240:
933:
945:
256:
957:
921:
897:
141:
909:
148:
738:
873:
394:
248:
715:
885:
182:
618:
55:
808:
passed over
Madeira on 20 February and western Europe on 26-28 February. In Madeira there was at least 48 fatalities and damage to infrastructure at a total estimated cost of 4 billion Euros. The storm landfalling in western France (named 'Cyclone Xynthia') resulted in at least 63 fatalities and estimated damage within the range of 1.3-3 billion Euros.
416:. This period of activity lasted for another 60 weeks, after which there were major dome collapses and two periods of explosive volcanic eruptions and fountain-collapse pyroclastic flows. The explosion blanketed Plymouth, 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) away, in a thick layer of ash and darkened the sky almost completely.
419:
Pyroclastic flows were first observed on 27 March 1996. Although these pyroclastic flows and mudflows were initially confined to unpopulated areas, a major pyroclastic flow on 17 September 1996 caused severe damage to the village of Long Ground, near the volcano. By August 1997, much of the southern
759:
At 11:27 pm local time on Monday 28 July 2008, an eruption began without any precursory activity. Pyroclastic flow lobes reached
Plymouth. These involved juvenile material originating in the collapse of the eruption column. In addition, a small part of the eastern side of the lava dome collapsed,
423:
During this period, the southern portion of the island, including the capital
Plymouth, was evacuated three times. The first evacuation lasted from 21 August 1995 - 3 September 1995, after the first phreatic eruption. The second evacuation began on 1 December 1995, due to growth of the lava dome.
807:
On 12 February 2010, at 1200 UTC/GMT, Meteosat SEVIRI Channel 7 shows the ash plume from the eruption was caught up within the warm sector of a frontal system heading towards western Europe exacerbating two East
Atlantic winter storms. Violent storms accompanied by torrential rain and high wind
447:
and
Montserrat led the aid effort, including a £41 million package provided to the Montserrat population; however, riots followed as the people protested that the British Government was not doing enough for aid relief. The riots followed a £10 million aid offer by
1147:
784:
lie beneath the surface of the volcano on
Montserrat – one six kilometres below the surface and the other 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) below the surface. The journal also showed a link between surface behaviour and the size of the deeper magma chamber.
435:
zones: beneath the Soufrière Hills volcano, in the ridge running to the northeast, and beneath St George's Hill, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to the northwest. A large eruption on 25 June 1997 resulted in the deaths of nineteen people. The
760:
generating a pyroclastic flow in Tar River Valley. Several large explosions were registered, with the largest at approximately 11:38 pm. The height of the ash column was estimated at 12,000 m (40,000 ft) above sea level.
298:, the Soufrière Hills volcano became active in 1995 and continued to erupt through 2010. Its last eruption was in 2013. Its eruptions have rendered more than half of Montserrat uninhabitable, destroying the capital city,
1151:
424:
Residents were allowed back to most areas, including
Plymouth, on 1 January 1996, but residents of some areas on the eastern flank of the volcano were not allowed back until 15 January 1996. On 3 April 1996, after
239:
932:
956:
2093:
306:
in the Soufrière Hills was the highest summit on
Montserrat until the mid-1990s, but it has since been eclipsed by various rising and falling volcanic domes during the recent volcanic activity.
440:
was directly in the path of the main pyroclastic flow and was completely destroyed. Montserrat's tourist industry also collapsed, although it began partially to recover within fifteen years.
1796:
944:
1104:
1639:
404:
activity had occurred in 1897–1898, 1933–1937, and again in 1966–1967, but the eruption that began on 18 July 1995 was the first since the turn of the 20th century. The first
1805:
480:
who warned they would not be able to cope with many more refugees. About 7,000 people, or two-thirds of the population, left
Montserrat; 4,000 went to the United Kingdom.
1105:"Volcanic gas emissions from Soufrière Hills Volcano, Monserrat 1995–2009, with implications for mafic magma supply and degassing, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 37"
1662:
2052:
1789:
744:
satellite image of Soufrière Hills before and after a 2010 partial dome collapse. Red areas are living vegetation, grey areas are covered in volcanic debris
920:
831:
are named for Soufrière Hills, and the album's cover artwork features a drawing of smoke spewing from the volcano's summit. Buffett recorded the album at
999:
Height before the 1995 eruption was 915 m. The eruptions since 1995 have formed a lava dome that has increased the height to 1050 m (2015 estimate): see
255:
2108:
1782:
313:
in nature, and the current pattern of activity includes periods of lava dome growth, punctuated by brief episodes of dome collapse which result in
140:
973:
872:
767:
taking detailed measurements and reporting on its activity to the government and population of
Montserrat. The observatory is operated by the
97:
2113:
2103:
1418:
1273:
908:
1460:
884:
635:
449:
322:
2083:
701:
682:
792:
simultaneously propelled pyroclastic flows down several sides of the mountain, and on 11 February 2010, a partial collapse of the
2078:
2073:
654:
896:
1921:
1871:
326:
31:
1363:
1391:
1349:
764:
639:
444:
318:
661:
1377:
828:
428:
and mudflows began occurring regularly, southern Montserrat, including the capital, Plymouth, was permanently evacuated.
