Sources for Citizen Kane

704: 20: 502:'s uncle and his own close boyhood friend. Regarded as the dean of American drama critics, Stevens began his journalism career in 1894 in San Francisco and started working for the Hearst newspapers three years later. In 1910 he moved to Chicago, where he covered the theater for 40 years and became a close friend of Dr. Maurice Bernstein, Welles's guardian. When Welles was a child Stevens used to tell him stories about Hearst, much like Leland tells Thompson about Kane in the film. 165: 436:

found other similarities. In the opening scene, Zaharoff's secretaries are burning masses of secret papers in the enormous fireplace of his castle. A succession of witnesses testify about the tycoon's ruthless practices. "Finally, Zaharoff himself appears — an old man nearing death, alone except for his servants in the gigantic palace in Monte Carlo that he had acquired for his longtime mistress. His dying wish is to be wheeled out 'in the sun by that rosebush.'"

560: 950: 147: 452: 306: 514: 220:'s reporting about an uprising against Spain's colonial rule. Remington purportedly cabled Hearst from Havana that he wished to return since everything was quiet and there would be no war. Hearst is supposed to have replied, "Please remain. You furnish the pictures, and I'll furnish the war". Although Hearst denied the truth of the now legendary story, a milestone of 617: 901: 897:

true…Hearst may have become upset at the implied connotation, although any such connection seems to have been innocent on Welles's part." Houseman denied this rumor about "Rosebud"'s origins, claiming that he would have heard about something "so provocative" and that Welles could never "have kept such a secret for over 40 years."

744:. Hearst turned his muckraking newspapers on Tammany Hall in the person of Murphy, who was called "... the most hungry, selfish and extortionate boss Tammany has ever known." Murphy ordered that under no condition was Hearst to be elected. Hearst ballots were dumped into the East River, and new ballots were printed favoring his 601:

wife was a puppet and a prisoner; the mistress was never less than a princess. … The mistress was never one of Hearst's possessions: he was always her suitor, and she was the precious treasure of his heart for more than 30 years, until his last breath of life. Theirs is truly a love story. Love is not the subject of

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wrote that a vestige of this abandoned subplot survives in a remark made by Susan Alexander Kane to the reporter interviewing her: "Look, if you're smart, you'll get in touch with Raymond. He's the butler. You'll learn a lot from him. He knows where all the bodies are buried." Kael observed, "It's an

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of different personalities, with Hearst's life used as the main source. "The truth is simple: for the basic concept of Charles Foster Kane and for the main lines and significant events of his public life, Mankiewicz used as his model the figure of William Randolph Hearst. To this were added incidents

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traced the story back to newspaper articles in the late 1970s, and wrote, "How Orson (or Mankiewicz) could have ever discovered this most private utterance is unexplained and why it took over 35 years for such a suggestive rationale to emerge… unknown. If this highly unlikely story is even partially

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He was outraged by the spectacle of a 56-year-old millionairess playing a gleeful 18-year-old, the whole production bought for her like a trinket by a man Herman knew to be an unscrupulous manipulator. Herman began to write: "Miss Gladys Wallis, an aging, hopelessly incompetent amateur, opened last

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described Kane as "a cartoon-like caricature of a man who is hollowed out on the inside, forlorn, defeated, solitary because he cannot command the total obedience, loyalty, devotion, and love of those around him. Hearst, to the contrary, never regarded himself as a failure, never recognized defeat,

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script, and took him to the set during filming. "Later he saw the movie and thought the old man would be thrilled by it," said Welles. "Ashton was really one of the great ones. The last of the dandies — he worked for Hearst for some 50 years or so, and adored him. A gentleman … very much like Jed.

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wrote that the symbol of Mankiewicz's own damaged childhood was a treasured bicycle, stolen while he visited the public library and not replaced by his family as punishment. "He mourned that all his life," wrote Kael, who believed Mankiewicz put the emotion of that boyhood loss into the loss that

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In his foreword to Davies's posthumously published autobiography, Welles drew a sharp distinction between his fictional creation and Davies: "That Susan was Kane's wife and Marion was Hearst's mistress is a difference more important than might be guessed in today's changed climate of opinion. The

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is the story of a wholly fictitious character." Film historian Don Kilbourne has pointed out that much of the film's story is derived from aspects of Hearst's life that had already been published and that "some of Kane's speeches are almost verbatim copies of Hearst's. When Welles denied that the

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who receives a generally positive portrayal. Although Dr. Bernstein was nothing like the character in the film (possibly based on Solomon S. Carvalho, Hearst's business manager), Welles said, the use of his surname was a family joke: "I used to call people 'Bernstein' on the radio, all the time,

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in which Zaharoff, this great munitions-maker, was being moved around in his rose garden, just talking about the roses, in the last days before he died," Welles said. Film scholar Robert L. Carringer reviewed the December 3, 1936, script of the radio obituary in which Welles played Zaharoff, and

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One particular aspect of the character, Kane's profligate collecting of possessions, was directly taken from Hearst. "And it's very curious – a man who spends his entire life paying cash for objects he never looked at," Welles said. "He just acquired things, most of which were never opened,

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Welles said that he had excised one scene from Mankiewicz's first draft that had certainly been based on Hearst. "In the original script we had a scene based on a notorious thing Hearst had done, which I still cannot repeat for publication. And I cut it out because I thought it hurt the film and

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Hearst biographer Louis Pizzitola reports one historian's statement that "Rosebud" was a nickname given to Hearst's mother by portrait and landscape painter Orrin Peck, whose family were friends with the Hearsts. Another theory of the origin of "Rosebud" is the similarity with the dying wish of

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It was a real man who built an opera house for the soprano of his choice, and much in the movie was borrowed from that story, but the man was not Hearst. Susan, Kane's second wife, is not even based on the real-life soprano. Like most fictional characters, Susan's resemblance to other fictional

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Charles Foster Kane, as Welles presents him, was a man who had everything money could buy except love. He lacked that, which was all he wanted, because he had no love to give—except love of self. He died, lonely in his vast and fabulous palace, crying out (in a single word) for a return to his

