1373:, was introduced to South Africa in the early 1990s. The impulse for this form of television in South Africa arose from a desire to overcome the divisions and imbalances in broadcasting resulting from apartheid. An important conference held in the Netherlands in 1991 saw a broad range of NGOs and Community Groups resolve that the full diversity of the country should be expressed in its broadcasting. Subsequently, community television was introduced to South Africa by legislation known as the Independent Broadcasting Authority Act of 1993. The act enabled three tiers of broadcasting, these being public, commercial, and community. While many community radio stations sprang up from that time, initially in Durban and Cape Town, community television was enabled only for temporary event licences of up to four weeks in duration. It was only after the national broadcasting regulator, the
603:, and creating unfair competition for the Afrikaans press. Moreover, as the 1950s progressed, the SABC's finances were becoming more desperate, after buying more land for its Auckland Park facilities, expansion of Bantu radio services and loans to install FM transmitters and services. With those plans, the SABC's ambitions were hampered. In the late 50s, UP member B. Wilson had already claimed that the idea to introduce television was no longer of "astronomical proportions", whereas the National Party in the 1960s believed that the benefits of television did not justify the high expenses.
1967:
569:
television technology around the world, and its impact was still being studied. Naudé in 1952 said that South Africa had interest in developing its television service in the future, which for the standards of the time was still seen as expensive for the government. The SABC on its behalf said that it was improbable for South Africa to get a service in the near future, due to the cost of installing equipment, importing sets and producing programmes.
107:
3710:
501:
637:
Germany, the
Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Finland, Switzerland, Sweden, Rhodesia, France and the United Kingdom between 1958 and 1963 alone. These films contained news, interviews and documentary items, and were viewed by millions of viewers, with the cost of production amounting to thousands of rands. The opposition, in principle, did not disapprove of these films, but raised questions about the government's argument.
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35:
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programming, using the TV2 and TV3 broadcast channels, which then had to end transmission at 9:00 pm. In 1992, TV2, TV3 and TV4 were combined into a new service called CCV (Contemporary
Community Values). A third channel was introduced known as TSS, or Topsport Surplus Sport, Topsport being the brand
636:
On the other side, the South
African government had been producing filmed content for television broadcasters as early as the late 1950s. The Department of Information's Television Section produced more than two hundred films sent to television stations in the United States, Canada, Australia, West
730:
The commission also argued that people in South Africa would eventually be able to receive foreign television broadcasts via satellite, thereby bypassing government censorship, and that this should be pre-empted through the introduction of a domestic service. In addition, it would be inconceivable
648:
in 1969, South Africa was one of the few countries unable to watch the event live, prompting one newspaper to remark, "The moon film has proved to be the last straw… The situation is becoming a source of embarrassment for the country." In response to public demand, the government arranged limited
1407:
In addition to the above-mentioned services a channel called Bay TV (now known as Mpuma Kapa TV and only available on DStv) started up in Port
Elizabeth, Tshwane TV in Pretoria and 1KZN TV in Richards Bay. All of these channels had seven-year 'class' licenses. In 2014 these channels collectively
1210:
On 4 February 1996, two years after the ANC came to power, the SABC reorganised its three TV channels, so as to be more representative of different language groups. This resulted in the downgrading of
Afrikaans' status by reducing its airtime from 50% to 15%, a move that alienated many Afrikaans
1006:
of programme sales to South Africa, which, combined with a similar boycott by
Australia, meant that South African TV was dominated by programming from the United States. As a result, it was only after the end of apartheid that the boycott was lifted and non-US programming became much more widely
1326:
licence, decided in April 2009 not to pursue the launch of television services as its parent company Telkom did not believe adequate investment returns could be achieved, ad was liquidated. The remaining licensees were expected to be operational by late 2009 and all will operate direct-to-home
568:
on 6 April 1951, by sending a question to the
Minister of Posts and Telegraphs, J. F. Naudé. The SABC had set goals for television since 1944 at earliest. The SABC later reiterated that the introduction of a television service was deemed too costly, coupled with the initial developments of the
1408:
reached an audience of around 12 million viewers and all are carried both terrestrially on local analogue frequencies as well as nationally on pay-TV platforms, principally DStv. In 2013, Alex TV launched on the OpenView platform serving residents of
Gauteng and lasted for two years.
1384:
Community television stations must, by law, a) serve a particular community; b) be run by a non-profit organisation; and c) involve members of the community in the selection and production of programming. Issues of frequency availability are complicated by the migration to
1218:
Previously, subtitling was confined to productions such as operas and operettas. It was not used on TV1, on the assumption that most viewers understood both
Afrikaans and English, nor on CCV, despite presenters using two or more different languages during a single segment.
790:
having introduced the first such service in 1973. (Tanzania itself did not establish a television service until the early 1990s, similarly concerned about the expense and perceived threat to cultural norms). The
Government, advised by SABC technicians, took the view that
699:, remarked that the South African government "had been wise to stand firm against a great deal of well-organised pressure and to insist on waiting until some means might be found of separating television from some of the evils which have attended it in other countries".
1424:
operator MultiChoice in 1995. On 22 February 2007, the South African government announced that the country's public TV operators would be broadcasting in digital by 1 November 2008, followed by a three-year dual-illumination period which would end on 1 November 2011.
628:, Minister for Posts and Telegraphs at the time, argued that "the effect of wrong pictures on children, the less developed and other races can be destructive". Declaring that TV would come to South Africa "over dead body," Hertzog denounced it as "only a miniature
3379:
727:, and later of the SABC. A majority of its members, of whom nine were Broederbond members, recommended that a television service be introduced, provided that "effective control" was exercised "to the advantage of our nation and country".
632:
which is being carried into the house and over which parents have no control." He also argued that "South Africa would have to import films showing race mixing; and advertising would make Africans dissatisfied with their lot."
612:
compared television with atomic bombs and poison gas, claiming that "they are modern things, but that does not mean they are desirable. The government has to watch for any dangers to the people, both spiritual and physical."
872:
on 1 October. However, as part of M-NetĘĽs licensing restrictions, it could not broadcast news programmes, which were still the preserve of the SABC, although M-Net started broadcasting a current affairs programme called
1214:
SABC TV programmes in Afrikaans and other languages are now subtitled in English, but programmes in English are not usually subtitled in other languages, the perception being that all South Africans understand English.
3387:
3352:
Adrian Hadland, Mike Aldridge & Joshua Ogada, Re-visioning Television: Policy, Strategy and Models for the Sustainable Development of Community Television in South Africa (HSRC Press, 2006), p. 43.
1299:
In November 2007 regulators announced the award of four new broadcast licences after a process that saw 18 applications. The successful applicants were Walking on Water, a dedicated Christian service,
1288:
was launched in 2007 with eight hours of local programming and the remainder pulled from other CNBC affiliates. CNBC Africa competes with Summit, a business television station owned by media group
751:, aimed at white audiences, and another, known as TV Bantu, aimed at black viewers. However, when television was finally introduced, there was only one channel with airtime divided evenly between
1542:
was previously used in South Africa for business and educational TV services, but since the introduction of Ku-band satellite transmissions in 1995, most MMDS transmitters have been dismantled.
1381:
on community television in 2004, that longer term licences of up to one year were enabled. This licensing regime was changed in 2010 when the duration for class licences was set at seven years.
2191:
1273:
in 1998. e.tv also provided the first local television news service outside of the SABC stable, although M-Net's parent company, MultiChoice, offers services such as CNN International,
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2727:
2388:
3953:
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1481:
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209:
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after regular transmission ended, throughout the night, thereby giving South African viewers new sources of international news. This was followed by a further agreement with
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531:
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In 1968, the government's opposition to the introduction of television began to soften after Hertzog was removed as Minister for Posts and Telegraphs by Prime Minister
1348:
taking over a 20% share of ODM. By doing so, StarTimes effectively acquired a 65% economic interest in ODM. The vote also included adoption of a business rescue plan.
4183:
3698:
2728:
Ban on sale of TV shows to South Africa lifted: Anti-apartheid blockade by actors' union dropped following reform of broadcasting, but opposition to touring remains
1444:
to begin the migration process according to the published timetable. The timetable is phased as follows which is a delay of 4 years from the original one proposed:
1351:
TopTV was officially rebranded as StarSat on 31 October 2013. The new packages and channels associated with the new brand were made available on 1 December 2013.
