1263:
they did not need to acquiesce to
British demands. This is shown by the response that Cetewayo made to the calls for peace from the Lieutenant-Governor of Natal: "I shall not act on my own account. I shall not agree to any laws or rules from Natal." Writing on the 14th February 1877, Shepstone asserted: "While I am here, Cetewayo will do nothing; but if I were to withdraw without completing my mission, I believe that not only the Zulus but every native tribe in the Transvaal and bordering on it would attack and wipe it out." The danger of a Zulu attack was therefore very real, and not invented by the British. However, the British did apply pressure on the Boers to excite apprehensions of the danger the Zulus presented by cutting off Boer access to the coast, which prevented them from profiting from customs duties on maritime imports and exports, as well as cutting off their source of arms, which contributed to their fear of a Zulu attack.
1270:, the president of the Transvaal. Since the country was on the eve of an election which Burgers was bound to lose due to his unpopularity, Sir Theophilius therefore "was convinced beyond any doubt of Burgers' support against their common enemy: Kruger", since Kruger was Burger's primary rival in the election, against whom he could leverage the aid of the Natalian (Shepstone). Thomas Burgers hoped to use the presence of Shepstone to induce the Volksraad to accept, as an alternative to annexation, a reform to the constitution that would strengthen his executive authority and prolong his rule by two more years. Even when Shepstone informed Burgers of his determination to go through with annexing the Transvaal, Burgers assured Shepstone of his co-operation.
2359:
781:
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unsuspecting Boers into an ambush where hundreds of native warriors attacked the
Potgieter party, killing Andries, then proceeding to drag Herman up a hill, where he was skinned alive. They stopped once they had torn the entrails from his body. At the same time of these events, the Ndebele chief Magobane (known to the Boers as Makapaan) attacked and killed an entire convoy of women and children traveling to Pretoria. The two chiefs had concluded an agreement to murder all the Europeans in their respective districts and to keep the cattle that they were raising for the Europeans.
80:
1993:, collecting arms and with upholding the power of the state over the local black population. The commander of the ZAR's military was the elected commandant-general who like the field cornets performed both military and political functions. The commandant-general was responsible for buying guns and ammunition, fixed the prices of commodities and most importantly controlled the ivory trade. The economy of the Transvaal was very much a barter economy, and ivory was one of the principal currencies used in trade and commerce. The professional military of the ZAR was the
1143:, adopted a policy of confederating South Africa, in order to solve the problems of a restless frontier and of containing the Boers, which both threatened their colonies of Natal and the Cape of Good Hope. These colonies were absolutely vital in providing a route to India, which was Britain's prime colony. Confederation of the South African region was thought to be very beneficial for the British, as it would "cheapen the administration of affairs" and reduce the need for imperial money and troops.
1235:). Nonetheless, the situation could not be described as anything but critical. The war had been expensive, leading the government of the Republic to be insolvent, and the desertion of Boer commandos gave the Zulus, the arch-enemies of the Boers, the impression that the Transvaal was weak, as they had been barely able to defeat Sekhukhune, who they considered a minor vassal. In the spring and summer of 1876–77, frontier skirmishes between the Zulus and Boers flared up once again, and
2373:, which ended in failure. British forces started building up troops and resources at the borders, followed by a demand for voting rights for the ZAR's 60,000 foreign nationals—of whom 50,000 were British. Kruger rejected the British demand and called for the withdrawal of British troops from the ZAR's borders. When the British refused, Kruger declared war against Britain, Britain received assistance from its possessions Australia, and Canada, as well as Natal and the Cape Colony.
1913:
1164:
previously the
British could at the very least restrict the supply of arms of ammunition that was exported and fell into the hands of the Boers and natives and thereby rein in what the British saw as the anarchy in the Transvaal. Additionally, the sea outlet that the Boers acquired which was outside the control of the British made persuading the Boers to enter a South African confederation far more difficult, as the Boers as a result achieved greater independence.
153:
756:
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728:
714:
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672:
1227:
practicable." Shepstone's warrant authorised him to annex the
Transvaal, provided he was satisfied that a sufficient number of the inhabitants, or the legislature, desired it. By the time Shepstone arrived, however, the Bapedi and the Boers had signed a peace treaty. However, this conflict cannot be lightly dismissed as "the picturesque pretext" for annexation. In spite of the Boer "victory," on 16 February 1877, the Boers and Bapedi, mediated by
686:
165:
2533:
1193:, after claiming that the tribesmen stole their cattle. For the British, these conflicts had a high chance for escalating and presented big problems no matter how they turned out: if the Boers won in their war against the Zulus, there would be a substantial increase of Zulu refugees into the already crowded area of Natal, and the displacement of peoples had been shown to create an atmosphere conducive to war, as shown by the
66:
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of the joint commando, now under command of
General Pretorius focussed their attention on Mapela. By the time the commando had reached Mapela, the natives had fled. A few wagons, bloody clothes, chests and other goods were discovered at a kop near Mapela's town. Mapela and his soldiers escaped and with their rifles and ammunition intact and Mapela was only captured much later, in 1858.
2455:
2092:
offence. The
British similarly had declared English to be the only language spoken in the Cape Colony some decades earlier to outlaw the Dutch language. The discovery of gold in 1885 led to a major influx of foreigners. By 1896, the language of government and citizens remained Dutch but in many market places, shops and homes the English language was spoken.
2262:. The annexation would not suspend self-government, but nonetheless attempted to convert the ZAR into a colony of the British Empire. The ZAR unanimously decided to resist the British annexation. Instead of declaring war, the country decided to send a delegation to the United Kingdom and the United States, to protest. This did not have any effect, and the
1937:
magistrate within 8 days of arriving, were restricted to living in certain neighborhoods and had to pay an entry fee of £25. The Indian merchants, who were classified as "Arabs", objected to this law and appealed to the
British government to protect their rights as British subjects. Following British diplomatic pressure, Law Number 3 was amended by the
1921:
oath and procuring the letters of naturalisation. The oath involved abandoning, discarding and renouncing all allegiance and subjugation towards foreign sovereignties and in particular their previous citizenship. Under a law of 1855, only white people were permitted to be citizens of the ZAR and to own land. The constitution of the ZAR stated: "The
1184:, reported that the Boers had interpreted the treaty as having placed Zululand under their exclusive control. Pine stated that such a union of the Zulus and the Boers, who had wanted to create a settlement in the North-West corner of Zululand, would imperil the safety of Natal. This combination meant that control of the land around the areas of
2431:. It was led by Boers who created a provisional government and sought to reestablish the South African Republic in the Transvaal. Many members of the South African government were themselves former Boers who had fought with the Maritz rebels against the British in the Second Boer War. The self-proclaimed rebel republic allied with
2152:
orphan sheep, or "hanslam". These children, even after their 16th birthday, and being free to come and go as they please, rarely re-connected with their own culture and own language and except for surviving and being cared for in terms of food and shelter, were basically forcefully divorced from their native tribe forever.
1168:
he annex the
Transvaal, which proposition, although rejected, raised the possibility of the Boers requesting German protection, which in turn raised the possibility of the appearance of a foreign and unfriendly power in the Cape which could threaten Britain's position there. These fears were further stoked by the trip that
1287:, High Commissioner for Southeast Africa, declared war on Sekhukhune. With British and allied troops, including the Swazis who had supported Burgers, in 1879 Wolseley defeated Sekhukhune and imprisoned him in Pretoria. With the Bapedi threat removed, the Burghers were no longer so amenable to British rule.
