1295:, himself a Bulu from a village near Sangmélima, enjoys widespread support in the South due to its place as the heart of Bululand. However, Biya has often been accused of showing favouritism toward members of the Bulu and closely related Beti groups, and a disproportionate number of Bulu and Beti today work in the civil service, in government posts, or in state-owned businesses. On the other hand, Biya has repeatedly shown intolerance of any opposition from his Bulu-Beti base. In 1996, for example, South Region native and Biya aide
710:
1254:
1242:
41:
1588:
1308:
2032:
2277:
2394:
1883:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
471:
1874:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
2014:
1750:
1230:
1269:
1858:
1910:
1901:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1892:
1516:(Fula). The Beti-Pahuin were more militarily advanced than the natives they encountered, and they easily subdued and assimilated these peoples or else pushed them away, as with the Ngumba and Mabea, descendants of the Maka and Njem, who had traveled southwest toward the coast when the Beti-Pahuin had first encountered them a century earlier north of the
2023:
1919:
2005:
1996:
1964:
1955:
526:) covers 1,224 km² on the Gabon border. In these more virgin areas, the forest is composed of multiple levels. Tall trees about 40 metres high make up the highest stratum. Below these lie smaller, thinner trees with leaves clustered at their tops. The forest bed has very little vegetation as little sunlight penetrates to it.
467:, the Guinea-type climate affords alternating dry and wet periods. The year begins in a long dry season that lasts from December to May. This is followed by a light wet season from May to June and a short dry season from July to October. A heavy wet season begins around October and lasts through November.
1560:
became the most active by the 17th century. Minor trading centers emerged, including Kribi and Campo. Trade was carried out on the
Europeans' ships, allowing the coastal tribes to set themselves up as go-betweens, finding slaves from the interior and distributing goods obtained from the Europeans. In
1165:
The South sees a good number of tourists due largely to its long, white-sand beaches. These run along the entire coastline, though the easiest to reach are at Kribi and Lobé. Kribi is the most popular destination due to its accessibility from Douala and Yaoundé via paved roads. It is also the largest
1673:
Upon
Cameroon's independence in 1960, the present-day Centre and South Provinces were one territory called the Centre-South. In 1982, Paul Biya became the second president of Cameroon. One of his first moves was to separate the Centre-South into the modern Centre and South Provinces in August, 1983.
949:
methods provide high yields the first year or two, but they eventually drain the soil of fertility. This necessitates the clearing of more farmland every few years, as this exhausted land can remain infertile for up to ten years. This presents little problem in the South's more underpopulated areas,
1488:
finds in the areas of Kribi and Lobé attest to human presence in the territory of the South
Province since prehistory. Of the area's current inhabitants, the earliest to arrive were the Pygmies, who moved in from further south and east in ancient times and lived for centuries as hunter-gatherers in
1382:
There are 972 schools in the territory. Most of these are located in the area's larger towns and villages. Attendance numbers diminish as one moves into the area's frontiers, particularly the vast, forested areas south of
Ebolowa and Sangmélima. Here, students are expected to walk long distances to
1622:
As the
Germans consolidated their power and conscripted workers, they faced resistance from the indigenous peoples. Of Cameroon's southern groups, the Bulu revolted first in 1891 in protest over their loss to the Germans of their lucrative trade position. Von Zimmerer's army finally suppressed the
937:
Traditional farms are placed in forest plots that are cleared with basic tools such as axes, hoes, and machetes. This is done during the dry season, and the resulting brush is then burned, with care taken to preserve any fruit trees. Planting occurs at the start of the wet season. Vegetables and
1121:
For a region so heavily forested, the South has a fairly developed transportation network. Four main roads service the greater area of the region. The first of these, National Road 2, runs from Yaoundé to Ambam and then to the border with Gabon and
Equatorial Guinea. National Road 7 is located
1057:
companies have operations in the area. However, because the largest trees within the South itself have mostly been harvested, the region is increasingly being used as a transport network for logging vehicles from
Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Congo on their way to the ports of Kribi and
1619:, particularly to grow cocoa. Much of the road infrastructure of the province dates from Von Zimmerer's time, since the Germans needed a means of travelling along the coast and from plantation to plantation. It was largely the native population who was forced to build these improvements.
1527:
Once across the Sanaga, in present-day East and Centre
Provinces, the various tribal groups settled individually in family groups, or clans. The Ntumu, Fang, and Mvae moved toward the Dja valley and into present-day Gabon while the Bulu travelled west along the
1629:
became governor of German
Kamerun in 1895. He accelerated the creation of plantations through the southern forest zone, which created more need for conscripted native labourers. In 1907, the Ewondo rebelled once more, but the Germans again suppressed them.
1584:. Under the British, trade was conducted on land, and Europeans quickly set up bases along the coast. For example, a trading post was opened in Grand Batanga in 1828 to service the lower Cameroonian coastline. Slaves continued to be traded clandestinely.