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6241:
6164:
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satellite television service. It offers a number of South African and international television channels and broadcasts principally in English, but also in
1429:
53:
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224:
4173:
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640:
However, many white South Africans, including some Afrikaners, did not share Hertzog's hostility towards what he called "the little black box". When
4430:
4077:
1038:
The first locally produced TV programmes in South Africa were in English and Afrikaans. English-language programmes include the family drama series
2955:
2145:
2108:, Volume 550, Issue 75, Irving Kaplan, American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969, page 255
1354:
On 15 October 2013, eMedia Investments launched South Africa's first free to view platform Openview consisting of 18 channels including additional
1199:(ANC) came to power, the SABC would revert to type and serve the government of the day. However, starting on March 15, 1993, the SABC also carried
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networks in South Africa, because maintaining a cable network is expensive due to the need to cover larger and more sparsely populated areas.
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2229:
1917:
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of newspapers through its subsidiary, the Rhodesian Printing and Publishing Company, and Davenport and Meyer, the latter of which operated
2793:
2745:
1262:
but a lack of financial backers and initial insistence on using analogue technology as opposed to digital technology resulted in failure.
842:
name for the SABC's sport coverage, but this was replaced by NNTV (National Network TV), an educational, non-commercial channel, in 1994.
3506:
743:
In 1971, the SABC was finally allowed to introduce a television service. Initially, the proposal was for two television channels, one in
6236:
6148:
5994:
5040:
4037:
3691:
3492:
1680:
5920:
4231:
3405:
3383:
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1952:
3651:
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4226:
4138:
4042:
3831:
3790:
3734:
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2103:
1133:, was shown around the world in the 1980s, but this was only possible because the SABC had licensed the series to a US distributor.
71:
1526:
In October 2013, eMedia Investments launched its free-to-view platform Openview offering both local and international programming.
1207:
signed on 21 September 1993, with the SABC channels gaining access to a live feed for eleven to twelve hours a day from 3 October.
3261:
2516:
656:
pointed out that even less economically advanced countries in Africa had already introduced television. In addition, neighbouring
5799:
5347:
5149:
4508:
4318:
4236:
3989:
3984:
3948:
3573:
3208:
3180:
2603:"Shows Allow Blacks, Whites to Share Cultural Experiences : South African Viewers Get a Mixed TV Message From U.S. Programs"
1981:
517:
204:
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2434:
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4513:
4410:
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4256:
4158:
4072:
4052:
4047:
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2035:
1612:
1189:
485:
401:
332:
3449:. Government Communication and Information System (GCIS). Issued by Government Gazette, Vol. 519, No. 31408. 8 September 2008.
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4415:
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4025:
3684:
3075:
606:
2937:
2311:
661:
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2923:
2243:
845:
The main channel, now called TV1, was divided evenly between English and Afrikaans, as before. It also became available in
5930:
4548:
4425:
4375:
4246:
4057:
3883:
3876:
3461:
3317:
2759:
2295:
2131:
1465:
2019 – As of 2019 there has been no switch-off of analogue signal and the digital migration seems to have stagnated again.
912:
577:
378:
237:
139:
132:
6215:
4955:
3480:
6205:
5966:
5863:
5406:
5173:
5122:
4540:
4488:
4458:
4289:
4148:
4118:
4015:
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480:
2355:
1154:, which has been broadcast in over 20 countries, including Japan, France, South Korea, and in the United States on the
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5702:
5142:
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3591:
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1488:
as the digital television standard in South Africa, following the trend in this direction of several African nations.
653:
373:
45:
4830:
3666:
2891:
1173:
5113:
5109:
1477:, but ran into political complications, along with private broadcasters agitating for certain television standards.
6054:
5976:
5915:
5622:
4970:
4727:
4627:
4440:
4360:
4340:
4168:
4143:
4128:
3729:
2117:
1449:
1293:
1239:
946:
782:, being only the second terrestrial television service in sub-Saharan Africa to launch with a colour-only service,
360:
2327:
5826:
5787:
5632:
5532:
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5394:
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4133:
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4003:
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platform, although the inclusion of CNBC Africa in the offering of new satellite players seems a near certainty.
1196:
880:
875:
265:
247:
5105:
4775:
3539:
6185:
5427:
5362:
5315:
5201:
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4915:
4900:
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4805:
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4483:
4405:
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4330:
4279:
4106:
4092:
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3871:
3759:
3749:
3640:
3544:
2420:
2195:
918:
704:
343:
219:
127:
5045:
4965:
4855:
4790:
2777:
2703:
2561:
4920:
3563:, Task Group on Broadcasting in South and Southern Africa, Christo Viljoen, Government Printer, 1991, page 31
2192:
The Devil in the Black Box: Ethnic Nationalism, Cultural Imperialism, and the Outlawing of TV under Apartheid
1400:, it is also available by satellite on the MultiChoice platform. The second community television licence was
6024:
6009:
5853:
5804:
5727:
5627:
5305:
5191:
5186:
4840:
4820:
4785:
4687:
4680:
4450:
4420:
4395:
4284:
4221:
4204:
4020:
3859:
3851:
2812:
1389:. This led ICASA declaring a moratorium on considering new community TV licence applications in March 2010.
1136:
Since the end of apartheid, some South African-produced programmes have been shown internationally, such as
117:
97:
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5092:
5083:
5074:
4835:
2448:
2016:
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5300:
5265:
5020:
4995:
4865:
4845:
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4468:
4400:
4355:
4241:
4123:
3800:
3754:
1121:
803:
428:
5070:
4850:
4765:
2973:
5848:
5652:
5617:
5537:
5517:
5439:
5327:
5248:
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5000:
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4935:
4925:
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4720:
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4518:
4503:
4498:
4473:
4435:
4335:
3888:
3714:
2909:
2863:
2602:
2462:
1318:
e.sat decided not to launch services but rather adopt a content provider business model. e.sat launched
1312:
724:
720:
685:
573:
439:
415:
392:
316:
260:
144:
88:
1322:, a 24-hour news channel, in 2008 on the MultiChoice platform. Telkom Media, which was also granted an
1292:, which broadcasts only during evening prime time. Both stations are available only on the MultiChoice
3275:
3026:
1300:
5762:
5722:
5692:
5449:
5384:
5275:
5015:
5010:
4950:
4905:
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4553:
3908:
2832:
2199:
1440:
transmission, and states that the department will provide funding to the national signal distributor
1370:
1361:
From 1 May 2021, PremiumFree TV launches in the market to serve as a rival to the Openview platform.
1251:
1160:
1104:
999:
956:
897:
475:
368:
164:
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5712:
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4940:
4895:
4880:
4860:
4825:
4701:
4617:
4153:
1505:
1474:
1433:
1081:
970:
864:
In 1986, the SABC's monopoly was challenged by the launch of a subscription-based service known as
665:
505:
350:
2579:
2268:
1927:
1727:
1195:, the SABC's news coverage moved towards being more objective, although many feared that once the
5999:
5956:
5887:
5757:
5687:
5662:
5597:
5444:
5165:
4910:
4800:
4477:
4261:
3933:
3433:"South African Advertising Research Foundation (SAARF) Television Audience Measure Survey (TAMS)"
3362:
3194:
3163:
2896:
2341:
2281:
1501:
1456:
1437:
1417:
1079:, which were later made into feature films. Children's programmes included puppet shows, such as
1011:
811:
719:. In 1971, it appointed a "Commission of Inquiry into Matters Relating to Television", headed by
564:
Opposition leader K. Ueckermann was the first politician to suggest a television service for the
189:
3280:
2658:
2643:
2089:
1432:
announced its Broadcasting Digital Migration Policy. The policy will govern the switchover from
2547:
2063:
1942:
702:
In the absence of television in South Africa, a radio version of the British television series
6039:
5961:
5875:
5858:
5821:
5707:
5667:
5497:
5466:
5332:
5226:
4463:
3928:
3903:
3893:
3226:
3114:
2978:
2664:
2177:
1948:
1200:
854:
833:, aimed at a black urban audience. In 1985, a new service called TV4 was introduced, carrying
792:
657:
184:
159:
149:
3060:
2626:
649:
viewings of the landing, in which people were able to watch recorded footage for 15 minutes.
