806:
prestigious institutions, namely in the United States and
Western Europe. However, the OAU's official policy was to base its support for anti-colonial movements on their willingness to use force if necessary. The money was offered to both SWANU and SWAPO for the express purposes of undertaking an armed struggle against South African rule. Kozonguizi refused to make a commitment to armed struggle; whether this was due to his personal preference for passive resistance or whether he was simply skeptical about the wisdom of taking up arms against the well-equipped South African security forces is disputed. The repercussions of his decision were politically catastrophic for SWANU. SWAPO was able to argue that its willingness to initiate armed struggle gave it legitimacy in the eyes of the Namibian people that SWANU lacked. The OAU immediately withdrew recognition from SWANU and awarded the £20,000 to SWAPO. It also recognised SWAPO as the sole authentic representative of the Namibian people. This doomed any remaining prospects SWANU held for receiving assistance from the OAU or any black African government.
763:
affiliation with SWANU and issued its own party constitution. It also rebranded itself as the South West
African People's Organisation (SWAPO) and opened its ranks to Namibians of all ethnic backgrounds. SWAPO's agenda was virtually identical to SWANU's: both called for an end to colonialism and imperialism, promoted pan-African ideals, and called for the economic, cultural, and social advancement of the Namibian people. However, SWANU placed a disproportionate emphasis on self-reliance, while SWAPO acknowledged the importance of external actors and the role of the United Nations in securing Namibian independence from South Africa.
224:
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1305:
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1100:
1031:
1000:
974:
881:, SWANU advocated for state intervention to bring about reform more quickly. It also criticised the Ministry of Lands and Resettlement for allegedly resettling politicians on land acquired for redistribution instead of the "poorest of the poor". It also called for greater political will for land reform.
762:
The Old
Location shootings was the first of several political developments which ushered in a period of decline for SWANU. In the controversy surrounding the incident, the Herero Chiefs' Council disavowed SWANU and denied involvement with the Old Location protests. In July 1960, the OPO dissolved its
821:
From 1968 onward the party declined into political obscurity and played no major role in the
Namibian independence process. SWANU did make a belated attempt to raise its own guerrilla army, which was not formally established until 1975. The OAU was unimpressed and declared it would sanction only one
809:
The following year, SWANU was expelled from the Afro-Asian People's
Conference. Its continued affiliation with the People's Republic of China made it unpopular, as both the Western nations and the Soviet bloc came to regard it as a Chinese proxy. Tanzanian authorities closed SWANU's headquarters in
805:
By 1966, the OAU had raised £20,000 in obligatory contributions from OAU member states for funding nationalist movements in
Namibia. Kozonguizi was initially confident the money would be awarded to SWANU due to its international prominence and the fact that many of its members had been educated at
835:
Botswana at Dukwe, where it succeeded in smuggling some weapons. However, most of its preparations for armed struggle were purely theoretical in nature and due to
Botswana's refusal to endorse guerrilla camps on its soil, all training had to be conducted on a covert basis. For the duration of the
834:
were rejected. Most of these states had already offered support to PLAN, and the negative examples of Angola and
Zimbabwe, where rival guerrilla armies ultimately fought each other, were frequently cited as a pretext for declining aid to SWANU. SWANU did establish one guerrilla training camp in
766:
Both organisations competed for international recognition and support, and the relationship between SWAPO and SWANU's leadership grew increasingly frigid. SWANU was the only one of the two parties formally represented in the All-African People's
Conference, the Afro-Asian People's Solidarity
814:, another country which had been initially sympathetic to SWANU, began refusing to accept Namibian refugees who were members of that party. With SWANU exiles considered prohibited immigrants in both Zambia and Tanzania, they were forced to settle almost solely in
826:(PLAN), SWAPO's armed wing, instead. Aside from China and initially, Egypt, no countries were willing to supply training or arms to SWANU. SWANU's requests for military aid from various socialist states in the Soviet sphere such as
711:
SWANU had its roots in the South West
African Student Bureau (SWASB), an association of Namibian students studying at South African universities during the 1950s. The students had been radicalised by their firsthand exposure to
46:
739:, to form the South West African National Union (SWANU) on 27 September 1959. However, SWANU's leadership and agenda remained dominated by former SWAPA members, and OPO retained its autonomy under the partnership.