697:
Tradition settlements in the Centre are placed along roads, resulting in large numbers of houses near the road with forest beginning directly behind them. The traditional house is a rectangular structure made of mud bricks and thin, wooden or
1665:. They also continued Germany's policy of propping up puppet chiefs of the various native peoples. The French greatly expanded the road network through the region and improved the port at Kribi, albeit still with native forced labour.
1973:
1288:-Cameroon pipeline in 2003, the population of the South Region only promises to grow as more industry moves to the area, particularly the coast, making the South an important target for Cameroonian politicians.
1373:
under a single patriarch. During the French colonial period, the Bulu formed a tribal union of their various clans. Today, these elders hold little actual power, and most such positions are merely honorary.
1623:
rebellion in 1895. That same year, the Ewondo rose up until the colonials were able to suppress them in 1896. Germany also replaced native chiefs with more sympathetic ones when they deemed it necessary.
685:
built around the roads that criss-cross the terrain. In contrast, the vast tracts of jungle that have little or no road access are scarcely populated. The forest area is also plagued by disease-carrying
1138:
in the
Littoral Province. Of these, the route from Edéa to Kribi and from Ebolowa and Sangmélima to Yaoundé are paved. All other roads in the province are dirt, and thus subject to weather conditions.
1197:
empties into the Atlantic. Local artists and vendors frequent the area around the falls, as do drivers offering to take passengers to Kribi or 65 km further south to see the Lala Pygmy village
843:, and Kribi. These pygmy groups are becoming increasingly sedentary, however, taking up lifestyles very similar to their Beti-Pahuin and Makaa–Njem-speaking neighbours and intermarrying with them.
2308:
1979:
1977:
1974:
757:, also on the southern border. The Mvang (or Mvae) occupy the regions directly east and west of the Ntumu. These tribal groups have many more members in Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Congo.
1978:
942:, cocoyams, and yams are planted with plantains in larger fields further into the forest. Plots are fertilised with farmyard manure. Farmers harvest at the beginning of the next dry season.
189:
1037:
are increasingly used as well. This latter development has led to a great depopulation of many animal species, especially as demand has risen in urban centers such as Yaoundé for
746:
The Beti portion of the group is primarily situated in the Centre Province, but large numbers of Ewondo and Bane inhabit the Ntem and the Dja and Lobo divisions of the South.
2569:
1976:
324:
signed decrees abolishing "Provinces" and replacing them with "Regions". Hence, all of the country's ten provinces are now known as Regions. This was to be the end of South.
839:
roam the forests of the region, particularly the area at the center and southeast of the province from Ebolowa to Ambam and Djoum with the Lala on the coast near Lolodorf,
452:. Humidity is high, and precipitation averages 1500–2000 mm per year in the interior and 2000–3000 mm per year in the coastal region. The coast from the north of
962:
for the entire region, with 80% of the arable land of Dja and Lobo division and Ocean division dedicated to raising it. Major cocoa collection facilities are located in
1369:
The Beti-Pahuin and other ethnic groups in the South have little traditional political organisational structure. Instead, groups of families are loosely organised into
1113:, which was completed in June 2004. The pipe's mouth is located just south of Kribi, a fact that promises to bring in high revenues for both Cameroon and the province.
2301:
2117:. Michel Thomas Halbouty, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Norske stats oljeselskap. Tulsa, Okla.: American Association of Petroleum Geologists. 1992.
1399:
is perhaps the South Region's greatest health hazard. Many villages have no access to running water, and even areas that do have it must contend with outbreaks of
2201:
760:
The Bulu form the third group with about a third of the total Beti-Pahuin population. They are further broken down into the Bulu proper, who inhabit the rich
1212:
in the South. These efforts are largely concentrated on the area's two major parks, the Dja and Campo Reserves, both of which are bases for various gorilla
2294:
432:
with elevations of 500 to 1000 metres above sea level. Rocky promontories on the coast and rolling, tree-covered hills inland characterize the land. The
861:
converted most of the peoples of the region by 1939. Traditional beliefs are still strong, however, and large numbers of people still adhere to various
1383:
attend school each day, or else to stay with relatives or alone in towns where schools are located. This problem is not as pronounced at the level of
460:
gets as much as 4000 mm of rain per year. Temperatures are relatively high as well, averaging 24Ëš C and 26Ëš C from Kribi north along the coast.
