399:, and the miners did not accept the settlement in May 1926. However there were large stocks of coal in the country, and imports from the USA and Europe started arriving in July 1926. The strong community spirit in South Wales meant that miners there held out longer than elsewhere in the United Kingdom since it was "social suicide" to return to work. Miners began to trickle back to work in October, and in growing numbers in November, although until the strike ended there were no more than 38,000 miners working in South Wales out of a total of 250,000. On 19 November 1926 the
448:... from the information supplied by experts, it is inevitable that there will be some extension of the regulations, and the owners must try and ensure these extensions are as small as possible. Silicosis affects South Wales more than any other district in the country, and medical examination might prove many men to be suffering from silicosis who were not previously aware of it. And resultant claims for compensation would be inevitable. It is not thought to be in the interest of the trade to apply a medical examination to men at present in the employ of the owners.
281:
December, affecting 80,000 men in 200 collieries. In August–September 1893 the South Wales coal workers went on strike over a 25% wage reduction caused by the sliding scale linked to a fall in the price of coal. The strike seemed to be collapsing by 31 August 1893, when it was estimated that 60,000 miners were working, more than half the total. That day the
Emergency Committee of the Coal Owners' Association published a statement saying collieries producing half the assured output of the Association were at work.
236:
strikes. Each member subscribes beforehand—and this is important—in proportion to his output, and the function of the
Association is to regulate the action of members as to wages. ... if the men employed by a member ask for an increase in wages, the member asks the advice of the Association. If the Association tells him to yield, then yield he must ... if the Association tells him to resist, then he may resist in the full knowledge that he will be indemnified against loss of profits upon an agreed scale...
348:
they had different opinions, and they appointed a sub-committee who did draw up a scheme both on the productive and on the distributive side. When that proposal came again before the Mining
Association, the part on the distributive side was wiped out, and the part on the productive side was modified. They have been at it ever since, trying to arrive at some scheme that they could put forward, and their present proposals practically amount to a profit-sharing scheme as has been described.
343:(1914–18) the Admiralty requisitioned coal throughout the war at the price that it chose. Coal for domestic use was regulated from July 1915 by the Coal Prices Limitation Act. During labour negotiations in 1916, the owners found themselves forced to retreat from selling prices as the key factor in setting wages towards one in which profit became the main consideration. In May 1919 the former chairman of the Association, Hugh Bramwell, told a Coal Industry Commission hearing,
159:) was an association of mine owners in South Wales that was active between 1873 and 1955. It fought wage increases, safety regulations, unionisation and other changes that would cut into profits. It managed to link miners wages, which were based on piece-work, to the price of coal. It was involved in various labour disputes, including a lengthy strike in 1926. The coal mines became unprofitable in the 1930s and were nationalized in 1947, making the association irrelevant.
38:
209:
delegates representing the colliery workmen other than enginemen, stokers and outside fitters. The principle was that wages were based on the rates paid by the collieries under the
December 1879 agreement, with a percentage increase or decrease based on the selling price of coal. This price was determined every two months as the average net selling price of coal delivered free on board at the docks of
198:
194:
association was strongly opposed to safety legislation, working hours reductions and recognition of trade unions, and this resulted in a series of labour disputes. The members agreed to observe contracts made by the
Association with workmen regarding their wages and employment conditions. They agreed not to hire workmen from another colliery during a strike at that colliery.
384:(MAGB), told the MSWCOA that there would inevitably be some change in structure, and "there are certain owners who think it would be advisable to accept Nationalisation. There is, to an extent, an amount of justification for this, but it must be remembered that it is not in the Nation's interests, as well as the Owner's interests, that this should be reported to."
362:
444:
sampling dust in the mines. The committee understood that the main cause of health problems was dust particles less than 5 microns in diameter, but thought silica dust was the main threat, rather than coal dust, and therefore argued that protection was only needed for men exposed to silica dust. The chairman of the MSWCOA stated,
320:
bank-to-bank hours had been reduced from nine and a half to eight and a half hours. To partially offset the reduction, meal times had been cut by ten minutes. The 1908 Act allowed for an additional 60 hours to be worked annually over and above the eight hours daily, and the owners insisted on these hours being worked.
