1306:, himself a Bulu from a village near Sangmélima, enjoys widespread support in the South due to its place as the heart of Bululand. However, Biya has often been accused of showing favouritism toward members of the Bulu and closely related Beti groups, and a disproportionate number of Bulu and Beti today work in the civil service, in government posts, or in state-owned businesses. On the other hand, Biya has repeatedly shown intolerance of any opposition from his Bulu-Beti base. In 1996, for example, South Region native and Biya aide
721:
1265:
1253:
52:
1599:
1319:
2043:
2288:
2405:
1894:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1833:
482:
1885:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
2025:
1761:
1241:
1280:
1869:
1921:
1912:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1903:
1527:(Fula). The Beti-Pahuin were more militarily advanced than the natives they encountered, and they easily subdued and assimilated these peoples or else pushed them away, as with the Ngumba and Mabea, descendants of the Maka and Njem, who had traveled southwest toward the coast when the Beti-Pahuin had first encountered them a century earlier north of the
2034:
1930:
2016:
2007:
1975:
1966:
537:) covers 1,224 km² on the Gabon border. In these more virgin areas, the forest is composed of multiple levels. Tall trees about 40 metres high make up the highest stratum. Below these lie smaller, thinner trees with leaves clustered at their tops. The forest bed has very little vegetation as little sunlight penetrates to it.
478:, the Guinea-type climate affords alternating dry and wet periods. The year begins in a long dry season that lasts from December to May. This is followed by a light wet season from May to June and a short dry season from July to October. A heavy wet season begins around October and lasts through November.
1571:
became the most active by the 17th century. Minor trading centers emerged, including Kribi and Campo. Trade was carried out on the
Europeans' ships, allowing the coastal tribes to set themselves up as go-betweens, finding slaves from the interior and distributing goods obtained from the Europeans. In
1176:
The South sees a good number of tourists due largely to its long, white-sand beaches. These run along the entire coastline, though the easiest to reach are at Kribi and Lobé. Kribi is the most popular destination due to its accessibility from Douala and Yaoundé via paved roads. It is also the largest
1684:
Upon
Cameroon's independence in 1960, the present-day Centre and South Provinces were one territory called the Centre-South. In 1982, Paul Biya became the second president of Cameroon. One of his first moves was to separate the Centre-South into the modern Centre and South Provinces in August, 1983.
960:
methods provide high yields the first year or two, but they eventually drain the soil of fertility. This necessitates the clearing of more farmland every few years, as this exhausted land can remain infertile for up to ten years. This presents little problem in the South's more underpopulated areas,
1499:
finds in the areas of Kribi and Lobé attest to human presence in the territory of the South
Province since prehistory. Of the area's current inhabitants, the earliest to arrive were the Pygmies, who moved in from further south and east in ancient times and lived for centuries as hunter-gatherers in
1393:
There are 972 schools in the territory. Most of these are located in the area's larger towns and villages. Attendance numbers diminish as one moves into the area's frontiers, particularly the vast, forested areas south of
Ebolowa and Sangmélima. Here, students are expected to walk long distances to
1633:
As the
Germans consolidated their power and conscripted workers, they faced resistance from the indigenous peoples. Of Cameroon's southern groups, the Bulu revolted first in 1891 in protest over their loss to the Germans of their lucrative trade position. Von Zimmerer's army finally suppressed the
948:
Traditional farms are placed in forest plots that are cleared with basic tools such as axes, hoes, and machetes. This is done during the dry season, and the resulting brush is then burned, with care taken to preserve any fruit trees. Planting occurs at the start of the wet season. Vegetables and
1132:
For a region so heavily forested, the South has a fairly developed transportation network. Four main roads service the greater area of the region. The first of these, National Road 2, runs from Yaoundé to Ambam and then to the border with Gabon and
Equatorial Guinea. National Road 7 is located
1068:
companies have operations in the area. However, because the largest trees within the South itself have mostly been harvested, the region is increasingly being used as a transport network for logging vehicles from
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Congo on their way to the ports of Kribi and
1630:, particularly to grow cocoa. Much of the road infrastructure of the province dates from Von Zimmerer's time, since the Germans needed a means of travelling along the coast and from plantation to plantation. It was largely the native population who was forced to build these improvements.
1538:
Once across the Sanaga, in present-day East and Centre
Provinces, the various tribal groups settled individually in family groups, or clans. The Ntumu, Fang, and Mvae moved toward the Dja valley and into present-day Gabon while the Bulu travelled west along the
1640:
became governor of German
Kamerun in 1895. He accelerated the creation of plantations through the southern forest zone, which created more need for conscripted native labourers. In 1907, the Ewondo rebelled once more, but the Germans again suppressed them.
