoruba man known as Torgbui Anyi. Sakpata is one of the most worshiped deities among them.
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suspected that the priests were deliberately spreading the disease, and surreptitiously joined the cult. He discovered that the priests were causing the disease through applying scrapings of the skin rash of smallpox cases. Based on this information, the
British colonial rulers banned the worship of
192:. A skirt and hood made of straw that covers the entire body is the clothing associated with Sakpata-Omolu followers and worship. In the Jejé tradition, Kpo and Loko are also associated with straw clothing. The
204:) are all accessories associated with Sakpata-Omolu. He is seen to have both the power to inflict and cure skin disease and other contagious diseases. In present times this includes
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tradition, Sopona is known as
Shakpana or áčąakpanna, and is similarly a ferocious god associated with healing smallpox. In a survey of Orisha shrines on
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31:, and other public health experts attending a 1969 conference on smallpox eradication. It is adorned with layers of meaningful objects such as
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501:
Bader, Richard-Ernst: Sopono, Pocken und
Pockengottkult der Yoruba. Erster Teil. Medizinhistorisches Journal 20 (1985) 363-390 (German)
93:. For this reason, the deity has a number of other names and titles which have been in use since the pre-modern period, such as Omolu.
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Bader, Richard-Ernst: Sopono, Pocken und
Pockengottkult der Yoruba. Zweiter Teil. Medizinhistorisches Journal 21 (1986) 31-91 (German)
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Shapona in 1907. Worship continues, however, with the faithful paying homage to the god even after such activities were prohibited.
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This carved wooden statue of Sopona was one of approximately 50 created by a traditional healer as commemorative objects for the
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with palm or straw bristles, is used in
Sakpata-Omolu rituals. Small gourds, white cowry shells, a black necklace (
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Bennett, J. L. (2003). "JAMA -- The
Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History, March 5, 2003, Wear 289 (9): 1171".
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or Omolu. Speaking his true name is avoided so as to not invoke the power of disease.
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Sapona is the traditional, sacred and protected name of the Orisha popularly known as
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Hail Orisha! A Phenomenology of a West
African Religion in the Mid-Nineteenth Century
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Smallpox- the Death of a
Disease: The Inside Story of Eradicating a Worldwide Killer
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The
Formation of Candomblé : Vodun History And Ritual in Brazil
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62:. The Yoruba people took their traditions about Shapona to the
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Spirits, Blood, and Drums: the Orisha
Religion in Trinidad
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Encyclopedia of Religious Rites, Rituals, and Festivals
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JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
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160:nation). He is associated with the colors
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337:Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History
78:religion that developed in the Americas.
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81:Within the traditional religion of the
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176:associated with him are Sakpata-Omolu
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511:. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
66:when they were transported in the
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518:. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill.
224:, James Houk found that flags to
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509:Olodumare: God in Yoruba Belief
323:. University of Chicago Press.
16:God of smallpox for the Yorubas
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379:Parés, Luis Nicolau (2013).
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70:. He has become known as
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507:Idowu, E. Bolaji. 1962.
335:Originally published as
514:McKenzie, Peter. 1997.
410:British Medical Journal
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568:Supreme Creator (God)
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555:(Orisa-IfĂĄ)
293:(9): 1171.
232:and Osain (
182:butterflies
68:slave trade
895:Categories
854:Yorubaland
692:Orisha Oko
682:Babalu Aye
496:Literature
345:0226351777
240:References
190:mosquitoes
98:BabalĂș-AyĂ©
72:BabalĂș-AyĂ©
798:Iyami Aje
702:Oshunmare
575:Olodumare
451:Routledge
202:laguidibĂĄ
146:Candomblé
136:Candomblé
64:New World
818:Calendar
808:Babalawo
763:Medicine
747:Trinidad
637:á»runmila
599:Irunmole
339:(1983),
230:Shakpana
222:Trinidad
206:HIV/AIDS
180:, black
156:in the (
126:Shakpana
56:smallpox
48:áčąá»Ìpá»Ìna
35:skulls,
875:á»ranyan
870:Oduduwa
839:Ile Ife
813:Iyalawo
803:Egungun
732:Nigeria
677:á»sanyin
642:á»batala
595:Orishas
561:Spirits
431:2035631
234:Osanyin
216:In the
194:xaxarĂĄ,
178:beetles
174:Insects
150:Sakpata
122:Sakpata
87:Nigeria
58:in the
52:Shapona
788:Gelede
783:Ogboni
756:Topics
742:Brazil
697:Erinláșč
687:Olokun
662:Yemá»ja
652:Aganju
647:Shango
622:á»áčŁá»á»si
607:Elegua
580:á»lá»run
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188:, and
168:, and
130:Sopono
76:Orisha
39:, and
33:monkey
768:Music
707:Ibeji
657:Agemo
585:Olofi
198:broom
186:flies
170:white
166:black
41:nails
773:Itan
737:Cuba
712:Yewa
627:á»áčŁun
617:Ogun
480:ISBN
455:ISBN
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325:ISBN
267:ISBN
226:Ogun
158:Jejé
103:Dr.
50:(or
844:Oyo
793:IfĂĄ
778:Art
672:á»ba
667:á»ya
632:Ori
612:EáčŁu
426:PMC
418:doi
295:doi
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162:red
152:or
148:as
116:In
85:of
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