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was doing the most to publicize Kane's identification with Hearst. Public denials aside, Welles held the view that Hearst was a public figure and that the facts of a public figure's life were available for writers to reshape and restructure into works of fiction. Welles's legal advisor, Arnold

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Welles credited the "Rosebud" device to Mankiewicz. "Rosebud remained, because it was the only way we could find to get off, as they used to say in vaudeville," Welles said. "It manages to work, but I'm still not too keen about it, and I don't think that he was, either." Welles said that they

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Welles said, "Mr. Hearst was quite a bit like Kane, although Kane isn't really founded on Hearst in particular, many people sat for it so to speak". He specifically acknowledged that aspects of Kane were drawn from the lives of two business tycoons familiar from his youth in Chicago —

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for "Rosebud". Castle claimed to have found both of their signatures on the same sign-in sheets at CBS Radio studios in New York, where they both worked on different shows in the late 1930s. However, the word "Rosebud" appears in the first draft script written by Mankiewicz, not Welles.

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and financed a repertory company in which his wife starred. Gladys Insull's nerves broke when her company failed to find success, and the lease expired at the same time Insull's $ 4 billion financial empire collapsed in the Depression. Insull died in July 1938, bankrupt and disgraced.

349: — was assigned to review the production. In an incident that became infamous, Mankiewicz returned to the press room drunk and wrote only the first sentence of a negative review before passing out on his typewriter. Mankiewicz resurrected the experience in writing the 551:. After Kane's second wife makes her opera debut, critic Jed Leland returns to the press room drunk. He passes out over the top of his typewriter after writing the first sentence of his review: "Miss Susan Alexander, a pretty but hopelessly incompetent amateur …" 770:

If I owned a newspaper and if I didn't like the way somebody else was doing things—some politician, say—I'd fight them with everything I had. Only I wouldn't show him in a convict suit with stripes—so his children could see the picture in the paper. Or his

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was seen by 25 million U.S. moviegoers a month. Usually called a newsreel series, it was actually a monthly series of short feature films twice the length of standard newsreels. The films were didactic, with a subjective point of view. The editors of

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Lederer said that the script he read "didn't have any flavor of Marion and Hearst." Lederer noted that Davies drank and did jigsaw puzzles, but this behavior was exaggerated in the film to help define the characterization of Susan Alexander.

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chronicler Raymond Fielding as "a preposterous kind of sentence structure in which subjects, predicates, adjectives, and other components of the English language all ended up in unpredictable and grammatically unauthorized positions." In

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in Havana she veered so persistently off key that the audience pelted her with rotten vegetables. It was an event that Orson Welles remembered when he began concocting the character of the newspaper publisher's second wife for

328:, Insull was a man of humble origins who became the most powerful figure in the utilities field. He was married to a Broadway ingenue nearly 20 years his junior, spent a fortune trying to re-launch her career, and built the 2174: 857:. He described the meaning of "Rosebud": "In his subconscious it represented the simplicity, the comfort, above all the lack of responsibility in his home, and also it stood for his mother's love which Kane never lost." 818:

too – just to make him laugh." Composer David Raksin described Sloane's portrayal of Bernstein as "a compendium of the mannerisms of Bernard Herrmann: he looks like Benny, acts like him, and even talks like him."

597:, but condemned it based on the outrage expressed by trusted friends. Lederer believed that any implication that Davies was a failure and an alcoholic distressed Hearst more than any unfavorable references to himself. 2408: 1147:

Mankiewicz biographer Richard Meryman wrote, "The prototype of Charles Foster Kane's sled was this bicycle … The bike became a symbol of Herman's bitterness about his Prussian father and the lack of love in his

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wrote that "it seems safe to conclude, even without her prodding, that some version of the story must have cropped up in Mankiewicz's first draft of the script, which Welles subsequently edited and added to."

688:, both fleeting stars of the silent screen who later had marginal careers in opera. The interview with Susan Alexander Kane in the Atlantic City nightclub was based on a contemporary interview with 4305: 864:

As he began his first draft of the screenplay in early 1940, Mankiewicz mentioned "Rosebud" to his secretary. When she asked, "Who is rosebud?" he replied, "It isn't a who, it's an it." Biographer

1062:: "Great imitation," Welles later said, "but he's pretty easy to imitate: 'This week, as it must to all men, death came to Charles Foster Kane.' We used to do that every day — five days a week!" 853:"The most basic of all ideas was that of a search for the true significance of the man's apparently meaningless dying words," Welles wrote in a January 1941 press statement about the forthcoming 285:

remained in boxes. It's really a quite accurate picture of Hearst to that extent." However Welles himself insisted that there were marked differences between his fictional creation and Hearst.

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Mankiewicz began his review, "Miss Gladys Wallis, an aging, hopelessly incompetent amateur …" Leland's review begins, "Miss Susan Alexander, a pretty but hopelessly incompetent amateur …"

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Mankiewicz incorporated an incident from his own early career as a theater critic into Leland. Mankiewicz was assigned to review the October 1925 opening of Gladys Wallis' production of

4313: 935:, which he won, and McGilligan wrote that "Old Rosebud symbolized his lost youth, and the break with his family". In testimony for a 1947 plagiarism suit brought by Hearst biographer 178:

William Randolph Hearst was born rich. He was the pampered son of an adoring mother. That is the decisive fact about him. Charles Foster Kane was born poor and was raised by a bank.

1743: 4214: 527:. After her opening-night performance in the role of Lady Teazle, Mankiewicz returned to the press room "… full of fury and too many drinks …", wrote biographer Richard Meryman: 65: 1930: 1904: 1874: 643:

headlines of the day read, "Ganna Walska Fails as Butterfly: Voice Deserts Her Again When She Essays Role of Puccini's Heroine" and "Mme. Walska Clings to Ambition to Sing".

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Insull's life was also well known to Welles. Insull's publicity director John Clayton was a friend of Roger Hill, Welles's teacher at the Todd School and a lifelong friend.