6044:
6004:
5984:
5951:
5880:
5838:
5752:
5607:
5592:
5567:
5542:
5502:
5352:
5211:
5206:
5196:
3155:
2850:
2764:
2638:
2315:
1675:
1535:
1169:
1108:, which achieved the SABC's highest viewing figures in the late 1980s. It was also shown in
779:
752:
744:
609:
600:
3140:
1304:
5672:
5527:
5295:
5258:
3943:
3655:
3626:"Why South Africa's Television is only Twenty Years Old: Debating Civilisation, 1958-1969"
3446:
3409:
3318:"Welcome to the official South African government online site! | South African Government"
2800:
2732:
2688:
2376:
2217:
2042:"Why South Africa's Television is only Twenty Years Old: Debating Civilisation, 1958-1969"
1922:
1854:"Why South Africa's Television is only Twenty Years Old: Debating Civilisation, 1958-1969"
1509:
1141:
927:
830:
712:, in 1972. While it only ran for eighteen months, the radio series proved highly popular.
709:
290:
285:
199:
5270:
2581:
The voice, the vision: a sixty year history of the South African Broadcasting Corporation
2450:
The voice, the vision: a sixty year history of the South African Broadcasting Corporation
1344:
On 30 April 2013, shareholders of On Digital Media voted to approve China-based company
17:
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5742:
5717:
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2526:
2521:
2021:
1520:
1421:
1378:
1328:
1274:
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1027:
987:
879:
in 1988. As the state-controlled broadcaster, the SABC was accused of bias towards the
826:
822:
807:
732:
641:
625:
547:
was introduced in 1976. The country is notable for the late introduction of widespread
300:
295:
280:
275:
270:
194:
3577:
2119:
Viewing the Foreign and the Local in Zimbabwe: Film, Television, and the Shona Viewers
6230:
6019:
5792:
5782:
5697:
5587:
5582:
5572:
5557:
5379:
5238:
4649:
4578:
4573:
3213:
3167:
2584:, Malcolm Theunissen, Victor Nikitin, Melanie Pillay, Advent Graphics, 1996, page 120
2566:
2453:, Malcolm Theunissen, Victor Nikitin, Melanie Pillay, Advent Graphics, 1996, page 127
2041:
1853:
1016:
992:
922:. However, in July 1986, in order to accommodate English speakers, the SABC began to
838:
818:
629:
305:
3113:(6). San Francisco, CA: International Association of Business Communicators: 58–60.
2343:
Mass Media, Towards the Millennium: The South African Handbook of Mass Communication
1254:, AstraPlus and AstraSport which were intended to catapult the corporation into the
106:
5897:
5737:
5682:
5612:
5577:
5512:
5411:
5401:
5253:
4588:
4583:
4568:
4563:
3923:
3847:
3718:
3709:
3521:
2068:
1693:
1657:
1462:
2015 – ~100% digital coverage and switch-off of all remaining analogue transmitters
1401:
1308:
1269:
terrestrial television was broken with the introduction of privately owned channel
1151:
1146:
1087:
1040:
1022:
760:
716:
669:
179:
3242:
2992:
2552:, African Studies Institute of the University of the Witwatersrand, 1979, page 106
1404:, first licensed in 2008. The station serves the greater Cape Town metro region.
2402:
1341:
TopTV would offer a total of 55 channels with 25 channels in its basic offering.
6097:
5747:
5657:
5642:
5602:
5562:
5421:
4644:
4593:
4558:
4274:
3918:
3898:
1285:
1266:
1243:
1126:
965:
902:
692:
174:
154:
3328:
3159:
3065:, Don M. Flournoy, Robert K. Stewart, University of Luton Press, 1997, page 150
1523:, Portuguese and Afrikaans. The platform rebranded into Starsat later in 2013.
6102:
5809:
5507:
5416:
5372:
5342:
5320:
5310:
5285:
4622:
4610:
3646:
3636:
2960:
1185:
936:
931:
846:
796:
681:
673:
548:
3118:
1830:
1396:
in 2007. The station serves the southern Johannesburg region and principally
664:
in 1960, the first country in Africa south of the equator to do so. Known as
6087:
5552:
5367:
4634:
3958:
1831:
South Africa Enters the Electronic Age: The Decision to Introduce Television
1711:
1641:
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1165:
1113:
923:
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756:
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696:
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589:
255:
214:
735:
that came into the country when they became available in mass quantities.
6082:
6072:
5989:
5814:
5637:
4605:
3913:
3368:. Independent Communications Authority of South Africa. 30 November 2004.
2094:, Administrative Office of the European Broadcasting Union, 1962, page 12
1278:
1259:
1228:
1204:
1176:
airing 130 episodes by the pairing of a package of 260 episodes in 1998.
1109:
858:
787:
783:
677:
169:
3816:
2302:, Annenberg School of Communications, Volume 26:1, Winter 1976, page 104
2122:, Katrina Daly Thompson University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2004, page 125
1420:
implementation in South Africa was a satellite-based system launched by
695:, who served as Director of the Government Information Department under
6077:
6062:
4712:
4600:
3262:
Telkom fails to find a new investor for Telkom Media and closes company
1441:
1334:
On Digital Media announced on 18 March 2010 that it would be launching
1236:
1052:, featuring South African and British comedians, and variety programme
1003:
961:
869:
850:
572:
The first proposal to introduce television in South Africa was made by
3671:
3447:"Electronic Communications Act: Broadcasting Digital Migration Policy"
2491:
6107:
6067:
5389:
5181:
5134:
3595:
3560:
Report of the Task Group on Broadcasting in South and Southern Africa
3380:"Regulations: Standard Terms and Conditions for Class Licences, 2010"
1625:
1591:
1573:
1485:
1397:
1392:
The first community television station to get a one-year licence was
1255:
1137:
900:
into Afrikaans, some of the first being the British detective series
834:
817:
On 1 January 1982, two services were introduced, TV2 broadcasting in
768:
3404:. Government Communication and Information System (GCIS). Issued by
968:
programmes dubbed in Afrikaans, such as the German detective series
1875:
Ideology and Technology in the Growth of South African Broadcasting
6092:
6029:
5337:
3185:, Jon Orman, Springer Science & Business Media, 2008, page 132
3182:
Language Policy and Nation-Building in Post-Apartheid South Africa
2390:
The Press and Apartheid: Repression and Propaganda in South Africa
1662:
1516:
1470:
1386:
1335:
1289:
1130:
865:
795:
would have to be available so as to avoid a costly migration from
615:
585:
3295:
731:
that the Publications Control Board would be able to censor each
6034:
2393:, William A. Hachten, C.Anthony Giffard Springer, 1984, page 222
2263:
1698:
1607:
1539:
1497:
1469:
The government had a goal to have digital television as well as
1355:
1323:
1319:
1270:
1247:
1155:
883:
regime, giving only limited coverage to opposition politicians.
565:
5138:
4716:
3820:
3680:
2436:
South Africa: Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa
1947:. London: Private Eye Productions in association with Deutsch.
1550:
Source: South African Audience Research Foundation (June 2013)
759:, alternating between the two languages. Test transmissions in
620:
Dr. Albert Hertzog, Minister for Posts and Telegraphs 1958–1968
5280:
3141:"Packing for Perth: The Growth of a Southern African Diaspora"
2425:, Robert B. Horwitz, Cambridge University Press, 2001, page 68
1164:, was shown in 43 African countries, and was even exported to
1026:
from South African circulation, while the transmission of the
775:
28:
2879:
Starring Mandela and Cosby: Media and the End(s) of Apartheid
2160:
1773:
The Cinema of Apartheid. Race and Class in South African Film
1281:
via direct-broadcast satellite as part of its paid offering.
774:
In common with most of Western Europe, South Africa used the
3594:. South African Audience Research Foundation. Archived from
771:. Nationwide services finally commenced on 5 January 1976.