2143:
General Piet
Potgieter set out with 100 men from Zoutpansberg and Commandant General Pretorius left Pretoria with 200 men. After the commandos met up, they first attacked Magobane and the natives were driven back to their caves in the mountains where they lived before. The Boers held them at siege in
1941:
in 1887 to allow the "Asiatics" the right to own fixed property, though not land, and the entry fee was lowered to £3. Because the
Indians in the ZAR had the British government to protect them, the anti-Asian laws in the ZAR tended to single out the Chinese, though the Hong Kong Chinese were like the
1936:
to pass Law Number 3, which was aimed at stopping Asian immigration into the Transvaal. Under Law Number 3, all Asians which were defined as "Coolies, Chinese etc, Arabs, Malays, and Mohammedan subjects of the Turkish dominion" were forbidden from owning fixed property, had to register with the local
1282:
At Pretoria the annexation was received quietly enough. The republican printing press (De Volksstem) made no difficulty over the printing of Shepstone's proclamation. Despite the official protest of the executive council, all but one of its members retained office under the new administration, and no
1254:
argued that Britain should "use Cetewayo as a powerful lever to influence wavering spirit". It has therefore been suggested that the danger that the Zulus presented was specifically manufactured by the British to induce the Boers to accept annexation, and the impis had been massed on the border "on a
1167:
Moreover, the Foreign Office was concerned that the opening of Delagoa Bay could signal the involvement of other nations in the Transvaal, which could threaten the Cape Colony. This concern was intensified by the fact that some German merchants had already approached Bismark with the proposition that
2255:
On 12 April 1877, British officials issued the "Annexation of the S. A. Republic to the British Empire." The proclamation stated that the country was "unstable, ungovernable, bankrupt and facing civil war", though in reality the British wished to annex it for its strategic position, using skirmishes
2029:
of medieval Europe. The field cornets often waged war against local African natives in order to seize land, ivory and people to distribute as spoils to their constituents in exchange for their electoral support, often specifically for elections to higher republic offices. There was a strong dynastic
2024:
could be elected to a military office, in practice the men who were elected came from the wealthier families, who used their wealth to build up patronage networks that put the poorer farmers into their debt in one manner or another. The South African historian Ian van der Waag described Boer society
1221:
exaggerated this failure as a major and decisive defeat of the Boers, and was thereby led to anticipate an immediate application to the High Commissioner to take over the country. A. N. Pelzer wrote: "Although Sekhukhune made overtures for peace, he was not defeated and this fact, together with the
2155:
Among the casualties of this war was Commandant General Potgieter. The natives were armed with rifles and were good shots. The general was killed by a native sniper on the ridge of a trench and his body recovered by then commandant Paul Kruger whilst under heavy fire from the natives. What remained
2139:
In 1853, Herman Potgieter was called to Mapela to aid in a cull of the elephant population. Upon arrival, Maphela guided the Potgieter party, which included Herman, his son, his groom and a few other burghers to the purported location where the elephants were herding. Rather instead, Mapela led the
1438:
The constitution of the ZAR was legally interesting for its time. It contained provisions for the division between the political leadership and office bearers in government administration. The legal system consisted of higher and lower courts and had adopted a jury system. Laws were enforced by the
1273:
It is argued by some that Shepstone had annexed the area in haste, "without troubling to ascertain the real drift of Dutch opinion." However, his decision was certainly not made in haste, as he remained in Pretoria for three months before making a proclamation of annexation, at which time he was in
2091:
These changes to the ZAR laws made the use of all other foreign languages illegal in the ZAR. On 1 October 1895 Alfred Fernandez Harington was appointed English master at the Staats Model School in Pretoria. Use of any foreign language was subject to criminal penalty and fine of £20 (ZAR) for each
1920:
Citizenship of the ZAR was legislated by the constitution as well as Law No 7 of 1882, as amended on 23 June 1890. Citizenship was gained by being born in the republic or by naturalisation. The voting age was 16 years. Persons not born in the republic could become citizens by taking the prescribed
1262:
However, the independence of the Zulu kingdom mustn't be understated, and the influence that Shepstone had over Cetewayo should not be exaggerated. What kept the Zulus loyal to the British was their fear of the Boers: but once the Zulus realized that the Boers were not a threat, they realised that
1216:
What precipitated action and confirmed the aforementioned fears was that in 1876, war broke out between the Boers and the Bapedi chief Sekhukhune. Initially, the Boers faced heavy defeats: the Republic was close to bankruptcy and its siege of Sekhukhune's stronghold failed because commando members
1188:
would be in dispute between the Boers and the Zulus, raising tension in the region. The Boers had also been acting provocatively towards the Bantu peoples living in Bechuanaland: for instance, in 1852, Boer commandos raided the town of Kwena, taking many prisoners, and in 1857 a Boer commandos led
2224:
on 13 July 1876, against Johannes Dinkwanyane, who was Sekhukune's brother. The Boer forces were led by Commandant Coetzee and accompanied by Swazi warriors. The Swazi warriors launched a surprise and successful attack while the Boers held back. Seeing this, the Swazis refused to hand over to the
2151:
As there were slavers and other criminals dealing in children, any burgher found in possession of an unregistered minor child was guilty of a criminal offence. These children were also often called "oorlams" in reference to being overly used to the Dutch culture, and in reference to a hand-raised
1899:
had issued a death sentence over two ZAR citizens, for treason. Kruger argued with President Boshoff that the Bible said punishment does not mean a death sentence and at the prisoner exchange, it was agreed that the accused would be punished if found guilty. After consulting Commandant Kruger's
2087:
issued Proclamation 207 and compelled the Superintendent of Education to apply the language law enforcing the exclusive use of Dutch. On 30 July 1888, Dutch language was declared the sole official language, in court as well as education, trade and general use. All other languages were declared
2147:
Orphan children of the native tribes were booked in strictly controlled by legal process, at appointed Boer families to look after them until they came of age. The administration was similar to the system of indentured workers, which was simply another form of slavery, with the exception that
2135:
There were some disputes over cattle which Mapela was raising on behalf of Potgieter and earlier Commandant Scholtz had confiscated a large number of rifles and amounts of ammunition, rifle repair equipment and materials of war from the home of an English missionary, the Reverend Livingstone.
1945:
To be eligible for citizenship, white foreigners had to have been residing in the Republic for a period of two years, be of good character and have been accepted as member of the Dutch Reformed or Reformed Church. On 20 September 1893 the ZAR Constitution was amended so that two-thirds of the
2034:
as there was a tendency for men from the same families to be elected to the office of general generation after generation. In 1899, while the average age of a general in the ZAR was 58, the majority had a very limited education. In a society that venerated age, the most respected man was the
1278:
were ready to support the annexation, which was expected to solve these problems, whilst providing them protection from the natives. Additionally, the state attorney, Dr Jorissen, opined that, had Shepstone summoned the Volksraad after annexation, he would have obtained a vote of confidence.
1163:
to the Portuguese, who were friendly to the Boers. The Transvaal government immediately took steps to acquire a loan to build a railway there, and even led discussions to purchase the bay outright. This railway and purchase caused the loss of the only control that that the British had, since
889:
between the two nations. The Boer victory confirmed the ZAR's independence; however, Anglo-ZAR tensions soon flared up again over various diplomatic issues. In 1899, war again broke out between Britain and the ZAR, which was swiftly occupied by British forces. Many Boer combatants in the ZAR
1226:
the pretext he required to annex the republic ." Barkly's warning hastened the action of Lord Carnarvon and led to the dispatch of Sir Theophilus Shepstone, who happened to be in England, on his mission as special commissioner "to carry out any negotiations which may be found necessary and
128:
125:
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as independent Boer republics and placed them within the British Empire. On 20 May 1903, an Inter Colonial Council was established to manage the colonies of the British Government. The Boers were promised eventual limited self-government and this was granted in 1906 and 1907. The
1255:
hint from Shepstone". This suggestion is supported by the presence of Zulu emissaries in March 1877 in Natal stating that the Zulu army had massed "in readiness at the call of Somtseu (Shepstone) to go round towards the upper side of the Dutch." Moreover, Shepstone requested
2328:. In 1885, rich gold reefs were discovered. ZAR burghers were farmers and not miners and much of the mining fell to immigrants. The immigrants were also referred to as "outlanders". By 1897, immigrants had invested over 300,000,000 British Pounds in the ZAR goldfields.
124:
1213:, and others, would gain confidence that they might obtain their independence from the British or at least offer the British resistance, endangering the Cape Colony. Annexation was therefore the only way of preventing either of these outcomes.
2392:
where women and children were held without adequate food or medical care. The abhorrent conditions in these camps caused the death of 4,177 women and 22,074 children under 16; death rates were between 344 and 700 per 1000 per year.
2470:
in 1886 changed the economic fortunes of the formerly impoverished ZAR. The city of Johannesburg was founded as a gold mining town in the same year. Within 10 years it grew into the largest city in Southern Africa, surpassing Cape Town.
2186:
would be entitled to citizenship of the ZAR. Consequently, Paul Kruger was not accepted as a citizen and disallowed from political intercourse. Acting President van Rensburg called a special meeting of the general council of the
2490:. The construction of the Pretoria-Lourenço Marques line allowed the ZAR access to harbour facilities not controlled by the British Empire, a key policy of Paul Kruger who deemed it vital to the country's long-term survival.
1175:
The second issue that prompted the annexation was native policy and Boer relations with local African kingdoms. The British considered these relations a problem ever since the founding of the ZAR. Only one year after the
1383:
was signed. The country independently also entered into various agreements with other foreign countries after that date. On 3 November 1884 the country signed a postal convention with the government of the
1146:
The first issue that prompted the annexation of Transvaal was the prospect that the Boers might gain an outlet to the sea, which the British government was trying to prevent, as shown by the annexation of
2522:" ("Unity makes strength," the motto of the republic), this was in fact rarely seen, and instead the motto was displayed with the republic's coat of arms. The Vierkleur was later incorporated into the
5886:
1012:
The name of the South African Republic was of such political significance that on 1 September 1900, the British declared by special proclamation that the name of the country had been changed from
2344:. Malaboch refused to pay taxes to the Transvaal after it was given back to the Boers in 1881 by the British, which resulted in a military drive against him by the South African Republic (ZAR).
2108:
was elected at the assembly of 1849 as commandant general for life and it became necessary, to avoid strife, to appoint three commandants general all possessing equal powers. Commandant General
4034:
123:
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2148:
children so registered had to be released at age 16. The commando would return all such children to the nearest landdrost district, for registration and allocation to a Boer family.
6163:
6168:
5453:
2001:
was armed with the modern Krupp artillery guns imported from Germany, and whose second-in-command was the Austrian officer Captain Adolf Zboril, who did his best to bring up the
1891:
The Bible itself was also often used to interpret the intention of legal documents. The Bible was also used to interpret a prisoner exchange agreement, reached in terms of the
1959:
and in all other elections. Citizens who obtained their franchise through naturalization after 23 June 1890 would be able to vote in all elections, except those for the first
6158:
1065:
The Boer republics emerged when the British had annexed the Cape Colony from the Dutch in 1806, in order to prevent the sea routes to the East (India etc.) from falling to
4911:
4615:
1029:
was signed with the government of the South African Republic, the Orange Free State government, and the British government, ending the war, and converted the ZAR into the
2039:, the wealthy patriarch with the long hair and long beard that indicated wisdom, and these were accordingly the people most likely to be elected as officers. Most of the
1989:
and performed both military and administrative functions in his district. The field cornet was responsible for collecting taxes, performing the census, training the male
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6063:
6148:
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4831:
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4027:
5872:
5851:
5712:
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5474:
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404:
336:
270:
2136:
Livingstone admitted to storing weaponry for the Secheli, a breach of the Sand River Convention, which prohibited providing arms or ammunition to the natives.