443:
cases was causing severe financial problems at some coal companies by the late 1930s. In 1937 the MSWCOA set up a Coal Dust
Research Committee to investigate dust-induced respiratory disease. The committee pioneered ways of sampling mine dust, but at the time there was no device capable of accurately
410:
By the mid-1920s it was clear that the coal industry was in long-term decline. In 1927 the Coal Owners
Association accepted that wages could not be further lowered and other approaches must be tried such as production quotas to manage prices. 25% of the workforce was wholly or temporarily out of work
184:
had a chairman and vice-chairman. There was a chairman of the
Sliding-Scale committee, a chairman of the Finance committee and a solicitor. Other committees were the Conciliation Board, District Boards, Commercial Committee, Disputes Committee, and Coal Cutters and Conveyers Committee. At meetings of
319:
The Eight Hours Day Act of 1908 limited working hours to eight hours, but since it excluding winding times the average bank-to-bank hours in the UK were in fact eight hours and thirty-nine minutes. The Coal Owners' Association published figures for many of the South Wales collieries that showed that
193:
The Coal Owners
Association represented the owners of the mines so they could present a common front when dealing with the miners and could resist wage increases. It also represented the owners in court cases resulting from labour disputes and presented the owners' views on proposed legislation. The
347:
It was early in 1916 that the Mining
Association decided that their relations with their workmen could not be the same after the war as they had been previously, and they appointed a committee to consider what was the best arrangement to make. That committee sat for several meetings and found that
288:
campaigned for a cooperative organization that would treat the South Wales coalfield as a single enterprise and would regulate production and prices. Although owners who controlled 79.3% of output were willing to adopt Thomas's plan, as chairman of the Coal Owners Association Lewis ensured that it
235:
The Association, which included sixty-seven of the most important coalowners and coalowning companies in July 1890, and possessed at that time a very large balance in cash, which has been increased to ÂŁ100,000 at least, is practically a society for mutual assistance and indemnity against loss from
167:
The Coal Owners Association has its origins in the Aberdare Steam Collieries Association, founded in 1864. In 1870 this association was restructured and renamed the South Wales Steam Collieries Association. It joined with the Iron Masters in 1873, taking the name of Monmouthshire and South Wales
280:
described him in the 1890s as "the best-hated man" among Welsh workers. Lewis was the architect of the sliding scale agreement, introduced in 1875. The arrangement was unstable. In 1892 concern was expressed that the sliding scale, which had raised the men's wages by 60%, might be terminated by
244:
went on to describe that the men were fully aware of the huge resources of the mine-owner, backed up by the Association, and also that if they worked at a colliery immediately before a strike they would not be employed by any of the Association members. The sliding scale was used to force both
465:
and provide a valuable source of information on the history of coal mining and industrial relations in the South Wales coalfields. Two volumes of surveys by Alexander Dalziel, an early secretary of the association, include reports and personal observations on many aspects of mining including
208:
The association defined the "Sliding Scale", an arrangement that regulated all coal mining wages based on the price of coal. Different sliding scales were defined in 1875, 1880, 1882, 1890 and 1892. The scale of 1 January 1892 was agreed by representatives of the Coal Owners Association and
391:
wrote in 1985, "The lockout ... became a fight to the finish, to be settled, if not by actual starvation, by the expenditure of all personal resources, the exhaustion of every source of credit, and the hunger of wives and children." The miners completely failed to obtain their objectives.
507:
The "bank" is the area at the top of the mine shaft. "Winding" is the process of lowering or raising the cage in the shaft. Miners would have to wait their turn before descending or coming back up, and this waiting period and the period in the cage did not count in the working day
171:
The executives of the Coal Owners Association included a chairman, vice-chairman, and secretary. Secretaries included Alexander Dalziel (1874–84), W. Gascoyne Dalziel (1884–1916), Finlay A. Gibson (1916–46) and Iestyn R. Williams (1947–50). Each of the three districts of
430:
were not covered by the MSWCOA policies, but the pits in this region had many strikes. The owners here were criticized by other coalowners for failing to apply tougher policies such as reprisal, extended lay-offs, and prosecution of unofficial strikers.