3432:
3102:
2360:, Reader's Digest Association South Africa, 1981, page 144
2182:, Ivor Wilkins, Hans Strydom Jonathan Ball, 1980, page 273
1448:
8 August 2008 – MultiChoice launches South Africa's first
1091:. Other programmes in Afrikaans were the sports programme
708:
was produced by Sonovision for SABC's commercial network,
3661:
2865:
Movies, moguls, mavericks: South African cinema 1979-1991
2245:
Commission of Inquiry into Matters Relating to Television
3652:
Sentech's VIVID Free to Air satellite TV in South Africa
3631:
3620:
2974:'Shaka Zulu': Negative Metaphor For South African Blacks
2956:
Gloria Mudau: unassuming actress who lit up small screen
2882:, Ron Krabill University of Chicago Press, 2010, page 60
2868:, Johan Blignaut, Martin Botha, Showdata, 1992, page 376
2403:
S. Africa's black TV: on air to manipulate...or educate?
2286:, Automobile Club of Southern California., 1976, page 69
1315:. The MultiChoice licence was renewed at the same time.
802:
Initially, the TV service was funded entirely through a
588:
broadcasting, it also saw the new medium as a threat to
2481:, Pieter J. Fourie, Juta and Company Ltd, 2001, page 14
2329:
The World's News Media: A Comprehensive Reference Guide
2213:
Unfinished Business: South Africa, Apartheid, and Truth
1150:, a co-production between the Imaginarium and Canada's
2467:, Richard Paterson, Tantivy Press, 1986, pages 181-183
2091:
EBU Review: Programmes, Administration, Law, Volume 71
2234:, Robert B. Horwitz, Cambridge University Press, 2001
1879:
Currents of Power: State Broadcasting in South Africa
1500:
is the main digital satellite television provider in
1338:
in May 2010 as a second pay satellite TV competitor.
1311:, a company 66% owned by telecommunications operator
691:
Commenting on Rhodesia's experience with television,
3493:
DVB-T2 Digital TV standard and white neo-colonialism
3408:, Vol. 490, No. 28743. 18 April 2006. Archived from
1375:
Independent Communications Authority of South Africa
1242:
broadcasting services on 2 October 1995, soon after
6116:
6053:
5975:
5939:
5896:
5837:
5771:
5480:
5172:
5054:
5029:
4748:
4539:
4449:
4317:
4203:
4105:
4002:
3977:
3858:
3783:
3768:
3647:
First official TV broadcast in South Africa in 1976
3386:, Vol. 540, No. 33296. 14 June 2010. Archived from
3103:"Ahh … the Pitfalls of International Communication"
2993:"SCI FI ADDS 'CHARLIE JADE,' MORE IN COMING MONTHS"
2828:
South Africa Radio Denies Local Artists Are Snubbed
2422:
Communication and Democratic Reform in South Africa
2231:
Communication and Democratic Reform in South Africa
1504:, broadcasting principally in English, but also in
1473:up and running in time for the South Africa-hosted
1369:Another model of public service television, called
861:being retransmitted on a local low-power repeater.
3507:"Digital TV standards battle ends: Logic prevails"
3422:Government Gazette Vol. 537, No. 33605, March 2010
2370:The SABC… informing a nation… inspiring the future
1250:. Two years later the SABC launched its ill-fated
814:36. However, advertising began on 1 January 1978.
2478:Media Studies: Institutions, theories, and issues
2248:, Government Printer, South Africa, 1971, page 29
926:the original soundtrack of American series on an
763:began on 5 May 1975, followed in July by ones in
1814:, 1953-09-11, col. 3334; Union of South Africa,
1071:Afrikaans programmes included the comedy series
998:Owing to South Africa's apartheid policies, the
857:, with a live feed of the channel broadcast via
3402:"Electronic Communications Act, No. 36 of 2005"
2346:, Arrie De Beer, J.L. van Schaik, 1998, page 56
48:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
3637:NEW TV STATION TO OPEN IN 1976 IN SOUTH AFRICA
3228:African Film and Television Magazine, Volume 7
2925:Voëlvry: The Movement that Rocked South Africa
2814:South African Mining & Engineering Journal
2136:, Ken Donaldson (Pty.) Limited, 1967, page 393
1056:. Other programmes were the children's series
1010:However, some US production companies such as
5150:
4728:
3832:
3692:
3462:"Government confirms new digital TV standard"
2312:TV in South Africa marks its 40th anniversary
580:government. Even though the state-controlled
525:
8:
3574:"The African Demand For Satellite Equipment"
3363:"Community Television Broadcasting Services"
3199:, The South Africa Foundation, 1989, page 80
2750:, Cambridge University Press, 1990, page 646
2150:, Ivor Benson, Dolphin Press, 1967, page 135
6165:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
2439:, Department of Information, 1992, page 131
1877:, 1924-1971, in R. Tomaselli et al. (eds),
1753:List of television stations in South Africa
1515:In May 2010, On Digital Media launched the
1303:, a broad-spectrum entertainment offering,
6201:
5157:
5143:
5135:
4735:
4721:
4713:
4323:
4209:
4111:
4008:
3864:
3839:
3825:
3817:
3699:
3685:
3677:
2592:
2590:
1826:
1824:
1552:
1482:South African Department of Communications
1284:The first 24-hour local business channel,
1102:However, it was the Zulu-language comedy,
1030:ceremony to South Africa was also banned.
532:
518:
83:
2039:, 7 July 1969, quoted by Bernard Cros in
72:Learn how and when to remove this message
3481:SA adopts DVB-T2 standard for digital TV
3217:, Volume 335, Issues 7917-7920, page 152
1918:"South Africa: The Other Vast Wasteland"
1837:, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Spring, 1974), page 15
3460:Mammburu, Livhuwani (14 January 2011).
2747:Isolated States: A Comparative Analysis
2629:, TVSA - The South African TV Authority
2517:"A cracked mirror for a fractured land"
2133:Who's who of Southern Africa, Volume 54
1764:
1748:List of South African television series
1327:services using standard small-aperture
438:
349:
342:
315:
236:
95:
3621:South African Broadcasting Corporation
3243:"Astrasat may be heading for the dump"
2818:, Thomson Publications, 1980, page xxx
2702:Lelyveld, Joseph (22 September 1985).
2332:, Harry Drost, Longman, 1991, page 499
1847:
1845:
1843:
1630:South African Broadcasting Corporation
1596:South African Broadcasting Corporation
1579:South African Broadcasting Corporation
582:South African Broadcasting Corporation
576:in 1953, but this was rejected by the
3632:TVSA - The South African TV Authority
3062:CNN: making news in the global market
2794:Obituary - Ann Graham (nee Greenwood)
1307:, a satellite service from e.tv, and
7:
6211:
4549:South African Bantu-speaking peoples
3796:Protection of State Information Bill
3264:, Balancing Act Africa, 2 April 2009
2892:Liewe Heksie creator Verna Vels dies
2259:"South Africa: Apartheid Television"
1999:, 1963-06-14, cols. 7884-7891; RSA,
1455:2013 – begin digital transmissions (
985:Similarly, many programmes, such as
870:a consortium of newspaper publishers
6242:1976 establishments in South Africa
3148:Asian and Pacific Migration Journal
2928:, Pat Hopkins, Zebra, 2006, page 56
2778:Behind the scenes with Barry Hilton
1681:NBCUniversal International Networks
668:(RTV), its major shareholders were
3520:Mawson, Nicola (14 January 2011).
3241:Kobokoane, Thabo (3 August 1997).
3139:Louw, Eric; Mersham, Gary (2001).
2914:, S.A.A.N. Limited, 1986, page 112
2660:Mass Media, Towards the Millennium
2525:. 24 December 1999. Archived from
2464:International TV & Video Guide
1926:. 20 November 1964. Archived from
1496:South African-based MultiChoice's
1000:British Actors' Equity Association
25:
2846:6 legends: Great SA sportscasters
2803:, Screen Africa, 27 February 2012
2704:"South Africa: Dream and Reality"
1125:, based on the true story of the
952:(Steve Austin: Die Man van Staal)
646:first man to set foot on the Moon
584:(SABC) had a virtual monopoly on
6210:
6200:
6191:
6190:
6179:
5800:Free-space optical communication
5041:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4811:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3708:
2663:. J.L. van Schaik. p. 223.