824:
460:
221:
90:
2047:
2032:
730:
668:
412:
lava dome formation. This was initially confined by a sector-collapse scar, first identified in the 1930's and called
340:
related to the subduction zone. There are three main parts of the island: the central zone, subduction and exclusion.
228:
408:
in this new period of activity occurred on 21 August 1995, and such activity lasted for 18 weeks until it caused an
2098:
1977:
763:
The volcano has become one of the most closely monitored volcanoes in the world since its eruption began, with the
628:
2088:
768:
650:
357:
1972:
1813:
1663:"Jimmy Buffett Recalls Montserrat's Fabled Air Studios, From Sailing to Work to Hiring a Drummer in the Jungle"
1243:
1021:
361:
1224:
1319:
1289:
1752:
1248:
1026:
488:
The following is a list of Montserrat settlements abandoned by the eruption of the Soufrière Hills volcano:
1757:
737:
1992:
365:
199:
80:
35:
1434:
1687:
856:
601:
437:
753:
2042:
1575:
1119:
560:
510:
493:
299:
393:
2037:
1941:
1876:
851:
477:
470:
804:. Inhabited areas of Montserrat itself received very little ash accumulation during either event.
675:
1926:
1891:
1599:
1514:
1085:
789:
587:
563:– the capital of Montserrat, initially evacuated in August 1995; abandoned and destroyed in 1997†
405:
1987:
1836:
247:
1000:
714:
302:, and causing widespread evacuations: about two-thirds of the population have left the island.
1906:
1846:
1764:
1591:
1563:
1485:
1414:
1406:
1269:
836:
776:
575:
1856:
1583:
1331:
1301:
1263:
1127:
749:
719:
456:
425:
384:
1550 AD (± 50 years): Between 25 and 65 million cubic metres of lava erupted at Castle Peak.
314:
1982:
1967:
1896:
1886:
1103:
Christopher, Thomas; Edmonds, Marie; Humphreys, Madeleine C. S.; Herd, Richard A. (2010).
349:
295:
1579:
1540:
1123:
1071:
381:
2460 BC (± 70 years): An explosive eruption formed the crater at the top of the volcano.
2022:
2012:
2007:
1997:
1911:
1866:
1826:
844:
832:
336:
in the central part of the island and the Silver Hills in the north are older volcanic
275:
17:
811:
Yim, W. 2016. Volcanoes and disastrous storms. Imperial Engineer, Spring 2016, p. 19.
420:
part of the island, including most of Plymouth, had been buried by pyroclastic flows.
2067:
2017:
1851:
1831:
1737:
1603:
1335:
1305:
1047:
820:
781:
756:
was issued for areas in the Lower Belham Valley, affecting an additional 100 people.
463:, after allegations that he was too pro-British and had not demanded a better offer.
279:
216:
204:
476:
took a major role in evacuating Montserrat's population to other islands, including
1881:
413:
333:
303:
259:
212:
1774:
2027:
1952:
1916:
1861:
1841:
1564:"Implications of Magma Transfer Between Multiple Reservoirs on Eruption Cycling"
741:
617:
452:
1769:
1238:
1197:
1173:
1901:
1821:
1746:
1016:
840:
797:
718:
2009 ash and steam plume, Soufrière Hills Volcano. Grey deposits that include
369:
291:
187:
160:
54:
112:
99:
1962:
1622:
1587:
962:
The side of the volcano in 2012, showing the path taken by pyroclastic flows
793:
467:
432:
310:
287:
283:
164:
1595:
839:
on the island in 1979 and drew inspiration for the song from relaxing at a
1957:
1461:"Montserrat tourism arrivals up 22 percent in first seven months of 2010"
1132:
796:
sent large ash clouds over sections of several nearby islands, including
409:
39:
1712:
1562:
Elsworth, D; Mattioli, G; Taron, J; Voight, B; Herd, R (October 2008).