1595:. Under the British, trade was conducted on land, and Europeans quickly set up bases along the coast. For example, a trading post was opened in Grand Batanga in 1828 to service the lower Cameroonian coastline. Slaves continued to be traded clandestinely.
708:
Tradition settlements in the Centre are placed along roads, resulting in large numbers of houses near the road with forest beginning directly behind them. The traditional house is a rectangular structure made of mud bricks and thin, wooden or
1676:. They also continued Germany's policy of propping up puppet chiefs of the various native peoples. The French greatly expanded the road network through the region and improved the port at Kribi, albeit still with native forced labour.
1984:
1299:-Cameroon pipeline in 2003, the population of the South Region only promises to grow as more industry moves to the area, particularly the coast, making the South an important target for Cameroonian politicians.
1384:
under a single patriarch. During the French colonial period, the Bulu formed a tribal union of their various clans. Today, these elders hold little actual power, and most such positions are merely honorary.
1634:
rebellion in 1895. That same year, the Ewondo rose up until the colonials were able to suppress them in 1896. Germany also replaced native chiefs with more sympathetic ones when they deemed it necessary.
696:
built around the roads that criss-cross the terrain. In contrast, the vast tracts of jungle that have little or no road access are scarcely populated. The forest area is also plagued by disease-carrying
1149:
in the
Littoral Province. Of these, the route from Edéa to Kribi and from Ebolowa and Sangmélima to Yaoundé are paved. All other roads in the province are dirt, and thus subject to weather conditions.
1208:
empties into the Atlantic. Local artists and vendors frequent the area around the falls, as do drivers offering to take passengers to Kribi or 65 km further south to see the Lala Pygmy village
854:, and Kribi. These pygmy groups are becoming increasingly sedentary, however, taking up lifestyles very similar to their Beti-Pahuin and Makaa–Njem-speaking neighbours and intermarrying with them.
2319:
1990:
1988:
1985:
768:, also on the southern border. The Mvang (or Mvae) occupy the regions directly east and west of the Ntumu. These tribal groups have many more members in Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Congo.
1989:
953:, cocoyams, and yams are planted with plantains in larger fields further into the forest. Plots are fertilised with farmyard manure. Farmers harvest at the beginning of the next dry season.
200:
1048:
are increasingly used as well. This latter development has led to a great depopulation of many animal species, especially as demand has risen in urban centers such as Yaoundé for
757:
The Beti portion of the group is primarily situated in the Centre Province, but large numbers of Ewondo and Bane inhabit the Ntem and the Dja and Lobo divisions of the South.
2580:
1987:
335:
signed decrees abolishing "Provinces" and replacing them with "Regions". Hence, all of the country's ten provinces are now known as Regions. This was to be the end of South.
850:
roam the forests of the region, particularly the area at the center and southeast of the province from Ebolowa to Ambam and Djoum with the Lala on the coast near Lolodorf,
463:. Humidity is high, and precipitation averages 1500–2000 mm per year in the interior and 2000–3000 mm per year in the coastal region. The coast from the north of
973:
for the entire region, with 80% of the arable land of Dja and Lobo division and Ocean division dedicated to raising it. Major cocoa collection facilities are located in
1380:
The Beti-Pahuin and other ethnic groups in the South have little traditional political organisational structure. Instead, groups of families are loosely organised into
1124:, which was completed in June 2004. The pipe's mouth is located just south of Kribi, a fact that promises to bring in high revenues for both Cameroon and the province.
2312:
2128:. Michel Thomas Halbouty, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Norske stats oljeselskap. Tulsa, Okla.: American Association of Petroleum Geologists. 1992.
1410:
is perhaps the South Region's greatest health hazard. Many villages have no access to running water, and even areas that do have it must contend with outbreaks of
2212:
771:
The Bulu form the third group with about a third of the total Beti-Pahuin population. They are further broken down into the Bulu proper, who inhabit the rich
1223:
in the South. These efforts are largely concentrated on the area's two major parks, the Dja and Campo Reserves, both of which are bases for various gorilla
2305:
443:
with elevations of 500 to 1000 metres above sea level. Rocky promontories on the coast and rolling, tree-covered hills inland characterize the land. The
872:
converted most of the peoples of the region by 1939. Traditional beliefs are still strong, however, and large numbers of people still adhere to various
1394:
attend school each day, or else to stay with relatives or alone in towns where schools are located. This problem is not as pronounced at the level of
471:
gets as much as 4000 mm of rain per year. Temperatures are relatively high as well, averaging 24Ëš C and 26Ëš C from Kribi north along the coast.