2296:TV's Last Frontier: South Africa
849:, an enclave of South Africa in
499:
105:
33:
3806:South African Press Association
3101:Leaper, Norm (June–July 1996).
3076:"Murdoch enters African market"
2760:Gordon Mulholland dies, aged 89
1613:Hosken Consolidated Investments
916:, as well as the puppet series
3522:"Finally, SA is going digital"
3276:"Top TV to hit screens in May"
3274:Gedye, Lloyd (18 March 2010).
3231:, Z Productions, 1995, page 11
2938:New media group takes to stage
2684:Politiek correct en onkijkbaar
2064:"Apollo 11, Apartheid, and TV"
2007:, 1968-04-26, cols. 4149-4150.
2003:, 1968-03-05, col. 1619; RSA,
1907:, 1961-03-24, cols. 3649-3650.
1873:G. Hayman & R. Tomaselli,
1184:Following the easing of media
896:Many imported programmes were
853:, which was itself then under
1:
3209:Surfing through the languages
3049:Africa Film & TV Magazine
2267:. 10 May 1971. Archived from
599:, giving undue prominence to
6186:Telecommunication portal
5967:Telecommunications equipment
3051:, nÂş. 16, January-March 1998
1484:chose the European standard
1430:Department of Communications
855:South African administration
5703:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
3047:"Egoli for Latin America",
2708:The New York Times Magazine
2017:South Africa Defends TV Ban
1972:, Volume 152, 1962, page 49
1054:The Knicky Knacky Knoo Show
1048:, as well as comedy series
974:, and the Dutch soap opera
6263:
6237:Television in South Africa
5407:Telecommunications history
3667:Strong Technologies l.l.c.
3540:"Top TV launches Saturday"
3160:10.1177/011719680101000204
2627:The Six Million Dollar Man
1944:The white tribes revisited
1452:channel (DStv channel 170)
1240:direct-broadcast satellite
947:The Six Million Dollar Man
739:Introduction of television
560:Opposition to introduction
545:Television in South Africa
6174:
6015:Public Switched Telephone
5827:telecommunication circuit
5788:Fiber-optic communication
5533:Francis Blake (telephone)
5328:Optical telecommunication
4674:
4326:
4212:
4114:
4011:
3867:
3725:
3023:Africa Film & TV 2000
3019:"Satisfying local demand"
2408:Christian Science Monitor
2357:South Africa's Yesterdays
1377:(ICASA), promulgated its
1197:African National Congress
1168:, where it was dubbed in
799:broadcasting technology.
672:companies, including the
5926:Orbital angular-momentum
5363:Satellite communications
5202:Communications satellite
4796:Central African Republic
3777:Afrikaans radio stations
2799:22 February 2016 at the
2375:15 February 2016 at the
2300:Journal of Communication
2196:School of Advanced Study
2105:Area Handbook for Zambia
2062:Nixon, Rob (July 1999).
1894:, 1959-06-01, col. 7059.
1818:, 1954-05-11, col. 4983.
1801:, 1952-05-09, col. 5539.
1480:On 14 January 2011, the
1235:saw the introduction of
1174:Venezolana de TelevisiĂłn
978:, known in Afrikaans as
825:and TV3 broadcasting in
18:South African television
5805:Molecular communication
5628:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
5457:Undersea telegraph line
5192:Cable protection system
4270:State-owned enterprises
3969:Democratic South Africa
2161:"Avengers on the Radio"
1903:Union of South Africa,
1890:Union of South Africa,
1810:Union of South Africa,
1797:Union of South Africa,
1428:On 11 August 2008, the
1265:The SABC's monopoly on
1014:, withdrew series like
980:Hospitaal Wes Amsterdam
960:. This also applied to
906:(known in Afrikaans as
506:South Africa portal
225:Democratic South Africa
98:Culture of South Africa
5947:Communication protocol
5733:Charles Sumner Tainter
5548:Walter Houser Brattain
5493:Edwin Howard Armstrong
5301:Information revolution
3801:Media Appeals Tribunal
2657:Arrie De Beer (1998).
2639:The critics' thumbs-up
2570:, 9 April 1977, page 7
2549:The S.A. film industry
2492:"Carte Blanche: About"
1941:West, Richard (1978).
1833:, Edward C. Corrigan,
1158:. M-Net's soap opera
662:own television service
621:
6247:Television by country
5921:Polarization-division
5653:Narinder Singh Kapany
5618:Erna Schneider Hoover
5538:Jagadish Chandra Bose
5518:Alexander Graham Bell
5249:online video platform
4956:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
4816:Republic of the Congo
3889:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
3412:on 13 September 2013.
2496:About - Carte Blanche
2218:Dumisa Buhle Ntsebeza
2202:, Rob Nixon, page 122
1983:Australia's Neighbors
1064:and sports programme
725:Afrikaner Broederbond
619:
574:The Rank Organisation
145:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
5763:Vladimir K. Zworykin
5723:Almon Brown Strowger
5693:Charles Grafton Page
5348:Prepaid mobile phone
5276:Electrical telegraph
4743:Television in Africa
4524:World Heritage Sites
4300:Water and sanitation
3909:Mthethwa Paramountcy
3592:"Cume Channel Reach"
2597:GLENN FRANKEL (from
2271:on 20 February 2008.
2200:University of London
2179:The super-Afrikaners
1646:community television
1546:Most-viewed channels
1492:Satellite television
1387:digital broadcasting
1371:community television
1365:Community television
1161:Egoli: Place of Gold
1050:Biltong and Potroast
976:Medisch Centrum West
957:Beverly Hills, 90210
892:Imported programming
456:World Heritage Sites
165:Mthethwa Paramountcy
5713:Johann Philipp Reis
5472:Wireless revolution
5434:The Telephone Cases
5291:Hydraulic telegraph
5031:States with limited
3598:on 10 November 2013
3390:on 24 January 2015.
3382:. ICASA. Issued by
3281:Mail & Guardian
3107:Communication World
3082:. 23 September 1993
3029:on 11 February 2008
2964:, 11 September 2011
2782:Boksburg Advertiser
2644:Mail & Guardian
2599:The Washington Post
2562:Boer War on the box
2283:Westways, Volume 68
2220:Verso, 2003 page 35
1475:2010 FIFA World Cup
1082:Haas Das se Nuuskas
991:, were dubbed into
666:Rhodesia Television
660:had introduced its
395:and performing arts
5911:Frequency-division
5888:Telephone exchange
5758:Charles Wheatstone
5688:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
5663:Innocenzo Manzetti
5598:Reginald Fessenden
5333:Optical telegraphy
5166:Telecommunications
3934:Transvaal Republic
3406:Government Gazette
3384:Government Gazette
3196:Information Digest
2997:TheFutonCritic.com
2982:, 21 November 1986
2897:Independent Online
2836:, 18 December 1982
2736:, 10 November 1993
2411:, 24 December 1981
2165:aor.theavengers.tv
2147:The Opinion Makers
2025:, 10 November 1964
1565:Monthly reach (%)
1530:Other technologies
1502:Sub-Saharan Africa
1418:digital television
1412:Digital technology
1252:satellite channels
723:, chairman of the
622:
190:Transvaal Republic
52:You can assist by
6224:
6223:
5962:Store and forward
5957:Data transmission
5871:Network switching
5822:Transmission line
5668:Guglielmo Marconi
5633:Internet pioneers
5498:Mohamed M. Atalla
5467:Whistled language
5132:
5131:
5058:other territories
4831:Equatorial Guinea
4710:
4709:
4670:
4669:
4313:
4312:
4305:Wealth inequality
4252:Income inequality
4199:
4198:
4174:Political parties
4139:Foreign relations
4101:
4100:
3998:
3997:
3929:Orange Free State
3904:Dutch Cape Colony
3894:Kingdom of Mutapa
3814:
3813:
3791:Alternative media
3658:on 6 August 2011.
3080:The Straits Times
2979:Los Angeles Times
2946:, 9 November 1997
2647:, 9 February 1996
2607:Los Angeles Times
2601:) (25 May 1986).