1217:
54:
1434:-bearing mosquitoes are one such pest, and the disease is a major health hazard in the region. Other parasitic diseases found in the South include
1975:
764:
producing area from Kribi to Ebolowa and east through Sangmélima and Djoum. Inland from Kribi live the Pahuin proper, centered on the villages of
2574:
1105:
is found offshore of Campo, and a Kribi-based plant has been processing this since the 1980s. Perhaps the region's most lucrative resource is
828:
245:. The South occupies 47,720 km of territory, making it the fourth largest region in the nation. The major ethnic groups are the various
1646:. Under French administration, the present South Province fell into the Kribi-Lolodorf-Campo district, governed from Kribi, and the Ebolowa-
1185:
Lobé, only a few kilometres south of Kribi, is another popular spot with tourists due to its even more isolated beaches and the picturesque
1178:
is a significant problem, however, and several bathers drown on Kribi's beaches each year, a fact the locals personify as the siren-like "
1387:, as these tend to be more widely distributed even in the remoter areas. Nevertheless, all schools in the region tend to be overcrowded.
808:(Maboa), also have pockets or territory. Non-Makaa–Njem-speaking groups include the Batanga, who occupy the coastal region from Kribi to
749:
The Fang group lives close to the province's southern borders. The Fang proper are inland on the border with Equatorial Guinea and near
428:
on the coast. The land slowly climbs throughout the Kribi-Douala basin, which averages 300–600 metres in altitude, until it reaches the
1576:
in 1827 to the Cameroonian coast to prevent further slave trading. Merchants were instead encouraged to trade in items such as ivory,
1569:
1220:
runs another project that takes travellers to the Campo Reserve and then to traditional homes in Ebodjé, a village 25 km north.
2194:
2122:
1603:
annexed the Cameroons in 1884, and for the first few years, they were only interested in the coastal area. Explorers under Governor
2559:
1561:
fact, the Beti-Pahuin migration was still taking place during this time, allowing the Bulu to set themselves in such a position.
820:
live inland from the border with Equatorial Guinea to Ngumba territory. Most of these tribes have their own distinct languages.
510:) covers 5,260 km² in the northeastern portion of the province and the south-central portion of the neighbouring East. The
40:
1134:
before crossing the border to Gabon. Other major roads cover the stretches between Mbalmayo and Ebolowa and between Kribi and
1205:
250:
1460:
is thus still the major source of treatment for many of the South's citizens, particularly those in more remote locations.
1182:". The undertow at Campo is less dangerous, though the difficult road to reach that town keeps most holiday-seekers away.
1109:. This, too, is found off the coast of Campo. But more importantly, the South Province is located at the terminus of the
2564:
2187:
893:
of Kribi, which services the Gulf of Guinea. Campo, near the border with Equatorial Guinea, is another important port.
2261:
2251:
2236:
1122:
completely in the South, travelling along the coast from Kribi to Campo. National Road 9 comes south from Yaoundé via
665:
is about seven inhabitants per square km. The most populous area is the central region south of Cameroon's capital,
2241:
2146:
1253:
222:
1299:
announced his candidacy for the presidency and was arrested on embezzlement charges, apparently at Biya's urging.
1110:
781:
389:, or Campo, rises in the east of the region and flows along or just north of the southern border to the town of
2226:
1568:
supplanted the Dutch as the pre-eminent traders in the region by the 19th century. This was also the period of
519:
218:
2160:
Cameroon History for Secondary Schools and Colleges, Vol. 1: From Prehistoric Times to the Nineteenth Century.
377:, which forms part of the border with the Littoral. The coastal Ocean division is drained by two rivers, the
2246:
177:
104:
1241:
365:, where it is mixed. Due to high amounts of leaching, the South's red earth is only marginally productive.
2266:
2231:
1175:
429:
214:
1626:
1404:
449:
2276:
242:
1544:
ships first explored it in 1472. The Portuguese set up trade with the natives, collecting particularly
1082:
in modern times have dampened this part of the economy. Much of the South's electricity is produced in
1718:, located in the Douala Basin, was discovered with the Sanaga Sud A-1 well in 1979, and produces from
529:
The southern rain forest supports abundant wildlife, including some of Cameroon's last populations of
2317:
1457:
1167:
1091:
499:, however, allowing sunlight to penetrate to the forest floor and for thick undergrowth to flourish.
2393:
995:
958:
The South's equatorial climate makes it suitable for large plantations, as well. Cocoa is the major
378:
2210:
1492:
The Beti-Pahuin Bantu groups entered the area in the 19th century from the northeast, south of the
1083:
1014:
793:
511:
309:
1607:
were the first to penetrate into the southern interior when they pushed in to Beti lands in 1887.
832:
2140:
2031:
1608:
907:
662:
433:
20:
1439:
1268:
1194:
1186:
998:
takes place inland from Kribi, as well, though the area's thick forests and the presence of the
797:
382:
709:
2402:
2368:
2128:
2118:
1521:
1400:
1343:
855:
789:
413:
281:
265:
234:
123:
1653:
The French maintained the various German-founded plantations and started new ones, including
1647:
1505:
1229:
780:
Several non-Pahuin tribes also inhabit parts of the South. Several related peoples who speak
765:
1730:
1719:
1683:
1662:
1604:
1327:), also called divisions, each under the supervision of a presidentially appointed prefect (
1131:
987:
813:
706:
palm in the past, but they are more often made of corrugated aluminium, iron, or tin today.