2845: 1842: 490:." "There all resemblance ceases," Herman reassured me. These afternoon garden readings continued, and as the Mercury actors began arriving, the story started to breathe. 2400: 740:

political machine. Hearst and Murphy were political allies in 1902, when Hearst was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, but became enemies in 1905 when Hearst

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A historic cartoon of Murphy in convict stripes appeared November 10, 1905, three days after the vote. The caption read, "Look out, Murphy! It's a Short Lockstep from

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before the RKO board, Welles pointed out the irony that it was Hearst himself who had brought so much attention to the film being about him, and that Hearst columnist

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I wished to make a motion picture which was not a narrative of action so much as an examination of character. For this, I desired a man of many sides and many aspects.

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loved it and roared with laughter at the digest. They saw it as a parody and enjoyed it very much as such — I have to hand it to them." Welles had met Luce through

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As a model for the makeup design of the old Charles Foster Kane, Welles gave Maurice Seiderman a photograph of Chicago industrialist Samuel Insull, with mustache.

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at the Chicago Opera. She fled the country after her Italian vocal instructor told her that she was unprepared to perform the night before the sold-out premiere.

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never stopped loving Marion or his wife. He did not, at the end of his life, run away from the world to entomb himself in a vast, gloomy art-choked hermitage."

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that ran two weeks in Chicago. When the performance was repeated on Broadway in October 1925, Herman Mankiewicz — then the third-string theater critic for

939:, Mankiewicz said, "I had undergone psycho-analysis, and Rosebud, under circumstances slightly resembling the circumstances in , played a prominent part." 114: 170:

Kane's response to a cable from a correspondent in Cuba—"You provide the prose poems, I'll provide the war"— is the film's most overt allusion to Hearst.

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The source for Peck's giving the Rosebud nickname to Phoebe Hearst is a 1977 oral history interview with a researcher named Vonnie Eastham, conducted by

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style was characterized by dynamic editing, gutsy investigative reporting, and hard-punching, almost arrogant, narration," wrote film historian

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wasn't in keeping with Kane's character. If I'd kept it in, I would have had no trouble with Hearst. He wouldn't have dared admit it was him.

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said, "Some people have fallen in love with the story that Herman Mankiewicz…happened to know that 'Rosebud' was William Randolph Hearst's

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The most identifiable anecdote from Hearst's life used in the film is his famous but almost certainly apocryphal exchange with illustrator

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and details invented or derived from other sources." Houseman adds that they "grafted anecdotes from other giants of journalism, including

766:, Boss Jim W. Gettys (named "Edward Rogers" in the shooting script) admonishes Kane for printing a cartoon showing him in prison stripes: 482:, and I play guess who." He turned to me. "Why don't you think of yourself as Jedediah Leland? His name, by the way, is a combination of 422:

used to say that much of Kane's story was based on McCormick, but that there was also a good deal of Welles in the flamboyant character.

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knew where the bodies were buried: Mankiewicz had dished up a nasty version of the scandal sometimes referred to as the Strange Death of

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Weissberger, put the issue in the form of a rhetorical question: "Will a man be allowed in effect to copyright the story of his life?"

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Welles states, "There's all that stuff about McCormick and the opera. I drew a lot from that from my Chicago days. And Samuel Insull."

494:"I regard Leland with enormous affection," Welles told Bogdanovich, adding that the character of Jed Leland was based on drama critic 2686: 915:

In 1991 journalist Edward Castle contended that Welles may have borrowed the name of Native American folklorist, educator and author

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Welles said that he learned most of what he knew about the life of Hearst from Stevens. Welles sent Stevens an advance copy of the

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of Davies. Vidal said that Davies had told this intimate detail to Lederer, who had mentioned it to him years later. Film critic

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The assumption that the character of Susan Alexander Kane was based on Marion Davies was a major reason Hearst tried to destroy

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as another inspiration for Kane. "I got the idea for the hidden-camera sequence in the Kane 'news digest' from a scene I did on

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From 1935 to 1938 Welles was a member of the prestigious and uncredited company of actors that presented the radio version of

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Kilbourne, Don (1984). "Herman Mankiewicz (1897–1953)". In Morsberger, Robert E.; Lesser, Stephen O.; Clark, Randall (eds.).

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Gilling, Ted (May 7, 1989). "Real to Reel: Newsreels and re-enactments help trio of documentaries make history come alive".

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s relationship to the newsreel was compared to the weekly interpretive news magazine's relationship to the daily newspaper.

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When Welles was 15 he became the ward of Dr. Maurice Bernstein. Bernstein is the last name of the only major character in

44:, have been the subject of speculation and controversy since the project's inception. With a story spanning 60 years, the 1988: 1183: 4187: 4010: 3928: 3904: 3735: 3661: 3441: 3356: 2752: 2179: 360: 2153: 3869: 3810: 3700: 3296: 3220: 2251: 1955: 1081: 632: 376: 350: 329: 3708: 703: 4034: 3936: 3767: 3621: 3577: 3436: 3404: 3264: 2584: 2121: 1795: 1533: 37: 2788: 2757: 1134:

with Mrs. Insull as Lady Teazle, was produced at the Little Theatre last night. It will be reviewed in tomorrow's

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reported that Mankiewicz himself stated that the word "Rosebud" was taken from the name of a famous racehorse,

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Walska had tried every sort of fashionable mumbo jumbo to conquer her nerves and salvage her voice," reported

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Welles screened the film for Luce: "He was one of the first people to see the movie," Welles said. "He and

1049:, which preceded the film version. He was well versed in what came to be called "Time-speak", described by 3497: 3311: 3112: 787: 733: 711: 523: 341: 294: 2926: 4349: 4328: 4109: 3944: 3826: 3537: 3397: 3332: 3257: 1499: 1408: 1368: 1059: 286: 217: 3157:(2004) . "The Politics of Magic: Orson Welles's Allegories of Anti-Fascism". In Naremore, James (ed.). 2711: 1963: 802:, but only in the general sense of Morgan being an old-fashioned 19th century capitalist with ties to 4241: 3994: 3963: 3611: 3306: 2934: 2574: 2513: 1503: 1447: 1333: 893: 118: 104:, who worked with screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz on the early draft scripts, wrote that Kane is a 69: 3226:

Directors in Action: Selections from Action, The Official Magazine of the Directors Guild of America

2340:"Ganna Walska Fails as Butterfly; Voice Deserts Her Again When She Essays Role of Puccini's Heroine" 1994:

Directors in Action: Selections from Action, The Official Magazine of the Directors Guild of America

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Press statement issued by Orson Welles January 15, 1941, regarding his forthcoming motion picture,

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reported in 1969 that the sequence was excised from most prints presented on American television.