1739:
1738:
1471:mobile television
1201:CNN International
1119:The drama series
1034:Local programming
934:. These included
793:colour television
780:colour television
658:Southern Rhodesia
542:
541:
185:Orange Free State
160:Dutch Cape Colony
150:Kingdom of Mutapa
82:
81:
74:
16:(Redirected from
6254:
6214:
6213:
6204:
6203:
6194:
6193:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6055:Notable networks
6045:Wireless network
5985:Cellular network
5977:Types of network
5952:Computer network
5839:Network topology
5753:Thomas A. Watson
5608:Oliver Heaviside
5593:Philo Farnsworth
5568:Daniel Davis Jr.
5543:Charles Bourseul
5503:John Logie Baird
5212:Data compression
5207:Computer network
5159:
5152:
5145:
5136:
5119:
5118:(United Kingdom)
5114:Tristan da Cunha
5110:Ascension Island
5102:
5089:
5080:
5056:Dependencies and
4749:Sovereign states
4737:
4730:
4723:
4714:
4690:
4683:
4509:National symbols
4431:Social movements
4324:
4265:
4237:Economic history
4210:
4112:
4078:Populated places
4009:
3949:Great Depression
3865:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3818:
3713:
3712:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3678:
3654:. Archived from
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3580:on 7 March 2001.
3576:. Archived from
3570:
3564:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3548:. 30 April 2010.
3536:
3530:
3529:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3505:Vermeulen, Jan.
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3327:. Archived from
3322:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3248:The Sunday Times
3238:
3232:
3224:
3218:
3206:
3200:
3192:
3186:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3145:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3072:
3066:
3058:
3052:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3025:. Archived from
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2989:
2983:
2971:
2965:
2953:
2947:
2935:
2929:
2921:
2915:
2907:
2901:
2900:, 22 August 2014
2889:
2883:
2875:
2869:
2861:
2855:
2843:
2837:
2825:
2819:
2810:
2804:
2791:
2785:
2775:
2769:
2757:
2751:
2743:
2737:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2699:
2693:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2654:
2648:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2594:
2585:
2577:
2571:
2564:, Richard West,
2559:
2553:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2488:
2482:
2474:
2468:
2460:
2454:
2446:
2440:
2432:
2426:
2418:
2412:
2400:
2394:
2386:
2380:
2367:
2361:
2353:
2347:
2339:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2318:, 5 January 1976
2309:
2303:
2293:
2287:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2255:
2249:
2241:
2235:
2227:
2221:
2209:
2203:
2189:
2183:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2157:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2129:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2036:The Sunday Times
2032:
2026:
2014:
2008:
1993:
1987:
1979:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1930:on 9 March 2008.
1914:
1908:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1849:
1838:
1828:
1819:
1808:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1782:
1776:
1775:, pp.14-15, 145.
1769:
1676:Studio Universal
1553:
1536:cable television
1329:satellite dishes
1313:Telkom Group Ltd
1301:On Digital Media
1180:Political change
1095:music programme
1077:Die Bosveldhotel
1073:Nommer Asseblief
942:Misdaad in Miami
610:Hendrik Verwoerd
534:
527:
520:
504:
503:
502:
205:Great Depression
109:
100:
84:
77:
70:
66:
63:
57:
37:
36:
29:
21:
6262:
6261:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6251:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6180:
6178:
6170:
6112:
6049:
5971:
5935:
5892:
5841:
5833:
5774:
5767:
5673:Robert Metcalfe
5528:Tim Berners-Lee
5476:
5296:Information Age
5168:
5163:
5133:
5128:
5127:
5117:
5100:
5087:
5078:
5059:
5057:
5050:
5034:
5032:
5025:
4744:
4741:
4711:
4706:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4666:
4535:
4514:Public holidays
4445:
4411:Sexual violence
4391:Life expectancy
4309:
4263:
4257:Mining industry
4195:
4159:Law enforcement
4097:
4063:Mountain ranges
3994:
3973:
3944:Second Boer War
3854:
3845:
3815:
3810:
3779:
3764:
3721:
3707:
3705:
3628:by Bernard Cros
3617:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3557:
3553:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3495:17 January 2011
3491:
3487:
3483:14 January 2011
3479:
3475:
3459:
3458:
3454:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3435:. October 2014.
3431:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3365:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:www.info.gov.za
3320:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3221:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3175:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3055:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3030:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2972:
2968:
2954:
2950:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2904:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2858:
2844:
2840:
2826:
2822:
2811:
2807:
2801:Wayback Machine
2792:
2788:
2776:
2772:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2740:
2733:The Independent
2726:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2689:NRC Handelsblad
2682:
2678:
2671:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2578:
2574:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2529:on 7 March 2001
2515:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2415:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2383:
2377:Wayback Machine
2368:
2364:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2322:
2310:
2306:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2276:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2224:
2210:
2206:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2172:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2015:
2011:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1885:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1852:Cros, Bernard.
1851:
1850:
1841:
1829:
1822:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1744:
1548:
1532:
1512:and Afrikaans.
1494:
1414:
1367:
1225:
1190:State President
1182:
1097:Musik en Liriek
1060:, music series
1036:
930:service called
894:
889:
797:black-and-white
741:
710:Springbok Radio
686:Portuguese rule
652:The opposition
562:
557:
538:
500:
498:
491:
490:
486:National anthem
471:
470:
461:
460:
451:
450:
434:
433:
419:
418:
407:
406:
397:
396:
384:
383:
364:
363:
338:
337:
333:Public holidays
328:
327:
311:
310:
251:
250:
232:
231:
230:
229:
200:Second Boer War
121:
120:
96:
78:
67:
61:
58:
51:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6260:
6258:
6250:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6229:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6208:
6198:
6188:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6134:
6126:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6059:
6057:
6051:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5981:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5906:Space-division
5902:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5856:
5851:
5845:
5843:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5785:
5779:
5777:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5743:Camille Tissot
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5718:Claude Shannon
5715:
5710:
5708:Tivadar Puskás
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5678:Antonio Meucci
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5648:Charles K. Kao
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5623:Harold Hopkins
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5523:Emile Berliner
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5462:Videotelephony
5459:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5437:
5430:
5425:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5365:
5360:
5358:Radiotelephone
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5244:Internet video
5236:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5139:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:Western Sahara
5120:
5103:
5090:
5081:
5067:Canary Islands
5063:
5062:
5060:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5037:
5035:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4717:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4692:
4691:
4684:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4640:Cape Coloureds
4632:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4545:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4529:heritage sites
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4455:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4416:Slum clearance
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4275:Stock exchange
4272:
4267:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4232:Communications
4229:
4224:
4219:
4213:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4191:State security
4188:
4187:
4186:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4073:National parks
4070:
4068:Municipalities
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4026:Climate change
4018:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3939:First Boer War
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3821:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3773:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3649:
3644:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3616:
3615:External links
3613:
3610:
3609:
3583:
3565:
3551:
3531:
3512:
3497:
3485:
3473:
3452:
3438:
3424:
3415:
3393:
3371:
3354:
3345:
3334:on 4 July 2009
3309:
3287:
3266:
3254:
3233:
3219:
3201:
3187:
3173:
3131:
3093:
3067:
3053:
3040:
3010:
2984:
2966:
2948:
2943:Business Times
2930:
2916:
2911:Financial Mail
2902:
2884:
2870:
2856:
2854:, 22 June 2014
2838:
2820:
2805:
2786:
2784:, 28 July 2015
2770:
2752:
2738:
2720:
2694:
2676:
2669:
2649:
2631:
2619:
2586:
2572:
2554:
2540:
2522:Daily Dispatch
2508:
2483:
2469:
2455:
2441:
2427:
2413:
2395:
2381:
2362:
2348:
2334:
2320:
2304:
2288:
2274:
2250:
2236:
2222:
2216:, Terry Bell,
2204:
2184:
2170:
2152:
2138:
2124:
2110:
2096:
2082:
2054:
2027:
2022:New York Times
2009:
1988:
1986:, 1967, page 8
1974:
1960:
1954:978-0233970455
1953:
1933:
1909:
1896:
1883:
1866:
1839:
1820:
1803:
1790:
1777:
1771:K. Tomaselli,
1763:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1547:
1544:
1531:
1528:
1493:
1490:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1453:
1413:
1410:
1379:position paper
1366:
1363:
1294:direct-to-home
1275:BBC World News
1258:market called
1227:The launch of
1224:
1221:
1193:F. W. de Klerk
1181:
1178:
1156:Sci-Fi Channel
1144:/drama series
1105:'Sgudi 'Snaysi
1058:Bangalory Time
1035:
1032:
1028:Academy Awards
988:The Jeffersons
908:Blitspatrollie
893:
890:
888:
885:
740:
737:
733:video cassette
642:Neil Armstrong
626:Albert Hertzog
607:Prime Minister
578:National Party
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:broadcasting.
