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gained from frequency transients, noisiness, unsteadiness, perceived pitch and the spread and intensity of overtones in the sound over an extended time frame. The way a sound changes over time provides most of the information for timbre identification. Even though a small section of the wave form from each instrument looks very similar, differences in changes over time between the clarinet and the piano are evident in both loudness and harmonic content. Less noticeable are the different noises heard, such as air hisses for the clarinet and hammer strikes for the piano.
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related to the physical duration of a sound. For example; in a noisy environment, gapped sounds (sounds that stop and start) can sound as if they are continuous because the offset messages are missed owing to disruptions from noises in the same general bandwidth. This can be of great benefit in understanding distorted messages such as radio signals that suffer from interference, as (owing to this effect) the message is heard as if it was continuous.
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can vary. Sometimes individuals identify different pitches for the same sound, based on their personal experience of particular sound patterns. Selection of a particular pitch is determined by pre-conscious examination of vibrations, including their frequencies and the balance between them. Specific attention is given to recognising potential harmonics. Every sound is placed on a pitch continuum from low to high.
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352:, and displacement of the medium vary in time. At an instant in time, the pressure, velocity, and displacement vary in space. The particles of the medium do not travel with the sound wave. This is intuitively obvious for a solid, and the same is true for liquids and gases (that is, the vibrations of particles in the gas or liquid transport the vibrations, while the
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Spatial location represents the cognitive placement of a sound in an environmental context; including the placement of a sound on both the horizontal and vertical plane, the distance from the sound source and the characteristics of the sonic environment. In a thick texture, it is possible to identify
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is perceived as how "loud" or "soft" a sound is and relates to the totalled number of auditory nerve stimulations over short cyclic time periods, most likely over the duration of theta wave cycles. This means that at short durations, a very short sound can sound softer than a longer sound even though
186:
in pressure, stress, particle displacement, particle velocity, etc., propagated in a medium with internal forces (e.g., elastic or viscous), or the superposition of such propagated oscillation. (b) Auditory sensation evoked by the oscillation described in (a)." Sound can be viewed as a wave motion in
1943:
is sound waves with frequencies lower than 20 Hz. Although sounds of such low frequency are too low for humans to hear as a pitch, these sound are heard as discrete pulses (like the 'popping' sound of an idling motorcycle). Whales, elephants and other animals can detect infrasound and use it to
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is perceived as how "low" or "high" a sound is and represents the cyclic, repetitive nature of the vibrations that make up sound. For simple sounds, pitch relates to the frequency of the slowest vibration in the sound (called the fundamental harmonic). In the case of complex sounds, pitch perception
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Motion of the medium itself. If the medium is moving, this movement may increase or decrease the absolute speed of the sound wave depending on the direction of the movement. For example, sound moving through wind will have its speed of propagation increased by the speed of the wind if the sound and
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is perceived as the quality of different sounds (e.g. the thud of a fallen rock, the whir of a drill, the tone of a musical instrument or the quality of a voice) and represents the pre-conscious allocation of a sonic identity to a sound (e.g. "it's an oboe!"). This identity is based on information
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is dedicated to such studies. Webster's dictionary defined sound as: "1. The sensation of hearing, that which is heard; specif.: a. Psychophysics. Sensation due to stimulation of the auditory nerves and auditory centers of the brain, usually by vibrations transmitted in a material medium, commonly
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Loudness information is summed over a period of about 200 ms before being sent to the auditory cortex. Louder signals create a greater 'push' on the
Basilar membrane and thus stimulate more nerves, creating a stronger loudness signal. A more complex signal also creates more nerve firings and so
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is perceived as how "long" or "short" a sound is and relates to onset and offset signals created by nerve responses to sounds. The duration of a sound usually lasts from the time the sound is first noticed until the sound is identified as having changed or ceased. Sometimes this is not directly
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Although there are many complexities relating to the transmission of sounds, at the point of reception (i.e. the ears), sound is readily dividable into two simple elements: pressure and time. These fundamental elements form the basis of all sound waves. They can be used to describe, in absolute
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is a term often used to refer to an unwanted sound. In science and engineering, noise is an undesirable component that obscures a wanted signal. However, in sound perception it can often be used to identify the source of a sound and is an important component of timbre perception (see below).
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Those physical properties and the speed of sound change with ambient conditions. For example, the speed of sound in gases depends on temperature. In 20 °C (68 °F) air at sea level, the speed of sound is approximately 343 m/s (1,230 km/h; 767 mph) using the formula
1712:
is the component of the acoustic environment that can be perceived by humans. The acoustic environment is the combination of all sounds (whether audible to humans or not) within a given area as modified by the environment and understood by people, in context of the surrounding environment.
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is the difference, in a given medium, between average local pressure and the pressure in the sound wave. A square of this difference (i.e., a square of the deviation from the equilibrium pressure) is usually averaged over time and/or space, and a square root of this average provides a
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In fresh water the speed of sound is approximately 1,482 m/s (5,335 km/h; 3,315 mph). In steel, the speed of sound is about 5,960 m/s (21,460 km/h; 13,330 mph). Sound moves the fastest in solid atomic hydrogen at about 36,000 m/s (129,600 km/h;
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is sound waves with frequencies higher than 20,000 Hz. Ultrasound is not different from audible sound in its physical properties, but cannot be heard by humans. Ultrasound devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz.