2340:
was between Chief Malaboch (Mmaleboho, Mmaleboxo) of the Bahananwa (Xananwa) people and the South African Republic (ZAR) Government led by Commandant-General
1274:
contact with the members of the community in Pretoria. Moreover, due to the economic depression, as well as the "incurable insolvency" of the government, the
6143:
5390:
5306:
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5844:
4671:
3881:
1855:
253:
4879:
6081:
5523:
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4500:
1953:
All citizens who were born in the ZAR or had obtained their franchise prior to 23 June 1890 would have the right to vote for both the first and second
5907:
5768:
5691:
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2459:
2213:, on 16 May 1876. The war only began in July 1876. The president of the ZAR, Burgers led an army of 2000 burghers and was joined by a strong force of
6049:
5837:
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4904:
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79:
4382:
4320:
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5635:
5383:
5264:
4847:
2177:
2068:
1947:
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1360:
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461:
5677:
5928:
5893:
5411:
4608:
4329:
1251:
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1172:, the president of Transvaal took to Europe, during which he tried to negotiate a loan for a railway, as well as possible European alliances.
6138:
5802:
5369:
2801:
2474:
The discovery of gold allowed the construction of a railway network in the ZAR. The east–west railways in the ZAR, and notably the line from
1343:
fell at the head of his troops. While the British would in other circumstances have sent more troops and defeated the rebels, Prime Minister
895:
2523:
6018:
5809:
5719:
5341:
3547:
2306:, accepted the name of the country as the South African Republic. The convention was signed in duplicate in London on 27 February 1884, by
2299:
of 1881 was superseded in 1884 by the London Convention, in which the British suzerainty over the South African Republic was relinquished.
1140:
965:(South African Republic to the North of the Vaal River). In 1858, the constitution permanently established the name of the country as the
3876:
5955:
5900:
5816:
5663:
5327:
4890:
4557:
4527:
1136:
938:
4440:
6173:
5914:
5879:
5823:
5348:
5313:
5002:
4451:
3783:
2499:
1865:
1356:
313:
71:
4717:
4710:
5698:
5565:
5544:
5502:
5044:
3452:
3203:
2752:
2694:
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1885:
1871:
1073:, who, dissatisfied with British rule, decided to leave the colony and move into the hinterland of South Africa in what became the
2358:
1415:(sometimes referred to as "Goshen") were granted the ZAR franchise. On 25 July 1895, the burghers that took part in the battle at
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5467:
4636:
4550:
4493:
1925:(people) are not prepared to allow any equality of the non-white with the white inhabitants, either in the church or the state".
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114:
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5858:
5621:
5537:
5418:
5404:
5376:
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would have to agree to changes to the citizenship law. This proclamation, No 224, also changed Law No 7 with regard to voting.
1928:
The Witwatersrand gold rush led to an influx of Indians and Chinese into the new city of Johannesburg that was emerging on the
4796:
1470:
The State Almanac for 1897 states that the total white population was 245,397; with the total black population being 622,544.
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5516:
5271:
5030:
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to the level of a European army. The closest the ZAR had to a professional infantry and cavalry was the para-military ZARP (
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2010:
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85:
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Irish University Press Series: British Parliamentary Papers Colonies Africa, (BPPCA Transvaal Vol 37 (1971) No 41 at 267)
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Law articles 1017/1025 dd. 13 Juli 1888 & article 1026/1027, dd. 14 Juli 1888 & article 1030, dd. 16 Juli 1888.
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2514:(English: "Four colour"). While the only legislation describing the flag required that the green panel be inscribed "
1854:
Initially, the state and church were not separated in the constitution; citizens of the ZAR had to be members of the
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as being characterized by a quasi-feudalism as the wealthier families set themselves up as something alike to the
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warriors. The Swazis joined the war to aid Mampuru, who was ousted from his position of chieftain by Sekhukune.
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5051:
4703:
4001:
2462:, while lines were built from the Cape and Natal, and one to Pietersburg was built by a private British company
2443:
2303:
1896:
1404:
1380:
1275:
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1006:
705:
546:
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1328:
1259:, the British Lieutenant-Governor of Natal, to cease the importation of military materiel into the Transvaal.
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of 27 February 1884, where Britain acquiesced to the ZAR's demands to revert to the use of the previous name.
164:
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5187:
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2191:, which then voted in a special resolution to allow members of the Reformed Church access to the franchise.
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239:
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Carman Miller, "Loyalty, Patriotism and Resistance: Canada's Response to the Anglo-Boer War, 1899–1902."
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1232:
1048:-dominated South African government broke up the province into four provinces and renamed the core region
263:
65:
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2446:. By 1915, the rebellion had failed, and the ringleaders received heavy fines and terms of imprisonment.
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5460:
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wore no uniforms and had no medals. The basic officer was the field cornet who was elected by the local
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1859:
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there on 16 December. The war, not officially declared to the occupying British troops, opened with
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to "the Transvaal". This proclamation was issued during the British occupation of the region in the
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4419:
4226:
2538:
2479:
2296:
2286:
2165:
1895:, between a commando of the ZAR, led by Kruger, and a Commando of the Orange Free State. President
1400:
1348:
1313:
1156:
996:
643:
533:
494:
325:
202:
3728:
C. N. Connolly, "Manufacturing 'spontaneity': The Australian offers of troops for the Boer War."
2642:
17:
4426:
3195:
2883:
2807:
2569:
2171:
1246:
Believing that the only answer to the instability of the region was British intervention, senior
1228:
835:
301:
152:
3564:
1080:
The South African Republic came into existence on 17 January 1852, when the British signed the
6011:
5997:
5334:
5150:
4974:
4564:
4154:
4084:
3961:
3842:
3779:
3543:
3448:
3443:
Jansen, E. (2017). "Afrikaans: A Language on the Move". In Gosselink, M.; et al. (eds.).
3295:
3289:
3199:
2875:
2797:
2748:
2690:
2586:
2401:
2307:
2109:
2105:
1389:
1352:
1324:. The British garrisons in the Transvaal were besieged, but only one fell to the republicans.
1104:
423:
5935:
5299:
5009:
4789:
4479:
4234:
4202:
4138:
3956:
3951:
2867:
2789:
2561:
2418:
1190:
1152:
1030:
919:
907:
774:
691:
585:
507:
231:
1005:. This convention was renegotiated in a subsequent treaty between Britain and the ZAR, the
985:, including by the British and European press. The British objected to the use of the name
5257:
5171:
5065:
4733:
4657:
4578:
4302:
4186:
4178:
4170:
4146:
3936:
2648:
2647:. George Routledge & Sons, Limited New York; E. P. Button & Co. pp. 360–361.
2377:
2353:
2289:
of 1881 was signed on 3 August 1881 and ratified on 25 October 1881 by the ZAR, where the
1981:
could be called up for military service under their own elected officers. The men of the
1428:
1412:
1363:
of the Cape Colony. Britain now referred to the territory as the Transvaal State, but the
1284:
1217:
objected to Burgers's theology, calling him a heretic, and abandoned the siege in droves.
1148:
1019:
859:
851:
559:
243:
3829:
3189:
1942:
Indians able to claim as British subjects certain exemptions from the anti-Chinese laws.
6004:
5726:
5600:
5243:
5157:
4840:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4486:
4412:
4258:
4218:
3941:
3920:
2871:
2613:
2385:
2362:
2263:
2238:
2121:
2074:
899:
886:
885:
expanded into the Southern African interior, eventually leading to the outbreak of the
855:
847:
823:
677:
520:
215:
6127:
5921:
5642:
4747:
4726:
4696:
4689:
4398:
3966:
3872:
2811:
2573:
2436:
2432:
2319:
2113:
1459:
1181:
1112:
733:
197:
138:
4012:
5586:
5195:
5016:
4967:
4130:
4044:
2381:
2370:
2341:
2337:
2282:
2243:
2214:
2129:
2026:
1973:
In common with the Orange Free State, the basis of the military of the ZAR was the
1416:
1305:
1218:
1206:
999:
of 3 August 1881, the British insisted on the use of the name Transvaal State over
942:
891:
802:
31:
2552:
Waag, Ian van der (January 2005). "Boer Generalship and the Politics of Command".
925:
The land area that was once the ZAR now comprises all or most of the provinces of
3773:
881:. Relations between the ZAR and Britain started to deteriorate after the British
122:
5179:
4122:
3139:
The Mining Industry. Evidence and Report of the Industrial Commission of Enquiry
2428:
2311:
2270:
2258:
2248:
2044:
1965:. The total population of the republic in 1890 was an estimated 120,000 people.
1881:
1385:
1301:
1297:
1210:
1085:
978:
959:(South African Republic). The same year, the Volksraad renamed the state to the
915:
882:
381:
5754:
5292:
4405:
4350:
4210:
4194:
3986:
3971:
2793:
2565:
2528:
2117:
2056:
1408:
1247:
1194:
1160:
1089:
1074:
992:
982:
934:
878:
6109:
6096:
3772:
Totten, S.; Bartrop, P. R. (2008). "Concentration Camps, South African War".