540:
539:
537:
536:
529:
522:
514:
511:
510:
509:
508:
493:
492:
489:
488:
483:
478:
472:
468:
467:
466:
463:
462:
459:
458:
452:
448:
447:
446:
443:
442:
436:
435:
432:
431:
426:
420:
414:
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
398:
391:
390:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
376:
371:
365:
359:
358:
357:
354:
353:
347:
346:
340:
339:
336:
335:
329:
325:
324:
323:
320:
319:
313:
312:
309:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
271:Northern Sotho
268:
263:
258:
252:
246:
245:
244:
241:
240:
234:
233:
228:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
195:First Boer War
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
136:
135:
124:
123:
122:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
102:
101:
93:
92:
80:
79:
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6259:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6217:
6209:
6207:
6199:
6197:
6189:
6187:
6177:
6176:
6173:
6166:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5932:
5931:Code-division
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5916:Time-division
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5895:
5889:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5842:and switching
5840:
5836:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5823:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5794:
5793:optical fiber
5791:
5790:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5783:Coaxial cable
5781:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5770:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5698:Radia Perlman
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5588:Lee de Forest
5586:
5584:
5583:Thomas Edison
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5573:Donald Davies
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5558:Claude Chappe
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5402:Smoke signals
5400:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5380:Semiconductor
5378:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5239:Digital media
5237:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5160:
5155:
5153:
5148:
5146:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5124:
5121:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4871:Guinea-Bissau
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4738:
4733:
4731:
4726:
4724:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4426:Social issues
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4376:Land invasion
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Foreign trade
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3884:Early history
3882:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3842:
3837:
3835:
3830:
3828:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3702:
3697:
3695:
3690:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3513:
3508:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3214:The Economist
3210:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3154:(2): 303–33.
3153:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3132:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2771:
2768:, 1 July 2010
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2670:9780627023248
2666:
2662:
2661:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2567:The Spectator
2563:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1855:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1786:Annual Report
1781:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1534:There are no
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1129:warrior King
1128:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:The Villagers
1043:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1017:Knots Landing
1013:
1008:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
989:
983:
981:
977:
973:
972:
967:
963:
959:
958:
953:
949:
948:
943:
939:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:
915:
914:
909:
905:
904:
899:
891:
886:
884:
882:
878:
877:
876:Carte Blanche
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
843:
840:
839:entertainment
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
810:, charged at
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
738:
736:
734:
728:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
706:
700:
698:
694:
689:
687:
684:, then under
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:South African
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
647:
643:
638:
634:
631:
627:
618:
614:
611:
608:
604:
602:
598:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
567:
559:
554:
552:
550:
546:
535:
530:
528:
523:
521:
516:
515:
513:
512:
507:
497:
496:
495:
494:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
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42:This article
40:
31:
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27:
19:
5898:Multiplexing
5773:Transmission
5738:Nikola Tesla
5728:Henry Sutton
5683:Samuel Morse
5613:Robert Hooke
5578:Amos Dolbear
5513:John Bardeen
5432:
5412:Telautograph
5316:Mobile phone
5271:Edholm's law
5254:social media
5187:Broadcasting
5106:Saint Helena
5077:
4981:South Africa
4980:
4971:Sierra Leone
4776:Burkina Faso
4541:Demographics
4489:Homelessness
4459:Architecture
4290:Trade unions
4149:Human rights
4119:Constitution
4016:Biodiversity
3954:World War II
3924:Zulu Kingdom
3848:South Africa
3744:
3719:South Africa
3672:My TV Africa
3662:Cape Town TV
3656:the original
3643:, 5 May 1975
3600:. Retrieved
3596:the original
3586:
3578:the original
3568:
3559:
3554:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3515:
3500:
3488:
3476:
3467:Business Day
3465:
3455:
3441:
3427:
3418:
3410:the original
3396:
3388:the original
3374:
3357:
3348:
3336:. Retrieved
3329:the original
3324:
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3290:
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3110:
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3079:
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3048:
3043:
3031:. Retrieved
3027:the original
3022:
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2999:. 3 May 2008
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2711:. Retrieved
2707:
2697:
2692:, 5 May 1998
2687:
2679:
2659:
2652:
2642:
2634:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2606:
2598:
2580:
2575:
2565:
2557:
2548:
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2527:the original
2520:
2511:
2499:. Retrieved
2495:
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2449:
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2379:, SABC, 2011
2365:
2356:
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2323:
2307:
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2269:the original
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2155:
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2132:
2127:
2118:
2113:
2104:
2099:
2090:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2069:The Atlantic
2067:
2057:
2045:. Retrieved
2034:
2030:
2020:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1982:
1977:
1969:Cosmopolitan
1968:
1963:
1943:
1936:
1928:the original
1921:
1912:
1904:
1899:
1891:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1835:Africa Today
1834:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1788:, 1944, p.6.
1785:
1780:
1772:
1767:
1728:Mzansi Wethu
1694:Mzansi Magic
1658:M-Net Action
1549:
1533:
1525:
1514:
1495:
1479:
1468:
1427:
1415:
1406:
1402:Cape Town TV
1391:
1383:
1368:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1333:
1317:
1309:Telkom Media
1298:
1283:
1264:
1226:
1223:New services
1217:
1213:
1209:
1183:
1159:
1147:Charlie Jade
1145:
1135:
1120:
1118:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:Liewe Heksie
1086:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:The Dingleys
1039:
1037:
1023:Falcon Crest
1021:
1015:
1009:
997:
986:
984:
979:
975:
969:
955:
951:
945:
941:
935:
919:Thunderbirds
917:
913:Van der Valk
911:
907:
901:
895:
874:
868:, backed by
863:
844:
816:
801:
773:
761:Johannesburg
742:
729:
717:John Vorster
714:
705:The Avengers
703:
701:
690:
654:United Party
651:
639:
635:
623:
605:
596:
571:
563:
544:
543:
481:Coat of arms
423:
210:World War II
180:Zulu Kingdom
68:
59:
46:copy editing
44:may require
43:
26:
6098:NPL network
5810:Radio waves
5748:Alfred Vail
5658:Hedy Lamarr
5643:Dawon Kahng
5603:Elisha Gray
5563:Yogen Dalal
5488:Nasir Ahmed
5422:Teleprinter
5286:Heliographs
5033:recognition
4986:South Sudan
4876:Ivory Coast
4645:Cape Malays
4366:Immigration
4217:Agriculture
4038:Earthquakes
3919:Cape Colony
3899:Kaditshwene
2816:, Volume 91
2713:30 November
1905:Hansard 107
1892:Hansard 101
1881:, pp.60-61.
1286:CNBC Africa
1267:free-to-air
1244:MultiChoice
1007:available.
903:The Sweeney
887:Programming
804:licence fee
778:system for
693:Ivor Benson
680:, based in
674:Argus Group
644:became the
175:Cape Colony
155:Kaditshwene
6231:Categories
6144:Antarctica
6103:Toasternet
6025:Television
5508:Paul Baran
5440:Television
5424:(teletype)
5417:Telegraphy
5395:transistor
5373:Phryctoria
5343:Photophone
5321:Smartphone
5311:Mass media
5088:(Portugal)
5046:Somaliland
4966:Seychelles
4931:Mozambique
4916:Mauritania
4901:Madagascar
4856:The Gambia
4791:Cape Verde
4623:Afrikaners
4611:San people
4494:Literature
4441:Xenophobia
4361:Healthcare
4341:Disability
4264:(currency)
4169:Parliament
4144:Government
4129:Corruption
3964:Border War
3760:Literature
3745:Television
3730:Newspapers
3641:AP Archive
3545:Times LIVE
3296:"About Us"
2961:Times Live
2005:Hansard 23
2001:Hansard 22
1816:Hansard 85
1812:Hansard 83
1799:Hansard 78
1759:References
1506:Portuguese
1416:The first
1358:channels.