518:) covers 2,640 km² in the southwest on the border with Equatorial Guinea. Finally, the
457:
361:
except for southwestern portions near the border with Equatorial Guinea and moving north to
342:
2538:
1456:
and clinics are fairly widespread, but they are mostly located in larger towns and cities.
1049:
With ocean access and vast tracts of forest, the South is home to a good deal of industry.
971:
866:
2351:
2050:
1587:
1420:
1307:
1146:
1071:
1030:
927:
851:
836:
538:
492:
390:
202:
2221:
1430:
As it is almost entirely forested, the South supports many disease-carrying organisms.
1384:
946:
865:
beliefs, often in tandem with Christian beliefs. In some areas, such as the village of
574:
503:
445:
350:
230:
226:
2553:
2532:
2526:
2286:
1687:
1565:
1447:
1363:
1154:
1022:
809:
735:
723:
674:
546:
2093:
1489:
the forests. The Batanga arrived and settled the coastal areas in the 18th century.
2478:
1707:
1699:
1686:, along with counterparts along the South American margin, which formed during the
1545:
1509:
1493:
1443:
1435:
738:. In addition, most inhabitants of the more populated areas can also speak French.
308:
are significant economic components, as well. Much of the population is made up of
301:
285:
1882:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1821:
877:
The South is one of Cameroon's most economically robust areas due to its numerous
353:
around the border with the Centre Province that arc toward the border with Congo;
2506:
2488:
2446:
2441:
2423:
1873:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1643:
1612:
1581:
1557:
1540:
Europeans knew the entire western coast of the present-day South Province since
1529:
1513:
1485:
1416:
1408:
1359:
1296:
1213:
1198:
1102:
1075:
1002:
prevents larger-scale operations. Kribi is also the base for various commercial
731:
484:
470:
409:
374:
358:
254:
246:
111:
2070:
2013:
1749:
906:
The majority of farming in the South Province is done on the sustenance level.
404:
Rivers flow through the easternmost division of the region, splitting south of
373:
Several river systems drain the South Region. The northernmost of these is the
1695:
1616:
1573:
1461:
1396:
1209:
1179:
1087:
999:
878:
858:
761:
666:
530:
401:
386:
293:
69:
56:
2511:
2132:
1711:
1658:
1517:
1338:
department is the farthest west, located on the coast and administered from
1292:
1106:
959:
823:
The South is also home to some of Cameroon's oldest continuous inhabitants,
691:
566:
425:
397:
321:
289:
1857:
1909:
1900:
2473:
2373:
2333:
2325:
2112:
1549:
1541:
1453:
1335:
1320:
1123:
1098:
1079:
1067:
1038:
975:
801:
687:
562:
542:
488:
210:
119:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1891:
1733:
shales. The gas-water contact shows up as a seismic amplitude event. .
1642:
gained control of most of Germany's Cameroonian territory at the end of
258:
2496:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2378:
2346:
2341:
2022:
1918:
1703:
1600:
1553:
1431:
1424:
1412:
1355:
1316:
1150:
1135:
1063:
1054:
1034:
1010:
1003:
991:
963:
939:
882:
862:
840:
769:
678:
670:
599:
534:
502:
Today, the only relatively untouched forest is located in a handful of
496:
405:
362:
354:
305:
269:
97:
2179:
2004:
1323:
has his offices. The region is further divided into four departments (
661:
Over 324,000 Cameroonians live in the South Province, and the overall
2516:
2418:
1691:
1654:
1639:
1577:
1141:
The South is also accessible via sea and air. The major seaports are
1127:
1059:
1050:
967:
923:
919:
817:
703:
699:
570:
550:
464:
346:
297:
277:
273:
1995:
1963:
722:
The majority of the inhabitants of the South are members of various
1954:
1423:. In 2004, the relatively developed town of Kribi suffered a major
2521:
2501:
2433:
2410:
2383:
2362:
2356:
1722:
1586:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1306:
1171:
1142:
1026:
1018:
915:
886:
824:
754:
750:
708:
469:
453:
238:
209:) is located in the southwestern and south-central portion of the
115:
1149:, though Kribi is busier. Kribi is also the site of the regional
950:
but can pose difficulties in areas of higher population density.
1726:
1501:
1497:
1469:
1370:
1285:
1204:
In addition, the Cameroonian government is working with various
1078:-working center, but government regulations and the scarcity of
931:
911:
890:
805:
785:
682:
558:
338:
2290:
2183:
970:
is another important crop, and a major operation is located at
1465:
554:
1130:. Finally, National Road 17 begins at Sangmélima and goes to
994:
farms operate in the towns of Ebolowa and Sangmélima. Modest
934:, and other foodstuffs are raised in more modest quantities.