801:
642: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
401:
353:
317:, ash venting, and explosive eruption. The volcano is monitored by the
1265:
The eruption of Soufrière Hills volcano, Montserrat, from 1995 to 1999
1931:
337:
70:
397:
Map of Montserrat, showing the exclusion zone following the eruption
1770:
Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Program: Soufrière Hills
733:
photo, 11 October 2009, a view from the northeast looking southwest
325:, which detects pre-eruptive degassing of rising magmas, improving
736:
723:
713:
392:
254:
246:
238:
1761:
727:
263:
1778:
726:) are visible extending from the volcano toward the coastline.
1515:"Montserrat Chief Minister Resigns As People Reject Aid Offer"
1150:. Montserrat Volcano Observatory. 10 July 2009. Archived from
611:
321:. Volcanic gas emissions from this volcano are measured by a
1623:"Multiple Magma Reservoirs Affect Volcanic Eruption Cycles"
1392:"Gov't of Montserrat Information Service - Press Releases"
1364:"Gov't of Montserrat Information Service - Press Releases"
1350:"Gov't of Montserrat Information Service - Press Releases"
1745:- Current monitoring of the Soufrière Hills Volcano in
1742:
348:
Many volcanoes in the Caribbean are named Soufrière (
2094:
Mountains and hills of British Overseas Territories
1940:
1812:
243:
Andesite erupted by Soufrière Hills volcano in 1997
227:
210:
198:
193:
175:
128:
89:
79:
69:
64:
47:
1202:Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program
1178:Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program
771:, under contract to the government of Montserrat.
843:at the volcano's base. The studio was damaged by
1011:
1009:
860:talks about the events surrounding the eruption.
1738:Satellite imagery of 11 February 2010 eruption
1790:
1407:"Soufrière Hills volcano, Monserrat (6.2.3.)"
890:Ash plume from Soufrière Hills, 10 March 2004
748:On 24 December 2006, streaks of red from the
8:
1629:, 6 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.
1320:"Report on Soufrière Hills (United Kingdom)"
1290:"Report on Soufrière Hills (United Kingdom)"
1225:"Global Volcanism Program: Eruptive history"
1688:"Behind the Song: Jimmy Buffett, "Volcano""
1413:. Vol. 6. Elsevier. pp. 104–107.
1219:
1217:
36:La Grande Soufrière (volcano in Guadeloupe)
1797:
1783:
1775:
1509:
1507:
878:22 September 1997 10:46 a.m. eruption
44:
1131:
702:Learn how and when to remove this message
1758:2009 activity at Soufrière Hills Volcano
1324:Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network
1294:Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network
774:The 9 October 2008 issue of the journal
431:Earthquakes continued to occur in three
1717:, Seconds from Disaster, Peter Guinness
989:
868:
358:La Soufrière or Soufrière Saint Vincent
147:
1405:Vi︠a︡cheslav Moiseevich Zobin (2003).
752:became visible. On 8 January 2007, an
27:Volcano on Montserrat in the Caribbean
2008:Navassa / U.S. Minor Outlying Islands
995:
993:
914:Debris in Belham River Valley in 2011
32:La Soufrière (volcano in St. Vincent)
7:
1753:USGS Info on Soufrière Hills Volcano
1743:Montserrat Volcano Observatory (MVO)
1486:"UK citizenship for island outposts"
1001:The CIA World Factbook on Montserrat
640:adding citations to reliable sources
1642:. Montserratvolcanoobservatory.info
1411:Introduction to volcanic seismology
1072:"The 1997 Soufriere Hills Eruption"
450:International Development Secretary
323:multi-component gas analyzer system
1922:Saint Vincent & the Grenadines
1541:"Montserrat evacuation remembered"
780:suggested that two interconnected
59:Soufrière Hills (before July 2007)
25:
1435:"BBC country profile: Montserrat"
950:Pyroclastic flow deposits in 2012
926:A close-up of the volcano in 2012
854:television documentary programme
554:North Olveston (since re-settled)
1640:"Montserrat Volcano Observatory"
1378:"Government Information Service"
1336:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199609-360050
1306:10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN199603-360050
1148:"Volcanic History of Montserrat"
955:
943:
931:
919:
907:
895:
883:
871:
616:
180:
146:
139:
53:
2109:Natural disasters in Montserrat
1806:Highest points of North America
938:Close-up of the volcano in 2012
627:needs additional citations for
455:, prompting the resignation of
327:prediction of volcanic activity
1661:Newman, Melinda (2021-08-21).