1211:speakers.
1186:censorship
1122:Shaka Zulu
1093:Sportfokus
1066:Sportsview
1002:started a
940:(known as
937:Miami Vice
932:Radio 2000
847:Walvis Bay
806:as in the
721:Piet Meyer
682:Mozambique
549:television
424:Television
361:Literature
220:Border War
54:editing it
6128:Americas
6117:Locations
6088:Internet2
5849:Bandwidth
5553:Vint Cerf
5450:streaming
5428:Telephone
5368:Semaphore
5259:streaming
4921:Mauritius
4635:Coloureds
4381:Languages
4346:Education
4295:Transport
4227:Companies
4179:President
4134:Elections
4083:Provinces
4043:Estuaries
4033:Districts
4004:Geography
3959:Apartheid
3735:Magazines
3302:2 January
3298:. StarSat
3168:153693948
3119:107299423
2833:Billboard
2612:14 August
2316:channel24
1997:Hansard 8
1712:Channel O
1642:Soweto TV
1508:, Hindi,
1394:Soweto TV
1346:StarTimes
1246:launched
1233:satellite
1231:'s PAS-4
1166:Venezuela
1114:Swaziland
924:simulcast
881:apartheid
765:Cape Town
757:Afrikaans
749:Afrikaans
697:Ian Smith
594:Afrikaner
590:Afrikaans
449:Monuments
402:Musicians
326:Festivals
256:Afrikaans
248:Languages
215:Apartheid
62:July 2024
6196:Category
6083:Internet
6073:CYCLADES
5990:Ethernet
5940:Concepts
5864:terminal
5815:wireless
5638:Bob Kahn
5481:Pioneers
5306:Internet
5197:Cable TV
5112: /
5108: /
5101:(France)
5095: /
5073: /
5069: /
5021:Zimbabwe
4996:Tanzania
4846:Ethiopia
4841:Eswatini
4821:Djibouti
4786:Cameroon
4771:Botswana
4697:Category
4606:Khoekhoe
4484:HIV/AIDS
4406:Religion
4371:Intersex
4351:Feminism
4331:Cannabis
4280:Taxation
4184:timeline
4164:Military
4107:Politics
4093:Wildlife
3990:Military
3978:By topic
3914:Ndwandwe
3872:Timeline
3852:articles
3784:See also
3771:language
3750:Internet
3602:6 August
3338:30 April
3124:14 March
3033:14 March
2797:Archived
2533:14 March
2373:Archived
2075:12 March
1742:See also
1556:Position
1434:analogue
1279:Sky News
1260:AstraSat
1229:PanAmSat
1205:Sky News
1110:Zimbabwe
1062:Pop Shop
928:FM radio
859:Intelsat
788:Tanzania
784:Zanzibar
678:LM Radio
630:bioscope
592:and the
344:Religion
170:Ndwandwe
128:Timeline
89:a series
87:Part of
6216:Commons
6206:Outline
6159:Oceania
6078:FidoNet
6063:ARPANET
5876:circuit
5445:digital
5174:History
5097:RĂ©union
5093:Mayotte
5084:Madeira
5079:(Spain)
5075:Melilla
5006:Tunisia
4976:Somalia
4961:Senegal
4946:Nigeria
4936:Namibia
4926:Morocco
4891:Liberia
4886:Lesotho
4836:Eritrea
4806:Comoros
4781:Burundi
4756:Algeria
4681:Outline
4662:Chinese
4657:Indians
4650:Griquas
4628:British
4601:Khoisan
4554:Ndebele
4474:Cuisine
4451:Culture
4421:Smoking
4396:Poverty
4319:Society
4285:Tourism
4222:Banking
4205:Economy
4053:Islands
4048:Forests
4021:Climate
3985:Economy
3860:History
3086:21 July
2501:24 July
1559:Channel
1442:Sentech
1438:digital
1237:Ku band
1172:, with
1170:Spanish
1012:Lorimar
1004:boycott
971:Derrick
851:Namibia
753:English
745:English
601:English
555:History
469:Symbols
379:Writers
317:Cuisine
266:Ndebele
261:English
118:History
6154:Europe
6124:Africa
6108:Usenet
6068:BITNET
6005:Mobile
5881:packet
5390:MOSFET
5385:device
5182:Beacon
5116:
5099:
5086:
5016:Zambia
5011:Uganda
4951:Rwanda
4906:Malawi
4866:Guinea
4761:Angola
4702:Portal
4618:Whites
4579:Tswana
4574:Tsonga
4519:Sports
4469:Cinema
4401:Racism
4356:Health
4242:Energy
4124:Courts
4088:Rivers
3850:
3755:Cinema
3166:
3117:
2851:News24
2765:News24
2667:
2047:12 May
1951:
1859:12 May
1784:SABC,
1626:SABC 3
1592:SABC 2
1574:SABC 1
1510:German
1486:DVB-T2
1422:pay-TV
1398:Soweto
1256:Pay TV
1188:under
1138:SABC 3
962:German
910:) and
898:dubbed
835:sports
831:Tswana
769:Durban
429:Cinema
369:Comics
291:Tsonga
286:Tswana
238:People
91:on the
6137:South
6132:North
6093:JANET
6030:Telex
6020:Radio
5859:Nodes
5854:Links
5775:media
5353:Radio
5338:Pager
5266:Drums
5232:video
5227:image
5217:audio
5071:Ceuta
4991:Sudan
4941:Niger
4896:Libya
4881:Kenya
4861:Ghana
4851:Gabon
4826:Egypt
4766:Benin
4688:Index
4589:Xhosa
4584:Venda
4569:Swazi
4564:Sotho
4504:Music
4499:Media
4436:Women
4336:Crime
4262:Rand
4058:Lakes
3877:Years
3740:Radio
3715:Media
3526:ITWeb
3366:(PDF)
3332:(PDF)
3321:(PDF)
3164:S2CID
3144:(PDF)
3003:3 May
1995:RSA,
1716:M-Net
1663:M-Net
1562:Group
1521:Hindi
1517:TopTV
1336:TopTV
1305:e.sat
1290:Avusa
1142:scifi
1131:Shaka
966:Dutch
866:M-Net
827:Sotho
823:Xhosa
586:radio
440:Sport
416:Media
393:Music
374:Poets
301:Xhosa
296:Venda
281:Swazi
276:Sotho
133:Years
6149:Asia
6035:UUCP
5995:ISDN
5001:Togo
4911:Mali
4801:Chad
4594:Zulu
4559:Pedi
4478:wine
4386:LGBT
3604:2013
3340:2017
3304:2014
3126:2013
3115:OCLC
3088:2024
3035:2013
3005:2008
2715:2010
2665:ISBN
2614:2012
2535:2013
2503:2014
2264:TIME
2077:2013
2049:2020
1949:ISBN
1923:TIME
1861:2020
1735:15%
1732:DStv
1719:16%
1703:17%
1699:DStv
1685:18%
1667:19%
1649:20%
1633:76%
1617:81%
1608:e.tv
1599:84%
1583:85%
1540:MMDS
1498:DStv
1450:HDTV
1356:e.tv
1324:IPTV
1320:eNCA
1277:and
1271:e.tv
1248:DStv
1152:CHUM
1127:Zulu
1112:and
1085:and
1075:and
1044:and
1020:and
993:Zulu
964:and
954:and
944:),
837:and
829:and
821:and
819:Zulu
767:and
755:and
747:and
624:Dr.
597:volk
566:SABC
476:Flag
306:Zulu
6040:WAN
6010:NGN
6000:LAN
5281:Fax
5222:DCT
4464:Art
4154:Law
3769:By
3717:of
3156:doi
1457:DTV
1436:to
1140:'s
786:in
776:PAL
351:Art
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
