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124:), a conflation that can only be understood as learned by repeated exposure to a particular map-orientation convention (i.e. north put at the top of maps). Related idioms used in popular song lyrics provide further evidence for the pervasiveness of "north-south bias" among English speakers, in particular with regard to wealth. Examples include using "Uptown" to mean "high class or rich" (as in "
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189:
A popular example of a south-up oriented map designed as a political statement is "McArthur's
Universal Corrective Map of the World" (1979). An insert on this map explains that the Australian, Stuart McArthur, sought to confront "the perpetual onslaught of 'downunder' jokes—implications from Northern
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Throughout history, maps have been made with varied orientations, and reversing the orientation of maps is technically very easy to do. As such, some cartographers maintain that the issue of south-up map orientation is itself trivial. More noteworthy than the technical matter of orientation, per se,
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Research suggests that north-south positions on maps have psychological consequences. In general, north is associated with richer people, more expensive real estate, and higher altitude, while south is associated with poorer people, cheaper prices, and lower altitude (the "north-south bias"). When
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Cultural diversity and media literacy educators use south-up oriented world maps to help students viscerally experience the frequently disorienting effect of seeing something familiar from a different perspective. Having students consider the privileged position given to the
Northern hemisphere
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is the history of explicitly using south-up map orientation as a political statement, that is, creating south-up oriented maps with the express rationale of reacting to the north-up oriented world maps that have dominated map publication during the modern age.
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developed by Esther Alter uses a south-up map, with the developer stating it is intended to "evoke discomfort" and to "exemplify the north-south dichotomy of the world, wherein the southern hemisphere is generally poorer than the northern hemisphere."
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nations that the height of a country's prestige is determined by its equivalent spatial location on a conventional map of the world". McArthur's
Universal Corrective Map of the World (1979) has sold over 350,000 copies to date.
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a much more general association between vertical position and goodness/badness (up=good, down=bad), which has been documented in numerous contexts (e.g. power/status, profits/prices, affect/emotion, and even the
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South-up maps are commonly available as novelties or sociopolitical statements in southern hemisphere locales, particularly
Australia. A south-up oriented world map appears in episode "
457:
632:
Montoro, Pedro R.; Contreras, MarĂa JosĂ©; ElosĂşa, MarĂa Rosa; Marmolejo-Ramos, Fernando (2015), "Cross-modal metaphorical mapping of spoken emotion words onto vertical space",
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Nelson, L.D.; Simmonds, J.P. (2009), "On southbound ease and northbound fees: Literal consequences of the metaphoric link between vertical space and cardinal direction.",
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Common
English idioms support the notion that many English speakers conflate or associate north with up and south with down (e.g. "heading up north", "down south",
556:
Meier, Brian P.; Moller, Arlen C.; Chen, Julie J.; Riemer-Peltz, Miles (2011), "Spatial
Metaphor and Real Estate: North-South Location Biases Housing Preference",
65:
up, at the top of the map, amounting to a 180-degree rotation of the map from the standard convention of north-up. Maps in this orientation are sometimes called
186:". "Torres-GarcĂa placed the South Pole at the top of the earth, thereby suggesting a visual affirmation of the importance of the (South American) continent."
149:(especially Europe and North America) on most world maps can help students confront their more general potential for culturally biased perceptions.
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Researchers posit that the observed association between map-position and goodness/badness (north=good; south=bad) is caused by the combination of
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182:, a Uruguayan modernist painter, created one of the first maps to make a political statement related to north-south map positions entitled "
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Kacinik, Natalie A. (24 September 2014), "Sticking your neck out and burying the hatchet: what idioms reveal about embodied simulation",
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458:"The Map as Political Agent: Destabilising the North-South Model and Redefining Identity in Twentieth-Century Latin American Art"
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Meier, Brian P.; Robinson, Michael D. (2004), "Why the sunny side is up associations between affect and vertical position",
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The history of south-up map orientation as political statement can be traced back to the early 1900s.