765:Montserrat Volcano Observatory
319:Montserrat Volcano Observatory
1:
2114:21st-century volcanic events
2104:20th-century volcanic events
1686:hoggatt, matt (2019-10-16).
1112:Geophysical Research Letters
850:Season 3, episode 13 of the
592:Woodlands (since re-settled)
557:Old Towne (since re-settled)
461:Chief Minister of Montserrat
222:Lesser Antilles Volcanic Arc
85:1,050 m (3,440 ft)
75:1,050 m (3,440 ft)
2033:Saint Pierre & Miquelon
1052:UWI Seismic Research Centre
847:in 1989 and never reopened.
2130:
1262:B. Peter Kokelaar (2002).
597:†Settlement was destroyed
286:forming its summit on the
29:
1465:www.thewestindiannews.com
769:British Geological Survey
294:. After a long period of
133:
52:
40:Soufrière Volcanic Center
2084:Holocene stratovolcanoes
1932:United States of America
1543:. BBC. 12 September 2005
1244:Global Volcanism Program
1022:Global Volcanism Program
356:outlet"). These include
30:Not to be confused with
2079:Volcanoes of Montserrat
2074:Landforms of Montserrat
1912:Saint Kitts & Nevis
1588:10.1126/science.1161297
1492:. London. 18 March 1999
1249:Smithsonian Institution
1174:"Soufrière St. Vincent"
1090:Encyclopedia Britannica
1048:"Montserrat: Volcanism"
1027:Smithsonian Institution
829:album of the same title
722:and volcanic mudflows (
443:The governments of the
18:Soufrière Hills Volcano
1973:British Virgin Islands
1198:"Soufrière Guadeloupe"
788:On 5 February 2010, a
745:
734:
398:
267:
252:
244:
1927:Trinidad & Tobago
976:Seconds From Disaster
857:Seconds from Disaster
740:
717:
602:W. H. Bramble Airport
484:Abandoned settlements
396:
258:
250:
242:
1133:10.1029/2009GL041325
636:improve this article
2053:U.S. Virgin Islands
1822:Antigua and Barbuda
1692:American Songwriter
1580:2008Sci...322..246E
1441:. 22 September 2009
1154:on 11 February 2011
1124:2010GeoRL..37.0E04C
902:The volcano in 2011
852:National Geographic
790:vulcanian explosion
608:Activity since 1999
569:Saint George's Hill
478:Antigua and Barbuda
366:La Grande Soufrière
109: /
2048:Turks & Caicos
1862:Dominican Republic
1714:Montserrat Volcano
815:In popular culture
746:
735:
578:(since re-settled)
406:phreatic explosion
399:
389:1995–1999 eruption
268:
253:
245:
65:Highest point
2099:Complex volcanoes
2061:
2060:
1946:other territories
1765:Earth Observatory
1574:(5899): 246–248.
1420:978-0-444-51340-3
1275:978-1-86239-098-0
1239:"Soufrière Hills"
1017:"Soufrière Hills"
750:pyroclastic flows
720:pyroclastic flows
712:
711:
704:
686:
651:"Soufrière Hills"
600:In addition, the
426:pyroclastic flows
360:on the island of
315:pyroclastic flows
266:) from Montserrat
237:
236:
113:16.717°N 62.183°W
16:(Redirected from
2121:
2089:Active volcanoes
2023:Saint Barthelemy
1814:Sovereign states
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754:evacuation order
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572:Saint Patrick's†
530:Galway's Estate†
457:Bertrand Osborne
438:island's airport
414:English's Crater
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1092:. 7 April 2023.
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604:was destroyed.