1611:
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1982:
390:
1688:
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720:(ANC). In 1955, the SWASB became a political party in its own right in 1955, when its members renamed it the South West African Progressive Association (SWAPA) and appointed
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was named the first president of SWANU, with Kaukuetu, the chairman of SWAPA, being appointed vice president. The party eventually came under the direct sponsorship of the
1992:
566:
1997:
309:
631:
1608:
1627:
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drove a rift between the two parties, however, with SWANU becoming more influenced ideologically and politically by China, and SWAPO by the Soviet Union.
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and became increasingly radical as a result. Throughout late 1959, SWANU and the Herero Chiefs' Council organised a bus boycott in
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727:
SWAPA possessed little support outside academia, however, and in an attempt to expand its support base it united with the
1462:. Basel, Switzerland: Basler Africa Bibiliographien Namibia Resource Centre and Southern Africa Library. pp. 36–41.
871:
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SWANU has a president, a vice-president, and a secretary-general. As many other socialist parties, it has a
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818:. Botswana was willing to accept Namibian refugees, but forbade them from engaging in politics.
839:, SWANU insurgents were confined to the Dukwe camp and did not participate in the hostilities.
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The Namibian War of Independence, 1966-1989: Diplomatic, Economic and Military Campaigns
288:
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The Inevitable Pipeline Into Exile. Botswana's Role in the Namibian Liberation Struggle
1383:
334:
1588:. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers. pp. 74–77, 93–95.
1976:
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665:
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441:
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791:
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790:(OAU) in 1963. They also succeeded in establishing bilateral relations with the
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1920:
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759:. The police opened fire on the protesters, killing or wounding up to sixty.
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1938:
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political party founded in 1959. Most of its members came from the
1911:
1902:
1860:
1720:
1340:
780:
776:
661:
822:
guerrilla army in Namibia. It urged SWANU guerrillas to join the
716:
in South Africa, and the active resistance to that system by the
1510:. Basel: P. Schlettwein Publishing Switzerland. pp. 27–39.
1670:
866:. Calling for an immediate ceasefire and withdrawal from the
1508:
Swapo's Struggle for Namibia, 1960–1991: War by Other Means
786:
Both SWANU and SWAPO received formal recognition from the
755:, in response to forced evictions being undertaken by the
237:
901:
it finished last with 3,610 votes and 0.44% of the vote.
735:, or OPO), which represented Ovambo migrant labourers in
703:. 2017 and was not in 2022 because of devision in SWANU
810:
Dar es Salaam and ordered the party to leave Tanzania.
1831:
1790:
1711:
872:
Namibian trade and diplomatic relations with Israel
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144:Patjii ngarikotoke -- Give the land back to people
771:. It had established a political headquarters in
691:, who led from its formation in 1959 until 1966.
1884:Rehoboth Independent Town Management Association
1983:African and Black nationalist parties in Africa
1682:
625:
8:
1542:The Devils Are Among Us: The War for Namibia
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893:it formed a "Socialist Alliance" with the
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1875:Omaruru Community Development Association
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695:was the president from 1998, followed by
1813:National Empowerment Fighting Corruption
1538:Herbstein, Denis; Evenson, John (1989).
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1993:National liberation movements in Africa
1352:
1341:South West Africa People's Organization
870:, the party called for the severing of
277:
1926:Joint Walvis Bay Residents Association
1739:National Unity Democratic Organisation
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1363:Kooper, Lugeretzia (30 January 2019).
1998:Political parties established in 1959
933:
660:, while fellow independence movement
7:
1899:Rundu Concerned Citizens Association
824:People's Liberation Army of Namibia
1763:Namibian Economic Freedom Fighters
1609:Swanu, NMDC condemn Gaza incursion
1546:. London: Zed Books Ltd. pp.
1393:at Namibia Institute for Democracy
897:and got 0.35% of the vote. In the
25:
1908:Rundu Urban Community Association
1866:Okahandja Rate Payers Association
1458:Müller, Johann Alexander (2012).