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In order to understand the sound more fully, a complex wave such as the one shown in a blue background on the right of this text, is usually separated into its component parts, which are a combination of various sound wave frequencies (and noise).
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air, affecting the organ of hearing. b. Physics. Vibrational energy which occasions such a sensation. Sound is propagated by progressive longitudinal vibratory disturbances (sound waves)." This means that the correct response to the question: "
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In J. Rosevear & S. Harding. (Eds.), ASME XXth
National Conference proceedings. Paper presented at: Music: Educating for life: ASME XXth National Conference (pp. 22–28), Parkville, Victoria: The Australian Society for Music Education
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Pitch perception. During the listening process, each sound is analysed for a repeating pattern (orange arrows) and the results forwarded to the auditory cortex as a single pitch of a certain height (octave) and chroma (note
297:
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Levitin, D.J. (1999). Memory for musical attributes. In P.R. Cook (Ed.), Music, cognition, and computerized sound: An introduction to psychoacoustics (pp. 105–127). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT press.
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316:. One fork is hit with a rubberized mallet, causing the second fork to become visibly excited due to the oscillation caused by the periodic change in the pressure and density of the air. This is an
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air or other elastic media. In this case, sound is a stimulus. Sound can also be viewed as an excitation of the hearing mechanism that results in the perception of sound. In this case, sound is a
661:
The speed of sound depends on the medium the waves pass through, and is a fundamental property of the material. The first significant effort towards measurement of the speed of sound was made by
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Matthews, M. (1999). Introduction to timbre. In P.R. Cook (Ed.), Music, cognition, and computerized sound: An introduction to psychoacoustic (pp. 79–88). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT press.
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Duration perception. When a new sound is noticed (Green arrows), a sound onset message is sent to the auditory cortex. When the repeating pattern is missed, a sound offset messages is sent.
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of a stereo speaker. The sound source creates vibrations in the surrounding medium. As the source continues to vibrate the medium, the vibrations propagate away from the source at the
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they are presented at the same intensity level. Past around 200 ms this is no longer the case and the duration of the sound no longer affects the apparent loudness of the sound.
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effect, to the sound amplitude, which means there are non-linear propagation effects, such as the production of harmonics and mixed tones not present in the original sound (see
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1495:{\displaystyle L_{\mathrm {p} }=10\,\log _{10}\left({\frac {{p}^{2}}{{p_{\mathrm {ref} }}^{2}}}\right)=20\,\log _{10}\left({\frac {p}{p_{\mathrm {ref} }}}\right){\mbox{ dB}}\,}
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Pa), that is between 101323.6 and 101326.4 Pa. As the human ear can detect sounds with a wide range of amplitudes, sound pressure is often measured as a level on a logarithmic
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for humans or sometimes it relates to a particular animal. Other species have different ranges of hearing. For example, dogs can perceive vibrations higher than 20 kHz.
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Jones, S.; Longe, O.; Pato, M.V. (1998). "Auditory evoked potentials to abrupt pitch and timbre change of complex tones: electrophysiological evidence of streaming?".
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wind are moving in the same direction. If the sound and wind are moving in opposite directions, the speed of the sound wave will be decreased by the speed of the wind.
1699:. Furthermore, humans have developed culture and technology (such as music, telephone and radio) that allows them to generate, record, transmit, and broadcast sound.
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The physical reception of sound in any hearing organism is limited to a range of frequencies. Humans normally hear sound frequencies between approximately 20
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604:, the corresponding wavelengths of sound waves range from 17 m (56 ft) to 17 mm (0.67 in). Sometimes speed and direction are combined as a
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approaching the speed of sound. The white halo is formed by condensed water droplets thought to result from a drop in air pressure around the aircraft (see
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attempts to match the response of the human ear to noise and A-weighted sound pressure levels are labeled dBA. C-weighting is used to measure peak levels.
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2733:"The Role of Temporal Fine Structure Processing in Pitch Perception, Masking, and Speech Perception for Normal-Hearing and Hearing-Impaired People"
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1856:, in this context, relates to the cognitive separation of auditory objects. In music, texture is often referred to as the difference between
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665:. He believed the speed of sound in a particular substance was equal to the square root of the pressure acting on it divided by its density:
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A 'pressure over time' graph of a 20 ms recording of a clarinet tone demonstrates the two fundamental elements of sound: Pressure and Time.
320:. When an additional piece of metal is attached to a prong, the effect becomes less pronounced as resonance is not achieved as effectively.
645:
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Kendall, R.A. (1986). The role of acoustic signal partitions in listener categorization of musical phrases. Music
Perception, 185–213.
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determines the rate at which sound is attenuated. For many media, such as air or water, attenuation due to viscosity is negligible.
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1621:" is "yes", and "no", dependent on whether being answered using the physical, or the psychophysical definition, respectively.
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in water. Without a specified reference sound pressure, a value expressed in decibels cannot represent a sound pressure level.
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RMS sound pressure (94 dBSPL) in atmospheric air implies that the actual pressure in the sound wave oscillates between (1 atm
486:(in case of transverse waves) of the matter, and the kinetic energy of the displacement velocity of particles of the medium.
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Studies has shown that sound waves are able to carry a tiny amount of mass and is surrounded by a weak gravitational field.
