487:, responded by improving the defences in the south of England. Part of this involved improving the condition of Southampton Castle, where, owing in part to the theft of building materials, including stone and lead, by the citizens of the town, the defences were in a poor condition. Henry Yevele, who oversaw the improvements to the castle, probably also constructed the Arcades along the western walls in 1380: this involved adopting the 1360 proposal to block up the properties along the western quay to form a solid wall, and adding three towers and gunports. Sir John Sondes and John Polymond were appointed by the king in 1386 to further improve the town walls, working with Sir John Arundel, the castle governor – Polymond and Arundel Towers were probably named after these men around this time.
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with many showing an "open-gorged" design, similar to those built in North Wales, that could be isolated from the rest of the walls by removing small wooden bridges. In general the town walls at
Southampton were poorly built in a somewhat chaotic fashion over several years. By contrast, the surviving gatehouses are sophisticated and well designed, probably as a result of their civic importance. Archaeologists Oliver Creighton and Robert Higham describe the surviving walls as "extremely well preserved" and containing "unique survivals in a British context".
389:. Both the town and castle played an important role in this trade, in part forming a warehouse for the king's imports, this process being managed by a Crown Bailiff. The former castle hall was turned into a subterranean vault in the 13th century, probably for storing wine. Stone houses, often combining accommodation and storage facilities, began to be built in Southampton by the wealthiest merchants, particularly in the prosperous western and southern parts of the town, but these properties could not be easily defended against attack.
405:, allowing the town to tax selected imports to build and maintain new stone walls; these initial murage grants ran from 1260 to 1275 and were then renewed between 1282 and 1285 and from 1286 to 1291. By the end of this work, many of the earth banks in the north and east of the town had been converted to stone. There appears to have been little interest in defending the west and south quays, however, probably because doing so would have hampered Southampton's merchants when they moved their trading goods in and out of the town.
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251:. From the end of the 17th century their importance steadily declined and the walls were slowly demolished or adapted for other uses throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. This process continued into the early 20th century until, in the post-war years, the walls were recognised as an important historical feature of Southampton. Conservation projects have since occurred and the walls are now promoted as a
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632:; the walls escaped damage, unlike many other areas of the medieval city. In the post-war period the historic importance of the town walls was recognised and considerable conservation work has been conducted on the walls, including reversing the Victorian alterations to the Arcades. The town walls became seen as an important part of Southampton's
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be used as a gaol, but was criticised by inspectors. An 1823 report described it as an "old and very awkward" facility, containing around a dozen prisoners in damp conditions, and where it was hard to separate the male and female prisoners in an appropriate fashion. In 1855 its role as a gaol was concluded, and the building fell into disuse.
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sentence of a senior official in
Southampton to a fine. Murage grants were reinstated in 1345, but the economy of Southampton had been temporarily devastated by the raids and indeed never fully recovered. The king's instructions to fully enclose the town with walls could not be carried out. Nonetheless, by the 1350s, Southampton had mounted
676:
Little remains of the eastern walls, but in the north-east corner several towers still remain largely intact, including
Polymond tower, a powerful drum tower largely reconstructed during the Victorian period. Further west is the Bargate; this was originally a simple archway but was expanded with drum
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responded to the raid by taking immediate steps to shore up
Southampton's defences and ordering the town to be fully enclosed by stone walls. In 1339 the sheriff conscripted workmen and specialists to improve the defences, and money to pay for the building materials was raised by commuting the prison
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At the north-west corner of the walls stands
Arundel tower, another large drum tower that originally overlooked a small cliff. South of this is Catchcold tower which was designed to be defended with guns and has three gunports; the need to support cannon leaves it much heavier in appearance than the
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Around half the length of the 2 km (1.25-mile) long medieval town walls still survives in the 21st century, mainly on the north and west sides of
Southampton, together with 13 of the 29 defensive towers and six out of the eight gates. The towers are a combination of circular and square designs,
616:
The urban growth of
Southampton, as in many English walled towns and cities, put considerable pressure on the older fortifications. In 1898 to 1899, for example, parts of the wall west of Biddles Gate, including a square tower, were demolished to create the Western Esplanade road. By the second half
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Several of the gatehouses played an important part in the administration of the town in the 15th century. South Gate formed the main administrative centre for the port during the period, housing the Clerk of the King's Ships and collecting customs revenue. It was expanded in the 1430s and 1440s, but
459:
In 1360 the king conducted an inquiry into