1228:
65:
1445:-bearing mosquitoes are one such pest, and the disease is a major health hazard in the region. Other parasitic diseases found in the South include
1986:
775:
producing area from Kribi to Ebolowa and east through Sangmélima and Djoum. Inland from Kribi live the Pahuin proper, centered on the villages of
2585:
1116:
is found offshore of Campo, and a Kribi-based plant has been processing this since the 1980s. Perhaps the region's most lucrative resource is
839:
256:. The South occupies 47,720 km of territory, making it the fourth largest region in the nation. The major ethnic groups are the various
1657:. Under French administration, the present South Province fell into the Kribi-Lolodorf-Campo district, governed from Kribi, and the Ebolowa-
1196:
Lobé, only a few kilometres south of Kribi, is another popular spot with tourists due to its even more isolated beaches and the picturesque
1189:
is a significant problem, however, and several bathers drown on Kribi's beaches each year, a fact the locals personify as the siren-like "
1398:, as these tend to be more widely distributed even in the remoter areas. Nevertheless, all schools in the region tend to be overcrowded.
819:(Maboa), also have pockets or territory. Non-Makaa–Njem-speaking groups include the Batanga, who occupy the coastal region from Kribi to
760:
The Fang group lives close to the province's southern borders. The Fang proper are inland on the border with Equatorial Guinea and near
439:
on the coast. The land slowly climbs throughout the Kribi-Douala basin, which averages 300–600 metres in altitude, until it reaches the
1587:
in 1827 to the Cameroonian coast to prevent further slave trading. Merchants were instead encouraged to trade in items such as ivory,
1580:
1231:
runs another project that takes travellers to the Campo Reserve and then to traditional homes in Ebodjé, a village 25 km north.
2205:
2133:
1614:
annexed the Cameroons in 1884, and for the first few years, they were only interested in the coastal area. Explorers under Governor
2570:
1572:
fact, the Beti-Pahuin migration was still taking place during this time, allowing the Bulu to set themselves in such a position.
831:
live inland from the border with Equatorial Guinea to Ngumba territory. Most of these tribes have their own distinct languages.
521:) covers 5,260 km² in the northeastern portion of the province and the south-central portion of the neighbouring East. The
51:
1145:
before crossing the border to Gabon. Other major roads cover the stretches between Mbalmayo and Ebolowa and between Kribi and
1216:
261:
1471:
is thus still the major source of treatment for many of the South's citizens, particularly those in more remote locations.
1193:". The undertow at Campo is less dangerous, though the difficult road to reach that town keeps most holiday-seekers away.
1120:. This, too, is found off the coast of Campo. But more importantly, the South Province is located at the terminus of the
2575:
2198:
904:
of Kribi, which services the Gulf of Guinea. Campo, near the border with Equatorial Guinea, is another important port.
2272:
2262:
2247:
1133:
completely in the South, travelling along the coast from Kribi to Campo. National Road 9 comes south from Yaoundé via
676:
is about seven inhabitants per square km. The most populous area is the central region south of Cameroon's capital,
2252:
2157:
1264:
233:
1310:
announced his candidacy for the presidency and was arrested on embezzlement charges, apparently at Biya's urging.
1121:
792:
400:, or Campo, rises in the east of the region and flows along or just north of the southern border to the town of
2237:
1579:
supplanted the Dutch as the pre-eminent traders in the region by the 19th century. This was also the period of
530:
229:
2171:
Cameroon History for Secondary Schools and Colleges, Vol. 1: From Prehistoric Times to the Nineteenth Century.
388:, which forms part of the border with the Littoral. The coastal Ocean division is drained by two rivers, the
2257:
188:
115:
1252:
376:, where it is mixed. Due to high amounts of leaching, the South's red earth is only marginally productive.
2277:
2242:
1186:
440:
225:
1637:
1415:
460:
2287:
253:
1555:
ships first explored it in 1472. The Portuguese set up trade with the natives, collecting particularly
1093:
in modern times have dampened this part of the economy. Much of the South's electricity is produced in
1729:, located in the Douala Basin, was discovered with the Sanaga Sud A-1 well in 1979, and produces from
540:
The southern rain forest supports abundant wildlife, including some of Cameroon's last populations of
2328:
1468:
1178:
1102:
510:, however, allowing sunlight to penetrate to the forest floor and for thick undergrowth to flourish.
2404:
1006:
969:
The South's equatorial climate makes it suitable for large plantations, as well. Cocoa is the major
389:
2221:
1503:
The Beti-Pahuin Bantu groups entered the area in the 19th century from the northeast, south of the
1094:
1025:
804:
522:
320:
1618:
were the first to penetrate into the southern interior when they pushed in to Beti lands in 1887.