669:, in the neighbouring Centre Province and extending south to
436:
near Ebolowa is the province's highest point at 1400 metres.
1532:
to their present territory. The Beti formed the final wave.
594:
1053:
is a substantial part of the region's economy, and various
938:
spices are grown close to the house, while tubers such as
1153:. There are also airstrips at Ambam, Campo, Ebolowa, and
2094:
Cameroon: Administrative Division population statistics
816:(Bakolle) are a coastal people north of Kribi, and the
796:(Numba) tribe inhabits portions of the interior around
726:
tribes that are collectively known as the Beti-Pahuin (
1591:
German-built building at Ambam, today used as a school
357:
deposits occur along this line. The soil is primarily
541:. All of these are becoming increasingly rare due to
495:. Much of this land has been intensely exploited for
393:. All of these rivers empty into the Atlantic Ocean.
2071:"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab"
1097:
The South also has a fair amount of mineral wealth.
1017:. Hunters traditionally utilise basic tools such as
734:. All of these groups speak various dialects of the
320:
In 2008, the President of the Republic of Cameroon,
2487:
2432:
2401:
2332:
1556:. Other Europeans followed the Portuguese, and the
1166:beachfront town in the South, and it has an active
1006:interests that operate along the province's coast.
176:
168:
160:
155:
147:
142:
134:
129:
103:
93:
85:
31:
889:. The area's economic stronghold, however, is the
2114:Giant oil and gas fields of the decade, 1978-1988
772:. The Zaman occupy the valley of the Dja River.
869:, animists still greatly outnumber Christians.
1661:plantations at Kribi, and groundnut fields at
1496:. They were under pressure from the migrating
784:live inland a short ways. One of these is the
2302:
2195:
2167:Modern Geography of the Republic of Cameroon,
1464:is still blamed for many maladies, including
1009:Rural inhabitants of the South also practice
8:
585:
316:2008 presidential decree abolishes provinces
2570:States and territories established in 1983
2309:
2295:
2287:
2202:
2188:
2180:
1615:governor with an aggressive push to build
677:. The rest of the population lives in the
584:
288:is also important in the South, the major
28:
2162:Hong Kong: Macmillan Education Ltd, 1989.
1074:. Ebolowa was in past years an important
713:Locations of South Province ethnic groups
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
1346:(Ntem-Valley) department, governed from
483:The South is almost entirely covered in
233:), and to the south by the countries of
45:Location of South Region within Cameroon
2169:3rd ed. Bamenda: Neba Publishers, 1999.
2062:
1991:
1869:
1745:
1698:rifting associated with the breakup of
1572:, and the British sent elements of the
1222:
487:, the exception being a small tract of
175:
154:
151:47,191 km (18,221 sq mi)
141:
128:
92:
84:
49:
37:
2138:
974:, about 20 km inland from Kribi.
561:species. Other common animals include
264:The South Region has a fair amount of
1520:. The Beti-Pahuin may have practiced
1319:, where the presidentially appointed
341:of the South is made up primarily of
167:
159:
146:
133:
102:
7:
1280:Administration and social conditions
1218:Netherlands Development Organisation
753:. The Ntumu inhabit the area around
412:. These two rivers form part of the
349:. However, the land is riddled with
213:. It is bordered to the east by the
1682:The West African coast has several
1126:and then to Sangmélima, Djoum, and
444:The climate of the South Region is
1512:, who were themselves fleeing the
986:The South is also home to various
702:posts. Roofs were mostly thatched
268:, its main commerce consisting of
14:
1650:district, governed from Ebolowa.
788:, who live inland of this around
2392:
2275:
2030:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1362:(Dja and Lobo) department, with
1331:) or senior divisional officer.
1267:
1252:
1240:
1228:
730:), the Fang-Beti, or simply the
549:. More numerous are the various
524:Sanctuaire Ă Gorilles de Mangame
39:
2174:History of Cameroon Since 1800.
1988:Traditional musical instruments
1101:is mined near Campo and Kribi.
914:being common north of Ebolowa.
910:are the major crop grown, with
1206:non-governmental organisations
474:Orphaned chimpanzee near Djoum
1:
2575:1983 establishments in Africa
1742:Traditional dance accessories
1315:The capital of the region is
673:, west to Kribi, and east to
1062:. Kribi is also the site of
508:Réserve du Biosphère du Dja
424:The South Region begins at
2591:
1481:Early population movements
1111:Chad-Cameroon oil pipeline
221:, to the northwest by the
18:
2390:
2273:
2217:
1342:. Bordering this are the
1311:Divisions of South Region
978:is harvested near Campo.
