380:; alternatively, the rocks in the basin could contain a component from the lunar mantle if the basin excavated all the way through the crust; and, finally, it is possible that a large portion of the lunar surface surrounding the basin was melted during the impact event, and differentiation of this impact melt sheet could have given rise to additional geochemical anomalies. Complicating the matter is the possibility that several processes have contributed to the basin's anomalous geochemical signature. Ultimately, the origin of the anomalous composition of the basin is not known with certainty and will likely require a sample return mission to determine.
315:
243:
327:
8500 m and base-to-peak heights of up to 7000 m. Because of this basin's great size, the crust at this locale is expected to be thinner than typical as a result of the large amount of material that was excavated due to an impact. Crustal thickness maps constructed using the Moon's topography and gravity field imply a thickness of about 30 km beneath the floor of this basin, in comparison to 60–80 km around it and the global average of about 50 km.
426:
2386:
41:
1251:
450:
438:) that hit at a low angle (about 30 degrees or less), and hence did not dig very deeply into the Moon. Putative evidence for this comes from the high elevations north-east of the rim of the South Pole–Aitken basin that might represent ejecta from such an oblique impact. The impact theory would also account for magnetic anomalies on the Moon.
434:
presence of about 10 kilometers of crustal materials beneath this basin's floor. This has suggested to some that the basin was not formed by a typical high-velocity impact, but may instead have been formed by a low-velocity projectile around 200 km in diameter (compare to the 10 km diameter
412:
of lunar surface and imaged Chang'e 6 lander on lunar surface. The lander-ascender-rover combination was separated with the orbiter and returner before landing on 1 June 2024 at 22:23 UTC. It landed on the Moon's surface on 1 June 2024. The ascender was launched back to lunar orbit on 3 June 2024 at
372:. Several possibilities exist for this distinctive chemical signature: one is that it might simply represent lower crustal materials that are somewhat richer in iron, titanium and thorium than the upper crust; another is that the composition reflects the widespread distribution of ponds of iron-rich
433:
Simulations of near vertical impacts show that the bolide ought to have excavated vast amounts of mantle materials from depths as great as 200 km below the surface. However, observations thus far do not favor a mantle composition for this basin and crustal thickness maps seem to indicate the
301:
than typical lunar highlands, and hence has a darker appearance. The topography of the basin was mapped in its entirety for the first time using altimeter data and the analysis of stereo image pairs taken during the
Clementine mission. Most recently, the composition of this basin has been further
326:
The South Pole–Aitken basin is the largest, deepest and oldest basin recognized on the Moon. The lowest elevations of the Moon (about −9000 m) are located within the South Pole–Aitken basin. The Moon's tallest mountains are found around the basin's rim – they have summit elevations of up to
265:
became available in 1966-7 that geologists recognized its true size. Laser altimeter data obtained during the Apollo 15 and 16 missions showed that the northern portion of this basin was very deep, but since these data were only available along the near-equatorial
904:"China's Chang'e-6 sample return mission (a first ever lunar far side sample-return) is scheduled to launch in May 2024, and expected to take 53 days from launch to return module touchdown. Targeting southern area of Apollo basin (~43º S, 154º W)"
2362:
360:, have comparable compositions. The orbital data indicate that the floor of the basin has slightly elevated abundances of iron, titanium, and thorium. In terms of mineralogy, the basin floor is much richer in
685:
413:
23:38 UTC, carrying samples collected by the lander, and later completed another robotic rendezvous and docking in lunar orbit. The sample container was then transferred to the returner, which landed on
52:
data. Red represents high elevation, purple represents low elevation. The purple and grey elliptical rings trace the inner and outer walls of the basin. (The black ring is an old artifact of the image.)
2309:
2267:
274:, the topography of the rest of the basin remained unknown. The geologic map showing the northern half of this basin and with its edge depicted was published in 1978 by the
2302:
676:
623:
James, Peter B.; Smith, David E.; Byrne, Paul K.; Kendall, Jordan D.; Melosh, H. Jay; Zuber, Maria T. (2019). "Deep
Structure of the Lunar South Pole-Aitken Basin".