3678:
3588:
3299:
2879:
2644:
Select constitutional documents illustrating South African history, 1795–1910
2400:
was signed on 31 May 1902. The treaty ended the existence of the ZAR and the
5213:
5204:
5135:
4541:
4518:
4507:
3946:
3846:
2916:
Volksraad Commission (21 July 1868). "Report on the Zoutpansberg Question".
2652:
2583:
Colour, Confusion and Concessions The History of the Chinese in South Africa
2509:
2454:
2226:
2125:
2078:
2055:
The language spoken and written by the citizens of the ZAR was a variant of
2013:). In 1899, the ZAR had about 30,000 men who were called up to serve in the
1317:
1283:
military incidents occurred during or immediately after the annexation. Sir
1236:
1202:
1042:
953:
In 1853 the Volksraad adopted a resolution briefly adopting the name of the
761:
747:
235:
219:
1862:. In 1858, these clauses were altered in the constitution to allow for the
1322:
an irregular attack on a British regiment on the march at Bronkhorstspruit
5983:
5481:
5126:
4250:
4107:
2475:
2210:
1116:
1066:
807:
175:
2958:
2887:
2855:
2502:
featured three horizontal stripes of red, white and blue (mirroring the
4391:
3996:
1901:
1049:
930:
926:
3815:
2225:
Boers any spoils from the battle, thereafter leaving and returning to
2073:
stated that they had reason to believe that in certain schools impure
1916:
Coat of arms of the South African Republic displayed on Kruger's wagon
1266:
In 1877, Shepstone left Natal for Pretoria. He was warmly received by
5118:
4274:
4053:
3142:. Johannesburg: Times printing and publishing works. pp. 574–575
2273:
among British troops, marking the beginning of the end of the famous
2200:
1332:
3495:
Law number 1, Article 7 of 1882, Locale Wetten der Z.A Rep. I, 1071.
2856:"HISTORICAL REVISION: LXXVII.—The Annexation of the Transvaal, 1877"
2144:
their caves and eventually hundreds of women and children came out.
2043:
serving as officers in 1899 were in some way connected to President
3294:. Vol. 2. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons. p. 484.
1088:, recognising their independence in the region to the north of the
4266:
2506:) with a vertical green stripe at the hoist, and was known as the
2453:
2357:
2285:
regiment carried its official regimental colours into battle. The
2242:
1911:
1070:
991:. After the end of the First Boer War, the ZAR came under British
874:
3889:
3705:"Chief Malaboch is taken prisoner | South African History Online"
2423:
The Maritz rebellion was an armed insurrection which occurred in
1371:
regarded the old South African Republic as having been restored.
1347:
chose to make peace. Drawing up of the detailed peace treaty—the
918:, there was a failed attempt at resurrecting the republic in the
2229:. Dinkwanyane's followers also surrendered after this campaign.
1240:
1041:. The name Transvaal was finally changed in 1994, when the post-
4016:
3893:
1379:
The ZAR became fully independent on 27 February 1884, when the
2182:
proclamation of 20 September 1858, under which members of the
1300:. The meeting placed authority in the hands of a triumvirate:
1022:
and while the ZAR was still nominally an independent country.
854:
which existed from 1852 to 1902, when it was annexed into the
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
2953:
Alan F. Hattersley, "The Annexation of the Transvaal, 1877."
1900:
Bible, Boshoff commuted the men's sentences to lashes with a
1474:
Statistics of White Population of the South African Republic
1351:—was left in the hands of a royal commission comprising Sir
1092:, which had previously been under British annexation as the
2369:
The British first attacked the ZAR with the December 1895
2120:
districts. On 16 December 1852, Andries died and his son,
1197:). If the Zulus won, other independent tribes such as the
1077:. These Boers then settled these lands, becoming farmers.
941:
in the northeastern portion of the modern-day Republic of
3810:
T. R. H. Davenport, "The South African Rebellion, 1914."
3136:
Transvaal and Orange Free State Chamber of Mines (1897).
3390:
3388:
3071:
3069:
2780:
Harlow, Barbara; Carter, Mia, eds. (31 December 2020),
2203:
broke out over cattle theft and land encroachment. The
1243:
towards the border between the Transvaal and Zululand.
2295:
is referred to by the name "Transvaal Territory". The
2030:
element to the election of generals who commanded the
906:
which ended the war, the ZAR was transformed into the
3445:
Good Hope: South Africa and The Netherlands from 1600
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3330:
3328:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
1997:(State Artillery), who in 1899 numbered 314 men. The
6039:
5945:
5778:
5233:
5224:
5082:
4878:
4517:
4462:
4381:
4319:
4292:
4285:
4051:
2458:All the east–west railways were constructed by the
2322:, and later ratified by the South African Republic
1151:, which had previously been a Boer republic called
962:
Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek Benoorden de Vaalrivier
795:
639:
625:
616:
606:
601:
582:
569:
556:
543:
530:
517:
504:
491:
476:
467:
457:
441:
429:
417:
403:
387:
375:
363:
349:
335:
319:
307:
295:
283:
269:
259:
249:
225:
211:
181:
171:
41:
3833:Four Times President of the South African Republic
3685:. South African Military History Society – Journal
2435:, with whom Britain and South Africa were at war.
2930:Pine writing to Secretary of State, 3rd June 1853
1449:or ZARP) which were divided into Mounted Police (
873:agreed to formally recognise independence of the
1462:District Court and the High Court of Transvaal.
1458:Also established were municipal government, the
865:The ZAR was established as a result of the 1852
4832:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
3599:(5). The South African Military History Society
2515:
2507:
2204:
2175:
2082:
2066:
2060:
1960:
1954:
1875:
1870:to approve other Dutch Christian churches. The
1863:
1450:
1444:
1395:In November 1859, the independent Republics of
1364:
1291:
1120:
972:
2689:. London: Psychology Press. pp. 249–250.
6164:States and territories disestablished in 1902
4028:
3905:
3778:. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 84–85.
2747:. London: C. Hurst and Co. pp. 234–235.
2124:, was appointed as commandant general of the
1290:On 13 December 1880, the members of the last
8:
6169:South Africa and the Commonwealth of Nations
3885:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3263:
3251:
3239:
1107:, who commanded the Boers to victory at the
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3542:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 160–161.
2788:, Duke University Press, pp. 706–708,
2323:
2290:
1858:, a denomination which had broken from the
1013:
1000:
986:
971:. The ZAR was also commonly referred to as
966:
960:
954:
46:
6159:States and territories established in 1852
5230:
4289:
4035:
4021:
4013:
3912:
3898:
3890:
3569:. London: Chatto & Windus. p. 14.
3447:. Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis. p. 341.
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
1880:in 1858, which had the effect of allowing
1472:
38:
27:1852–1902 Boer republic in Southern Africa
2941:Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa
2585:. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
2488:Netherlands-South African Railway Company
2460:Netherlands-South African Railway Company
2266:formally broke out on 20 December 1880.
1888:himself, to remain a citizen of the ZAR.
1316:their seat of government and hoisted the
4905:Reconstruction and Development Programme
2972:History of Native Policy in South Africa
2581:Yap, Melanie; Leong Man, Dianne (1996).
1388:and later a similar convention with the
612:191,789 km (74,050 sq mi)
147:Great Seal of the South African Republic
4501:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
2633:
2606:
2365:'s followers delivering up their rifles
2199:In 1876, a war between the ZAR and the
2047:, either by ties of blood or marriage.
1155:. This annexation happened because the
615:
605:
600:
466:
224:
30:Not to be confused with the modern-day
6149:1902 disestablishments in South Africa
4982:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
3798:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3525:
3504:
3275:
3218:
3160:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3075:
2974:(1st ed.). pp. 123, 420–422.
2830:
2767:
2730:
2709:
2672:
2618:Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika
2281:would be the last occasion on which a
1103:, elected in 1857, son of Boer leader
3841:. Toronto: George N Morang & Co.
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2745:The Afrikaners: Biography of a People
2269:It would see the introduction of the
2220:One of the early battles occurred at
1419:were granted citizenship of the ZAR.
1037:in 1910, the Transvaal Colony became
1033:. Following the establishment of the
977:in reference to the area beyond (or "
624:
620:
581:
568:
555:
542:
529:
516:
503:
490:
475:
471:
440:
428:
416:
412:
402:
386:
374:
362:
348:
344:
334:
318:
306:
294:
282:
278:
268:
180:
7:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3394:
3379:
3367:
3355:
3334:
3319:
2782:"Treaty of Vereeniging, 31 May 1902"
2687:Cecil Rhodes and the Cape Afrikaners
1403:merged with the ZAR. On 9 May 1887,
1180:, the Lieutenant-Governor of Natal,
6144:1856 establishments in South Africa
4912:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
4558:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
2007:Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek Politie
1977:system under which all able-bodied
1446:Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek Politie
1222:shaky financial position, gave Sir
1137:Secretary of State for the Colonies
1099:The first president of the ZAR was
227: • Common languages
3194:. Toronto: Morang and Co. p.
3045:Political history of England vol12
2872:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1936.tb00681.x
2500:flag of the South African Republic
2101:War with Mapela and Makapaan, 1854
1327:The Boers defeated the British at
1239:, the Zulu king, began moving his
25:
18:South African Republic (1914–1915)
6064:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
5699:South African Party (Cape Colony)
2466:The discovery of gold during the
2209:declared war on the Pedi leader,
2184:Reformed Churches of South Africa
2112:became commandant general of the
2020:Though in theory, any white male
1111:. The capital was established at
1069:. This area was inhabited by the
898:to order the adoption of several
6076:
6075:
3864:
3743:South African Historical Journal
3538:Kachru, B.; et al. (2009).