843:
2151:
2042:
1619:
918:
673:
444:
31:
1450:
1279:
1205:
1197:
1009:
takes place inland from Kribi, as well, though the area's thick forests and the presence of the
808:
393:
720:
2413:
2379:
2139:
2129:
1532:
1411:
1354:
866:
800:
424:
292:
276:
245:
134:
1664:
The French maintained the various German-founded plantations and started new ones, including
1658:
1516:
1240:
791:
Several non-Pahuin tribes also inhabit parts of the South. Several related peoples who speak
776:
1741:
1730:
1694:
1673:
1615:
1338:), also called divisions, each under the supervision of a presidentially appointed prefect (
1142:
998:
824:
717:
palm in the past, but they are more often made of corrugated aluminium, iron, or tin today.
529:) covers 2,640 km² in the southwest on the border with Equatorial Guinea. Finally, the
468:
372:
except for southwestern portions near the border with Equatorial Guinea and moving north to
353:
2549:
1467:
and clinics are fairly widespread, but they are mostly located in larger towns and cities.
1060:
With ocean access and vast tracts of forest, the South is home to a good deal of industry.
982:
877:
2362:
2061:
1598:
1431:
1318:
1157:
1082:
1041:
938:
862:
847:
549:
503:
401:
213:
17:
2232:
1441:
As it is almost entirely forested, the South supports many disease-carrying organisms.
1395:
957:
876:
beliefs, often in tandem with Christian beliefs. In some areas, such as the village of
585:
514:
456:
361:
241:
237:
2564:
2543:
2537:
2297:
1698:
1576:
1458:
1374:
1165:
1033:
820:
746:
734:
685:
557:
2104:
1500:
the forests. The Batanga arrived and settled the coastal areas in the 18th century.
2489:
1718:
1710:
1697:, along with counterparts along the South American margin, which formed during the
1556:
1520:
1504:
1454:
1446:
749:. In addition, most inhabitants of the more populated areas can also speak French.
319:
are significant economic components, as well. Much of the population is made up of
312:
296:
1893:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1832:
888:
The South is one of Cameroon's most economically robust areas due to its numerous
364:
around the border with the Centre Province that arc toward the border with Congo;
2517:
2499:
2457:
2452:
2434:
1884:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1778:
1769:
1654:
1623:
1592:
1568:
1551:
Europeans knew the entire western coast of the present-day South Province since
1540:
1524:
1496:
1427:
1419:
1370:
1307:
1224:
1209:
1113:
1086:
1013:
prevents larger-scale operations. Kribi is also the base for various commercial
742:
495:
481:
420:
385:
369:
265:
257:
122:
2081:
2024:
1760:
917:
The majority of farming in the South Province is done on the sustenance level.
415:
Rivers flow through the easternmost division of the region, splitting south of
384:
Several river systems drain the South Region. The northernmost of these is the
1706:
1627:
1584:
1472:
1407:
1220:
1190:
1098:
1010:
889:
869:
772:
677:
541:
412:
397:
304:
80:
67:
2522:
2143:
1722:
1669:
1528:
1349:
department is the farthest west, located on the coast and administered from
1303:
1117:
970:
834:
The South is also home to some of Cameroon's oldest continuous inhabitants,
702:
577:
436:
408:
332:
300:
1868:
1920:
1911:
2484:
2384:
2344:
2336:
2123:
1560:
1552:
1464:
1346:
1331:
1134:
1109:
1090:
1078:
1049:
986:
812:
698:
573:
553:
499:
221:
130:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1902:
1744:
shales. The gas-water contact shows up as a seismic amplitude event. .
1653:
gained control of most of Germany's Cameroonian territory at the end of
269:
2507:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2389:
2357:
2352:
2033:
1929:
1714:
1611:
1564:
1442:
1435:
1423:
1366:
1327:
1161:
1146:
1074:
1065:
1045:
1021:
1014:
1002:
974:
950:
893:
873:
851:
780:
689:
681:
610:
545:
513:
Today, the only relatively untouched forest is located in a handful of
507:
416:
373:
365:
316:
280:
108:
2190:
2015:
1334:
has his offices. The region is further divided into four departments (
672:
Over 324,000 Cameroonians live in the South Province, and the overall
2527:
2429:
1702:
1665:
1650:
1588:
1152:
The South is also accessible via sea and air. The major seaports are
1138:
1070:
1061:
978:
934:
930:
828:
714:
710:
581:
561:
475:
357:
308:
288:
284:
2006:
1974:
733:
The majority of the inhabitants of the South are members of various
1965:
1434:. In 2004, the relatively developed town of Kribi suffered a major
2532:
2512:
2444:
2421:
2394:
2373:
2367:
1733:
1597:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1317:
1182:
1153:
1037:
1029:
926:
897:
835:
765:
761:
719:
480:
464:
249:
220:) is located in the southwestern and south-central portion of the
126:
1160:, though Kribi is busier. Kribi is also the site of the regional
961:
but can pose difficulties in areas of higher population density.