185:
the association and district boards, each member in good standing had votes weighted depending on their mines' assured tonnage. Membership fees were also based on assured tonnage, so the larger owners paid more and had a greater say in decisions.
352:
The State took control of the South Wales coal industry in November 1916, halting discussion of profit sharing and joint consultation as ways to solve the industry problems, although these would re-emerge after the war.
225:. The hewers received piece rates based on the net weight of coal extracted after eliminating small coal, paid every two weeks. The Sliding-Scale committee had to mediate constant disputes over wages between members.
1415:
1410:
1405:
376:(1914–18) there was a discussion about the possibility of the mines being nationalized. Some of the owners were open to this if they could get sufficient compensation.
494:
had listed the counties of Wales but excluded Monmouthshire, leaving the county's status ambiguous for over four centuries. This led to many organisations such as the
168:
Collieries Association. In 1880 the association was restructured again. In 1890 it took its final name, the Monmouthshire and South Wales Coal Owners Association.
495:
316:
In 1907 the Association represented 80% of the output of the South Wales Coal Field, which then had 588 mines in operation and employed about 174,000 workmen.
387:
In 1921 there was a three-month lockout in the UK coal industry in response to wage reductions that were as high as 49% for labourers in South Wales.
285:
1140:
Conciliation and Arbitration in a Labour Disputes: A Historical Sketch and Brief Statement of the Present Position of the Question at Home and Abroad
254:
400:
306:
1323:
1295:
1269:
1243:
1217:
1191:
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381:
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underground workings, lamp lighting, ventilation, wages payment, colliery management, miners' housing and stable arrangements at pits.
396:
245:
coalowners and workers to accept standard wages. If a worker refused, he would not find work in any of the Association's collieries.
388:
404:
298:
261:
491:
302:
273:
257:
201:
54:
1374:
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1400:
17:
276:(1837–1914), one of the largest colliery owners, who also owned most of the Cardiff Docks and many other enterprises.
487:
462:
290:
42:
1023:
The Women and Men of 1926: A Gender and Social History of the General Strike and Miners' Lockout in South Wales
293:
began as an attempt by the colliers to remove the sliding scale. The strike quickly turned into a disastrous
922:
Wages and Hours of Labour ...: Report on Changes in Rates of Wages and Hours of Labour in the United Kingdom
461:. The association ceased activity in 1955. The records of the Coal Owners Association are now held by the
115:
1116:
328:
457:
The MSWCOA became less relevant after the coal mines were nationalized in 1947 and placed under the
1312:"'No bloody revolutions but for obstinate reactions'? British coalowners in their context, 1919-20"
458:
407:
executive council met the Coal Owners Association and agreed to order an immediate return to work.
965:
Bougen, P.D.; Ogden, S.G.; Outram, Q. (November 1988), "Profit Sharing and the Cycle of Control",
297:
which lasted for six months. In the end, the sliding scale stayed in place. After the strike, the
990:
982:
294:
1338:
1319:
1311:
1291:
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1207:
1187:
1161:
1100:
1086:
1053:
1027:
1021:
1002:
946:
940:
920:
1287:
Understanding the Roots of Voluntary Action: Historical Perspectives on Current Social Policy
1285:
1259:
1181:
1155:
1138:
1047:
1007:
The Mechanical News: An Illustrated Journal of Manufacturing, Engineering, Milling and Mining
974:
403:
accepted defeat and allowed the opening of district negotiations. On 30 November 1926, the
936:
253:
323:
There was a strike in 1912 where the Coal Owners Association wanted troops sent into the
1102:
Rules of Associations of Employers and of Employed: Together with Introductory Memoranda
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324:
310:
177:
37:
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994:
483:
365:
218:
214:
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50:
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978:
373:
340:
277:
222:
427:
415:
1117:"Humble Address of the Monmouthshire and South Wales Coal Owners Association"
440:
227:
361:
305:(Mabon) as the first president. In 1889 the SWFM joined the newly formed
986:
1357:
181:
173:
423:
1343:
The Journal of Gas Lighting, Water Supply & Sanitary Improvement
1105:, Great Britain. Royal Commission on Labour. H.M. Stationery Office
748:
746:
1209:
Business Life and Public Policy: Essays in Honour of D. C. Coleman
572:
560:
498:
taking a long-winded and seemingly redundant form for their names.