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524:Farrell's Yard†
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309:The volcano is
272:Soufrière Hills
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118:16.717; -62.183
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48:Soufrière Hills
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1978:Cayman Islands
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821:Jimmy Buffett
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653: –
652:
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647:Find sources:
641:
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631:
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625:This section
623:
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376:Early history
375:
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362:Saint Vincent
359:
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281:
280:stratovolcano
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232:
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229:Last eruption
226:
223:
220:
218:
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205:Stratovolcano
203:
201:
200:Mountain type
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56:
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41:
37:
33:
19:
2043:Sint Maarten
2028:Saint Martin
2002:
1942:Dependencies
1719:, retrieved
1713:
1706:
1695:. Retrieved
1691:
1681:
1670:. Retrieved
1666:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1634:
1626:
1618:
1607:. Retrieved
1571:
1567:
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1535:
1523:. Retrieved
1519:Politics '97
1518:
1494:. Retrieved
1490:The Guardian
1489:
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1464:
1455:
1443:. Retrieved
1438:
1429:
1410:
1400:
1386:
1372:
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1344:
1327:
1323:
1314:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1264:
1257:
1242:
1233:
1205:. Retrieved
1201:
1192:
1181:. Retrieved
1177:
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1152:the original
1142:
1115:
1111:
1098:
1089:
1086:"Montserrat"
1080:
1066:
1055:. Retrieved
1051:
1042:
1030:. Retrieved
1020:
975:
855:
810:
806:
787:
775:
773:
762:
758:
747:
742:False colour
698:
689:
679:
672:
665:
658:
646:
634:Please help
629:verification
626:
599:
596:
566:Robuscus Mt†
548:Long Ground†
487:
472:
466:The British
465:
442:
430:
422:
418:
400:
347:
334:Centre Hills
331:
308:
304:Chances Peak
271:
269:
260:Volcanic ash
2013:Puerto Rico
1917:Saint Lucia
1867:El Salvador
1547:19 November
1525:November 1,
1330:(9). 1996.
1300:(3). 1996.
1158:17 December
1118:(19): n/a.
1032:15 February
833:AIR Studios
453:Clare Short
116: /
91:Coordinates
2068:Categories
2003:Montserrat
1998:Martinique
1993:Guadeloupe
1847:Costa Rica
1747:Montserrat
1721:2023-12-28
1697:2023-12-25
1672:2023-12-25
1609:2008-10-09
1207:2024-06-05
1183:2024-06-05
1057:2024-06-04
984:References
841:hot spring
798:Guadeloupe
662:newspapers
584:Streatham†
581:Soufrière†
536:Hermitage†
521:Farrell's†
515:Fairfield†
370:Guadeloupe
292:Montserrat
290:island of
284:lava domes
282:with many
278:, complex
251:Relief Map
188:Montserrat
161:Montserrat
81:Prominence
1988:Greenland
1902:Nicaragua
1877:Guatemala
1667:Billboard
1604:206514402
794:lava dome
692:July 2017
551:Morris's†
504:Cork Hill
473:Liverpool
471:HMS
468:destroyer
433:epicentre
410:andesitic
311:andesitic
288:Caribbean
211:Volcanic
165:Caribbean
129:Geography
71:Elevation
1953:Anguilla
1887:Honduras
1857:Dominica
1832:Barbados
1627:Newswise
1596:18845752
1439:BBC News
978:episodes
974:List of
968:See also
823:'s song
561:Plymouth
545:Molyneux
511:Elberton
501:Bramble†
494:Amersham
300:Plymouth
296:dormancy
1983:Curaçao
1968:Bonaire
1963:Bermuda
1892:Jamaica
1872:Grenada
1827:Bahamas
1760:, from
1646:27 June
1576:Bibcode
1568:Science
1445:8 March
1120:Bibcode
865:Gallery
825:Volcano
802:Antigua
777:Science
676:scholar
539:Kinsale
533:Harris†
498:Bethel†
459:, then
402:Seismic
354:sulphur
338:massifs
194:Geology
176:Country
104:62°11′W
101:16°43′N
1907:Panama
1897:Mexico
1842:Canada
1837:Belize
1602:
1594:
1496:23 May
1470:18 May
1417:
1272:
724:lahars
678:
671:
664:
657:
649:
588:Weekes
507:Dyers†
364:, and
350:French
276:active
274:is an
185:
1958:Aruba
1882:Haiti
1600:S2CID
1521:. BBC
1108:(PDF)
837:Salem
683:JSTOR
669:books
576:Salem
542:Lee's
527:Gages
518:Farm†
38:, or
2018:Saba
1852:Cuba
1762:NASA
1648:2014
1592:PMID
1549:2010
1527:2010
1498:2010
1472:2015
1447:2008
1415:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1160:2010
1034:2016
827:and
800:and
728:NASA
655:news
344:Name
332:The
270:The
264:tuff
233:2013
217:belt
1944:and
1584:doi
1572:322
1332:doi
1302:doi
1128:doi
731:ISS
638:by
368:on
352:: "
213:arc
2070::
1690:.
1665:.
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1598:.
1590:.
1582:.
1570:.
1566:.
1517:.
1506:^
1488:.
1463:.
1437:.
1409:.
1328:21
1326:.
1322:.
1298:21
1296:.
1292:.
1247:.
1241:.
1216:^
1200:.
1176:.
1126:.
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1114:.
1110:.
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1050:.
1025:.
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1008:^
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705:)
699:(
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690:(
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673:·
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262:(
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20:)
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