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of different frequencies. The bottom waves have higher frequencies than those above. The horizontal axis represents time.
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Timbre perception, showing how a sound changes over time. Despite a similar waveform, differences over time are evident.
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corrected the formula by deducing that the phenomenon of sound travelling is not isothermal, as believed by Newton, but
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waves. It requires a medium to propagate. Through solids, however, it can be transmitted as both longitudinal waves and
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and pressure of the medium. This relationship, affected by temperature, determines the speed of sound within the medium.
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The energy carried by an oscillating sound wave converts back and forth between the potential energy of the extra
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range, elicit an auditory percept in humans. In air at atmospheric pressure, these represent sound waves with
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Cariani, Peter; Micheyl, Christophe (2012). "Toward a Theory of
Information Processing in Auditory Cortex".
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Massaro, D.W. (1972). "Preperceptual images, processing time, and perceptual units in auditory perception".
494:
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1679:, or earthquake, produces (and is characterized by) its unique sounds. Many species, such as frogs, birds,
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Rosen, Stuart (1992-06-29). "Temporal information in speech: acoustic, auditory and linguistic aspects".
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There are, historically, six experimentally separable ways in which sound waves are analysed. They are:
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Sound that is perceptible by humans has frequencies from about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. In air at
233:, on the other hand, is concerned with the recording, manipulation, mixing, and reproduction of sound.
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1740:. Some of these terms have a standardised definition (for instance in the ANSI Acoustical Terminology
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from its use in physics is that in physiology and psychology, where the term refers to the subject of
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Applications of acoustics are found in almost all aspects of modern society, subdisciplines include
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When sound is moving through a medium that does not have constant physical properties, it may be
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Nishihara, M.; Inui, K.; Morita, T.; Kodaira, M.; Mochizuki, H.; Otsuru, N.; Kakigi, R. (2014).
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2875:"Echoic memory: Investigation of its temporal resolution by auditory offset cortical responses"
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Approximate frequency ranges corresponding to ultrasound, with rough guide of some applications
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Krumbholz, K.; Patterson, R.; Seither-Preisler, A.; Lammertmann, C.; Lütkenhöner, B. (2003).
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communicate. It can be used to detect volcanic eruptions and is used in some types of music.
1868:, but it can also relate (for example) to a busy cafe; a sound which might be referred to as
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1780:(random noise spread evenly across octaves) as white noise has more high frequency content.
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multiple sound sources using a combination of spatial location and timbre identification.
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position of the particles over time does not change). During propagation, waves can be
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of 17 meters (56 ft) to 1.7 centimeters (0.67 in). Sound waves above 20
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sounds louder (for the same wave amplitude) than a simpler sound, such as a sine wave.
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relates to the number of sound sources and the interaction between them. The word
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if a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make a sound?
947:. The speed of sound is also slightly sensitive, being subject to a second-order
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Sound waves may be viewed using parabolic mirrors and objects that produce sound.
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The mechanical vibrations that can be interpreted as sound can travel through all
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1776:(random noise spread evenly across all frequencies) sounds higher in pitch than
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weighted so that the measured level matches perceived levels more closely. The
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Audio Check: a free collection of audio tests and test tones playable on-line
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ANSI S1.1-1994. American
National Standard: Acoustic Terminology. Sec 3.03.
213:, sound, ultrasound, and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of
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Sounds
Amazing; a KS3/4 learning resource for sound and waves (uses Flash)
3113:. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research. Vol. 43. pp. 351–390.
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2554:(Fifth ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: The Riverside Press. pp. 950–951.
17:
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The behavior of sound propagation is generally affected by three things:
349:
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336:. The sound waves are generated by a sound source, such as the vibrating
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and are not audible to humans. Sound waves below 20 Hz are known as
48:
2799:"Neuromagnetic evidence for a pitch processing center in Heschl's gyrus"
893:, which is also known as the Newton–Laplace equation. In this equation,
344:, thus forming the sound wave. At a fixed distance from the source, the
205:
Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of
3456:
3096:
Kamien, R. (1980). Music: an appreciation. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 62
3010:
Zwislocki, J.J. (1969). "Temporal summation of loudness: an analysis".
2065:
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107:
3224:"Stanford scientists created a sound so loud it instantly boils water"
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Trachenko, K.; Monserrat, B.; Pickard, C. J.; Brazhkin, V. V. (2020).
324:
Sound can propagate through a medium such as air, water and solids as
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More Sounds
Amazing; a sixth-form learning resource about sound waves
2988:
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269:
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Viemeister, Neal F.; Plack, Christopher J. (1993), "Time
Analysis",
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Beyond cloning: Harnessing the power of virtual quantum broadcasting
2501:
1555:. Commonly used reference sound pressures, defined in the standard
2407:. The University of Tennessee, Department of Physics and Astronomy
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This article is about audible acoustic waves. For other uses, see
3155:. Effects of ultrasound and infrasound relevant to human health.
2787:
De
Cheveigne, A. (2005). Pitch perception models. Pitch, 169-233.
2604:(Fourth ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000. Archived from
959:
effects are important, the speed of sound is calculated from the
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is the density. Thus, the speed of sound is proportional to the
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631:, which is not a characteristic of longitudinal sound waves.