3018:, vol. 370 (Natal Archives), p90
2531:
1119:. The parliament was called the
779:
754:
740:
726:
712:
698:
684:
670:
163:
151:
120:
78:
64:
5713:South African Party (1977–1980)
5706:South African Party (1911–1934)
5622:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
5419:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
3540:The Handbook of World Englishes
2302:The British government, in the
5031:2019 service delivery protests
5017:#FeesMustFall student protests
4762:1983 constitutional referendum
1335:, and on 27 February 1881, at
1296:were summoned to a meeting at
1084:treaty with about 40,000
1:
5489:Johannesburg Reform Committee
4718:Israel–South Africa Agreement
4111:
4096:
4073:
4066:
3730:Australian Historical Studies
2388:as a whole. The British used
2011:South African Republic Police
1441:South African Republic Police
6139:19th century in South Africa
5144:Black Consciousness Movement
4898:Government of National Unity
3839:Alexander Teixeira de Mattos
3831:The Memoirs of Paul Kruger,
1596:Johannesburg (neighbourhood)
894:, leading British commander
4855:Saint James Church massacre
4741:Weapons of mass destruction
3587:Kinsey, H. W. (June 1973).
3060:Transvaalsche Herinneringen
2413:Maritz Rebellion, 1914–1915
2292:Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek
1856:Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk
1231:, signed a peace treaty at
1015:Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek
1002:Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek
988:Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek
968:Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek
956:Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek
828:Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek
48:Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek
6190:
4595:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
4473:South West Africa campaign
4372:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
4337:French Huguenot settlement
3291:Manual of Modern Geography
2905:(6th ed.). Routledge.
2854:Hattersley, A. F. (1936).
2486:, were constructed by the
2416:
2384:in particular and for the
2351:
2348:Second Boer War, 1899–1902
2236:
2163:
2077:(in fact an early form of
1426:
1310:Marthinus Wessel Pretorius
1135:By the 1870s, the British
1101:Marthinus Wessel Pretorius
389:• 1900–1902 (acting)
29:
6174:White supremacy in Africa
6073:
6050:African National Congress
5510:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
4848:1992 apartheid referendum
3927:
3812:English Historical Review
2794:10.1515/9780822385035-102
2566:10.1191/0968344505wh306oa
2409:was established in 1910.
2316:Stephanus Jacobus du Toit
2233:First Boer War, 1880–1881
2222:Botsabelo Mission Station
2065:. On 3 October 1884, the
2059:, locally referred to as
1481:
1478:
1094:Orange Rivers Sovereignty
1046:African National Congress
840:Suid-Afrikaanse Republiek
649:
635:
621:
597:
472:
453:
413:
399:
345:
331:
279:
162:
136:
109:
94:
60:
55:
5503:Labour Party (1969–1994)
5496:Labour Party (1910–1958)
5052:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
5010:#RhodesMustFall protests
4609:1960 republic referendum
3593:Military History Journal
3563:De Villiers, J. (1896).
3264:Yap & Leong Man 1996
3252:Yap & Leong Man 1996
3240:Yap & Leong Man 1996
3058:Jorissen, E.J.P (1897).
3043:Low and Sanders (1911).
2901:Porter, Bernard (1996).
2444:German South West Africa
2427:in 1914 at the start of
2380:was a watershed for the
2132:districts in his stead.
1897:Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff
1407:from the territories of
706:Republic of Zoutpansberg
32:Republic of South Africa
5948:terrorist organisations
5038:2019 Johannesburg riots
4651:Constructive engagement
4616:International isolation
4434:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
3882:Encyclopædia Britannica
3468:Coetzee, A. J. (1948).
3030:In the Era of Shepstone
3002:History of South Africa
2526:between 1928 and 1994.
2504:flag of the Netherlands
2468:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
900:scorched-earth policies
115:Volkslied van Transvaal
6134:South African Republic
4961:Attack on Kennedy Road
4572:Congress of the People
4163:South African Republic
3775:Dictionary of Genocide
3732:18.70 (1978): 106–117.
3191:Memoirs of Paul Kruger
2641:Eybers, G. W. (1918).
2617:
2516:
2508:
2484:Portuguese East Africa
2463:
2366:
2324:
2291:
2252:
2205:
2176:
2083:
2081:) was being used. The
2067:
2061:
1961:
1955:
1917:
1876:
1864:
1451:
1445:
1365:
1292:
1178:Sand Rivers Convention
1121:
1014:
1001:
987:
973:
967:
961:
955:
839:
827:
820:South African Republic
357:Marthinus W. Pretorius
290:Marthinus W. Pretorius
264:Parliamentary republic
47:
43:South African Republic
5531:Natal Indian Congress
5251:Afrikaner Broederbond
5105:Afrikaner nationalism
4891:1994 general election
4862:Bophuthatswana crisis
4755:Church Street bombing
4535:Apartheid legislation
4528:1948 general election
4448:South Africa Act 1909
4243:Union of South Africa
4063:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
4043:Political history of
3828:Kruger, Paul (1902).
3814:78.306 (1963): 73–94
3755:Hobhouse, E. (1902).
3745:41.1 (1999): 312–323.
3683:samilitaryhistory.org
3679:"The Siege of Leboho"
2970:Brookes, E.H (1924).
2957:21.81 (1936): 41–47.
2743:Giliomee, H. (2011).
2685:Tamarkin, M. (1996).
2518:Eendracht maakt macht
2457:
2450:Economy and transport
2407:Union of South Africa
2398:Treaty of Vereeniging
2361:
2279:Battle of Laing's Nek
2246:
2189:Dutch Reformed Church
1915:
1893:Sand River Convention
1860:Dutch Reformed Church
1434:Constitution and laws
1423:Collapse and conquest
1341:George Pomeroy Colley
1109:Battle of Blood River
1082:Sand River Convention
1035:Union of South Africa
1027:Treaty of Vereeniging
912:Union of South Africa
910:, and eventually the
867:Sand River Convention
846:, was an independent
842:), also known as the
720:Republic of Lydenburg
592:Sep. 1914 – Feb. 1915
573:Treaty of Vereeniging
481:Sand River Convention
448:Francis William Reitz
436:Willem Johannes Leyds
314:W. C. J. van Rensburg
254:Dutch Reformed Church
5165:Greater South Africa
5003:2014 platinum strike
4869:Shell House massacre
4797:Transkei coup d'état
4602:Sharpeville massacre
4365:Battle of Blaauwberg
4358:Battle of Muizenberg
4310:Battle of Salt River
4093:Mthethwa Paramountcy
3758:The Brunt of the War
3709:www.sahistory.org.za
3016:Reports and Messages
3000:Walker, E.A (1928).
2524:flag of South Africa
2160:Civil War, 1861–1864
1874:was approved by the
1224:Theophilus Shepstone
1127:and had 24 members.
1025:On 31 May 1902, the
892:refused to surrender
877:living north of the
394:Schalk Willem Burger
104:Unity makes strength
6106: /
6057:Democratic Alliance
5234:Civic and political
5098:Afrikaner Calvinism
5091:African nationalism
4940:African Renaissance
4630:UNSC Resolution 591
4551:Internal resistance
4452:National Convention
4420:Transvaal Civil War
4344:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
4227:Orange River Colony
3761:. Methuen & Co.
3668:, pp. 469–470.
3656:, pp. 456–457.
3644:, pp. 454–455.
3632:, pp. 448–453.
3620:, pp. 448–449.
3589:"The Sekukuni wars"
3507:, pp. 481–482.
3471:Standaard Afrikaans
3288:Mackay, A. (1870).
3188:Kruger, P. (1902).
3163:, pp. 358–359.
3090:, pp. 420–422.
2985:Reitz, F.W (1900).
2943:. Cape Town: Nasou.
2833:, pp. 357–359.
2733:, pp. 469–474.
2539:South Africa portal
2440:operated in and out
2390:concentration camps
2297:Pretoria Convention
2287:Pretoria Convention
2195:Sekhukune War, 1876
2174:did not accept the
2170:Commandant-General
2166:Transvaal Civil War
1582:Johannesburg (town)
1475:
1455:) and Foot Police.
1349:Pretoria Convention
1252:Sir Garnet Wolseley
1115:and later moved to
997:Pretoria Convention
858:as a result of the
644:South African pound
534:Pretoria Convention
326:Marthinus Pretorius
100:Eendragt maakt magt
4804:Ciskei coup d'état
4623:UN Resolution 1761
4588:Women's March 1956
4441:South African Wars
4427:Mineral Revolution
3947:Lydenburg Republic
2987:A Century of Wrong
2786:Archives of Empire
2712:, p. 455–463.
2546:Books and articles
2464:
2367:
2332:Malaboch War, 1894
2253:
2172:Stephanus Schoeman
1918:
1473:
1229:Alexander Merensky
1131:British annexation
1039:Transvaal Province
949:Name and etymology
871:British government
844:Transvaal Republic
302:Stephanus Schoeman
212:National languages
6110:26.000°S 28.000°E
6089:
6088:
6042:political parties
6035:
6034:
6012:Orde van die Dood
5629:Progressive Party
5335:Congress Alliance
5151:Cape Independence
5083:Political culture
5078:
5077:
5045:COVID-19 pandemic
4975:Marikana massacre
4811:Venda coup d'état
4565:Defiance Campaign
4155:Orange Free State
4085:Dutch Cape Colony
4010:
4009:
3962:Orange Free State
3433:, pp. 25–26.