748:. Hearst was defeated by some 3,000 votes and his newspapers bellowed against the election fraud. 3885: 3759: 3637: 3553: 3545: 2994: 2950: 2922: 2682: 1713: 1329: 1070: 953: 936: 277: 207: 559: 164: 1080:

sequence "the single most impressive, most spoken-of element in the movie". Remarkably, critic

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Orson Welles on the Air: The Radio Years. Catalogue for exhibition October 28–December 3, 1988

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attempted to diminish the importance of the word's meaning and "take the mickey out of it."

845: 655: 419: 398: 272:." Referring to the suspicious 1924 death of the American film mogul after being a guest on 52:, played by Welles, a fictional character based in part upon the American newspaper magnate 949: 639:, as direct influences on the screenplay. Contemporaries said Walska had a terrible voice; 305: 64:. A rich incorporation of the experiences and knowledge of its authors, the film earned an 19: 4282: 4267: 4163: 4147: 3569: 3154: 2938: 2716: 2678: 2089: 1785: 1014: 978: 865: 677: 590: 463: 407: 244: 110: 100:

Orson Welles never confirmed a principal source for the character of Charles Foster Kane.

2491: 2284: 2278: 1451: 1073:, and financial support from the Luces helped open the Mercury Theatre in November 1937. 613:"I always thought was right to be upset about" the character's association with Davies. 3986: 3978: 3971: 2954: 2930: 2648: 2025: 1638: 1563: 752: 729: 681: 660: 499: 495: 487: 455: 426: 269: 45: 1711:

Owens, Russell (April 8, 1934). "Another Vivid Scene Ends in Insull's Amazing Drama".

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Actor Landers Stevens, Ashton Stevens's brother, made his final screen appearance in

689: 564: 467: 440: 336: 325: 310: 290: 126: 101: 57: 379:, and lavishly promoted the opera career of his only modestly talented second wife, 4249: 3473: 3420: 3349: 3281: 3186: 3080: 3020: 2946: 2942: 2872: 2543: 2509: 2505: 2247: 1739: 1692: 1604: 1443: 1439: 1321: 1033: 799: 783: 737: 695:

Susan Alexander's last name was taken from Mankiewicz's secretary, Rita Alexander.

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film was about the still-influential publisher, he did not convince many people."

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characters is quite startling. To Marion Davies she bears no resemblance at all.

385: 232: 1003:, the news documentary and dramatization series presented in movie theaters by 775:

As he pursues Gettys down the stairs, Kane threatens to send him to Sing Sing.

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was widely seen as an attack on William Randolph Hearst, it was also aimed at

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night in ..." Then Herman passed out, slumped over the top of his typewriter.

4287: 3126: 2145: 1528: 1004: 759: ... Every honest voter in New York wants to see you in this costume." 756: 2464:

When Giants Ruled: The Story of Park Row, New York's Great Newspaper Street

2026:"American Composers Orchestra – David Raksin remembers his colleagues" 1629: 635:, and McCormick's lavish promotion of the opera career of his second wife, 605:." Welles called Davies "an extraordinary woman—nothing like the character 616: 2435: 889: 881: 567:, but Welles always denied that Susan Alexander Kane was based on Davies. 383:. In 1920 McCormick arranged for her to play the lead in a production of 375:

Like Kane, Harold McCormick was divorced by his aristocratic first wife,

2516:(1971). "The Shooting Script by Herman J. Mankiewicz and Orson Welles". 2494:. New York : Current Literature Pub. Co. October 1906. p. 477. 1404:

Foreword by Orson Welles (two pages preceding unpaginated chapter index)

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The film is commonly regarded as a fictionalized, unrelentingly hostile

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and his concept of faceless group journalism, as then practiced at his

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Gladys Wallis in 1893, six years before her marriage to Samuel Insull

478:"I think I'll just listen," Welles said. "The title of this movie is 191: 276:, and noting that Kael's principal source was Houseman, film critic 892:

for an intimate part of Marion Davies' anatomy." Welles biographer

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stated that "Rosebud" was a nickname which Hearst had used for the

2889:"Rosebud Frantz, Indian Authority And Sitting Bull Descendant, 85" 899: 615: 558: 512: 450: 304: 18: 1036:— who added that it "was beautifully parodied by Orson Welles in 3377: 2820:. Turner Entertainment/Warner Home Video. Event occurs at 2:48. 3393: 3389: 3253: 3249: 911:, inspired Mankiewicz's choice for Kane's enigmatic last word. 798:

Houseman claimed that Walter P. Thatcher was loosely based on

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Others thought to have inspired the character are film tycoon

297:, which also had a private zoo and a large collection of art. 782:, Welles named Gettys after the father-in-law of his mentor, 2152:, Roger and Julie Baskes Department of Special Collections. 1690:

Gambill, Norman (November–December 1978). "Making Up Kane".