1737:
1512:
1508:
1480:
1381:
1296:
1215:
In addition, the Cameroonian government is working with various
1089:-working center, but government regulations and the scarcity of
942:
922:
901:
816:
796:
693:
569:
349:
2301:
2194:
981:
is another important crop, and a major operation is located at
1476:
565:
1141:. Finally, National Road 17 begins at Sangmélima and goes to
1005:
farms operate in the towns of Ebolowa and Sangmélima. Modest
945:, and other foodstuffs are raised in more modest quantities.
680:, in the neighbouring Centre Province and extending south to
447:
near Ebolowa is the province's highest point at 1400 metres.
1543:
to their present territory. The Beti formed the final wave.
605:
1064:
is a substantial part of the region's economy, and various
949:
spices are grown close to the house, while tubers such as
1164:. There are also airstrips at Ambam, Campo, Ebolowa, and
2105:
Cameroon: Administrative Division population statistics
827:(Bakolle) are a coastal people north of Kribi, and the
807:(Numba) tribe inhabits portions of the interior around
737:
tribes that are collectively known as the Beti-Pahuin (
1602:
German-built building at Ambam, today used as a school
368:
deposits occur along this line. The soil is primarily
552:. All of these are becoming increasingly rare due to
506:. Much of this land has been intensely exploited for
404:. All of these rivers empty into the Atlantic Ocean.
2082:"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab"
1108:
The South also has a fair amount of mineral wealth.
1028:. Hunters traditionally utilise basic tools such as
745:. All of these groups speak various dialects of the
331:
In 2008, the President of the Republic of Cameroon,
2498:
2443:
2412:
2343:
1567:. Other Europeans followed the Portuguese, and the
1177:beachfront town in the South, and it has an active
1017:interests that operate along the province's coast.
187:
179:
171:
166:
158:
153:
145:
140:
114:
104:
96:
42:
900:. The area's economic stronghold, however, is the
2125:Giant oil and gas fields of the decade, 1978-1988
783:. The Zaman occupy the valley of the Dja River.
880:, animists still greatly outnumber Christians.
1672:plantations at Kribi, and groundnut fields at
1507:. They were under pressure from the migrating
795:live inland a short ways. One of these is the
2313:
2206:
2178:Modern Geography of the Republic of Cameroon,
1475:is still blamed for many maladies, including
1020:Rural inhabitants of the South also practice
8:
596:
327:2008 presidential decree abolishes provinces
2581:States and territories established in 1983
2320:
2306:
2298:
2213:
2199:
2191:
1626:governor with an aggressive push to build
688:. The rest of the population lives in the
595:
299:is also important in the South, the major
39:
2173:Hong Kong: Macmillan Education Ltd, 1989.
1085:. Ebolowa was in past years an important
724:Locations of South Province ethnic groups
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
1357:(Ntem-Valley) department, governed from
494:The South is almost entirely covered in
244:), and to the south by the countries of
56:Location of South Region within Cameroon
2180:3rd ed. Bamenda: Neba Publishers, 1999.
2073:
2002:
1880:
1756:
1709:rifting associated with the breakup of
1583:, and the British sent elements of the
1233:
498:, the exception being a small tract of
186:
165:
162:47,191 km (18,221 sq mi)
152:
139:
103:
95:
60:
48:
2149:
985:, about 20 km inland from Kribi.
572:species. Other common animals include
275:The South Region has a fair amount of
1531:. The Beti-Pahuin may have practiced
1330:, where the presidentially appointed
352:of the South is made up primarily of
178:
170:
157:
144:
113:
7:
1291:Administration and social conditions
1229:Netherlands Development Organisation
764:. The Ntumu inhabit the area around
423:. These two rivers form part of the
360:. However, the land is riddled with
224:. It is bordered to the east by the
1693:The West African coast has several
1137:and then to Sangmélima, Djoum, and
455:The climate of the South Region is
1523:, who were themselves fleeing the
997:The South is also home to various
713:posts. Roofs were mostly thatched
279:, its main commerce consisting of
25:
1661:district, governed from Ebolowa.
799:, who live inland of this around
2403:
2286:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1867:
1858:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1373:(Dja and Lobo) department, with
1342:) or senior divisional officer.
1278:
1263:
1251:
1239:
741:), the Fang-Beti, or simply the
560:. More numerous are the various
535:Sanctuaire Ă Gorilles de Mangame
50:
2185:History of Cameroon Since 1800.
1999:Traditional musical instruments
1112:is mined near Campo and Kribi.
925:being common north of Ebolowa.