858:In January 2009, SWANU condemned
687:The first president of SWANU was
37:South West African National Union
18:South West African National Union
1917:Swakopmund Residents Association
1769:Rally for Democracy and Progress
1701:
1628:Govt should regulate land prices
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646:South West Africa National Union
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1848:Karibib Ratepayers Association
1839:Gobabis Residents' Association
1365:"Discontent surfaces in Swanu"
1304:
1261:
1230:
1179:
1146:
1139:
1099:
864:2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict
798:. The growing severity of the
1:
1405:The Namibian 12 December 2008
862:for their actions during the
788:Organisation of African Unity
745:South African Communist Party
741:Fanuel Jariretundu Kozonguizi
2008:Socialist parties in Namibia
2003:Political parties in Namibia
1988:Anti-apartheid organisations
1698:Political parties in Namibia
1618:The Namibian, 6 January 2009
895:Workers' Revolutionary Party
729:Ovamboland People's Congress
559:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1818:Workers Revolutionary Party
1727:Popular Democratic Movement
1043:National Assembly elections
2029:
1775:Christian Democratic Voice
1733:Landless People's Movement
1637:The Namibian 16 March 2009
1403:Swanu Appeal For Socialism
796:People's Republic of China
27:Political party in Namibia
1957:List of political parties
1947:
1935:Affirmative Repositioning
1808:National Democratic Party
1202:
957:
775:and political offices in
718:African National Congress
250:
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221:
43:
1893:United People's Movement
1823:National Patriotic Front
1336:South African Border War
837:South African Border War
693:Rihupisa Justus Kandando
672:Structure and leadership
457:Administrative divisions
1751:United Democratic Front
1506:Dobell, Lauren (1998).
868:Palestinian territories
769:Anti-Apartheid Movement
724:as its first chairman.
104:Political position
1584:Dale, Richard (2014).
905:Presidential elections
767:Organisation, and the
577:Diplomatic missions of
564:Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah
347:Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah
204:Pan-African Parliament
1798:Congress of Democrats
680:of 26 members, and a
1895:, 1 seat in Rehoboth
1857:Monitor Action Group
1647:Elections in Namibia
1389:11 June 2011 at the
1193:Extra-parliamentary
1153:Extra-parliamentary
1113:Extra-parliamentary
849:democratic socialist
757:South African Police
310:Constituent Assembly
179:Regional councillors
96:Democratic socialism
1962:Politics of Namibia
1633:7 June 2011 at the
1614:7 June 2011 at the
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959:Usutuaije Maamberua
697:Usutuaije Maamberua
280:Politics of Namibia
255:Politics of Namibia
1745:All People's Party
1331:History of Namibia
395:Bernard Sibalatani
2013:South West Africa
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1662:Official Web Site
1384:Rihupisa Kandando
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1321:
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885:Electoral history
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689:Fanuel Kozonguizi
682:Central Committee
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402:National Assembly
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75:Fanuel Kozonguizi
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1832:Local parties
1830:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:Unrepresented
1789:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1699:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
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1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1053:Party leader
1052:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
997:
994:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
971:
968:
965:
962:
960:
955:
952:
951:
948:
945:
944:
941:
938:
937:
931:
928:
927:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
910:
904:
902:
900:
896:
892:
884:
882:
880:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
842:
840:
838:
833:
829:
825:
819:
817:
813:
807:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
773:Dar es Salaam
770:
764:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
719:
715:
706:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
671:
669:
667:
663:
659:
658:Herero people
655:
651:
647:
635:
630:
628:
623:
621:
616:
615:
613:
612:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
582:
578:
575:
574:
568:
565:
561:
560:
558:
557:
554:
549:
548:
541:
538:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
517:
516:
514:
509:
508:
504:
502:
499:
497:
493:
492:
490:
489:
487:
486:
483:
478:
477:
470:
467:
465:
462:
461:
458:
453:
452:
443:
442:Peter Shivute
439:
438:Chief Justice
436:
435:
434:
433:Supreme Court
431:
430:
427:
422:
421:
412:
408:
405:
404:
403:
400:
396:
392:
389:
388:
387:
384:
383:
380:
375:
374:
367:
364:
360:
357:
356:
355:
352:
348:
345:
344:
343:
340:
336:
333:
332:
331:
328:
327:
324:
319:
318:
311:
308:
307:
304:
299:
298:
295:
294:
290:
286:
285:
281:
276:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
249:
245:
234:
229:
225:
220:
215:
207:
205:
201:
193:
189:
181:
177:
169:
167:
164:Seats in the
162:
154:
152:
149:Seats in the
147:
143:
139:
117:
113:
110:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
42:
33:
30:
19:
1928:, 1 seat in
1910:, 1 seat in
1901:, 1 seat in
1886:, 1 seat in
1877:, 1 seat in
1868:, 1 seat in
1859:, 1 seat in
1850:, 1 seat in
1841:, 1 seat in
1780:
1642:
1623:
1604:
1585:
1541:
1507:
1459:
1398:
1379:
1373:. p. 5.