962:
176:
2295:
1942:
65:
1876:
926:
708:
819:
735:
W. M. Kaula; G. Schubert; R. E. Lingenfelter; W. L. Sjogren; et al. (1974). "Apollo laser altimetry and inferences as to lunar structure".
2274:
496:
Petro, Noah E.; Pieters, Carle M. (2004-05-05), "Surviving the heavy bombardment: Ancient material at the surface of South Pole-Aitken Basin",
2416:
2421:
606:
582:
2281:
1144:
348:
missions, appears to be different from typical highland regions. Most importantly, none of the samples obtained from the
American
2340:
2325:
985:
175:. At roughly 2,500 km (1,600 mi) in diameter and between 6.2 and 8.2 km (3.9–5.1 mi) deep, it is one of the
1747:
275:
219:
1899:
1892:
1869:
1179:
223:
1560:
1365:
215:
1928:
2071:
1634:
1620:
1576:
1117:
1740:
1733:
1388:
1282:
1268:
1216:
271:
954:
253:
The existence of a giant far side basin was suspected as early as 1962 based on early Soviet probe images (namely
242:
1551:
58:
2411:
1965:
1825:
532:
Ivanov, M. A.; Hiesinger, H.; van der Bogert, C. H.; Orgel, C.; Pasckert, J. H.; Head, J. W. (October 2018).
2288:
1919:
1793:
1533:
1223:
1200:
409:
338:
286:
2426:
1832:
1463:
1237:
1193:
1137:
314:
290:
visited the Moon. Multispectral images obtained from these missions showed that this basin contains more
2369:
1885:
1855:
1583:
1567:
1498:
262:
1107:
2198:
2184:
2002:
1951:
1505:
1046:
1017:
907:
876:
850:
834:
763:
632:
545:
505:
397:
332:
319:
280:
184:
172:
1981:
1818:
1162:
463:
455:
2166:
2018:
1786:
1687:
1434:
1372:
1330:
1070:
656:
563:
302:
constrained by the analysis of data obtained from a gamma-ray spectrometer that was on board the
425:
2348:
1807:
1765:
1259:
1250:
1130:
1112:
1062:
1037:
1035:
Wieczorek MA; Weiss BP; Stewart ST (2012). "An impactor origin for lunar magnetic anomalies".
648:
867:
P. Lucey; et al. (2006). "Understanding the lunar surface and space-Moon interactions".
2244:
1908:
1710:
1526:
1519:
1479:
1321:
1275:
1054:
884:
842:
640:
553:
513:
435:
357:
344:
303:
295:
196:
141:
122:
927:"China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission"
709:"China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission"
2251:
1988:
1841:
1604:
755:
393:
231:
200:
126:
45:
1118:
The
Clementine Mission found ice in the Aitken Basin while mapping southern lunar region
1050:
880:
838:
767:
636:
549:
509:
2011:
1935:
1800:
1717:
1694:
818:
Potter, R. W. K.; Collins, G. S.; Kiefer, W. S.; McGovern, P. J.; Kring, D. A. (2012).
414:
353:
349:
207:
located on the Moon's southern limb, sometimes informally called "Leibnitz mountains".
204:
17:
2405:
2389:
2355:
2237:
2131:
2064:
1673:
1613:
1450:
1427:
1395:
1381:
1358:
660:
534:"Geologic History of the Northern Portion of the South Pole-Aitken Basin on the Moon"
468:
417:
on 25 June 2024, completing China's far side extraterrestrial sample return mission.