921:are the major crop grown, with
1217:non-governmental organisations
485:Orphaned chimpanzee near Djoum
1:
2586:1983 establishments in Africa
1753:Traditional dance accessories
1326:The capital of the region is
684:, west to Kribi, and east to
1073:. Kribi is also the site of
519:Réserve du Biosphère du Dja
435:The South Region begins at
2602:
1492:Early population movements
1122:Chad-Cameroon oil pipeline
232:, to the northwest by the
29:
2401:
2284:
2228:
1353:. Bordering this are the
1322:Divisions of South Region
989:is harvested near Campo.
705:that keep settlers away.
660:
623:—
531:Mangame Gorilla Sanctuary
61:
49:
1668:plantations at Ebolowa,
1365:department, headed from
1295:With the opening of the
1235:Places in Lobé and Kribi
896:generated by its scenic
30:Not to be confused with
18:South Province, Cameroon
2571:South Region (Cameroon)
1535:at this time, as well.
1369:. Farthest east is the
474:In lieu of traditional
2187:Limbé: Presbook, 1996.
2156:: CS1 maint: others (
1603:
1323:
842:(Babinga, Bibaya) and
725:
502:on the coast south of
486:
441:South Cameroon Plateau
297:Commercial agriculture
228:, to the north by the
217:
2183:Ngoh, Victor Julius,
2086:hdi.globaldatalab.org
2056:Towns and settlements
1725:were deposited. The
1645:French administration
1607:German administration
1601:
1321:
723:
597:Historical population
490:Plant and animal life
484:
419:and encompassing the
392:to the north and the
293:offshore oil drilling
260:peoples, such as the
236:, to the west by the
183:16/km (41/sq mi)
146: • Governor
2176:Neba, Aaron, Ph.D.,
1469:Traditional medicine
793:Makaa–Njem languages
222:Republic of Cameroon
180: • Density
2576:Regions of Cameroon
2222:Regions of Cameroon
1713:. During rifting,
1638:Jesko Von Pultkamer
1416:bacterial dysentery
1204:), found where the
1095:hydroelectric power
1044:. In modern times,
668:Settlement patterns
598:
517:. The Dja Reserve (
461:Guinea-type climate
333:President Paul Biya
321:subsistence farmers
77: /
1877:Traditional Dances
1620:Eugen Von Zimmerer
1604:
1324:
1181:and several large
993:Other food sources
965:Plantation farming
913:Sustenance farming
726:
674:population density
487:
396:to the south. The
172: • Total
159: • Total
32:Southern Cameroons
27:Region of Cameroon
2558:
2557:
2295:
2294:
1991:
1695:structural basins
1680:Post-independence
1547:European contacts
1412:amoebic dysentery
1081:mill operates in
1052:from the region.
665:
664:
425:Congo River basin
246:Equatorial Guinea
206:
205:
37:Place in Cameroon
16:(Redirected from
2593:
2407:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2192:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2147:
2120:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2078:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
1993:
1992:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1742:Upper Cretaceous
1731:Lower Cretaceous
1727:Sanaga Sud Field
1616:Julius Von Soden
1285:Kribi Down Beach
1282:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1097:stations on the
999:animal husbandry
848:hunter-gatherers
612:
607:
599:
527:RĂ©serve du Campo
354:metamorphic rock
198:
92:
91:
89:
88:
87:
82:
81:2.500°N 11.750°E
78:
75:
74:
73:
70:
54:
40:
21:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2494:
2439:
2408:
2399:
2339:
2326:
2296:
2291:
2282:
2224:
2219:
2166:
2165:
2148:
2136:
2122:
2121:
2110:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1994:
1983:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1750:
1691:
1682:
1647:
1609:
1549:
1494:
1489:
1483:in many cases.
1432:schistosomiasis
1404:
1391:
1316:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1274:
1268:
1259:
1256:
1247:
1244:
1174:
1130:
1058:
1034:bows and arrows
995:
967:
915:
910:
886:
860:
789:
755:
731:
670:
594:
515:nature reserves
492:
453:
433:
382:
356:, particularly
346:
341:
329:
234:Littoral Region
196:
195:
149:Bernard Wongolo
85:
83:
79:
76:
71:
68:
66:
64:
63:
57:
45:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2599:
2597:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2414:Vallée-du-Ntem
2410:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2164:
2163:
2134:
2108:
2097:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1981:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1848:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1767:
1765:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1646:
1643:
1608:
1605:
1548:
1545:
1497:Archaeological
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1403:
1400:
1396:primary school
1390:
1387:
1355:Vallée-du-Ntem
1315:
1312:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1227:projects. The
1202:chutes de Lobé
1173:
1170:
1129:
1128:Transportation
1126:
1057:
1054:
1007:cattle rearing
994:
991:
966:
963:
958:slash and burn
914:
911:
909:
906:
885:
882:
867:Roman Catholic
859:
856:
846:tribes. These
788:
785:
754:
751:
730:
727:
669:
666:
663:
662:
658:
657:
654:
651:
647:
646:
643:
640:
636:
635:
632:
629:
625:
624:
621:
618:
614:
613:
608:
603:
593:
590:
491:
488:
452:
449:
432:
429:
381:
378:
345:
342:
340:
337:
328:
325:
313:Cattle rearing
242:Atlantic Ocean
238:Gulf of Guinea
204:
203:
192:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
173:
169:
168:
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
138:
137:
135:Vallée-du-Ntem
118:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
43:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2598:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2289:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2169:Fanso, V.G.,
2168:
2167:
2159:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2135:0-89181-333-0
2131:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:clastic rocks
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:Late Jurassic
1696:
1688:
1686:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1459:typhoid fever
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1377:its capital.