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Sound is transmitted through gases, plasma, and liquids as
2602:"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language"
536:
Sounds can be represented as a mixture of their component
2737:
Journal of the
Association for Research in Otolaryngology
709:
This was later proven wrong and the French mathematician
482:(in case of longitudinal waves) or lateral displacement
3151:
Leventhall, Geoff (2007-01-01). "What is infrasound?".
563:, which are characterized by these generic properties:
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The elements of music: what are they, and who cares?
2485:"Speed of sound from fundamental physical constants"
2459:"Scientists find upper limit for the speed of sound"
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Timbre perception and auditory object identification
448:. Longitudinal sound waves are waves of alternating
150:
lying between about 20 Hz and 20 kHz, the
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Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
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417:. The matter that supports the sound is called the
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Vibration that travels via pressure waves in matter
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2426:Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (19 August 2007).
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556:are often simplified to a description in terms of
1691:to produce sound. In some species, these produce
1632:), The upper limit decreases with age. Sometimes
3012:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2186:. Western Electrical Company. 1969. p. 2.1.
1926:is commonly used for diagnostics and treatment.
816:{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {\gamma \cdot p/\rho }}}
472:at right angle to the direction of propagation.
2184:Fundamentals of Telephone Communication Systems
1744:). More recent approaches have also considered
2219:"PACS 2010 Regular Edition—Acoustics Appendix"
611:; wave number and direction are combined as a
3309:
1746:temporal envelope and temporal fine structure
1586:(IEC) has defined several weighting schemes.
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699:{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {\frac {p}{\rho }}}.}
8:
3153:Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology
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717:. He added another factor to the equation—
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1647:As a signal perceived by one of the major
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405:Spherical compression (longitudinal) waves
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2552:Sound. In Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
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1584:International Electrotechnical Commission
1574:Since the human ear does not have a flat
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209:in gasses, liquids, and solids including
126:such as a gas, liquid or solid. In human
2292:Can you hear sounds in space? (Beginner)
221:, while someone working in the field of
170:. Different animal species have varying
3257:Hearing curves and on-line hearing test
2652:, Springer New York, pp. 116–154,
2175:
3055:"Gestalt phenomena in musical texture"
2650:Springer Handbook of Auditory Research
974:
518:Longitudinal and transverse plane wave
96:
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2240:
1636:refers to only those vibrations with
625:waves, have the additional property,
468:(in solids) are waves of alternating
7:
3274:Conversion of sound units and levels
3252:Introduction to the Physics of Sound
2124:— sound at extremely low frequencies
1651:, sound is used by many species for
386:The viscosity of the medium. Medium
1748:as perceptually relevant analyses.
886:{\displaystyle c={\sqrt {K/\rho }}}
855:, the final equation came up to be
779:, thus coming up with the equation
456:pressure, causing local regions of
375:A complex relationship between the
2333:from the original on 10 April 2014
2254:from the original on 30 April 2015
1542:{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {ref} }}
1533:
1530:
1527:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1354:
25:
772:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {p/\rho }}}
740:{\displaystyle {\sqrt {\gamma }}}
602:standard temperature and pressure
3665:
3664:
3377:
3165:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.07.006
2731:Moore, Brian C.J. (2008-10-15).
848:{\displaystyle K=\gamma \cdot p}
505:
493:
421:. Sound cannot travel through a
146:. Only acoustic waves that have
97:Problems playing this file? See
73:
3247:HyperPhysics: Sound and Hearing
3080:from the original on 2015-11-21
2948:from the original on 2013-06-28
2465:from the original on 2020-10-09
2217:Acoustical Society of America.
398:(either dispersed or focused).
47:produces sound via a vibrating
3053:Cohen, D.; Dubnov, S. (1997),
2576:. Dover Publications. p.
2572:Music, Physics and Engineering
2568:Olson, Harry F. Autor (1967).
1687:, have also developed special
933:of the medium to its density.
901:is the velocity of sound, and
413:: gases, liquids, solids, and
1:
3059:Journal of New Music Research
2852:10.1016/s0168-5597(97)00077-4
1663:, and communication. Earth's
897:is the elastic bulk modulus,
3119:10.1007/978-1-4614-2314-0_13
2900:10.1371/journal.pone.0106553
2682:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B
2433:Astronomy Picture of the Day
2323:"What Does Sound Look Like?"
1675:, such as fire, rain, wind,
1628:and 20,000 Hz (20
1578:, sound pressures are often
1316:{\displaystyle +{\sqrt {2}}}
1289:{\displaystyle -{\sqrt {2}}}
1265:(RMS) value. For example, 1
961:relativistic Euler equations
545:terms, every sound we hear.
2658:10.1007/978-1-4612-2728-1_4
1612:by the brain. The field of
1604:A distinct use of the term
655:Prandtl–Glauert singularity
3722:
3262:Audio for the 21st Century
2248:"The Propagation of sound"
2128:List of unexplained sounds
1933:
1896:
1881:
1597:
638:
198:
29:
3660:
3372:
3222:Eric Mack (20 May 2019).
3212:Resources in your library
3111:The Human Auditory Cortex
3071:10.1080/09298219708570732
2749:10.1007/s10162-008-0143-x
2329:. YouTube. 9 April 2014.
1224:
1219:
182:Sound is defined as "(a)
2282:Northwestern University.
2273:Is there sound in space?