365:
361:
192:
168:
1074:
567:
404:
from the lunar near side four years earlier. It also carried a
Chinese rover called
2223:
2039:
1958:
1779:
1657:
1472:
1312:
1186:
1013:
267:
180:
107:
401:
389:
318:
The South Pole–Aitken basin is the darker area at the bottom of this image of the
227:
211:
203:
on the northern end. The outer rim of this basin can be seen from Earth as a huge
903:
846:
782:
583:"Chang'e 4 landing: China probe makes historic touchdown on far side of the moon"
2332:
2316:
2258:
2230:
2216:
2191:
2082:
2032:
1703:
1441:
1420:
1207:
473:
400:. This is China's second lunar sample return mission, the first was achieved by
369:
2145:
1724:
1650:
1627:
1590:
1544:
1486:
1305:
445:
377:
191:. It is estimated that it was formed 4.2 to 4.3 billion years ago, during the
40:
1093:
652:
80:
67:
2152:
2138:
2124:
2108:
2101:
2050:
1772:
1680:
1404:
1344:
1298:
1230:
1058:
990:
931:
713:
1066:
888:
2159:
2117:
2094:
1972:
1337:
986:"Chang'e-6 lands on far side of the moon to collect unique lunar samples"
644:
558:
533:
518:
246:
195:
epoch. It was named for two features on opposite sides of the basin: the
97:
278:. Little was known about the basin until the 1990s, when the spacecraft
1597:
1351:
1021:
911:
373:
258:
254:
218:
spacecraft, landed in the basin, specifically within a crater called
117:
49:
249:
photograph showing the mountains along the northern rim of the basin
2025:
1848:
1666:
1289:
424:
392:
on 3 May 2024, which conducted the first lunar sample return from
313:
241:
230:
aims to collect sample from this crater, specifically within the
2057:
1413:
1153:
188:
1126:
806:
261:), but it was not until wide-field photographs taken by the US
291:
820:"Constraining the size of the South Pole-Aitken basin impact"
955:"China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon"
607:
China's
Journey to the Lunar Far Side: A Missed Opportunity?
147:
156:
226:
of material had been identified deep within the crater.
1122:
159:
153:
429:
Chang'e-5/6 spacecraft full-stack full-scale mockup.
330:
The composition of the basin, as estimated from the
150:
2208:
2176:
2081:
1998:
1918:
1757:
1460:
1258:
1169:
144:
116:
106:
96:
57:
756:"Geologic map of the central far side of the Moon"
675:
368:than the surrounding highlands, which are largely
677:"Huge, unexplained 'mass' spotted under the Moon"
1108:Albedo, Topography, and Mineral Concentrations
1138:
112:Between 6.2 and 8.2 km (3.9–5.1 mi)
8:
33:
222:. In May 2019, scientists announced that a
1145:
1131:
1123:
39:
1096:. Planetary Science Research Discoveries.
557:
517:
183:. It is the largest, oldest, and deepest
538:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
356:missions, nor the handful of identified
48:of the South Pole–Aitken basin based on
1113:Searching for water in the Aitken Basin
491:
489:
485:
1094:"The biggest hole in the Solar System"
869:Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry
783:"The Biggest Hole in the Solar System"
32:
7:
376:, similar to those that make up the
102:About 2,500 km (1,600 mi)
25:
2363:Lilith (hypothetical second moon)
925:Jones, Andrew (10 January 2024).
707:Jones, Andrew (10 January 2024).
2385:
2384:
2326:Moon landing conspiracy theories
1249:
781:Taylor, G. Jeffrey (July 1998).
674:Griffin, Andrew (10 June 2019).
448:
140:
1748:Selenographic coordinate system
965:from the original on 8 May 2024
902:Andrew Jones (25 April 2023).
754:D. E. Stuart-Alexander (1978).
688:from the original on 2022-05-24
498:Journal of Geophysical Research
276:United States Geological Survey
27:Large impact crater on the Moon
2275:Artificial objects on the Moon
1014:"落月时刻 2024-06-02 06:23:15.861"
1:
1366:Total penumbral lunar eclipse
984:Jones, Andrew (1 June 2024).
737:Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf
2417:Surface features of the Moon
2341:Moon is made of green cheese
1635:Permanently shadowed craters
953:Jones, Andrew (6 May 2024).
847:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.05.032
625:Geophysical Research Letters
177:largest known impact craters
1020:) (in Chinese) – via
1012:Seger Yu (June 1, 2024).
611:Air & Space Smithsonian
272:command and service modules
2443:
2422:Impact craters on the Moon
2268:Craters named after people
1741:Transient lunar phenomenon
1389:Solar eclipses on the Moon
1092:G. Jeffrey Taylor (1998).