1370:The Namibian
1368:
1068:
1026:
995:
969:
934:Did not run
888:
876:
857:
846:
820:
808:
804:
792:Soviet Union
785:
765:
761:
753:Old Location
732:
726:
710:
699:followed by
686:
675:
649:
645:
643:
506:
303:Constitution
53:Abbreviation
29:
1318:Opposition
1275:Opposition
1237:Opposition
879:land reform
853:nationalist
847:SWANU is a
731:(later the
604:Visa policy
379:Legislature
1977:Categories
1930:Walvis Bay
1921:Swakopmund
1713:Parliament
1347:References
915:Candidate
581:in Namibia
562:Minister:
518:Regional:
217:Party flag
1870:Okahandja
1050:Election
912:Election
828:Nicaragua
737:Cape Town
714:apartheid
678:Politburo
494:General:
482:Elections
426:Judiciary
330:President
323:Executive
265:Elections
109:Left-wing
61:President
1939:Windhoek
1888:Rehoboth
1631:Archived
1612:Archived
1387:Archived
1325:See also
1069:Position
843:Policies
816:Botswana
749:Windhoek
668:party.
654:Namibian
594:Passport
391:Chairman
90:Ideology
1879:Omaruru
1852:Karibib
1843:Gobabis
1073:Result
924:Result
855:party.
832:Vietnam
707:History
684:of 52.
652:) is a
464:Regions
407:Speaker
366:Cabinet
231:Website
196:0 / 378
184:0 / 121
157:1 / 104
115:Colours
81:Founded
71:Founder
1592:
1554:
1514:
1466:
1298:1 / 96
1293:0.65%
1290:5,330
1255:1 / 96
1250:0.71%
1247:6,354
1216:1 / 96
1211:0.62%
1208:4,989
1173:0 / 96
1168:0.44%
1165:3,610
1133:0 / 96
1128:0.34%
1125:1,885
1093:0 / 96
1088:0.53%
1085:2,598
1062:Seats
1056:Votes
1020:5,959
992:0.56%
989:5,028
966:0.37%
963:2,968
918:Votes
860:Israel
812:Zambia
666:Ovambo
567:(list)
240:.swanu
172:0 / 42
141:Slogan
134:
131:Yellow
129:
124:
119:
65:Vacant
1912:Rundu
1903:Rundu
1861:Outjo
1781:SWANU
1721:SWAPO
1550:–23.
1315:11th
1023:0.7%
781:Cairo
777:Accra
662:SWAPO
650:SWANU
210:0 / 5
136:Green
56:SWANU
1729:(16)
1723:(63)
1590:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1512:ISBN
1464:ISBN
1281:2019
1272:8th
1243:2014
1234:9th
1199:2009
1190:9th
1159:2004
1150:6th
1119:1999
1110:6th
1079:1994
1065:+/–
1027:Lost
1011:2019
996:Lost
985:2014
970:Lost
954:2009
947:2004
940:1999
930:1994
889:For
851:and
830:and
794:and
779:and
644:The
530:2020
525:2015
520:2010
507:2024
501:2019
496:2014
242:.org
126:Blue
1783:(1)
1777:(1)
1771:(1)
1765:(2)
1759:(2)
1753:(2)
1747:(2)
1741:(2)
1735:(4)
751:'s
244:.na
238:www
121:Red
1979::
1566:^
1548:14
1526:^
1478:^
1410:^
1367:.
1355:^
1226:1
1059:%
921:%
874:.
783:.
579:/
440::
409::
393::
1690:e
1683:t
1676:v
1598:.
1560:.
1520:.
1472:.
1035:N
1004:N
978:N
648:(
633:e
626:t
619:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