2002:Characteristic impedance
1936:Perception of infrasound
1552:reference sound pressure
138:of such waves and their
3341:Architectural acoustics
2816:10.1093/cercor/13.7.765
500:Longitudinal plane wave
246:architectural acoustics
242:audio signal processing
88:United States Navy Band
3428:Fletcher–Munson curves
3423:Equal-loudness contour
3333:Acoustical engineering
2702:10.1098/rstb.1992.0070
2550:Webster, Noah (1936).
2519:10.1126/sciadv.abc8662
2405:Elements of Physics II
1913:
1834:
1814:
1793:
1762:
1543:
1496:
1317:
1290:
915:
887:
849:
817:
773:
741:
700:
658:
541:
529:
406:
321:
223:acoustical engineering
118:that propagates as an
62:
52:
32:Sound (disambiguation)
3564:Hermann von Helmholtz
3462:Fundamental frequency
3366:Sympathetic resonance
2626:Burton, R.L. (2015).
2301:. Cornell University.
2083:- subjective loudness
2042:Sound intensity level
2022:Particle displacement
2012:Particle acceleration
1911:
1832:
1811:
1791:
1759:
1544:
1497:
1318:
1291:
1047:Particle displacement
916:
914:{\displaystyle \rho }
888:
850:
818:
774:
742:
701:
648:
535:
527:
512:Transverse plane wave
404:
305:Experiment using two
304:
252:, electro-acoustics,
61:
42:
2967:Psychological Review
2163:Structural acoustics
1671:, and virtually any
1640:that are within the
1518:
1345:
1329:sound pressure level
1300:
1273:
1131:Sound energy density
971:Sound pressure level
905:
859:
827:
783:
751:
727:
672:
452:deviations from the
312:usually at the same
278:underwater acoustics
3584:Werner Meyer-Eppler
3494:Missing fundamental
3024:1969ASAJ...46..431Z
2935:The auditory system
2932:Corwin, J. (2009),
2891:2014PLoSO...9j6553N
2694:1992RSPTB.336..367R
2511:2020SciA....6.8662T
2399:Breinig, Marianne.
2365:. Hearing, 425–461.
2354:Handel, S. (1995).
2089:- unit of frequency
1673:physical phenomenon
1514:sound pressure and
254:environmental noise
227:acoustical engineer
124:transmission medium
3467:Frequency spectrum
3279:Sound calculations
3267:2009-01-23 at the
3240:2012-03-13 at the
2633:2020-05-10 at the
2361:2020-01-10 at the
2297:2017-06-18 at the
2278:2017-10-16 at the
2197:ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013
2017:Particle amplitude
1992:Acoustic impedance
1980:Sound reproduction
1965:Musical instrument
1924:Medical ultrasound
1914:
1884:Sound localization
1835:
1815:
1794:
1763:
1742:ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013
1539:
1492:
1489:
1313:
1286:
1170:Acoustic impedance
978:Sound measurements
967:80,530 mph).
911:
883:
845:
813:
769:
737:
696:
659:
570:, or its inverse,
542:
530:
438:longitudinal waves
407:
326:longitudinal waves
322:
318:acoustic resonance
63:
53:
3678:
3677:
3640:Musical acoustics
3472:harmonic spectrum
3198:Library resources
3128:978-1-4614-2313-3
3032:10.1121/1.1911708
2688:(1278): 367–373.
2052:Sound power level
2032:Sound energy flux
2027:Particle velocity
1997:Acoustic velocity
1986:Sound measurement
1576:spectral response
1488:
1478:
1425:
1311:
1284:
1253:
1252:
1206:Transmission loss
1026:Particle velocity
881:
811:
767:
735:
691:
690:
302:
258:musical acoustics
225:may be called an
86:performed by the
78:
16:(Redirected from
3713:
3668:
3667:
3569:Carleen Hutchins
3501:Combination tone
3388:
3381:
3361:String vibration
3318:
3311:
3304:
3295:
3231:
3185:
3184:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3106:
3097:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3079:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2989:10.1037/h0032264
2982:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2940:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2902:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2818:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2645:
2639:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2608:on June 25, 2008
2598:
2592:
2591:
2575:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2530:
2504:
2495:(41): eabc8662.
2489:Science Advances
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2378:
2375:
2366:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2319:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2289:
2283:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2221:. Archived from
2214:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2180:
1878:Spatial location
1738:spatial location
1683:and terrestrial
1653:detecting danger
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1512:root-mean-square
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1307:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1263:root mean square
1245:
1238:
1231:
1215:
1212:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1111:
1104:
1092:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1063:
1056:
1053:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1024:
1017:
1005:
997:
975:
953:parametric array
946:
920:
918:
917:
912:
892:
890:
889:
884:
882:
877:
869:
854:
852:
851:
846:
822:
820:
819:
814:
812:
807:
793:
778:
776:
775:
770:
768:
763:
755:
746:
744:
743:
738:
736:
731:
723:—and multiplied
705:
703:
702:
697:
692:
683:
682:
621:, also known as
619:Transverse waves
538:Sinusoidal waves
509:
497:
466:transverse waves
446:transverse waves
303:
207:mechanical waves
80:
79:
69:Drum - Cadence A
60:
21:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3656:
3608:
3599:D. Van Holliday
3537:
3506:Mersenne's laws
3440:Audio frequency
3434:
3398:Psychoacoustics
3392:
3391:
3384:
3370:
3327:
3322:
3269:Wayback Machine
3242:Wayback Machine
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3018:(2B): 431–441.