199:at one end and the crater
2379:
1247:
1160:
807:The Moon's Highs and Lows
38:
310:Physical characteristics
2289:Moon in science fiction
1794:Giant-impact hypothesis
1642:South Pole–Aitken basin
1059:10.1126/science.1214773
210:On 3 January 2019, the
136:South Pole–Aitken basin
34:South Pole–Aitken basin
18:South Pole-Aitken basin
2310:futuristic exploration
1833:Late Heavy Bombardment
788:. University of Hawaii
760:U.S. Geological Survey
430:
323:
250:
2370:Splitting of the Moon
2282:Memorials on the Moon
1886:Lunar sample displays
1568:Peak of eternal light
889:10.2138/rmg.2006.60.2
856:on December 21, 2014.
428:
410:infrared spectroscopy
317:
263:Lunar Orbiter program
245:
645:10.1029/2019GL082252
559:10.1029/2018JE005590
519:10.1029/2003je002182
398:far side of the Moon
320:far side of the Moon
173:far side of the Moon
1870:Lunar laser ranging
1051:2012Sci...335.1212W
1045:(6073): 1212–1215.
881:2006RvMG...60...83L
839:2012Icar..220..730P
768:1978USGS...IM.1047S
637:2019GeoRL..46.5100J
550:2018JGRE..123.2585I
510:2004JGRE..109.6004P
464:Geology of the Moon
456:Solar System portal
77: /
35:
30:Feature on the moon
2019:Lunisolar calendar
1688:Lunar basalt 70017
1435:Tidal acceleration
1290:Perigee and apogee
1180:Internal structure
436:Chicxulub impactor
431:
324:
251:
187:recognized on the
2399:
2398:
2349:Natural satellite
1808:Lunar magma ocean
1584:Volcanic features
631:(10): 5100–5106.
544:(10): 2585–2612.
132:
131:
16:(Redirected from
2434:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2335:
2328:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2201:
2194:
2192:Meridian passage
2187:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
1991:
1984:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1911:
1909:Lunar seismology
1902:
1895:
1888:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1842:Lunar meteorites
1835:
1828:
1821:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1711:Space weathering
1706:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1660:
1653:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1570:
1563:
1554:
1547:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1453:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1276:Orbital elements
1271:
1253:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1124:
1097:
1079:
1078:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
981:
975:
974:
972:
970:
950:
944:
943:
941:
939:
922:
916:
915:
899:
893:
892:
864:
858:
857:
855:
849:. Archived from
824:
815:
809:
804:
798:
797:
795:
793:
787:
778:
772:
771:
762:. I-1047: 1047.
751:
745:
744:
732:
726:
725:
723:
721:
704:
698:
697:
695:
693:
679:
671:
665:
664:
620:
614:
609:Paul D. Spudis,
604:
598:
597:
595:
593:
578:
572:
571:
561:
529:
523:
522:
521:
493:
458:
453:
452:
451:
358:lunar meteorites
345:Lunar Prospector
304:Lunar Prospector
270:of the orbiting
197:lunar South Pole
167:) is an immense
166:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
123:Lunar south pole
92:
91:
89:
88:
87:
82:
78:
75:
74:
73:
70:
43:
36:
21:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2412:LQ24 quadrangle
2402:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2383:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2257:
2252:Man in the Moon
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2177:Daily phenomena
2172:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2125:Super and micro
2123:
2116:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2000:
1994:
1989:Lunar resources
1987:
1980:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1914:
1907:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1875:
1868:
1863:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1656:
1649:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1566:
1559:
1550:
1543:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1513:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1462:
1456:
1449:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1156:
1151:
1104:
1091:
1088:
1086:Further reading
1083:
1082:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1011:
1010:
1006:
996:
994:
983:
982:
978:
968:
966:
952:
951:
947:
937:
935:
924:
923:
919:
901:
900:
896:
866:
865:
861:
853:
822:
817:
816:
812:
805:
801:
791:
789:
785:
780:
779:
775:
753:
752:
748:
734:
733:
729:
719:
717:
706:
705:
701:
691:
689:
682:The Independent
673:
672:
668:
622:
621:
617:
613:. 14 June 2017.
