300:(3) the name of the owner of copyright in the sound recording, or an abbreviation by which the name can be recognized, or a generally known alternative designation of the owner; if the producer of the sound recording is named on the phonorecord labels or containers, and if no other name appears in conjunction with the notice, the producer’s name shall be considered a part of the notice.
272:
In the case of reproductions of works specified in subsection (n) of section 5 of this title , the notice shall consist of the symbol ℗, (the letter P in a circle), the year of first publication of the sound recording, and the name of the owner of copy right in the sound recording, or an abbreviation
267:
by adding protection for sound recordings and prescribed a copyright notice for sound recordings. The Sound
Recording Act added a copyright notice provision specific to sound recordings, which incorporated the symbol prescribed in the Geneva Convention, to the end of section 19 of the 1909 Copyright
262:
The symbol was introduced into United States copyright law in 1971, when the US extended limited copyright protection to sound recordings. The United States anticipated signing onto the Geneva
Phonograms Convention, which it had helped draft. On October 15, 1971, Congress enacted the Sound Recording
218:
A sound recording has a separate copyright that is distinct from that of the underlying work (usually a musical work, expressible in musical notation and written lyrics), if any. The sound recording copyright notice extends to a copyright for just the sound itself and will not apply to any other
228:
189:
239:
If, as a condition of protecting the rights of producers of phonograms, or of performers, or both, in relation to phonograms, a
Contracting State, under its domestic law, requires compliance with formalities, these shall be considered as fulfilled if all the copies in commerce of the published
252:
If, as a condition of protecting the producers of phonograms, a
Contracting State, under its domestic law, requires compliance with formalities, these shall be considered as fulfilled if all the authorized duplicates of the phonogram distributed to the public or their containers bear a notice
240:
phonogram or their containers bear a notice consisting of the symbol ℗, accompanied by the year date of the first publication, placed in such a manner as to give reasonable notice of claim of protection...
1851:
463:, United States Register of Copyrights, before the Subcommittee on Courts, the Internet, and Intellectual Property, Committee on the Judiciary (July 31, 2007).
253:
consisting of the symbol ℗, accompanied by the year date of the first publication, placed in such manner as to give reasonable notice of claim of protection...
705:
1166:
215:
stands for phonogram, the legal term used in most
English-speaking countries to refer to works known in U.S. copyright law as "sound recordings".
1932:
1937:
629:
664:
445:
412:
698:
165:
596:
576:
526:
1927:
548:
1874:
245:
193:
1597:
691:
522:
608:
563:
333:
498:
International
Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations
248:, another multilateral copyright treaty, was signed in 1971, it included a similar provision in its Article 5:
510:
Convention for the
Protection of Producers of Phonograms against Unauthorized Duplication of their Phonograms
1922:
350:
95:
80:
1869:
983:
284:
229:
Rome
Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations
201:
190:
Rome
Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations
1896:
1879:
1765:
1340:
683:
1400:
1886:
1612:
1510:
1355:
923:
768:
738:
232:
1901:
1891:
273:
by which the name can be recognized, or a generally known alternative designation of the owner...
264:
404:
397:
437:
1238:
1181:
660:
544:
441:
408:
1627:
1548:
1472:
1132:
509:
497:
345:
181:
291:
If a notice appears on the phonorecords, it shall consist of the following three elements:
1858:
1800:
1415:
192:
in 1961. The United States added it to its copyright law as part of its adherence to the
1662:
840:
430:
287:. That section provides for the a non-mandatory copyright notice on sound recordings:
1916:
1750:
1370:
1298:
1117:
1094:
177:
460:
263:
Act of 1971, also known as the Sound
Recording Amendment of 1971, which amended the
1835:
1495:
1253:
1052:
633:
617:
572:
474:"Circular 56A: Copyright Registration of Musical Compositions and Sound Recordings"
399:
Public Domain: How to Find & Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art & More
279:
185:
654:
1283:
1219:
1204:
1147:
715:
169:
1723:
1525:
1453:
817:
719:
473:
312:
370:
1863:
1681:
1268:
938:
878:
855:
783:
235:
relating to copyright, in 1961. Article 11 of the Rome Convention provided:
197:
173:
161:
647:
160:(letter P in a circle), is the copyright symbol used to provide notice of
1781:
1567:
1313:
968:
953:
1819:
1708:
893:
580:
316:
37:
1029:
798:
1430:
1385:
908:
753:
1075:
136:
121:
687:
219:
rendition or version, even if performed by the same artist(s).
297:(2) the year of first publication of the sound recording; and
208:
512:, Oct. 29, 1971, art. 5, 25 U.S.T. 309, 496 U.N.T.S 43.
543:(4th ed.). Newark, NJ: LexisNexis. p. 140.