3009:
3008:
3004:
2980:10.1.1.468.6614
2964:
2963:
2959:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2803:Cerebral Cortex
2796:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2635:Wayback Machine
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2468:
2466:
2457:
2456:
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2442:
2440:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2369:
2363:Wayback Machine
2353:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2305:
2299:Wayback Machine
2290:
2286:
2280:Wayback Machine
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2153:Sound synthesis
2102:Acoustic theory
2037:Sound impedance
1950:
1938:
1932:
1906:
1901:
1899:Audio frequency
1895:
1886:
1880:
1847:
1827:
1806:
1786:
1754:
1614:psychoacoustics
1602:
1600:Psychoacoustics
1596:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1460:
1451:
1438:
1400:
1398:
1386:
1380:
1367:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1298:
1297:
1296:Pa) and (1 atm
1271:
1270:
1249:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1188:Audio frequency
1184:
1177:
1174:
1166:
1156:
1153:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1109:
1103:
1093:
1090:
1082:
1072:
1069:
1065:Sound intensity
1061:
1054:
1051:
1043:
1033:
1030:
1022:
1016:
1006:
1003:
995:
990:
985:
973:
938:
903:
902:
857:
856:
825:
824:
781:
780:
749:
748:
725:
724:
670:
669:
643:
637:
522:
521:
520:
519:
515:
514:
513:
510:
502:
501:
498:
434:
411:forms of matter
368:by the medium.
330:transverse wave
292:
290:
266:psychoacoustics
203:
197:
180:
152:audio frequency
134:, sound is the
104:
103:
95:
93:
92:
91:
90:
81:
74:
71:
64:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3719:
3717:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3683:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3613:Related topics
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3594:Joseph Sauveur
3591:
3586:
3581:
3579:Marin Mersenne
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3402:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3382:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
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3337:
3335:
3329:
3328:
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3321:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3232:
3215:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:External links
3190:
3187:
3186:
3159:(1): 130–137.
3143:
3134:
3127:
3098:
3089:
3065:(4): 277–314,
3045:
3002:
2973:(2): 124–145.
2957:
2924:
2885:(8): e106553.
2865:
2846:(2): 131–142.
2830:
2809:(7): 765–772.
2789:
2780:
2743:(4): 399–406.
2723:
2672:
2666:
2640:
2619:
2593:
2586:
2557:
2542:
2475:
2450:
2428:"A Sonic Boom"
2418:
2401:"Polarization"
2391:
2379:
2367:
2344:
2314:
2303:
2284:
2265:
2236:
2225:on 14 May 2013
2209:
2200:
2189:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2148:Sonic weaponry
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2114:
2112:Doppler effect
2109:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2069:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1931:
1928:
1905:
1902:
1894:
1891:
1882:Main article:
1879:
1876:
1846:
1843:
1826:
1823:
1805:
1802:
1785:
1782:
1753:
1750:
1598:Main article:
1595:
1592:
1572:
1571:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1503:
1502:
1482:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1351:
1338:is defined as
1335:
1310:
1305:
1283:
1278:
1257:Sound pressure
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1151:
1149:Sound exposure
1142:
1141:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1001:
999:Sound pressure
992:
991:
988:
986:
984:Characteristic
983:
980:
979:
972:
969:
910:
880:
876:
872:
867:
864:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
810:
806:
802:
799:
796:
791:
788:
766:
762:
758:
734:
707:
706:
695:
689:
686:
680:
677:
641:Speed of sound
639:Main article:
636:
633:
598:
597:
592:
590:Speed of sound
587:
581:sound pressure
574:
517:
516:
511:
504:
503:
499:
492:
491:
490:
489:
488:
440:, also called
433:
430:
392:
391:
384:
380:
342:speed of sound
328:and also as a
289:
286:
231:audio engineer
199:Main article:
196:
193:
179:
176:
172:hearing ranges
94:
82:
72:
67:
66:
65:
56:
55:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3718:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3671:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:Lord Rayleigh
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:Ernst Chladni
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3521:Standing wave
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:Inharmonicity
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
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3387:
3383:
3380:
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3375:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Soundproofing
3354:
3352:
3351:Reverberation
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3326:
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3314:
3312:
3307:
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3300:
3299:
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3135:
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3112:
3105:
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3017:
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2998:
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2986:
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2916:
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2901:
2896:
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2845:
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2834:
2831:
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2822:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
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2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2724:
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2715:
2711:
2707:
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2683:
2676:
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2669:
2667:9781461276449
2663:
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2655:
2651:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2587:9780486217697
2583:
2579:
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2573:
2564:
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2546:
2543:
2538:
2534:
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2224:
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2213:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:Soundproofing
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Reverberation
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:Sound sources
1953:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1850:Sonic texture
1844:
1842:
1839:
1831:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1772:For example:
1770:
1767:
1758:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1734:sonic texture
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1642:hearing range
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1566:in air and 1
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1480:
1461:
1457:
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1434:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1381:
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1368:
1363:
1360:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1308:
1303:
1281:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1182:
1173:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1009:
1002:
1000:
993:
987:
981:
976:
970:
968:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
941:
934:
932:
928:
924:
908:
900:
896:
878:
874:
870:
865:
862:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
808:
804:
800:
797:
794:
789:
786:
764:
760:
756:
732:
722:
721:
716:
712:
693:
687:
684:
678:
675:
668:
667:
666:
664:
656:
652:
647:
642:
634:
632:
630:
629:
624:
620:
616:
614:
610:
607:
603:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
582:
578:
575:
573:
569:
566:
565:
564:
562:
559:
555:
550:
546:
539:
534:
526:
508:
496:
487:
485:
481:
476:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
431:
429:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
403:
399:
397:
389:
385:
381:
378:
374:
373:
372:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
319:
315:
311:
308:
287:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:noise control
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:aeroacoustics
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
202:
194:
192:
190:
185:
177:
175:
173:
169:
165:
162:are known as
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:acoustic wave
117:
113:
109:
102:
100:
89:
85:
84:Drum cadences
70:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3629:
3604:Thomas Young
3554:Jens Blauert
3542:Acousticians
3227:
3202:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3137:
3110:
3092:
3082:, retrieved
3062:
3058:
3048:
3015:
3011:
3005:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2950:, retrieved
2934:
2927:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2783:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2649:
2643:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2606:the original
2596:
2571:
2551:
2545:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2467:. Retrieved
2453:
2441:. Retrieved
2431:
2421:
2409:. Retrieved
2404:
2394:
2335:. Retrieved
2326:
2317:
2306:
2287:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2227:. Retrieved
2223:the original
2212:
2203:
2192:
2183:
2178:
2133:Musical tone
2074:- perceived
1939:
1922:
1915:
1887:
1869:
1853:
1848:
1836:
1816:
1795:
1771:
1764:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1646:
1633:
1623:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1573:
1550:
1507:
1332:
1328:
1255:
1254:
1157:
1113:Sound energy
1098:
1094:
1073:
1034:
1011:
1007:
965:
957:relativistic
943:
942:= 331 + 0.6
939:
935:
931:bulk modulus
898:
894:
719:
708:
663:Isaac Newton
660:
628:polarization
626:
617:
599:
551:
547:
543:
477:
474:
470:shear stress
435:
427:
408:
393:
370:
353:
323:
307:tuning forks
250:bioacoustics
235:
226:
218:
204:
181:
139:
135:
111:
105:
36:
3574:Franz Melde
3549:John Backus
3533:Subharmonic
3386:Spectrogram
2047:Sound power
1774:white noise
1638:frequencies
1588:A-weighting
1327:scale. The
1086:Sound power
923:square root
613:wave vector
561:plane waves
480:compression
462:rarefaction
458:compression
454:equilibrium
442:compression
310:oscillating
219:acoustician
184:Oscillation
156:wavelengths
148:frequencies
3685:Categories
3635:Ultrasound
3625:Infrasound
3411:Bark scale
3084:2015-11-19
2952:2013-04-06
2502:2004.04818
2469:2020-10-09
2170:References
2122:Infrasound
1941:Infrasound
1934:See also:
1930:Infrasound
1917:Ultrasound
1904:Ultrasound
1897:See also:
1778:pink noise
1710:Soundscape
1665:atmosphere
1657:navigation
1610:perception
1594:Perception
949:anharmonic
649:U.S. Navy
572:wavelength
558:sinusoidal
366:attenuated
274:ultrasound
178:Definition
168:infrasound
164:ultrasound
140:perception
132:psychology
128:physiology
122:through a
99:media help
18:Sound wave
3706:Acoustics
3516:Resonance
3416:Mel scale
3346:Monochord
3325:Acoustics
3173:0079-6107
2975:CiteSeerX
2757:1525-3961
2710:0962-8436
2138:Resonance
2068:, decibel
2007:Mel scale
1975:Sound box
1960:Earphones
1893:Frequency
1871:cacophony
1866:homophony
1862:polyphony
1661:predation
1580:frequency
1562:, are 20
1560:S1.1-1994
1449:
1378:
1331:(SPL) or
1277:−
909:ρ
879:ρ
840:⋅
837:γ
809:ρ
798:⋅
795:γ
765:ρ
733:γ
715:adiabatic
688:ρ
595:Direction
585:Intensity
577:Amplitude
568:Frequency
396:refracted
388:viscosity
362:refracted
358:reflected
338:diaphragm
314:frequency
282:vibration
215:acoustics
211:vibration
201:Acoustics
195:Acoustics
189:sensation
136:reception
116:vibration
3670:Category
3511:Overtone
3479:Harmonic
3265:Archived
3238:Archived
3181:16934315
3075:archived
2943:archived
2919:25170608
2879:PLOS ONE
2825:12816892
2775:18855069
2631:Archived
2537:33036979
2463:Archived
2359:Archived
2331:Archived
2295:Archived
2276:Archived
2252:Archived
2076:loudness
1948:See also
1818:Loudness
1804:Loudness
1797:Duration
1784:Duration
1726:loudness
1722:duration
1487: dB
823:. Since
606:velocity
464:, while
450:pressure
350:velocity
346:pressure
49:membrane
3696:Hearing
3457:Formant
3040:5804115
3020:Bibcode
2997:5024158
2910:4149571
2887:Bibcode
2860:9566626
2766:2580810
2718:1354376
2690:Bibcode
2612:May 20,
2528:7546695
2507:Bibcode
2443:26 June
2411:4 March
2337:9 April
2258:26 June
2094:General
1854:texture
1845:Texture
1685:mammals
1510:is the
1325:decibel
1097:, SWL,
1010:, SPL,
989:Symbols
929:of the
925:of the
711:Laplace
415:plasmas
377:density
354:average
288:Physics
142:by the
108:physics
3650:Violin
3484:Series
3200:about
3179:
3171:
3125:
3038:
2995:
2977:
2917:
2907:
2858:
2823:
2773:
2763:
2755:
2716:
2708:
2664:
2584:
2535:
2525:
2229:22 May
1858:unison
1838:Timbre
1825:Timbre
1761:name).