720:(November 10, 1905), is described by Boss Jim W. Gettys in 4306:

It's All True: Based on an Unfinished Film by Orson Welles

1835:"Samuel Insull Jr., 82; Son of Utility Magnate (obituary)" 356:, incorporating it into the narrative of Jedediah Leland. 3229:. Indianapolis: The Bobbs Merrill Company, Inc. pp. 2870:(July 7, 1991). "Review: The world's favourite Citizen". 1997:. Indianapolis: The Bobbs Merrill Company, Inc. pp. 1730:"Insull Lavished Riches on Wife; Comeback On Stage Fails" 1178: 1176: 563:

Hearst was disturbed by the film's supposed depiction of

210:. In January 1897 Remington was sent to Cuba by Hearst's 2283:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Algonquin Books. p. 2280:

In My Father's Shadow: A Daughter Remembers Orson Welles

152:

Although various sources were used as a model for Kane,

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Magician: The Astonishing Life and Work of Orson Welles

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The unconscious Mankiewicz was discovered by his boss,

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Orson Welles: The Rise and Fall of an American Genius

1897:"Fortune Shrank to $ 1,000, Samuel Insull Will Shows" 1402:

The Times We Had: Life with William Randolph Hearst.

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Insull returned to the stage in a charity revival of

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Academy Award for Best Writing (Original Screenplay)