3409:, pp. 20–22.
3397:, pp. 18–19.
3028:Uys, C.J (1933).
2918:The Natal Witness
2803:978-0-8223-8503-5
2402:Orange Free State
2308:Hercules Robinson
2304:London Convention
2110:Andries Pretorius
2106:Hendrik Potgieter
1847:
1846:
1390:Orange Free State
1381:London Convention
1353:Hercules Robinson
1345:William Gladstone
1219:Sir Henry Barkley
1105:Andries Pretorius
1007:London Convention
816:
815:
791:
790:
787:
786:
767:
766:
547:London Convention
443:• 1898–1902
431:• 1888–1898
424:Willem Eduard Bok
419:• 1880–1888
377:• 1883–1902
370:Thomas F. Burgers
365:• 1872–1877
351:• 1866–1871
321:• 1864–1866
309:• 1862–1864
297:• 1860–1862
285:• 1857–1860
271:Executive Council
188:1880–1881 (exile)
129:
16:(Redirected from
6181:
6154:Former republics
6121:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6111:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6099:
6079:
6078:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6007:
6000:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5972:
5965:
5958:
5946:Paramilitary and
5938:
5936:Umkosi Wezintaba
5931:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5781:social movements
5779:Trade unions and
5771:
5764:
5757:
5750:
5743:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5701:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5652:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5617:
5610:
5603:
5596:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5519:
5512:
5505:
5498:
5491:
5484:
5477:
5470:
5463:
5456:
5449:
5442:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5351:
5344:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5302:
5300:Boerestaat Party
5295:
5288:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5231:
5217:
5208:
5199:
5190:
5183:
5174:
5167:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5130:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5071:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4790:Dakar Conference
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4720:
4713:
4711:Israeli alliance
4706:
4699:
4692:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4665:Sporting boycott
4660:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4637:Academic boycott
4632:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4494:Great Depression
4489:
4482:
4480:Maritz rebellion
4475:
4455:
4443:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4330:Dutch settlement
4312:
4305:
4303:Bantu migrations
4290:
4278:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4238:
4235:Transvaal Colony
4230:
4222:
4214:
4206:
4203:Nieuwe Republiek
4198:
4190:
4182:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4142:
4139:Natalia Republic
4134:
4126:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4108:Ndwandwe Kingdom
4103:
4101:
4098:
4088:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4014:
3992:Utrecht Republic
3957:Nieuwe Republiek
3952:Natalia Republic
3914:
3907:
3900:
3891:
3886:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3851:
3850:
3825:
3819:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3752:
3746:
3739:
3733:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3584:
3571:
3570:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3549:978-1-40518831-9
3535:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3477:. Afrikaner Pers
3476:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3338:
3332:
3323:
3317:
3304:
3303:
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3266:, p. 79-80.
3261:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3185:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3025:
3019:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2967:
2961:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2903:The Lion's Share
2898:
2892:
2891:
2851:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2638:
2621:
2611:
2596:
2577:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2521:
2513:
2480:Lourenço Marques
2419:Maritz rebellion
2327:
2294:
2208:
2181:
2096:Military history
2086:
2072:
2064:
2003:Staatsartillerie
1999:Staatsartillerie
1995:Staatsartillerie
1964:
1958:
1932:, which led the
1879:
1869:
1476:
1454:
1452:Rijdende Politie
1448:
1370:
1361:John de Villiers
1312:. They declared
1295:
1257:Sir Henry Bulwer
1189:another raid on
1126:
1031:Transvaal Colony
1017:
1004:
990:
976:
970:
964:
958:
920:Maritz rebellion
908:Transvaal Colony
783:
782:
775:Transvaal Colony
771:
770:
758:
757:
744:
743:
730:
729:
716:
715:
702:
701:
692:Nieuwe Republiek
688:
687:
674:
673:
667:
666:
651:
650:
593:
586:Maritz rebellion
552:27 February 1884
526:12 December 1880
508:Transvaal Colony
483:
359:
167:
155:
148:
131:
130:
82:
68:
50:
39:
21:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6178:
6124:
6123:
6115:-26.000; 28.000
6114:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6085:
6069:
6062:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6031:
6024:
6017:
6010:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5941:
5934:
5927:
5920:
5913:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5774:
5767:
5760:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5718:
5711:
5704:
5697:
5690:
5683:
5676:
5669:
5662:
5655:
5648:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5613:
5606:
5599:
5592:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5543:
5536:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5447:HNP (Herstigte)
5445:
5440:HNP (Herenigde)
5438:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5258:Afrikaner Party
5256:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5226:
5220:
5211:
5202:
5193:
5186:
5177:
5172:Honorary whites
5170:
5163:
5156:
5149:
5142:
5133:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5074:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4980:
4973:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4938:
4933:Soweto bombings
4931:
4924:
4917:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4734:Soweto Uprising
4732:
4725:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4658:Tar Baby Option
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:Freedom Charter
4577:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4458:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4281:
4273:
4265:
4257:
4249:
4241:
4233:
4225:
4217:
4209:
4201:
4193:
4185:
4179:Griqualand West
4177:
4171:Griqualand East
4169:
4161:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4121:
4114:
4106:
4099:
4091:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4061:
4047:
4041:
4011:
4006:
3923:
3918:
3875:, ed. (1911). "
3871:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3809:
3805:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3740:
3736:
3727:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3664:
3660:
3652:
3648:
3640:
3636:
3628:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3600:
3586:
3585:
3574:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3417:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3341:
3333:
3326:
3318:
3307:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3187:
3186:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3074:
3067:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2952:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2853:
2852:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2816:
2814:
2804:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2593:
2580:
2551:
2548:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2496:
2452:
2421:
2415:
2378:Second Boer War
2356:
2354:Second Boer War
2350:
2334:
2241:
2235:
2197:
2168:
2162:
2103:
2098:
2053:
1971:
1910:
1852:
1468:
1436:
1431:
1429:Second Boer War
1425:
1377:
1285:Garnet Wolseley
1159:award gave the
1133:
1063:
1058:
1020:Second Boer War
951:
869:, in which the
860:Second Boer War
852:Southern Africa
812:
780:
755:
741:
727:
713:
699:
685:
671:
628:
609:
591:
588:
575:
565:11 October 1899
562:
560:Second Boer War
549:
536:
523:
510:
497:
487:17 January 1852
484:
479:
444:
432:
420:
405:State Secretary
390:
378:
366:
355:
352:
337:State President
322:
310:
298:
286:
244:Bantu languages
228:
218:
207:
191:
158:
146:
142:
132:
121:
118:
105:
90:
89:
88:
83:
75:
74:
69:
51:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6187:
6185:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6126:
6125:
6087:
6086:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6045:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6022:
6015:
6008:
6005:Ossewabrandwag
6001:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5951:
5949:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5932:
5925:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5813:
5806:
5799:
5792:
5784:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5751:
5748:Unionist Party
5744:
5737:
5730:
5727:Torch Commando
5723:
5716:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5667:
5660:
5653:
5646:
5639:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5611:
5604:
5601:Orde Boerevolk
5597:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5555:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5520:
5513:
5506:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5464:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5377:DP (1989–2000)
5373:
5370:DP (1973–1977)
5366:
5363:Dominion Party
5359:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5244:Afrikaner Bond
5239:
5237:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5209:
5200:
5191:
5184:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5158:Day of the Vow
5154:
5147:
5140:
5131:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5086:
5084:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5072:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4926:Floor crossing
4922:
4915:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4886:
4884:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4841:Bisho massacre
4837:
4836:
4835:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4786:
4783:Operation Vula
4779:
4776:Rubicon speech
4772:
4769:Langa massacre
4765:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4675:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4531:
4523:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4487:Rand Rebellion
4483:
4476:
4468:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4413:Boer Republics
4409:
4402:
4395:
4387:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4325:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4306:
4298:
4296:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4259:Bophuthatswana
4255:
4247:
4239:
4231:
4223:
4219:Klein Vrystaat
4215:
4207:
4199:
4191:
4183:
4175:
4167:
4159:
4151:
4143:
4135:
4127:
4119:
4104:
4089:
4081:
4058:
4056:
4049:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4017:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3942:Klein Vrystaat
3939:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3921:Boer republics
3919:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3873:Chisholm, Hugh
3859:
3858:External links
3856:
3853:
3852:
3820:
3803:
3801:, p. 516.
3791:
3785:978-0313346415
3784:
3764:
3747:
3734:
3721:
3696:
3670:
3658:
3646:
3634:
3622:
3610:
3572:
3555:
3548:
3530:
3528:, p. 483.
3518:
3509:
3497:
3488:
3460:
3453:
3435:
3423:
3411:
3399:
3384:
3372:
3360:
3339:
3324:
3305:
3280:
3278:, p. 501.
3268:
3256:
3244:
3223:
3221:, p. 495.
3211:
3204:
3165:
3153:
3128:
3126:, p. 515.
3116:
3114:, p. 505.
3104:
3102:, p. 479.
3092:
3080:
3078:, p. 477.
3065:
3050:
3047:. p. 315.
3035:
3032:. p. 272.
3020:
3007:
3004:. p. 371.