360:
260:, a workers' leader in the 1898 strike and first president of the
252:
196:
1049:
Strikes and Solidarity: Coalfield Conflict in Britain, 1889-1966
1157:
A History of GKN: Volume 2: The Growth of a Business, 1918-1945
862:
860:
1183:
Miners' Lung: A History of Dust Disease in British Coal Mining
1376:
Monmouthshire and South Wales Coal Owners Association Records
677:
665:
637:
635:
380:, chairman of the MSWCOA and soon to become president of the
272:
The driving force behind the creation of the Association was
145:
1873–90: Monmouthshire and South Wales Collieries Association
1235:
Economic Development of the British Coal Industry 1800-1914
1316:
Enterprise and History: Essays in Honour of Charles Wilson
231:
of 29 December 1891 described the Association as follows,
18:
South Wales and Monmouthshire Coalowners' Association
823:
821:
331:(1857–1941) of the Home Office was reluctant to comply.
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527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
1261:
The Home Office, 1848-1914, from Clerks to Bureaucrats
544:
542:
153:
Monmouthshire and South Wales Coal Owners' Association
31:
Monmouthshire and South Wales Coal Owners' Association
1180:
McIvor, Mr Arthur; Johnston, Mr Ronald (2013-06-28),
622:
620:
583:
581:
368:(1859–1941), at one time chairman of the association
839:
701:
204:, founding member and inventor of the sliding scale
139:
131:
121:
109:
101:
93:
85:
77:
69:
61:
1416:Business organisations based in the United Kingdom
1076:, vol. II. 1911-1933, Oxford: Clarendon Press
1206:McKendrick, Neil; Outhwaite, R. B. (2002-06-06),
800:
776:
764:
752:
53:advises a miner to give up the fight against Sir
446:
345:
233:
890:
878:
866:
439:Compensation for growing numbers of certified
1126:, no. 28047, p. 5288, 2 August 1907
689:
496:South Wales and Monmouthshire School of Mines
284:With coal prices falling from the mid-1890s,
8:
1411:1955 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1074:A History of British Trade Unions since 1889
851:
395:The South Wales miners were involved in the
30:
1046:Church, Roy; Outram, Quentin (2002-05-09),
919:Board of Trade (Labour Department) (1894),
414:Until the mid-1930s the somewhat isolated
36:
29:
1406:1873 establishments in the United Kingdom
1314:, in D. C. Coleman, Peter Mathias (ed.),
902:
641:
611:
533:
301:(SWMF) was founded in October 1898, with
1083:The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales
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713:
573:Board of Trade (Labour Department) 1894
561:Board of Trade (Labour Department) 1894
515:
475:
1085:, Cardiff: University of Wales Press,
827:
788:
737:
1356:Troughton, Lorena (23 January 2012),
1081:Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel (2008),
812:
653:
626:
599:
587:
548:
7:
401:Miners' Federation of Great Britain
382:Mining Association of Great Britain
307:Miners' Federation of Great Britain
1264:, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press,
327:to suppress the disturbances. Sir
25:
973:(4), Sage Publications: 607–629,
678:The Crisis in the Coal Trade 1893
666:The Crisis in the Coal Trade 1893
1003:"The Industrial Question Abroad"
945:, Amberley Publishing Limited,
840:McKendrick & Outhwaite 2002
801:Bougen, Ogden & Outram 1988
777:Bougen, Ogden & Outram 1988
765:Bougen, Ogden & Outram 1988
753:Bougen, Ogden & Outram 1988
1339:"The Crisis in the Coal Trade"
1318:, Cambridge University Press,
1232:Mitchell, B. R. (1984-08-23),
1212:, Cambridge University Press,
1052:, Cambridge University Press,
405:South Wales Miners' Federation