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A south-up map of the world centered on the western
Pacific Ocean and splitting the Atlantic Ocean
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titled, "Happy penguin looking at upside-down globe; Antarctica is on top" (April 20, 1992).
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participants were presented with south-up oriented maps, this north-south bias disappeared.
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Haviland, William A.; Prins, Harald. E. L.; McBride, Bunny.; Walrath, Dana. (2010),
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Rhumb Lines and Map Wars: A Social
History of the Mercator Projection
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132:), or using "Downtown" to convey lower socioeconomic status (as in "
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the convention of consistently placing north at the top of maps, and
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once posed the question "Why are we down?" American cartoonist
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History of south-up oriented maps as political statements
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Somebody's Going to
Emergency, Somebody's Going to Jail
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A collection of world maps with south-up orientation.
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St
Andrews Journal of Art History and Museum Studies
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100:Political map of Europe, showing south at the top
76:Other maps with non-standard orientation include
704:Seeing Through Maps: Many Ways to See the World
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702:Wood, D.; Kaiser, W. L.; Abramms, B. (2006),
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558:Social Psychological and Personality Science
783:Boston Public Library educational resources
732:Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge
549:A New World of Understanding [map]
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272:"The 'Blue Marble' Shot Through History"
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50:photograph in its original orientation
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769:A New World Of Understanding Map
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599:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00659.x
488:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
409:Savage, Phil (9 January 2013).
385:Wood, Kaiser & Abramms 2006
626:, University of Chicago Press.
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779:(Van der Grinten projection).
675:Journal of Marketing Research
777:Upside-down Map of the World
723:Rethinking the Power of Maps
144:Cultural diversity education
456:De Armendi, Nicole (2009),
231:The computer strategy game
814:
531:, Wood Lake Publications,
289:Nelson & Simmonds 2009
92:Psychological significance
301:Meier & Robinson 2004
647:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01205
622:Monmonier, Mark (2004),
570:10.1177/1948550611401042
501:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00689
214:by Argentine cartoonist
55:South-up map orientation
761:The Upsidedown Map Page
634:Frontiers in Psychology
222:published a cartoon in
546:Levine, Jesse (1982),
529:How Maps Change Things
467:: 5–17, archived from
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687:10.1509/jmkr.46.6.715
587:Psychological Science
527:Kaiser, Ward (2013),
180:JoaquĂn Torres GarcĂa
168:JoaquĂn Torres GarcĂa
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757:at Wikimedia Commons
721:Wood, Denis (2010),
134:Bad, Bad Leroy Brown
59:orientation of a map
305:Montoro et al. 2015
166:, drawn in 1943 by
354:"Upside Down Maps"
253:North–South divide
194:In popular culture
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753:Media related to
713:978-1-931057-20-2
442:What's Up? South!
387:, pp. 50–51.
321:Meier et al. 2011
285:Meier et al. 2011
184:América Invertida
163:América Invertida
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274:. July 24, 2015.
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734:, Wadsworth
420:10 November
341:Kaiser 2013
126:Uptown Girl
35:, drawn by
478:2016-01-25
448:2016-01-18
359:2016-01-24
220:Leo Cullum
130:Billy Joel
122:Down Under
82:polar maps
798:Map types
578:144903106
337:Wood 2010
138:Jim Croce
37:al-Idrisi
792:Category
695:16363025
666:26322007
640:: 1205,
615:31201262
607:15043641
520:25309381
415:PC Gamer
242:See also
116:divine).
657:4531208
511:4173310
432:Sources
211:Mafalda
57:is the
39:in 1154
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472:(PDF)
461:(PDF)
259:Notes
216:Quino
202:" of
136:" by
128:" by
63:south
61:with
708:ISBN
662:PMID
603:PMID
533:ISBN
516:PMID
422:2020
31:The
683:doi
652:PMC
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