4260: 4233: 4206: 4077: 3955: 3896: 3853: 3794: 3727: 3588: 3465: 3341: 3320: 3289: 1927:"Insull Left $ 1,000 Cash and Debt of $ 14,000,000" 627:, who lavishly promoted her lackluster opera career 36:, the 1941 American motion picture that marked the 1791:Mank: The Wit, World and Life of Herman Mankiewicz 1562: 1223: 654:in 1996. "Nothing worked. During a performance of 359:In 1926 Insull took a six-year lease on Chicago's 1989:"Citizen Kane Remembered [May–June 1969]" 1498:. Vol. 26: American Screenwriters. Detroit: 1184:"Orson Welles explains the meaning of Rosebud in 264:odd, cryptic speech. In the first draft, Raymond 2829: 2827: 1529:"You Furnish the Legend, I'll Furnish the Quote" 1400:(1975). Pfau, Pamela; Marx, Kenneth S. (eds.). 836: 692:in the run-down club where she was performing. 570: 176: 79: 2432:Finding Dorothy: A Biography of Dorothy Gibson 2310:"Family 'Citizen Kane' gets inside the castle" 1565:The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst 1434: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1300: 3405: 3265: 1819:"Drama Items from the Nation's Second City". 1594: 1592: 1590: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 540:, who composed a terse announcement that the 8: 2642: 2640: 1365:Citizen Kane: The Fiftieth Anniversary Album 462:In 1940, Welles invited longtime friend and 3087:(3rd ed.). New York: HarperPerennial. 3035: 3033: 3031: 2580:Citizen Welles: A Biography of Orson Welles 931:. Mankiewicz had a bet on the horse in the 313:built a fortune and lost it, and built the 3412: 3398: 3390: 3272: 3258: 3250: 3133:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 1780: 1778: 1776: 873:Zaharoff to be wheeled "by the rosebush". 593:insisted that Hearst and Davies never saw 2246:Epstein, Michael; Lennon, Thomas (1996). 2078: 2076: 1950: 1948: 289:was modeled after Hearst’s large mansion 2836:"A Viewer's Companion to 'Citizen Kane'" 2569: 2567: 2370:"Mme. Walska Clings to Ambition to Sing" 1018:described it as "pictorial journalism". 999:sequence that begins the film satirizes 948: 702: 547:Mankiewicz resurrected the incident for 439:The last name of Welles's friend, actor 216:, to provide illustrations to accompany 4300:Orson Welles Paul Masson advertisements 3159:Orson Welles's Citizen Kane: A Casebook 2959:Orson Welles's Citizen Kane: A Casebook 2724:from the original on September 24, 2015 1765:"Mrs. Samuel Insull Returns to Stage". 1172: 1092: 1058:, William Alland impersonated narrator 736:, a leader in New York City's infamous 544:review would appear the following day. 401:who inspired the character of Kane was 198:, in spite of Welles's statement that " 2679:"Orrin Peck Collection of Photographs" 2411:from the original on November 23, 2018 2380:from the original on December 10, 2014 2350:from the original on December 10, 2014 2320:from the original on December 21, 2014 2258:from the original on December 16, 2007 1865:"Insull Drops Dead in a Paris Station" 1628:Rosenbaum, Jonathan (April 26, 2002). 4180:The Mercury Summer Theatre of the Air 3044:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2899:from the original on December 7, 2014 2227:from the original on December 8, 2014 2032:from the original on December 9, 2008 1933:from the original on December 5, 2020 1907:from the original on December 5, 2020 1877:from the original on December 5, 2020 1845:from the original on November 7, 2020 1746:from the original on December 5, 2020 1646:from the original on December 5, 2020 1527:Campbell, W. Joseph (December 2001). 474:at Mankiewicz's house. Cotten wrote: 470:to join a small group for an initial 7: 2791:from the original on January 1, 2008 2760:from the original on January 2, 2008 2492:"Current Literature, Vol. 41, No. 5" 2308:Chawkins, Steve (January 23, 2012). 1669:. New York: Carol Publishing Group. 1539:Philip Merrill College of Journalism 443:, was used for Charles Foster Kane. 228:has been called "Mr. Hearst's War". 3371:Citizen Kane: A Filmmaker's Journey 3223:(1973). "Citizen Kane Revisited ". 2887:Daniels, Lee A. (October 7, 1992). 2399:Owens, Mitchell (August 22, 1996). 2094:Orson Welles: The Man Who Was Magic 1929:. Herald-Journal. August 12, 1938. 1728:Talley, Robert (October 19, 1932). 3913:Around the World with Orson Welles 2848:from the original on June 10, 2010 1667:The Complete Films of Orson Welles 1159:California State University, Chico 631:He cited Insull's building of the 405:, the crusading publisher of the 335:In 1925, after a 26-year absence, 14: 3192:Orson Welles: The Road to Xanadu 3131:Orson Welles: A Bio-Bibliography 2834:Ebert, Roger (January 1, 2004). 2401:"Garden of the Slightly Macabre" 1495:Dictionary of Literary Biography 646:"According to her 1943 memoirs, 163: 145: 48:examines the life and legacy of 3717:The Spirit of Charles Lindbergh 2779:Vidal, Gore (August 17, 1989). 2689:from the original on 2015-08-31 2626:from the original on 2020-12-05 2156:from the original on 2013-05-15 1474:from the original on 2006-06-20 1261:University Press of Mississippi 1194:from the original on 2017-04-16 1007:from 1935 to 1951. At its peak 609:played in the movie", and told 397:Another member of the powerful 4223:The Begatting of the President 4102:The Mercury Theatre on the Air 2550:. London, UK: BFI Publishing. 2248:"The Battle Over Citizen Kane" 2204:"A New 'School for Scandal'". 2057:University of California Press 1452:"Raising Kane by Pauline Kael" 923:In his 2015 Welles biography, 1: 4322:They'll Love Me When I'm Dead 2610:"Hollywood Sights and Sounds" 2608:Coons, Robbin (May 1, 1941). 2118:Vanity Will Get You Somewhere 2051:Carringer, Robert L. (1985). 1407:. Indianapolis and New York: 1255:Estrin, Mark W., ed. (2002). 1190:. Wellesnet. August 5, 2007. 960:) campaigns with Kane in the 714:, which appeared in Hearst's 4355:Issues of cultural influence 4188:The Adventures of Harry Lime 3662:An Evening with Orson Welles 3357:The Battle Over Citizen Kane 3042:The March of Time, 1935–1951 2785:The New York Review of Books 2753:The New York Review of Books 2430:Bigham, Randy Bryan (2014). 2277:Feder, Chris Welles (2009). 2180:AFI Catalog of Feature Films 2055:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: 156:was the primary inspiration. 4273:Rita Hayworth (second wife) 2434:. Raleigh, North Carolina: 680:'s second and third wives, 239:Arguing for the release of 4371: 4283:Beatrice Welles (daughter) 3937:In the Land of Don Quixote 3578:The Other Side of the Wind 3113:The Museum of Broadcasting 3040:Fielding, Raymond (1978). 