605:
601:
591:
589:
580:
579:
575:
531:
530:
526:
495:
494:
487:
482:
454:
449:
447:
444:
423:
386:
312:
299:
240:
143:
139:
127:Aitken (crater)
125:
85:
83:
79:
76:
71:
68:
66:
64:
63:
53:
46:Topographic map
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2440:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2098:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2072:Lunar distance
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2022:
2015:
2012:Lunar calendar
2007:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1936:Apollo program
1924:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1718:Micrometeorite
1707:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:Changesite-(Y)
1691:
1677:
1674:Wrinkle ridges
1670:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1580:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1523:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1502:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1348:
1341:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1302:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1272:
1269:Lunar distance
1264:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1227:
1220:
1217:Magnetic field
1213:
1212:
1211:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1175:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1103:
1102:External links
1100:
1099:
1098:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1027:
1004:
976:
945:
917:
910:) – via
894:
859:
833:(2): 730–743.
810:
799:
773:
746:
727:
699:
666:
615:
599:
573:
524:
504:(E6): E06004,
484:
483:
481:
478:
477:
476:
471:
466:
460:
459:
443:
440:
422:
419:
415:Inner Mongolia
385:
382:
311:
308:
297:
239:
236:
205:mountain chain
130:
129:
120:
114:
113:
110:
104:
103:
100:
94:
93:
61:
55:
54:
44:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2439:
2428:
2427:Pre-Nectarian
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2356:Double planet
2353:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2238:Moon illusion
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:Lunar deities
2214:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2065:Lunar station
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1999:Time-telling
1997:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1459:
1452:
1451:Lunar station
1448:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1428:Tidal locking
1425:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1396:Eclipse cycle
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1382:Solar eclipse
1379:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:Lunar eclipse
1356:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:Gravity field
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1005:
993:
992:
987:
980:
977:
964:
960:
956:
949:
946:
934:
933:
928:
921:
918:
913:
909:
905:
898:
895:
890:
886:
882:
878:
875:(1): 83–219.
874:
870:
863:
860:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
821:
814:
811:
808:
803:
800:
784:
777:
774:
769:
765:
761:
757:
750:
747:
742:
738:
731:
728:
716:
715:
710:
703:
700:
687:
683:
678:
670:
667:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
619:
616:
612:
608:
603:
600:
588:
584:
581:Lyons, Kate.
577:
574:
569:
565:
560:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
528:
525:
520:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
492:
490:
486:
479:
475:
472:
470:
469:Lunar craters
467:
465:
462:
461:
457:
446:
441:
439:
437:
427:
420:
418:
416:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
383:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:orthopyroxene
363:
362:clinopyroxene
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:
341:
340:
335:
334:
328:
321:
316:
309:
307:
305:
300:
293:
289:
288:
283:
282:
277:
273:
269:
268:ground tracks
264:
260:
256:
248:
244:
237:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
193:Pre-Nectarian
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
169:impact crater
164:
137:
128:
124:
121:
119:
115:
111:
109:
105:
101:
99:
95:
90:
62:
60:
56:
51:
47:
42:
37:
19:
2224:Lunar effect
2040:Nodal period
1966:Colonization
1780:Lunar theory
1641:
1473:Selenography
1313:Nodal period
1042:
1036:
1030:
1007:
995:. Retrieved
989:
979:
967:. Retrieved
958:
948:
936:. Retrieved
930:
920:
897:
872:
868:
862:
851:the original
830:
826:
813:
802:
790:. Retrieved
776:
759:
749:
743:: 3049–3058.
740:
736:
730:
718:. Retrieved
712:
702:
690:. Retrieved
681:
669:
628:
624:
618:
610:
602:
590:. Retrieved
587:The Guardian
586:
576:
541:
537:
527:
501:
497:
432:
405:
394:Apollo Basin
387:
370:anorthositic
352:and Russian
343:
337:
331:
329:
325:
285:
279:
252:
232:Apollo basin
209:
181:Solar System
138:(SPA Basin,
135:
133:
2333:Moon Treaty
2317:Hollow Moon
2259:Moon rabbit
2231:Earth phase
2033:Lunar month
1920:Exploration
1864:Experiments
1766:Observation
1628:Ray systems
1493:Hemispheres
1461:Surface and
1442:Tidal range
1421:Tidal force
1224:Sodium tail
1208:Hill sphere
792:February 5,
474:Lunar water
408:to conduct
388:China sent
384:Exploration
378:lunar maria
84: /
59:Coordinates
2406:Categories
2303:Apollo era
2245:Pareidolia
2003:navigation
1725:Sputtering
1605:Lava tubes
1527:South pole
1520:North pole
1480:Terminator
1322:Precession
1238:Earthshine
1194:Atmosphere
1187:Topography
1172:properties
938:10 January
720:10 January
480:References
339:Clementine
287:Clementine
224:large mass
220:Von Kármán
81:53°S 169°W
2051:Fortnight
1943:Explorers
1900:Apollo 17
1893:Apollo 11
1856:Volcanism
1826:Timescale
1773:Libration
1561:Mountains
1499:Near side
1405:Supermoon
1345:Full moon
1299:Libration
1231:Moonlight
991:SpaceNews
959:SpaceNews
932:SpaceNews
714:SpaceNews
661:134219155
653:1944-8007
592:3 January
402:Chang'e 5
390:Chang'e 6
306:mission.