694:that keep settlers away.
649:
612:—
520:Mangame Gorilla Sanctuary
50:
38:
1657:plantations at Ebolowa,
1354:department, headed from
1284:With the opening of the
1224:Places in Lobé and Kribi
885:generated by its scenic
19:Not to be confused with
2560:South Region (Cameroon)
1524:at this time, as well.
1358:. Farthest east is the
463:In lieu of traditional
2176:Limbé: Presbook, 1996.
2145:: CS1 maint: others (
1592:
1312:
831:(Babinga, Bibaya) and
714:
491:on the coast south of
475:
430:South Cameroon Plateau
286:Commercial agriculture
217:, to the north by the
206:
2172:Ngoh, Victor Julius,
2075:hdi.globaldatalab.org
2045:Towns and settlements
1714:were deposited. The
1634:French administration
1596:German administration
1590:
1310:
712:
586:Historical population
479:Plant and animal life
473:
408:and encompassing the
381:to the north and the
282:offshore oil drilling
249:peoples, such as the
225:, to the west by the
172:16/km (41/sq mi)
135: • Governor
2165:Neba, Aaron, Ph.D.,
1458:Traditional medicine
782:Makaa–Njem languages
211:Republic of Cameroon
169: • Density
2565:Regions of Cameroon
2211:Regions of Cameroon
1702:. During rifting,
1627:Jesko Von Pultkamer
1405:bacterial dysentery
1193:), found where the
1084:hydroelectric power
1033:. In modern times,
657:Settlement patterns
587:
506:. The Dja Reserve (
450:Guinea-type climate
322:President Paul Biya
310:subsistence farmers
66: /
1866:Traditional Dances
1609:Eugen Von Zimmerer
1593:
1313:
1170:and several large
982:Other food sources
954:Plantation farming
902:Sustenance farming
715:
663:population density
476:
385:to the south. The
161: • Total
148: • Total
21:Southern Cameroons
16:Region of Cameroon
2547:
2546:
2284:
2283:
1980:
1684:structural basins
1669:Post-independence
1536:European contacts
1401:amoebic dysentery
1070:mill operates in
1041:from the region.
654:
653:
414:Congo River basin
235:Equatorial Guinea
195:
194:
26:Place in Cameroon
2582:
2396:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2181:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2136:
2109:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2067:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1982:
1981:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1731:Upper Cretaceous
1720:Lower Cretaceous
1716:Sanaga Sud Field
1605:Julius Von Soden
1274:Kribi Down Beach
1271:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1086:stations on the
988:animal husbandry
837:hunter-gatherers
601:
596:
588:
516:RĂ©serve du Campo
343:metamorphic rock
187:
81:
80:
78:
77:
76:
71:
70:2.500°N 11.750°E
67:
64:
63:
62:
59:
43:
29:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2483:
2428:
2397:
2388:
2328:
2315:
2285:
2280:
2271:
2213:
2208:
2155:
2154:
2137:
2125:
2111:
2110:
2099:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2047:
2040:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1983:
1972:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1744:
1739:
1680:
1671:
1636:
1598:
1538:
1483:
1478:
1472:in many cases.
1421:schistosomiasis
1393:
1380:
1305:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1263:
1257:
1248:
1245:
1236:
1233:
1163:
1119:
1047:
1023:bows and arrows
984:
956:
904:
899:
875:
849:
778:
744:
720:
659:
583:
504:nature reserves
481:
442:
422:
371:
345:, particularly
335:
330:
318:
223:Littoral Region
185:
184:
138:Bernard Wongolo
74:
72:
68:
65:
60:
57:
55:
53:
52:
46:
34:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2588:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2403:Vallée-du-Ntem
2399:
2398:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2153:
2152:
2123:
2097:
2086:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2029:
2027:
2020:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2002:
2000:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1970:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1889:
1887:
1880:
1878:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1810:
1808:
1801:
1799:
1792:
1790:
1783:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1756:
1754:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1635:
1632:
1597:
1594:
1537:
1534:
1486:Archaeological
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1392:
1389:
1385:primary school
1379:
1376:
1344:Vallée-du-Ntem
1304:
1301:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1216:projects. The
1191:chutes de Lobé
1162:
1159:
1118:
1117:Transportation
1115:
1046:
1043:
996:cattle rearing
983:
980:
955:
952:
947:slash and burn
903:
900:
898:
895:
874:
871:
856:Roman Catholic
848:
845:
835:tribes. These
777:
774:
743:
740:
719:
716:
658:
655:
652:
651:
647:
646:
643:
640:
636:
635:
632:
629:
625:
624:
621:
618:
614:
613:
610:
607:
603:
602:
597:
592:
582:
579:
480:
477:
441:
438:
421:
418:
370:
367:
334:
331:
329:
326:
317:
314:
302:Cattle rearing
231:Atlantic Ocean
227:Gulf of Guinea
193:
192:
181:
174:
173:
170:
166:
165:
162:
158:
157:
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
140:
139:
136:
132:
131:
127:
126:
124:Vallée-du-Ntem
107:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
48:
47:
44:
36:
35:
32:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2587:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2278:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2158:Fanso, V.G.,
2157:
2156:
2148:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2124:0-89181-333-0
2120:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2087:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:clastic rocks
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:Late Jurassic
1685:
1677:
1675:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1448:typhoid fever
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1366:its capital.