Southampton's defences and in 1363 he established a wider commission to examine how best to improve them. The commission came to a number of conclusions: the town walls should be better maintained and kept clear of housing and other obstructions; the number
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As the 19th century progressed, the destruction and remodelling of the town walls continued. The upper stories of
Polymond Tower were demolished in the 1820s, to be rebuilt by 1846 as a shorter, two-storey tower. The remains of the South Gate were turned into a hotel. God's House tower continued to
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on the south coast. Indeed, the guns on
Southampton's walls were fired at French raiding ships the same year. The walls continued to be maintained for the rest of the century, with £40 being allocated annually between 1478 and 1485 for this purpose. By contrast, the castle fell into a rapid decline
539:
The threat of French attack continued throughout the 15th century. Instead of relying on murage grants, more funds for the town walls were directly granted by the king in 1400, including an ongoing annual grant of £100. Concerns increased significantly after the invasion scare of 1457, when French
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Another change in the 1370s was the formalisation of the process of guarding and maintaining the walls. During the invasion scare of 1377, Edward instructed the mayor to review these processes; it appears that the four wards of the town were surveyed, and each property was assigned a piece of the
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was contested militarily between England and France during the 13th century, and Southampton was both an important base for naval operations and a tempting target for raiders. At the start of the 13th century additional work was therefore conducted to improve the town's defences; the king granted
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The town walls became less important for defence in the 17th century, although in 1633, a footpath was built around the inside of the wall to help the watch and other law officers better pursue vagrants and criminals. The walls fared better than Southampton Castle, which was sold off to property
556:
shot or for a man to stand on them; a wood and earth wall-walk had been built behind the walls, but this was proving very expensive to maintain. This contemporary assessment of the weakness of the eastern walls has been confirmed by modern archaeological excavation – in places it was only 0.76 m
417:
The defences of Southampton in the late medieval period. Key: A – Castle keep; B – Ditch; C – Castle South Gate; D – Castle Water Gate; E – Castle vaults; F – Catchcold Tower; G – Arundel Tower; H – Bargate; I – Docks; J – York Gate; K – Polnymond Tower; L – East Gate; M – Bridge Gate; N – God's
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In other areas, civic improvements were attempted. In 1853 the "Forty Steps" were built down the side of the west walls to make access to the town easier. Parts of the Arcades were blocked up to prevent homeless people from sleeping under the arches and disturbing the neighbourhood. The Bargate
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In the 18th century onwards the town walls were often adapted for new uses or simply demolished. As early as 1641, the chapel above East Gate had been leased out to private tenants. By 1707, part of God's House tower was being used as a prison; from 1786 it became the official town gaol. As the
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A survey in 1454, undertaken against the background of another French invasion scare, shows that the 1377 system for maintaining the walls was still in operation. A town gunner had also been appointed by the 15th century, earning the highest salary of any local official and was responsible for
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came to the throne in 1153, he took back Southampton and carried out improvements to the castle, as part of his attempt to improve the general standard of security in the south. By the second half of the 12th century, Southampton was increasingly important for coastal defence and as a base for
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of the century, the Bargate and the surrounding walls were creating serious traffic congestion; various options were considered to relieve this including demolition, but it was not until the 1930s that the decision was made to retain the gatehouse, but to destroy the walls on either side.
673:. The tower was built alongside God's House Gate and is three storeys high. The gunports designed for handcannon can be seen on the outside, and the roof was designed to hold larger cannon. Adjacent to the tower is God's House Gate, a two-storey building also equipped with a gun-port.
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towers and arrow slits in the early 14th century, and then expanded again in the early 15th century with battlements and parapets, before being heavily restored in the 19th century. The Bargate remains an elaborate building, taking military symbolism and combining it with rich civic
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of gateways in the walls should be reduced; and a water-filled ditch should be built to further reinforce the walls on the west. The enquiry also concluded that the outer doors and ground floor windows of properties facing the sea should be filled in to form a more defensible line.
231:
ordered some immediate improvements to Southampton's town walls but it was not until the 1360s that substantial work began. Over the coming decades the town was entirely enclosed by a 2 km (1.25-mile) long stone wall, with 29 towers and eight gates. With the advent of
1895:
English Heritage listing for "Sections of wall running south along Esplanade from south-west corner of Simnel Street to University Air Squadron Headquarters at south end of Bugle Street (including) The Arcades, The West Gate, Blue Anchor Postern and Biddles Gate" (Grade
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was constructed near the western docks. Later investigations by the Crown would suggest that some of the monies raised in these murage grants had been misspent, however, contributing to the poor standard of town defences, which included large gaps in the walled circuit.