2992:
2977:
2962:
2946:
2932:
2923:
2908:
2893:
2835:
2823:
2802:
2772:
2770:, p. 514.
2760:
2753:
2735:
2723:
2714:
2702:
2695:
2677:
2675:, p. 363.
2665:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2578:
2554:War in History
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2495:
2492:
2451:
2448:
2437:Boer commandos
2417:Main article:
2414:
2411:
2386:British Empire
2352:Main article:
2349:
2346:
2333:
2330:
2264:First Boer War
2239:First Boer War
2237:Main article:
2234:
2231:
2196:
2193:
2164:Main article:
2161:
2158:
2122:Piet Pretorius
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2052:
2049:
1970:
1967:
1909:
1906:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1467:
1464:
1435:
1432:
1427:Main article:
1424:
1421:
1376:
1373:
1355:, General Sir
1339:, General Sir
1170:Thomas Burgers
1141:Lord Carnarvon
1132:
1129:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
950:
947:
896:Lord Kitchener
887:First Boer War
856:British Empire
830:, abbreviated
814:
813:
811:
810:
805:
799:
797:
793:
792:
789:
788:
785:
784:
777:
768:
765:
764:
759:
751:
750:
745:
737:
736:
731:
723:
722:
717:
709:
708:
703:
695:
694:
689:
681:
680:
678:Klein Vrystaat
675:
663:
662:
657:
647:
646:
641:
637:
636:
633:
632:
629:
626:
623:
622:
619:
618:
614:
613:
610:
607:
604:
603:
599:
598:
595:
594:
589:
583:
580:
579:
576:
570:
567:
566:
563:
557:
554:
553:
550:
544:
541:
540:
537:
531:
528:
527:
524:
521:First Boer War
518:
515:
514:
511:
505:
502:
501:
500:7 October 1862
498:
492:
489:
488:
485:
477:
474:
473:
470:
469:
465:
464:
459:
455:
454:
451:
450:
445:
442:
439:
438:
433:
430:
427:
426:
421:
418:
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
401:
400:
397:
396:
391:
388:
385:
384:
379:
376:
373:
372:
367:
364:
361:
360:
353:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
333:
332:
329:
328:
323:
320:
317:
316:
311:
308:
305:
304:
299:
296:
293:
292:
287:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
267:
266:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
229:
226:
223:
222:
213:
209:
208:
206:
205:
200:
194:
192:
190:
189:
186:
182:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
160:
159:
157:
156:
149:
143:
134:
133:
119:
107:
106:
103:
92:
91:
84:
77:
76:
70:
63:
62:
61:
58:
57:
53:
52:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6186:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6122:
6119:
6084:
6083:
6072:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6054:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6038:
6027:
6023:
6020:
6016:
6013:
6009:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5978:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5960:
5957:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5944:
5937:
5933:
5930:
5926:
5923:
5922:Die Spoorbund
5919:
5916:
5912:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5898:
5895:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5877:
5874:
5870:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5856:
5853:
5849:
5846:
5842:
5839:
5835:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5821:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5807:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5777:
5770:
5766:
5763:
5762:Workers Party
5759:
5756:
5752:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5738:
5735:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5647:
5644:
5643:Radio Freedom
5640:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5595:
5594:Oranjewerkers
5591:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5577:
5574:
5570:
5567:
5563:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:organisations
5232:
5229:
5227:organisations
5223:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5070:
5068:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5024:Tshwane riots
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4877:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4748:Project Coast
4745:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4727:Mafeje affair
4724:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4697:Durban Moment
4694:
4691:
4690:Rivonia Trial
4687:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4644:Disinvestment
4641:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4399:1820 Settlers
4396:
4393:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4109:
4105:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:Potchefstroom
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:Graaff-Reinet
3930:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3908:
3903:
3901:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3768:
3765:
3760:
3759:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3710:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3611:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3566:The Transvaal
3559:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3473:
3472:
3464:
3461:
3456:
3454:9789460043130
3450:
3446:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3424:
3421:, p. 24.
3420:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3382:, p. 29.
3381:
3376:
3373:
3370:, p. 33.
3369:
3364:
3361:
3358:, p. 20.
3357:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3337:, p. 25.
3336:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3322:, p. 19.
3321:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3257:
3254:, p. 72.
3253:
3248:
3245:
3242:, p. 76.
3241:
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3215:
3212:
3207:
3205:9780804610773
3201:
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3101:
3096:
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3070:
3066:
3062:. p. 34.
3061:
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3039:
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3024:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3008:
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2989:. p. 27.
2988:
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2317:
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2271:khaki uniform
2267:
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2250:
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2114:Potchefstroom
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2028:
2027:marcher lords
2023:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
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1976:
1968:
1966:
1963:
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1872:Dopper Church
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1694:Potchefstroom
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1460:Witwatersrand
1456:
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1196:
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1187:
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1182:Benjamin Pine
1179:
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1113:Potchefstroom
1110:
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1061:Establishment
1060:
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848:Boer republic
845:
841:
837:
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829:
825:
821:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
798:
796:Today part of
794:
778:
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772:
769:
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760:
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749:
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739:
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734:Potchefstroom
732:
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587:
577:
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564:
561:
551:
548:
539:3 August 1881
538:
535:
525:
522:
513:12 April 1877
512:
509:
499:
496:
486:
482:
468:Establishment
463:
460:
456:
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446:
437:
434:
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422:
408:
406:
398:
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383:
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210:
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198:Potchefstroom
196:
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187:
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177:
174:
170:
166:
161:
154:
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145:
144:
141:
140:
139:National seal
135:
116:
112:
108:
101:
97:
93:
87:
81:
73:
67:
59:
54:
49:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6091:
6080:
6040:Histories of
5741:United Party
5650:Reform Party
5587:Orangia Unie
5212:
5203:
5196:Swart gevaar
5194:
5178:
5134:
5125:
5066:
4968:Blikkiesdorp
4294:Pre-colonial
4162:
4147:Natal Colony
4131:Zulu Kingdom
4045:South Africa
4002:Zoutpansberg
3981:
3880:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3811:
3806:
3794:
3774:
3767:
3757:
3750:
3742:
3737:
3729:
3724:
3712:. Retrieved
3708:
3699:
3687:. Retrieved
3682:
3673:
3661:
3649:
3637:
3625:
3613:
3603:28 September
3601:. Retrieved
3596:
3592:
3565:
3558:
3539:
3533:
3521:
3512:
3500:
3491:
3481:17 September
3479:. Retrieved
3470:
3463:
3444:
3438:
3426:
3414:
3402:
3375:
3363:
3290:
3283:
3271:
3259:
3247:
3214:
3190:
3156:
3144:. Retrieved
3138:
3131:
3119:
3107:
3095:
3083:
3059:
3053:
3044:
3038:
3029:
3023:
3015:
3010:
3001:
2995:
2986:
2980:
2971:
2965:
2954:
2949:
2940:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2911:
2902:
2896:
2863:
2859:
2826:
2815:, retrieved
2785:
2775:
2763:
2744:
2738:
2726:
2717:
2705:
2686:
2680:
2668:
2656:. Retrieved
2643:
2636:
2609:
2582:
2560:(1): 15–43.
2557:
2553:
2497:
2473:
2465:
2425:South Africa
2422:
2395:
2382:British Army
2375:
2371:Jameson Raid
2368:
2342:Piet Joubert
2338:Malaboch War
2335:
2301:
2283:British Army
2268:
2257:
2254:
2219:
2198:
2169:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:Zoutpansberg
2104:
2090:
2062:Hooghollands
2054:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1890:
1853:
1820:Zoutpansberg
1806:Wolmaranstad
1778:Wakkerstroom
1469:
1466:Demographics
1457:
1437:
1417:Zoutpansberg
1394:
1378:
1375:Independence
1359:and Justice
1326:
1306:Piet Joubert
1289:
1281:
1272:
1265:
1261:
1245:
1215:
1174:
1166:
1145:
1134:
1098:
1079:
1064:
1024:
1011:
952:
943:South Africa
924:
864:
843:
831:
819:
817:
803:South Africa
660:Succeeded by
659:
654:
627:• 1897
608:• Total
242:, and other
137:
110:
96:Motto:
95:
86:Coat of arms
36:
6113: /
5180:Rooi gevaar
5059:2021 unrest
4989:Nkandlagate
4818:Third Force
4679:Rugby union
4277:(1981–1994)
4269:(1979–1994)
4261:(1977–1994)
4253:(1976–1994)
4245:(1910–1961)
4237:(1902–1910)
4229:(1902–1910)
4221:(1886–1891)
4213:(1885–1887)
4205:(1884–1888)
4197:(1882–1885)
4189:(1882–1883)
4181:(1870–1873)
4173:(1861–1879)
4165:(1856–1902)
4157:(1854–1902)
4149:(1843–1910)
4141:(1839–1843)
4133:(1816–1897)
4125:(1795–1910)
4123:Cape Colony
4115: 1780
4100: 1780
4087:(1652–1806)
4077: 1220
4070: 1075
3799:Eybers 1918
3666:Eybers 1918
3654:Eybers 1918
3642:Eybers 1918
3630:Eybers 1918
3618:Eybers 1918
3526:Eybers 1918
3505:Eybers 1918
3276:Eybers 1918
3219:Eybers 1918
3161:Eybers 1918
3124:Eybers 1918
3112:Eybers 1918
3100:Eybers 1918
3088:Eybers 1918
3076:Eybers 1918
2831:Eybers 1918
2768:Eybers 1918
2731:Eybers 1918
2710:Eybers 1918
2673:Eybers 1918
2658:16 February
2429:World War I
2363:Piet Cronjé
2312:Paul Kruger
2259:casus belli
2249:Paul Kruger
2088:"foreign".