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1290:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
964:
962:
959:
954:
952:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
912:
907:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
883:
881:
879:
875:
871:
868:
864:
857:
855:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
822:
821:Grand Batanga
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
786:
784:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
758:
752:
750:
748:
747:Beti language
744:
740:
736:
728:
722:
718:
716:
712:
706:
704:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
667:
659:
655:
652:
649:
648:
644:
641:
638:
637:
633:
630:
627:
626:
622:
619:
616:
615:
609:
604:
601:
600:
591:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:deforestation
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:Campo Reserve
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
489:
483:
479:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
450:
448:
446:
442:
438:
430:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
379:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
343:
338:
336:
334:
326:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
240:(part of the
239:
235:
231:
230:Centre Region
227:
223:
219:
218:RĂ©gion du Sud
215:
211:
202:
193:
190:
182:
174:
161:
148:
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
119:
117:
110:
107:
99:
90:
86:2.500; 11.750
62:Coordinates:
53:
41:
33:
19:
2490:Ngoulemakong
2333:South Region
2332:
2267:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2124:
2100:
2089:. Retrieved
2085:
2076:
2048:
1740:overlain by
1726:
1711:Gondwanaland
1692:
1683:
1663:
1648:
1636:
1632:
1622:followed as
1610:
1593:palm kernels
1574:
1550:
1537:
1505:Sanaga River
1502:
1495:
1463:
1455:tuberculosis
1447:dengue fever
1440:
1405:
1392:
1379:
1344:
1339:
1336:départements
1335:
1325:
1301:
1294:
1271:
1214:
1201:
1195:
1175:
1151:
1131:
1107:
1059:
1019:
1001:operations.
996:
968:
955:
947:
916:
887:
870:missionaries
863:Presbyterian
861:
833:
790:
787:Other tribes
770:
759:
756:
739:BĂ©ti-Pahouin
738:
732:
707:
671:
592:Demographics
539:
534:
526:
518:
512:
493:
473:
454:
434:
406:
383:
347:
330:
274:
210:South Region
209:
207:
120:
44:South Region
2518:Meyomessala
2500:Dja-et-Lobo
2458:Biwong-Bulu
2453:Biwong-Bane
1717:and marine
1655:World War I
1628:plantations
1533:cannibalism
1428:hepatitis A
1420:brucellosis
1371:Dja-et-Lobo
1308:Titus Edzoa
1272:Débarcadère
1225:habituation
1219:to develop
1210:Elogbatindi
1114:Natural gas
908:Agriculture
890:plantations
753:Beti-Pahuin
542:chimpanzees
496:rain forest
445:Ntem Massif
421:Dja Reserve
370:ferrallitic
258:Beti-Pahuin
226:East Region
123:Dja-et-Lobo
116:Departments
84: /
2565:Categories
2544:Sangmélima
2538:Sangmélima
2091:2018-09-13
2068:References
1723:evaporites
1707:Cenomanian
1585:Royal Navy
1553:Portuguese
1473:Witchcraft
1451:falariasis
1438:epidemic.
1408:sanitation
1375:Sangmélima
1361:, and the
1314:Government
1302:President
1258:Lobé Falls
1246:Lobe Beach
1221:ecotourism
1206:Lobé River
1198:Lobé Falls
1191:Mami Water
1166:Sangmélima
1011:tsetse fly
931:groundnuts
809:Bandévouri
703:blackflies
699:mosquitoes
686:Sangmélima
580:and other
578:porcupines
301:cash crops
167:Population
141:Government
2523:Meyomessi
2273:Southwest
2263:Northwest
2248:Far North
2152:cite book
1649:In 1916,
1581:abolition
1561:kola nuts
1559:, ivory,
1529:Lom River
1465:Hospitals
1389:Education
1304:Paul Biya
1179:nightlife
1091:elephants
1026:gathering
971:cash crop
919:Plantains
574:pangolins
550:elephants
467:south to
437:sea level
339:Geography
201:3rd of 10
2485:Mvangane
2435:Kyé-Ossi
2385:Lolodorf
2380:Lokundje
2337:Cameroon
2329:Communes
2253:Littoral
2144:26515759
1624:colonial
1332:governor
1187:Undertow
1135:Mbalmayo
1110:Iron ore
1105:rivers.