1730:timbre
1697:speech
1689:organs
1681:marine
1649:senses
1506:where
1211:
1203:
1193:
1185:
1175:
1167:
1154:
1146:
1136:
1128:
1118:
1110:
1091:
1083:
1070:
1062:
1055:δ
1052:
1044:
1031:
1023:
1004:
996:
955:). If
651:F/A-18
609:vector
552:Sound
484:strain
423:vacuum
419:medium
334:solids
280:, and
270:speech
217:is an
3701:Waves
3691:Sound
3645:Piano
3630:Sound
3444:pitch
3406:Pitch
3203:Sound
3078:(PDF)
2946:(PDF)
2939:(PDF)
2497:arXiv
2058:Units
1970:Sonar
1766:Pitch
1752:Pitch
1736:and
1718:pitch
1703:Noise
1669:water
1634:sound
1606:sound
1549:is a
1160:, SEL
1076:, SIL
1037:, SVL
927:ratio
720:gamma
635:Speed
623:shear
554:waves
432:Waves
364:, or
229:. An
144:brain
114:is a
112:sound
3620:Echo
3526:Node
3452:Beat
3442:and
3228:CNET
3177:PMID
3169:ISSN
3123:ISBN
3036:PMID
2993:PMID
2915:PMID
2856:PMID
2821:PMID
2771:PMID
2753:ISSN
2714:PMID
2706:ISSN
2662:ISBN
2638:Inc.
2614:2010
2582:ISBN
2533:PMID
2445:2015
2438:NASA
2413:2024
2339:2014
2260:2015
2231:2013
2117:Echo
2107:Beat
2081:phon
2072:sone
1864:and
1695:and
1693:song
1677:surf
1557:ANSI
460:and
130:and
45:drum
3161:doi
3115:doi
3067:doi
3028:doi
2985:doi
2905:PMC
2895:doi
2848:doi
2844:108
2811:doi
2761:PMC
2745:doi
2698:doi
2686:336
2654:doi
2578:249
2523:PMC
2515:doi
2327:NPR
1630:kHz
1568:ÎĽPa
1564:ÎĽPa
1440:log
1369:log
747:by
583:or
332:in
276:,
160:kHz
106:In
3687::
3226:.
3175:.
3167:.
3157:93
3121:.
3101:^
3073:,
3063:26
3061:,
3057:,
3034:.
3026:.
3016:46
3014:.
2991:.
2983:.
2971:79
2969:.
2941:,
2913:.
2903:.
2893:.
2881:.
2877:.
2854:.
2842:.
2819:.
2807:13
2805:.
2801:.
2769:.
2759:.
2751:.
2739:.
2735:.
2712:.
2704:.
2696:.
2684:.
2660:,
2580:.
2560:^
2531:.
2521:.
2513:.
2505:.
2491:.
2487:.
2461:.
2436:.
2430:.
2403:.
2382:^
2370:^
2347:^
2325:.
2250:.
2239:^
2087:Hz
2066:dB
1874:.
1860:,
1732:,
1728:,
1724:,
1720:,
1667:,
1659:,
1655:,
1626:Hz
1444:10
1435:20
1373:10
1364:10
1267:Pa
1214:TL
1196:AF
1102:WA
1015:PA
963:.
657:).
615:.
579:,
425:.
360:,
348:,
284:.
272:,
268:,
264:,
260:,
256:,
248:,
244:,
240:,
191:.
174:.
110:,
43:A
3317:e
3310:t
3303:v
3230:.
3183:.
3163::
3131:.
3117::
3069::
3042:.
3030::
3022::
2999:.
2987::
2921:.
2897::
2889::
2883:9
2862:.
2850::
2827:.
2813::
2777:.
2747::
2741:9
2720:.
2700::
2692::
2656::
2616:.
2590:.
2539:.
2517::
2509::
2499::
2493:6
2472:.
2447:.
2415:.
2341:.
2262:.
2233:.
1534:f
1531:e
1528:r
1523:p
1508:p
1481:)
1473:f
1470:e
1467:r
1462:p
1458:p
1453:(
1432:=
1428:)
1421:2
1413:f
1410:e
1407:r
1402:p
1394:2
1389:p
1382:(
1361:=
1355:p
1350:L
1336:p
1333:L
1309:2
1304:+
1282:2
1244:e
1237:t
1230:v
1178:Z
1158:E
1139:w
1121:W
1099:L
1095:P
1074:I
1035:v
1012:L
1008:p
944:T
940:v
899:c
895:K
875:/
871:K
866:=
863:c
843:p
834:=
831:K
805:/
801:p
790:=
787:c
761:/
757:p
694:.
685:p
679:=
676:c
101:.
51:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