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1287:
1279:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
981:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
953:
951:
948:
943:
941:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
901:
896:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
872:
870:
868:
864:
860:
857:
853:
846:
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
810:Grand Batanga
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
775:
773:
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
747:
741:
739:
737:
736:Beti language
733:
729:
725:
717:
711:
707:
705:
701:
695:
693:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
656:
648:
644:
641:
638:
637:
633:
630:
627:
626:
622:
619:
616:
615:
611:
608:
605:
604:
598:
593:
590:
589:
580:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:deforestation
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:Campo Reserve
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
478:
472:
468:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
439:
437:
435:
431:
427:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
368:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
332:
327:
325:
323:
315:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:(part of the
228:
224:
220:
219:Centre Region
216:
212:
208:
207:RĂ©gion du Sud
204:
200:
191:
182:
179:
171:
163:
150:
137:
125:
121:
117:
113:
110:
108:
106:
99:
96:
88:
79:
75:2.500; 11.750
51:Coordinates:
42:
30:
22:
2479:Ngoulemakong
2322:South Region
2321:
2256:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2113:
2089:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:
2065:
2037:
1729:overlain by
1715:
1700:Gondwanaland
1681:
1672:
1652:
1637:
1625:
1621:
1611:followed as
1599:
1582:palm kernels
1563:
1539:
1526:
1494:Sanaga River
1491:
1484:
1452:
1444:tuberculosis
1436:dengue fever
1429:
1394:
1381:
1368:
1333:
1328:
1325:départements
1324:
1314:
1290:
1283:
1260:
1203:
1190:
1184:
1164:
1140:
1120:
1096:
1048:
1008:
990:operations.
985:
957:
944:
936:
905:
876:
859:missionaries
852:Presbyterian
850:
822:
779:
776:Other tribes
759:
748:
745:
728:BĂ©ti-Pahouin
727:
721:
696:
660:
581:Demographics
528:
523:
515:
507:
501:
482:
462:
443:
423:
395:
372:
336:
319:
263:
199:South Region
198:
196:
109:
33:South Region
2507:Meyomessala
2489:Dja-et-Lobo
2447:Biwong-Bulu
2442:Biwong-Bane
1706:and marine
1644:World War I
1617:plantations
1522:cannibalism
1417:hepatitis A
1409:brucellosis
1360:Dja-et-Lobo
1297:Titus Edzoa
1261:Débarcadère
1214:habituation
1208:to develop
1199:Elogbatindi
1103:Natural gas
897:Agriculture
879:plantations
742:Beti-Pahuin
531:chimpanzees
485:rain forest
434:Ntem Massif
410:Dja Reserve
359:ferrallitic
247:Beti-Pahuin
215:East Region
112:Dja-et-Lobo
105:Departments
73: /
2554:Categories
2533:Sangmélima
2527:Sangmélima
2080:2018-09-13
2057:References
1712:evaporites
1696:Cenomanian
1574:Royal Navy
1542:Portuguese
1462:Witchcraft
1440:falariasis
1427:epidemic.
1397:sanitation
1364:Sangmélima
1350:, and the
1303:Government
1291:President
1247:Lobé Falls
1235:Lobe Beach
1210:ecotourism
1195:Lobé River
1187:Lobé Falls
1180:Mami Water
1155:Sangmélima
1000:tsetse fly
920:groundnuts
798:Bandévouri
692:blackflies
688:mosquitoes
675:Sangmélima
569:and other
567:porcupines
290:cash crops
156:Population
130:Government
2512:Meyomessi
2262:Southwest
2252:Northwest
2237:Far North
2141:cite book
1638:In 1916,
1570:abolition
1550:kola nuts
1548:, ivory,
1518:Lom River
1454:Hospitals
1378:Education
1293:Paul Biya
1168:nightlife
1080:elephants
1015:gathering
960:cash crop
908:Plantains
563:pangolins
539:elephants
456:south to
426:sea level
328:Geography
190:3rd of 10
2474:Mvangane
2424:Kyé-Ossi
2374:Lolodorf
2369:Lokundje
2326:Cameroon
2318:Communes
2242:Littoral
2133:26515759
1613:colonial
1321:governor
1176:Undertow
1124:Mbalmayo
1099:Iron ore
1094:rivers.