108:
103:
67:
62:
35:
28:
23:
609:
564:
521:Statement of William N. Letson, General Counsel,
429:
396:
376:. United States Copyright Office. September 2017
294:(1) the symbol ℗ (the letter P in a circle); and
270:
250:
237:
699:
525:, June 10, 1971, reproduced in H.R. Rep. No.
277:The designation of the symbol continues in §
8:
479:. United States Copyright Office. July 2020
336:names, "published" and "phonorecord sign".
706:
692:
684:
653:. In Allen, Julie D.; et al. (eds.).
500:, Oct. 26, 1961, art. 11, 496 U.N.T.S 43.
1852:Version of this table as a sortable list
188:, etc.). It was first introduced in the
618:92–140: Sound Recording Act of 1971
362:
648:"Letterlike Symbols; Range: 2100-214F"
20:
7:
1704: ⟨ ⟩
436:. Stamford, CT: Kent Press. p.
403:. Berkeley, CA: Nolo Press. p.
614:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
569:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
656:The Unicode Standard, Version 6.1
227:The symbol first appeared in the
148:sound recording copyright symbol
30:Sound recording copyright symbol
200:§ 402, the codification of the
371:"Circular 3: Copyright Notice"
82:CIRCLED LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P
1:
539:Leaffer, Marshall A. (2005).
432:A Copyright Guide for Authors
461:Statement of Marybeth Peters
246:Geneva Phonograms Convention
194:Geneva Phonograms Convention
97:CIRCLED LATIN SMALL LETTER P
1933:United States copyright law
541:Understanding Copyright Law
523:U.S. Department of Commerce
1954:
1938:Symbols introduced in 1971
1167:inverted ! and ?
334:Unicode character property
168:(phonogram) embodied in a
1847:
1735:
1639:
1583:sound recording copyright
1537:
1442:
1325:
1193:
1106:
1041:
867:
727:
395:Fishman, Stephen (2012).
332:, with the supplementary
330:SOUND RECORDING COPYRIGHT
52:SOUND RECORDING COPYRIGHT
16:Typographical symbol (℗)
428:Lee, Robert E. (1995).
1700: { }
1692: ( )
1677: « »
1673: ‹ ›
1658: " "
1654: ' '
1650: “ ”
1646: ‘ ’
646:Unicode, Inc. (2012).
351:Enclosed Alphanumerics
275:
255:
242:
223:International treaties
1928:Typographical symbols
285:Copyright Act of 1976
202:Copyright Act of 1976
1897:Japanese punctuation
1598:registered trademark
1483: |
1341:plus and minus signs
734:
1887:Chinese punctuation
1613:service mark symbol
1356:multiplication sign
874: &
233:multilateral treaty
1902:Korean punctuation
1892:Hebrew punctuation
265:1909 Copyright Act
1910:
1909:
1239:ordinal indicator
1182:irony punctuation
599:, Sept. 22, 1971.
529:, Sept. 22, 1971.
311:The symbol has a
258:United States law
144:
143:
1945:
1859:Currency symbols
1839:
1838:
1832:
1824:
1823:
1822:(paragraph mark)
1816:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1727:
1726:
1720:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1631:
1630:
1628:trademark symbol
1624:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1552:
1551:
1549:copyright symbol
1545:
1529:
1528:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1133:exclamation mark
1129:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
997:
987:
986:
980:
972:
971:
965:
957:
956:
950:
942:
941:
935:
927:
926:
920:
912:
911:
905:
897:
896:
890:
882:
881:
875:
859:
858:
852:
844:
843:
837:
833:
829:
821:
820:
814:
810:
802:
801:
795:
787:
786:
780:
772:
771:
765:
757:
756:
750:
742:
741:
735:
708:
701:
694:
685:
678:
677:
675:
673:
652:
643:
637:
636:
626:
620:
615:
611:
606:
600:
593:
587:
586:
585:October 15, 1971
570:
566:
561:
555:
554:
536:
530:
519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
488:
486:
484:
478:
470:
464:
458:
452:
451:
435:
425:
419:
418:
402:
392:
386:
385:
383:
381:
375:
367:
346:Copyright symbol
331:
328:
325:
323:
282:
214:
158:
152:phonogram symbol
139:
135:
132:
130:
124:
120:
117:
115:
98:
94:
91:
89:
83:
79:
76:
74:
57:
53:
50:
47:
45:
21:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1843:
1834:
1831: §
1830:
1828:
1818:
1815: ⸿
1814:
1811: ¶
1810:
1808:
1799:
1796: ⌑
1795:
1792: ◊
1791:
1789:
1780:
1777: ☞
1776:
1774:
1768:(hedera, aldus)
1764:
1761: ❧
1760:
1758:
1749:
1746: ‡
1745:
1742: †
1741:
1739:
1731:
1722:
1719: ”
1718:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1596:
1593: ®
1592:
1590:
1581:
1578: ℗
1577:
1575:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1547:
1544: ©
1543:
1541:
1533:
1524:
1521: ·
1520:
1518:
1509:
1506: •
1505:
1503:
1494:
1491: ‖
1490:
1487: ¦
1486:
1482:
1480:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1452:
1449: _
1448:
1446:
1438:
1429:
1426: ^
1425:
1423:
1416:minus-plus sign
1414:
1411: ∓
1410:
1408:
1401:plus–minus sign
1399:
1396: ±
1395:
1393:
1384:
1381: ~
1380:
1378:
1369:
1366: ÷
1365:
1363:
1354:
1351: ×
1350:
1348:
1339:
1336: −
1335:
1332: +
1331:
1329:
1321:
1312:
1309: ⌀
1308:
1306:
1297:
1294: °
1293:
1291:
1282:
1279: ‱
1278:
1276:
1267:
1264: ‰
1263:
1261:
1252:
1249: %
1248:
1246:
1237:
1234: ª
1233:
1230: º
1229:
1227:
1218:
1215: №
1214:
1212:
1203:
1200: #
1199:
1197:
1189:
1180:
1177: ⸮
1176:
1174:
1165:
1162: ¿
1161:
1158: ¡
1157:
1155:
1146:
1143: ‽
1142:
1140:
1131:
1128: !