2748:"Remembering Orson Welles" 2053:The Making of Citizen Kane 1796:William Morrow and Company 1534:American Journalism Review 821:Herbert Carter, editor of 732:Jim W. Gettys is based on 309:Chicago utilities magnate 93: 4172:Orson Welles Commentaries 3905:Orson Welles' Sketch Book 3482:The Magnificent Ambersons 3427: 2647:Pizzitola, Louis (2002). 2522:Little, Brown and Company 2028:. Americancomposers.org. 1987:Thomas, Bob, ed. (1973). 1630:"Hollywood Confidential: 1601:Orson Welles, A Biography 1599:Leaming, Barbara (1985). 1571:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt 1460:Little, Brown and Company 1121:as a Senate investigator. 742:ran for mayor of New York 330:Chicago Civic Opera House 4156:The Orson Welles Almanac 3709:Orson Welles' Magic Show 3065:"Pictorial Journalism". 2468:Fordham University Press 1259:. Jackson, Mississippi: 1257:Orson Welles: Interviews 4278:Paola Mori (third wife) 4027:The Mercury Wonder Show 3921:Orson Welles and People 3630:The Miracle of St. Anne 3163:Oxford University Press 2963:Oxford University Press 2961:. Oxford and New York: 2615:Sarasota Herald-Tribune 2585:Charles Scribner's Sons 2185:American Film Institute 1132:The School for Scandal, 648:Always Room at the Top, 425:Welles cited financier 196:William Randolph Hearst 154:William Randolph Hearst 137:William Randolph Hearst 131:Harold Fowler McCormick 117:and Mank's first boss, 54:William Randolph Hearst 46:quasi-biographical film 4124:The Campbell Playhouse 3683:The Merchant of Venice 3498:The Lady from Shanghai 2462:Turner, Hy B. (1999). 2221:"Citizen Kane, page 5" 1665:Howard, James (1991). 965: 912: 851: 825:, was named for actor 788:Todd Seminary for Boys 773: 725: 628: 623:after her marriage to 583: 568: 534: 524:The School for Scandal 518: 492: 459: 414:According to composer 342:The School for Scandal 318: 295:San Simeon, California 188: 92: 27: 4329:Orson Welles (crater) 4132:The Orson Welles Show 4117:The War of the Worlds 3945:The Orson Welles Show 3929:The Fountain of Youth 3827:Three Cases of Murder 3085:The Film Encyclopedia 2650:Hearst Over Hollywood 2518:The Citizen Kane Book 2514:Mankiewicz, Herman J. 2120:. San Francisco, CA: 2096:. Lybrary.com, 2005, 1500:Gale Research Company 1456:The Citizen Kane Book 1448:Mankiewicz, Herman J. 1409:Bobbs-Merrill Company 1363:Lebo, Harlan (1990). 1226:Run-Through: A Memoir 1060:Westbrook Van Voorhis 952: 903: 768: 706: 619: 562: 529: 516: 476: 454: 308: 218:Richard Harding Davis 22: 4242:This is Orson Welles 3995:The Cradle Will Rock 3165:. pp. 185–216. 2927:Carringer, Robert L. 2712:"The mark of 'Kane'" 2470:. pp. 150–152. 2346:. January 29, 1925. 1841:. January 10, 1983. 1335:This is Orson Welles 1232:Simon & Schuster 555:Susan Alexander Kane 255:In her 1971 essay, " 226:Spanish–American War 119:Herbert Bayard Swope 70:Herman J. Mankiewicz 56:and Chicago tycoons 4059:Moby Dick—Rehearsed 4051:The Lady in the Ice 3776:Filming 'The Trial' 3646:The Dominici Affair 3457:Unrealized projects 3328:Charles Foster Kane 3069:. February 2, 1935. 2987:McGilligan, Patrick 2923:Rosenbaum, Jonathan 2655:Columbia University 2524:. pp. 87–304. 2438:. pp. 99–100. 2316:. Los Angeles, CA. 2208:. October 23, 1925. 1903:. August 12, 1938. 1823:. October 16, 1932. 1330:Rosenbaum, Jonathan 933:1914 Kentucky Derby 917:Rosebud Yellow Robe 909:1914 Kentucky Derby 633:Chicago Opera House 625:Harold F. McCormick 403:Robert R. McCormick 315:Chicago Opera House 96:Charles Foster Kane 76:Charles Foster Kane 50:Charles Foster Kane 3886:The Big Brass Ring 3554:The Immortal Story 3546:Chimes at Midnight 3067:The New York Times 2919:Bogdanovich, Peter 2893:The New York Times 2710:(April 29, 2011). 2683:Huntington Library 2405:The New York Times 2374:The New York Times 2344:The New York Times 2206:The New York Times 2088:2016-04-07 at the 1964:St. Martin's Press 1839:The New York Times 1821:The New York Times 1767:The New York Times 1735:The Florence Times 1714:The New York Times 1326:Bogdanovich, Peter 1076:Callow called the 1071:Archibald MacLeish 988:newsreels," wrote 966: 937:Ferdinand Lundberg 925:Patrick McGilligan 913: 808:railroad companies 726: 690:Evelyn Nesbit Thaw 652:The New York Times 641:The New York Times 629: 589:. Davies's nephew 569: 519: 460: 361:Studebaker Theatre 347:The New York Times 319: 278:Jonathan Rosenbaum 231:Hearst biographer 208:Frederic Remington 38:feature film debut 28: 4337: 4336: 4140:Ceiling Unlimited 3843:The Southern Star 3835:David and Goliath 3803:Journey into Fear 3605:The Hearts of Age 3387: 3386: 3172:978-0-19-515892-2 3004:978-0-06-211248-4 2972:978-0-19-515891-5 2841:Chicago Sun-Times 2477:978-0-823-21944-5 2445:978-1-105-52008-2 2376:. July 14, 1927. 2314:Los Angeles Times 2175:"Landers Stevens" 2131:978-0-916-51517-1 2066:978-0-520-20567-3 1873:. July 18, 1938. 1805:978-0-688-03356-9 1614:978-0-618-15446-3 1513:978-0-8103-0917-3 1462:. pp. 1–84. 1418:978-0-672-52112-6 1378:978-0-385-41473-9 1270:978-1-578-06209-6 1078:News on the March 1056:News on the March 1046:The March of Time 1030:The March of Time 1020:The March of Time 1009:The March of Time 1001:The March of Time 997:News on the March 962:News on the March 944:News on the March 734:Charles F. Murphy 728:The character of 712:Charles F. Murphy 710:'s caricature of 611:Peter Bogdanovich 607:Dorothy Comingore 538:George S. Kaufman 377:Edith Rockefeller 222:yellow journalism 4362: 4215:The Happy Prince 4196:The Black Museum 4035:Around the World 4011:Too Much Johnson 3878:Cradle Will Rock 3862:Monsieur Verdoux 3736:Too Much Johnson 3728:Unfinished films 3654:Portrait of Gina 3622:Around the World 3414: 3407: 3400: 3391: 3274: 3267: 3260: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3155:Denning, Michael 3151: 3145: 3144: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3037: 3026: 3025: 3015: 3009: 3008: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2939:Denning, Michael 2935:Thomas, Francois 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2831: 2822: 2821: 2817:Audio Commentary 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2746:(June 1, 1989). 2740: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2694: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2644: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2620:Associated Press 2605: 2599: 2598: 2571: 2562: 2561: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2459: 2450: 2449: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2223:. 