238:Discovery
228:Chang'e 6
212:Chang'e 4
86:-53; -169
2390:Category
2185:Moonrise
2118:Crescent
2058:Sennight
1973:Moonbase
1929:Missions
1598:Calderas
1506:Far side
1464:features
1352:Eclipses
1338:New moon
1283:Distance
1170:Physical
1075:28619676
1067:22403388
963:Archived
686:Archived
568:53334293
442:See also
247:Apollo 8
98:Diameter
2209:Related
2199:Moonset
1982:Tourism
1959:Landing
1819:Geology
1758:Science
1614:Craters
1577:Valleys
1163:Outline
1047:Bibcode
1038:Science
1022:Twitter
912:Twitter
877:Bibcode
835:Bibcode
764:Bibcode
692:11 June
633:Bibcode
546:Bibcode
506:Bibcode
406:Jinchan
396:on the
374:basalts
333:Galileo
281:Galileo
216:Chinese
179:in the
171:on the
2167:Tetrad
2083:Phases
1952:Probes
1787:Origin
1734:Quakes
1667:Rilles
1658:swirls
1373:Tetrad
1331:Syzygy
1073:
1065:
997:1 June
827:Icarus
659:
651:
566:
421:Origin
350:Apollo
342:, and
259:Zond 3
255:Luna 3
201:Aitken
118:Eponym
50:Kaguya
2146:Black
2132:Blood
2109:Names
2087:names
2026:Month
1877:ALSEP
1849:KREEP
1801:Theia
1704:Water
1681:Rocks
1591:Domes
1545:Maria
1514:Poles
1306:Nodes
1260:Orbit
1071:S2CID
1018:Tweet
969:8 May
908:Tweet
854:(PDF)
823:(PDF)
786:(PDF)
657:S2CID
564:S2CID
185:basin
108:Depth
72:169°W
2296:list
2153:Dark
2139:Blue
2102:Full
2001:and
1651:Soil
1621:List
1552:List
1534:Face
1487:Limb
1414:Tide
1154:Moon
1063:PMID
999:2024
971:2024
940:2024
794:2023
722:2024
694:2019
649:ISSN
594:2019
364:and
354:Luna
294:and
284:and
257:and
214:, a
189:Moon
134:The
69:53°S
2160:Wet
2095:New
2085:and
1055:doi
1043:335
885:doi
843:doi
831:220
641:doi
554:doi
542:123
514:doi
502:109
296:TiO
292:FeO
2408::
1069:.
1061:.
1053:.
1041:.
988:.
961:.
957:.
929:.
883:.
873:60
871:.
841:.
829:.
825:.
758:.
739:.
711:.
684:.
680:.
655:.
647:.
639:.
629:46
627:.
585:.
562:.
552:.
540:.
536:.
512:,
500:,
488:^
336:,
234:.
148:eɪ
2343:"
2339:"
1146:e
1139:t
1132:v
1077:.
1057::
1049::
1024:.
1016:(
1001:.
973:.
942:.
914:.
906:(
891:.
887::
879::
845::
837::
796:.
770:.
766::
741:5
724:.
696:.
663:.
643::
635::
596:.
570:.
556::
548::
516::
508::
322:.
298:2
163:/
160:n
157:ɪ
154:k
151:t
145:ˈ
142:/
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