299:South Wales Miners' Federation
262:South Wales Miners' Federation
1:
1137:Jeans, James Stephen (1894),
1026:, University of Wales Press,
27:Welsh anti-labor organization
1310:Supple, Barry (2006-11-02),
1186:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.,
1009:, James Leffel & Company
135:South Wales coal mine owners
1379:, National Library of Wales
1362:, National Library of Wales
1154:Jones, Edgar (1990-11-25),
979:10.1177/0038038588022004008
1432:
1373:Troughton, Lorena (2013),
1359:Coal Owners of South Wales
1020:Bruley, Sue (2010-03-01),
891:McIvor & Johnston 2013
879:McIvor & Johnston 2013
867:McIvor & Johnston 2013
289:was rejected in 1896. The
1290:, Sussex Academic Press,
1284:Rochester, Colin (2011),
1160:, Palgrave Macmillan UK,
690:Davies & Jenkins 2008
492:Laws in Wales Acts (1542)
490:took effect in 1974. The
463:National Library of Wales
418:mining district in rural
291:Welsh coal strike of 1898
43:Welsh coal strike of 1898
35:
1099:Drage, Geoffrey (1892),
942:The Welsh: The Biography
925:, H.M. Stationery Office
852:Church & Outram 2002
702:Humble Address ... 1907
486:was unclear until the
450:
397:General Strike of 1926
369:
350:
264:
238:
205:
1258:Pellew, Jill (1982),
1143:, C. Lockwood and son
364:
256:
200:
116:South Wales Coalfield
105:Represent mine owners
1401:Coal mining in Wales
1072:Clegg, H.A. (1985),
1001:Brown, W.N. (1892),
488:Local Government Act
482:The legal status of
329:Charles Edward Troup
274:William Thomas Lewis
202:William Thomas Lewis
89:Industry association
1345:, Walter King, 1893
459:National Coal Board
32:
370:
268:Before World War I
265:
206:
123:Official language
1325:978-0-521-03157-8
1297:978-1-84519-424-6
1271:978-0-8386-3165-2
1245:978-0-521-26501-0
1219:978-0-521-52421-6
1193:978-1-4094-7961-1
1167:978-1-349-09664-0
1092:978-0-7083-1953-6
1059:978-0-521-89403-6
1033:978-0-7083-2451-6
952:978-1-4456-1572-1
357:After World War I
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16:(Redirected from
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939:(2013-02-28),
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903:Troughton 2012
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842:, p. 235.
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817:
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646:
642:Breverton 2013
631:
616:
612:Rochester 2011
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577:
575:, p. 107.
565:
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553:
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538:
534:Troughton 2013
514:
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420:West Glamorgan
411:by June 1928.
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325:Rhondda valley
311:Newport, Wales
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1377:
1371:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1299:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1008:
1004:
999:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
963:
954:
948:
944:
943:
938:
934:
924:
923:
917:
916:
911:
904:
899:
896:
892:
887:
884:
881:, p. 80.
880:
875:
872:
869:, p. 78.
868:
863:
861:
857:
854:, p. 54.
853:
848:
845:
841:
836:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
809:
806:
802:
797:
794:
790:
785:
782:
778:
773:
770:
766:
761:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
740:, p. 92.
739:
734:
731:
727:
726:Mitchell 1984
722:
719:
715:
714:Mitchell 1984
710:
707:
703:
698:
695:
691:
686:
683:
679:
674:
671:
667:
662:
659:
655:
650:
647:
643:
638:
636:
632:
629:, p. 84.
628:
623:
621:
617:
614:, p. 85.
613:
608:
605:
602:, p. 74.