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Curran 907:, winner of the 849: 846:Associated Press 794:Other characters 717:New York Journal 581: 486:and your agent, 420:Bernard Herrmann 399:McCormick family 371:Harold McCormick 213:New York Journal 186: 167: 149: 90: 62:Harold McCormick 30:The sources for 23:Orson Welles in 4370: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4333: 4268:Mercury Theatre 4256: 4229: 4202: 4164:This Is My Best 4148:Hello Americans 4073: 3951: 3892: 3870:Treasure Island 3849: 3811:Follow the Boys 3795:Partly directed 3790: 3723: 3584: 3570:Filming Othello 3461: 3442:Theatre credits 3423: 3418: 3388: 3383: 3337: 3316: 3285: 3278: 3248: 3241: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3095: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3039: 3038: 3029: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3005: 2997:. p. 697. 2985: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2955:Naremore, James 2931:Naremore, James 2917: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2833: 2832: 2825: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2725: 2717:Financial Times 2706: 2705: 2701: 2692: 2690: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2665: 2646: 2645: 2638: 2629: 2627: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2573: 2572: 2565: 2558: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2461: 2460: 2453: 2446: 2429: 2428: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2383: 2381: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2353: 2351: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2259: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2189: 2187: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2159: 2157: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2132: 2112: 2111: 2107: 2090:Wayback Machine 2081: 2074: 2067: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2035: 2033: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2009: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1974: 1956:Higham, Charles 1954: 1953: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1910: 1908: 1895: 1894: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1863: 1862: 1858: 1848: 1846: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1806: 1784: 1783: 1774: 1769:. 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Boston: 1198:2016-01-18 1168:References 1067:Clare Luce 968:"Although 878:Gore Vidal 839:childhood. 784:Roger Hill 708:Tad Dorgan 484:Jed Harris 466:colleague 4288:Oja Kodar 4199:(1951–52) 3701:Moby Dick 3538:The Trial 2903:March 18, 2781:"Rosebud" 2530:301527105 1468:301527105 1369:Doubleday 1005:Time Inc. 964:sequence. 833:"Rosebud" 757:Sing Sing 266:literally 106:synthesis 16:1941 film 4119:" (1938) 4112:" (1938) 3768:The Deep 3321:Universe 3189:(1996). 3129:(1990). 3083:(1998). 2989:(2015). 2953:(2004). 2897:Archived 2846:Archived 2813:(2001). 2789:Archived 2758:Archived 2722:Archived 2687:Archived 2624:Archived 2577:(1989). 2546:(1992). 2436:Lulu.com 2409:Archived 2378:Archived 2348:Archived 2318:Archived 2256:Archived 2225:Archived 2154:Archived 2116:(1987). 2086:Archived 2030:Archived 1958:(1985). 1931:Archived 1905:Archived 1875:Archived 1843:Archived 1788:(1978). 1744:Archived 1644:Archived 1561:(2000). 1472:Archived 1450:(1971). 1332:(1992). 1222:(1972). 1192:Archived 890:pet name 882:clitoris 842:— 746:opponent 656:Giordano 576:— 181:— 111:Pulitzer 84:— 4261:Related 4110:Dracula 4043:Othello 3956:Theatre 3615:trailer 3514:Othello 3506:Macbeth 3364:RKO 281 3307:Trailer 3302:Sources 3115:. 1988. 2957:(ed.). 2852:June 2, 2657:Press. 1798:, Inc. 1504:218–224 1411:, Inc. 771:mother. 4325:(2018) 4317:(2014) 4309:(1993) 4253:(1996) 4245:(1992) 4226:(1970) 4218:(1946) 4183:(1946) 4167:(1945) 4159:(1944) 4105:(1938) 4089:(1937) 4070:(1960) 4062:(1955) 4054:(1953) 4046:(1951) 4038:(1946) 4030:(1943) 4022:(1941) 4014:(1938) 4003:Caesar 3998:(1937) 3990:(1936) 3982:(1936) 3967:(1932) 3948:(1979) 3940:(1964) 3932:(1958) 3924:(1956) 3916:(1955) 3908:(1955) 3889:(1999) 3881:(1999) 3873:(1972) 3865:(1947) 3846:(1969) 3838:(1960) 3830:(1955) 3822:(1949) 3814:(1944) 3806:(1943) 3779:(1981) 3763:(1967) 3747:(1942) 3739:(1938) 3720:(1984) 3704:(1971) 3686:(1969) 3678:(1968) 3675:Vienna 3665:(1970) 3657:(1958) 3649:(1955) 3641:(1953) 3633:(1950) 3625:(1946) 3617:(1940) 3608:(1934) 3600:(1933) 3589:Shorts 3581:(2018) 3573:(1978) 3565:(1973) 3557:(1968) 3549:(1965) 3541:(1962) 3533:(1958) 3525:(1955) 3517:(1951) 3509:(1948) 3501:(1947) 3493:(1946) 3485:(1942) 3477:(1941) 3333:Xanadu 3312:Legacy 3237: 3203: 3197:Viking 3169: 3137: 3091: 3048: 3001: 2995:Harper 2969: 2661: 2591: 2554: 2528: 2474: 2442: 2291: 2128: 2100: 2063: 2005: 1970: 1802: 1673: 1611: 1577: 1510: 1466: 1415: 1375: 1346: 1267: 1238: 778:As an 661:Fedora 458:(1920) 287:Xanadu 192:parody 4234:Books 4078:Radio 3231:12–17 1136:Times 1088:Notes 1023:' 542:Times 3378:Mank 3235:ISBN 3201:ISBN 3167:ISBN 3135:ISBN 3089:ISBN 3046:ISBN 2999:ISBN 2967:ISBN 2905:2014 2854:2010 2797:2008 2766:2008 2730:2015 2659:ISBN 2589:ISBN 2552:ISBN 2526:OCLC 2472:ISBN 2440:ISBN 2417:2020 2386:2014 2356:2014 2326:2014 2289:ISBN 2264:2008 2233:2014 2126:ISBN 2098:ASIN 2061:ISBN 2038:2009 2003:ISBN 1999:1–11 1968:ISBN 1939:2014 1913:2014 1883:2014 1851:2020 1800:ISBN 1752:2014 1671:ISBN 1652:2013 1609:ISBN 1575:ISBN 1508:ISBN 1464:OCLC 1413:ISBN 1373:ISBN 1344:ISBN 1265:ISBN 1236:ISBN 1015:Time 995:The 979:Time 684:and 386:Zaza 129:and 68:for 60:and 2252:PBS 1040:." 762:In 755:to 669:." 658:'s 293:in 194:of 121:." 40:of 4346:: 3233:. 3199:. 3161:. 3030:^ 2965:. 2949:; 2945:; 2941:; 2937:; 2933:; 2929:; 2925:; 2921:; 2895:. 2891:. 2844:. 2838:. 2826:^ 2787:. 2783:. 2756:. 2750:. 2720:. 2714:. 2681:. 2653:. 2639:^ 2622:. 2618:. 2612:. 2587:. 2566:^ 2512:; 2508:; 2454:^ 2407:. 2403:. 2372:. 2342:. 2312:. 2287:. 2285:44 2254:. 2250:. 2183:. 2177:. 2148:. 2092:, 2075:^ 2059:. 2017:^ 2001:. 1991:. 1966:. 1947:^ 1899:. 1867:. 1837:. 1775:^ 1742:. 1738:. 1732:. 1698:14 1696:. 1642:. 1636:. 1607:. 1589:^ 1573:. 1537:. 1531:. 1506:. 1470:. 1454:. 1446:; 1442:; 1427:^ 1387:^ 1371:. 1328:; 1324:; 1279:^ 1263:. 1234:. 1207:^ 1175:^ 1138:." 992:. 829:. 810:. 790:. 498:, 418:, 411:. 332:. 133:. 113:, 4115:" 4108:" 3413:e 3406:t 3399:v 3352:" 3348:" 3273:e 3266:t 3259:v 3243:. 3209:. 3175:. 3143:. 3097:. 3054:. 3024:. 3007:. 2975:. 2907:. 2876:. 2856:. 2799:. 2768:. 2732:. 2696:. 2667:. 2633:. 2597:. 2560:. 2532:. 2480:. 2448:. 2419:. 2388:. 2358:. 2328:. 2297:. 2266:. 2235:. 2193:. 2163:. 2134:. 2069:. 2040:. 2011:. 1976:. 1941:. 1915:. 1885:. 1853:. 1808:. 1754:. 1717:. 1679:. 1654:. 1634:" 1617:. 1583:. 1547:. 1516:. 1481:. 1421:. 1381:. 1352:. 1273:. 1244:. 1201:. 1188:" 1161:. 1130:" 1028:" 956:( 724:. 317:.

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