2045:Paul Kruger
1908:Citizenship
1882:Paul Kruger
1680:Piet-Retief
1624:Lichtenburg
1610:Krugersdorp
1386:Cape Colony
1357:Evelyn Wood
1329:Laing's Nek
1302:Paul Kruger
1298:Paardekraal
1161:Delagoa bay
1086:Boer people
995:and in the
916:World War I
883:Cape Colony
655:Preceded by
578:31 May 1902
458:Legislature
382:Paul Kruger
6128:Categories
5991:Greyshirts
5755:Volksparty
5293:Black Sash
4954:Xenophobia
4947:Travelgate
4704:Border War
4508:Bantustans
4406:Great Trek
4351:Xhosa Wars
4211:Upingtonia
4195:Stellaland
3987:Upingtonia
3977:Swellendam
3972:Stellaland
2866:(81): 45.
2628:References
2247:President
2118:Rustenburg
1736:Standerton
1722:Rustenburg
1666:Middelburg
1568:Heidelberg
1409:Stellaland
1397:Lijdenburg
1314:Heidelberg
1248:War Office
1233:Botshabelo
1195:Xhosa wars
1191:Batlhaping
1090:Vaal River
1075:Great Trek
993:suzerainty
983:Vaal River
939:North West
935:Mpumalanga
879:Vaal River
617:Population
260:Government
203:Heidelberg
5214:Volkstaat
5205:Uitlander
5136:Boerehaat
5112:Anarchism
4919:Arms Deal
4882:apartheid
4542:Pass laws
4519:Apartheid
4464:1910–1948
4383:1815–1910
4321:1652–1815
3982:Transvaal
3877:Transvaal
3837:. Trans.
3714:6 January
3689:6 January
3431:Waag 2005
3419:Waag 2005
3407:Waag 2005
3395:Waag 2005
3380:Waag 2005
3368:Waag 2005
3356:Waag 2005
3335:Waag 2005
3320:Waag 2005
3300:913570496
2880:0018-2648
2812:242687669
2653:24129017M
2574:220749361
2510:Vierkleur
2325:Volksraad
2227:Swaziland
2211:Sekhukune
2206:Volksraad
2178:Volksraad
2126:Lydenburg
2084:Volksraad
2079:Afrikaans
2069:Volksraad
2032:kommandos
2015:kommandos
1983:kommandos
1962:Volksraad
1956:Volksraad
1948:Volksraad
1939:volksraad
1934:volksraad
1877:Volksraad
1866:Volksraad
1792:Waterberg
1638:Lydenburg
1498:Barberton
1367:Volksraad
1318:Vierkleur
1293:Volksraad
1250:official
1123:Volksraad
1043:apartheid
974:Transvaal
914:. During
902:. In the
836:Afrikaans
762:Ohrigstad
748:Nylstroom
495:Civil War
462:Volksraad
250:Religion
236:Afrikaans
220:Afrikaans
185:1858–1860
56:1852–1902
6082:Category
5984:Boeremag
5482:Jeugkrag
5433:Het Volk
5127:Baasskap
5069:incident
4672:Olympics
4251:Transkei
4054:polities
4052:Defunct
3847:14911933
3146:23 March
2888:24401269
2476:Pretoria
2275:red coat
2051:Language
2041:takhaars
1991:burghers
1987:burghers
1979:burghers
1975:kommando
1969:Military
1850:Religion
1843:245,397
1764:Vrijheid
1708:Pretoria
1540:Carolina
1526:Boksburg
1512:Bloemhof
1479:District
1405:burghers
1276:burghers
1237:Cetewayo
1157:MacMahon
1117:Pretoria
1067:Napoleon
808:Eswatini
640:Currency
176:Pretoria
6101:28°00′E
6098:26°00′S
5887:SAAPAWU
5225:Defunct
5188:Slavery
4392:Mfecane
3997:Winburg
3014:S.N.A.
2955:History
2860:History
2817:9 March
2433:Germany
2251:in 1898
2037:takhaar
2022:burgher
1902:sjambok
1840:107,450
1837:137,947
1787:11,700
1750:Utrecht
1731:10,600
1717:30,300
1703:24,900
1619:20,450
1591:50,907
1490:Females
1401:Utrecht
1268:Burgers
1186:Utrecht
1153:Natalia
1056:History
1050:Gauteng
981:") the
931:Limpopo
927:Gauteng
631:867,941
584:•
571:•
558:•
545:•
532:•
519:•
506:•
493:•
478:•
232:English
172:Capital
113: "
111:Anthem:
5838:FOSATU
5692:SAYRCO
5664:SADECO
5580:Occupy
5119:Azania
5067:Lady R
4996:Racism
4825:CODESA
4286:Events
4275:Ciskei
4187:Goshen
4117:–1819)
4102:–1817)
3937:Goshen
3869:
3845:
3816:online
3782:
3546:
3451:
3298:
3202:
2959:online
2886:
2878:
2810:
2800:
2751:
2693:
2651:
2589:
2572:
2277:. The
2201:Bapedi
1886:Dopper
1829:8,700
1815:3,100
1801:4,900
1773:5,160
1759:2,860
1745:7,550
1714:14,600
1711:15,700
1700:12,300
1697:12,600
1689:1,160
1675:9,500
1661:6,500
1652:Marico
1647:2,750
1633:6,500
1613:10,600
1605:6,500
1588:18,520
1585:32,387
1577:7,820
1563:4,650
1554:Ermelo
1549:3,700
1535:5,300
1521:3,600
1507:6,400
1493:Total
1482:White
1413:Goosen
1337:Majuba
1333:Ingogo
1308:, and
1211:Bapedi
1201:, the
937:, and
904:treaty
409:
341:
275:
6019:PAGAD
5915:SATUC
5908:SARHU
5894:SACTU
5873:NURHS
5831:FNETU
5817:CTSWU
5810:CNETU
5803:BLATU
5685:SAYCO
5573:NUSAS
5454:IDASA
5265:AITUP
4880:Post-
4267:Venda
3475:(PDF)
2884:JSTOR
2808:S2CID
2620:(NHK)
2614:Dutch
2601:Notes
2570:S2CID
2256:as a
2215:Swazi
2075:Dutch
2057:Dutch
1834:Total
1826:4,200
1823:4,500
1812:1,600
1809:1,600
1798:2,300
1795:2,600
1784:6,700
1781:6,000
1770:2,520
1767:2,640
1756:1,100
1753:1,750
1742:3,750
1739:3,600
1728:5,000
1725:5,600
1672:4,000
1669:5,500
1658:3,000
1655:3,600
1644:1,250
1641:1,600
1630:3,000
1627:3,600
1616:9,950
1602:2,500
1599:4,000
1574:2,050
1571:5,770
1560:1,850
1557:2,700
1546:1,200
1543:2,500
1532:2,100
1529:3,200
1518:1,600
1515:2,000
1504:2,900
1501:3,500
1487:Males
1241:impis
1207:Swazi
1203:Pondo
1199:Bantu
1149:Natal
1071:Boers
979:trans
875:Boers
824:Dutch
216:Dutch
6026:SANF
5956:APLA
5901:SAIF
5880:PAWE
5866:NEUM
5859:MUSA
5824:FCWU
5769:WOSA
5720:TNIP
5678:SASO
5671:SAIC
5657:SABP
5608:PAVN
5342:COSG
5321:CTEG
5314:CNIP
3843:OCLC
3780:ISBN
3716:2020
3691:2020
3605:2014
3544:ISBN
3483:2014
3449:ISBN
3296:OCLC
3200:ISBN
3148:2021
2876:ISSN
2819:2022
2798:ISBN
2749:ISBN
2691:ISBN
2660:2021
2587:ISBN
2498:The
2494:Flag
2396:The
2376:The
2336:The
2318:and
2128:and
2116:and
1930:veld
1923:volk
1884:, a
1411:and
1399:and
1331:and
818:The
602:Area
240:Pedi
72:Flag
5977:BBB
5970:AWB
5963:ARM
5929:UDF
5852:IWW
5845:ICU
5796:BCM
5789:APF
5734:UFP
5636:PRP
5615:PFP
5566:NRP
5559:NPP
5545:NNP
5538:NLP
5524:NCP
5475:ISL
5426:GNP
5398:ECC
5391:DSM
5384:DPP
5356:DLF
5328:COD
5307:CDA
5286:BPC
5279:AVF
5272:APO
3879:".
2868:doi
2790:doi
2562:doi
2482:in
2478:to
1686:660
1683:600
850:in
832:ZAR
6130::
5998:MK
5552:NP
5517:NA
5468:IP
5461:ID
5412:FD
5405:FA
5349:CP
4112:c.
4097:c.
4074:c.
4067:c.
3707:.
3681:.
3595:.
3591:.
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3387:^
3342:^
3327:^
3308:^
3226:^
3198:.
3196:59
3168:^
3068:^
2882:.
2874:.
2864:21
2862:.
2858:.
2838:^
2806:,
2796:,
2784:,
2649:OL
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2568:.
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2556:.
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2310:,
2017:.
1904:.
1392:.
1304:,
1209:,
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1139:,
1096:.
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