601:
596:
593:
590:, p. 73.
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
569:
566:
562:
557:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
526:
524:
522:
520:
516:
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:Monmouthshire
479:
476:
469:
467:
464:
460:
452:
449:
445:
442:
434:
432:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
408:
406:
402:
398:
393:
390:
385:
383:
379:
378:Evan Williams
375:
367:
366:Clifford Cory
363:
356:
354:
349:
344:
342:
334:
332:
330:
326:
321:
317:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
282:
279:
275:
267:
263:
259:
255:
248:
246:
243:
237:
232:
230:
229:
224:
220:
216:
212:
203:
199:
195:
188:
186:
183:
179:
175:
169:
162:
160:
158:
154:
144:
138:
134:
130:
126:
120:
117:
114:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:William Lewis
52:
51:William Brace
48:
44:
39:
34:
19:
1381:, retrieved
1375:
1364:, retrieved
1358:
1347:, retrieved
1342:
1329:, retrieved
1315:
1301:, retrieved
1286:
1275:, retrieved
1260:
1249:, retrieved
1234:
1223:, retrieved
1208:
1197:, retrieved
1182:
1171:, retrieved
1156:
1145:, retrieved
1139:
1128:, retrieved
1123:
1107:, retrieved
1101:
1082:
1073:
1063:, retrieved
1048:
1037:, retrieved
1022:
1011:, retrieved
1006:
970:
966:
956:, retrieved
941:
927:, retrieved
921:
898:
886:
874:
847:
835:
808:
796:
784:
772:
760:
733:
721:
709:
697:
685:
673:
661:
649:
607:
595:
568:
556:
508:calculation.
503:
478:
456:
447:
438:
413:
409:
394:
386:
371:
351:
346:
338:
322:
318:
315:
283:
271:
241:
239:
234:
226:
207:
192:
170:
166:
163:Organization
156:
152:
150:
94:Legal status
62:Abbreviation
47:Western Mail
46:
828:Bruley 2010
789:Supple 2006
738:Pellew 1982
374:World War I
341:World War I
335:World War I
286:D.A. Thomas
278:Sidney Webb
1395:Categories
1383:2016-04-03
1366:2016-04-03
1349:2016-04-04
1331:2016-04-04
1303:2016-04-03
1277:2016-04-04
1251:2016-04-04
1225:2016-04-04
1199:2016-04-03
1173:2016-04-04
1147:2016-04-04
1130:2016-04-05
1109:2016-04-03
1065:2016-04-04
1039:2016-04-03
1013:2016-04-04
958:2016-04-04
929:2016-04-03
813:Clegg 1985
654:Brown 1892
627:Jones 1990
600:Jeans 1894
588:Jeans 1894
549:Drage 1892
453:Last years
428:Carmarthen
416:anthracite
389:Hugh Clegg
372:Following
189:Activities
995:145758926
967:Sociology
441:silicosis
435:Silicosis
309:based in
228:The Times
78:Dissolved
70:Formation
987:42854544
644:, PT361.
912:Sources
339:During
295:lockout
249:History
219:Swansea
215:Newport
211:Cardiff
182:Swansea
178:Newport
174:Cardiff
127:English
111:Region
102:Purpose
97:Defunct
1322:
1294:
1268:
1242:
1216:
1190:
1164:
1089:
1056:
1030:
993:
985:
949:
424:Brecon
180:, and
157:MSWCOA
65:MSWCOA
1120:(PDF)
991:S2CID
983:JSTOR
470:Notes
242:Times
223:Barry
132:Owner
1320:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1188:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1087:ISBN
1054:ISBN
1028:ISBN
947:ISBN
426:and
240:The
221:and
151:The
86:Type
81:1955
73:1873
975:doi
1397::
1341:,
1122:,
1005:,
989:,
981:,
971:22
969:,
859:^
820:^
745:^
634:^
619:^
580:^
541:^
518:^
422:,
313:.
217:,
213:,
176:,
49:.
45:,
977::
905:.
704:.
536:.
155:(
20:)
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