1127:
1125:
1116:
1113: ?
1112:
1110:
1102:
1093:
1090: ⸗
1089:
1086: ⹀
1085:
1083:
1074:
1071: —
1070:
1067: –
1066:
1063: ‒
1062:
1060:
1051:
1048: -
1047:
1045:
1037:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
993:
991:
982:
979: ⁂
978:
976:
967:
964: *
963:
961:
952:
949: …
948:
946:
937:
934: \
933:
931:
922:
919: /
918:
916:
907:
904: ^
903:
901:
892:
889: @
888:
886:
877:
873:
871:
863:
854:
851: .
850:
848:
839:
836: ‴
835:
832: ″
831:
828: ′
827:
825:
816:
813: '
812:
809: ’
808:
806:
797:
794: ‐
793:
791:
782:
779: ;
778:
776:
767:
764: :
763:
761:
752:
749: ,
748:
746:
737:
733:
731:
723:
712:
682:
681:
671:
669:
667:
650:
645:
644:
640:
628:
627:
623:
613:
607:
603:
594:
590:
584:
568:
562:
558:
551:
538:
537:
533:
520:
516:
508:
504:
496:
492:
482:
480:
476:
472:
471:
467:
459:
455:
448:
427:
426:
422:
415:
394:
393:
389:
379:
377:
373:
369:
368:
364:
359:
342:
329:
326:
321:
320:
309:
283:of the current
278:
260:
225:
212:
166:sound recording
156:
138:REGISTERED SIGN
137:
133:
128:
127:
126:
122:
118:
113:
112:
96:
92:
87:
86:
85:
81:
77:
72:
71:
55:
51:
48:
43:
42:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1826:
1806:
1787:
1772:
1756:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1714:
1696:
1687:
1668:
1663:quotation mark
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1623:
1618:
1608:
1603:
1588:
1573:
1554:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1516:
1501:
1478:
1459:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1421:
1406:
1391:
1376:
1361:
1346:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1304:
1289:
1274:
1259:
1244:
1225:
1210:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1172:
1153:
1138:
1123:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1081:
1058:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
989:
974:
959:
944:
929:
914:
899:
884:
868:
865:
864:
862:
861:
846:
823:
804:
789:
774:
759:
744:
728:
725:
724:
713:
711:
710:
703:
696:
688:
680:
679:
665:
638:
621:
601:
595:H.R. Rep. No.
588:
556:
549:
531:
514:
502:
490:
465:
453:
446:
420:
413:
387:
361:
360:
358:
355:
354:
353:
348:
341:
338:
308:
305:
304:
303:
302:
301:
298:
295:
259:
256:
224:
221:
182:cassette tapes
142:
141:
123:COPYRIGHT SIGN
110:
106:
105:
101:
100:
69:
68:Different from
65:
64:
63:Different from
60:
59:
40:
33:
32:
29:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1950:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:Copyright law
1921:
1920:
1918:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:Logic symbols
1868:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1372:
1371:division sign
1368:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1315:
1314:diameter sign
1311:
1305:
1300:
1299:degree symbol
1296:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1118:question mark
1115:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1096:
1095:double hyphen
1092:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1031:
1027:
990:
985:
981:
975:
970:
966:
960:
955:
951:
945:
940:
936:
930:
925:
921:
915:
910:
906:
900:
895:
891:
885:
880:
876:
870:
869:
866:
857:
853:
847:
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