1068:palm oil
1066:, and a
1064:sawmills
1045:Industry
1039:bushmeat
976:Palm oil
912:cocoyams
881:and the
847:Religion
833:Beye'ele
802:Lolodorf
790:Eboundja
679:villages
543:poaching
535:gorillas
489:mangrove
379:Lokounje
369:Drainage
266:industry
89:Cameroon
2539:Zoétélé
2535:(rural)
2529:(urban)
2497:Bengbis
2469:Mengong
2464:Efoulan
2460:(rural)
2458:Ebolowa
2454:(urban)
2452:Ebolowa
2379:Mvengue
2365:(rural)
2359:(urban)
2347:Bipindi
2342:Akom II
2222:Adamawa
1737:Culture
1704:fluvial
1678:Geology
1648:Akoafim
1601:Germany
1566:British
1506:Babouti
1476:History
1432:Malaria
1425:cholera
1413:giardia
1356:Ebolowa
1317:Ebolowa
1161:Tourism
1151:airport
1055:logging
1011:hunting
1004:fishing
992:Poultry
964:Ebolowa
940:cassava
887:beaches
883:tourism
873:Economy
863:animist
841:Bipindi
827:of the
825:pygmies
770:Fifinda
766:Bivouba
671:Ebolowa
667:Yaoundé
650:source:
642:749,552
631:634,655
620:373,798
609:315,202
600:±% p.a.
571:rodents
497:logging
465:seasons
440:Climate
406:Bengbis
363:Ebolowa
355:granite
306:fishing
270:logging
164:749,552
98:Ebolowa
94:Capital
86:Country
61:11°45′E
2517:Mintom
2419:Olamze
2227:Centre
2131:
2121:
1723:shales
1692:Albian
1663:Batoke
1655:coffee
1640:France
1580:, and
1578:rubber
1554:slaves
1552:, and
1546:pepper
1508:, and
1446:, and
1419:, and
1391:Health
1329:préfet
1172:hotels
1132:Megong
1128:Mintom
1060:Douala
1051:Timber
1029:, and
1027:knives
1019:spears
968:Rubber
945:These
924:manioc
818:Bakola
814:Bakolo
812:. The
804:. The
794:Ngumba
792:. The
718:People
704:raffia
700:bamboo
645:+1.68%
634:+2.98%
623:+1.56%
575:genets
573:, and
557:, and
551:monkey
537:, and
458:Ebodjé
446:Type A
420:Relief
351:faults
347:gneiss
298:rubber
292:being
280:, and
278:mining
274:timber
257:, and
251:Ewondo
241:, and
203:French
186:medium
180:(2017)
58:2°30′N
2522:Oveng
2502:Djoum
2434:Mvila
2415:Ma'an
2411:Ambam
2384:Niete
2363:Kribi
2357:Kribi
2352:Campo
2334:Océan
2257:South
2247:North
2051:Oveng
1727:sands
1710:plus
1558:Dutch
1530:Nyong
1514:Fulbe
1510:Gbaya
1395:Poor
1371:clans
1352:Mvila
1348:Ambam
1340:Kribi
1336:Océan
1259:Kibi
1147:Campo
1143:Kribi
1092:Ma'an
1076:ivory
1031:traps
972:Njété
932:beans
916:Maize
867:Mbéle
806:Mabea
762:cocoa
755:Ambam
751:Djoum
724:Bantu
683:towns
493:Campo
454:Kribi
391:Campo
375:Nyong
294:cocoa
243:Congo
239:Gabon
183:0.608
120:Océan
116:Mvila
2267:West
2232:East
2147:link
2129:OCLC
2119:ISBN
2038:MvĂŞt
1725:and
1659:palm
1564:The
1502:Mbum
1498:Vute
1470:AIDS
1468:and
1334:The
1286:Chad
1201:, .
1145:and
1136:Edéa
1090:and
1088:Ntem
1072:Lobé
1035:guns
1013:and
928:yams
891:port
854:and
829:Baka
786:Mabi
768:and
732:Fang
690:and
681:and
639:2015
628:2005
617:1987
606:1976
595:Pop.
591:Year
559:bird
545:and
402:Lobo
400:and
396:The
387:Ntem
383:Lobé
339:soil
337:The
333:Land
304:and
296:and
259:Bulu
255:Fang
197:The
143:Area
2320:of
1690:to
1466:HIV
1107:oil
800:to
555:bat
448:or
398:Dja
178:HDI
2556::
2324:,
2143:}}
2139:{{
2127:.
2100:^
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1500:,
1450:.
1442:,
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1174:.
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1025:,
1021:,
966:.
930:,
926:,
922:,
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577:.
565:,
553:,
533:,
416:.
312:.
300:.
284:.
276:,
272:,
261:.
253:,
237:,
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188:·
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114:,
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2203:e
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2189:v
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