1079:palm oil
1077:, and a
1075:sawmills
1056:Industry
1050:bushmeat
987:Palm oil
923:cocoyams
892:and the
858:Religion
844:Beye'ele
813:Lolodorf
801:Eboundja
690:villages
554:poaching
546:gorillas
500:mangrove
390:Lokounje
380:Drainage
277:industry
100:Cameroon
2550:Zoétélé
2546:(rural)
2540:(urban)
2508:Bengbis
2480:Mengong
2475:Efoulan
2471:(rural)
2469:Ebolowa
2465:(urban)
2463:Ebolowa
2390:Mvengue
2376:(rural)
2370:(urban)
2358:Bipindi
2353:Akom II
2233:Adamawa
1748:Culture
1715:fluvial
1689:Geology
1659:Akoafim
1612:Germany
1577:British
1517:Babouti
1487:History
1443:Malaria
1436:cholera
1424:giardia
1367:Ebolowa
1328:Ebolowa
1172:Tourism
1162:airport
1066:logging
1022:hunting
1015:fishing
1003:Poultry
975:Ebolowa
951:cassava
898:beaches
894:tourism
884:Economy
874:animist
852:Bipindi
838:of the
836:pygmies
781:Fifinda
777:Bivouba
682:Ebolowa
678:Yaoundé
661:source:
653:749,552
642:634,655
631:373,798
620:315,202
611:±% p.a.
582:rodents
508:logging
476:seasons
451:Climate
417:Bengbis
374:Ebolowa
366:granite
317:fishing
281:logging
175:749,552
109:Ebolowa
105:Capital
97:Country
72:11°45′E
2528:Mintom
2430:Olamze
2238:Centre
2142:
2132:
1734:shales
1703:Albian
1674:Batoke
1666:coffee
1651:France
1591:, and
1589:rubber
1565:slaves
1563:, and
1557:pepper
1519:, and
1457:, and
1430:, and
1402:Health
1340:préfet
1183:hotels
1143:Megong
1139:Mintom
1071:Douala
1062:Timber
1040:, and
1038:knives
1030:spears
979:Rubber
956:These
935:manioc
829:Bakola
825:Bakolo
823:. The
815:. The
805:Ngumba
803:. The
729:People
715:raffia
711:bamboo
656:+1.68%
645:+2.98%
634:+1.56%
586:genets
584:, and
568:, and
562:monkey
548:, and
469:Ebodjé
457:Type A
431:Relief
362:faults
358:gneiss
309:rubber
303:being
291:, and
289:mining
285:timber
268:, and
262:Ewondo
252:, and
214:French
197:medium
191:(2017)
69:2°30′N
2533:Oveng
2513:Djoum
2445:Mvila
2426:Ma'an
2422:Ambam
2395:Niete
2374:Kribi
2368:Kribi
2363:Campo
2345:Océan
2268:South
2258:North
2062:Oveng
1738:sands
1721:plus
1569:Dutch
1541:Nyong
1525:Fulbe
1521:Gbaya
1406:Poor
1382:clans
1363:Mvila
1359:Ambam
1351:Kribi
1347:Océan
1270:Kibi
1158:Campo
1154:Kribi
1103:Ma'an
1087:ivory
1042:traps
983:Njété
943:beans
927:Maize
878:Mbéle
817:Mabea
773:cocoa
766:Ambam
762:Djoum
735:Bantu
694:towns
504:Campo
465:Kribi
402:Campo
386:Nyong
305:cocoa
254:Congo
250:Gabon
194:0.608
131:Océan
127:Mvila
2278:West
2243:East
2158:link
2140:OCLC
2130:ISBN
2049:MvĂŞt
1736:and
1670:palm
1575:The
1513:Mbum
1509:Vute
1481:AIDS
1479:and
1345:The
1297:Chad
1212:, .
1156:and
1147:Edéa
1101:and
1099:Ntem
1083:Lobé
1046:guns
1024:and
939:yams
902:port
865:and
840:Baka
797:Mabi
779:and
743:Fang
701:and
692:and
650:2015
639:2005
628:1987
617:1976
606:Pop.
602:Year
570:bird
556:and
413:Lobo
411:and
407:The
398:Ntem
394:Lobé
350:soil
348:The
344:Land
315:and
307:and
270:Bulu
266:Fang
208:The
154:Area
2331:of
1701:to
1477:HIV
1118:oil
811:to
566:bat
459:or
409:Dja
189:HDI
2567::
2335:,
2154:}}
2150:{{
2138:.
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1032:,
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287:,
283:,
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