495:. Cannons fired stone cannonballs, which did relatively little damage to stronger stone walls, and so were primarily used in defence of fortifications rather than as an offensive weapon by besiegers. The first gunports in Britain were installed in the 1360s on the
202:
settlements around Southampton had been fortified with walls or ditches, the later walls originate with the move of the town to the current site in the 10th century. This new town was defended by banks, ditches and the natural curve of the river and coastline. The
1911:
English Heritage listing for "Section of wall running west from Bargate to Arundel Tower and then south to point just south of Castle Water Gate (including) Arundel Tower, Catchcold Tower, Garderobe Tower, The 40 Steps, Castle Water Gate and Castle Vault" (Grade
334:, an important medieval waterway. It was protected by water on most sides and by protective ditches and banks to the north and east. Southampton at this time was a relatively large town, but not as significant as in the later medieval period. The Normans built a
569:
was in poor condition again by the 1480s, resulting in fresh construction work around the site. Bargate was partially used as a prison from the 15th century, in a similar fashion to many other towns. The first floor of the building had been used as the town's
476:. The building work proved very expensive, however, and despite the mayor and bailiffs enforcing contributions and assistance from the citizens, Parliament had to be asked several times in the 1370s to assist by remitting arrears of taxes owed by Southampton.
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other circular towers on the walls. The remains of machine gun mountings fitted to the tower in 1941 can still be seen. The Arcades form part of the surviving west walls and are a unique feature in England; their closest architectural equivalent are in
490:
One of the major changes from the 1370s onwards was the adaptation of the town walls to mount gunpowder weapons. At this time cannon were still unreliable, only capable of reaching relatively short ranges and required the construction of specialist
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in Southampton but made no attempts to improve the wider defences of the town until the early 13th century, when Southampton's growing prosperity as a trading centre and conflict with France encouraged the construction of a number of
463:
The resulting work on Southampton's defences resulted in considerable improvements: by the late 14th century, the town was completely encircled by 2 km (1.25 miles) of stone walls. Some existing buildings, including a
664:
In the south-east corner of the walls is God's House tower. This is architecturally important as it was one of the first urban buildings to be built to hold gunpowder artillery – in this respect, it closely resembles
366:
operations on the continent. Following the threat of French invasion in the 1170s, Henry II invested modest additional resources in the castle, but no efforts were undertaken to improve the town's ditches and banks.
439:
on Southampton: the town's defences, particularly in the west, proved quite inadequate and the French succeeded in burning numerous buildings down, particularly along the western quays, and damaging the castle.
422:
By 1300, Southampton was a major port and a large provincial town, with a population of around 5,000. The raising of money through murage grants began again in 1321, possibly paying for the stone towers of the
636:; health and safety concerns, however, prohibit tourists walking along most of the circuit. God's House tower reopened in 1961 as Southampton's Museum of Archaeology. Today the walls are protected as grade I
766:
It is impossible to accurately compare 15th century prices with modern equivalents. For comparison, £100 represents the annual income of a more prosperous member of the English gentry in the 15th century.
701:; the windows on the west side of the gate are the original medieval designs. Along the south side of the walls one of the twin towers protecting the South Gate still stands, largely intact.
427:
and some of the semi-circular wall towers. Work also appears to have begun on some stone walling to the south and west of the town, construction may have begun at the South Gate and a wooden
243:
Southampton's town walls remained an important defensive feature during the 15th century, the gatehouses sometimes being used as important civic facilities, including acting as the town's
236:
weapons in the 1360s and 1370s, Southampton was one of the first towns in England to install the new technology to existing fortifications and to build new towers specifically to house
1176:
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within the town on the site of a probable large English hall, and considerable damage was caused to the surrounding local buildings as space was opened up for the new fortification.
1906:
English Heritage listing for "Section of wall running west from Polymond Tower to remains of semi-circular tower to East of Bargate and small part south of Polymond Tower" (Grade I)
748:
It is impossible to accurately compare 12th and 13th century prices with modern equivalents. For comparison, £100 represents the average annual income for a late 12th century baron.
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century progressed, East Gate was demolished in 1774, South Gate was mostly demolished in 1803 and Biddles Gate shortly afterwards, along with large sections of adjacent wall.
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Nonetheless, a report on the quality of the walls around 1460 noted that on the north and east sides of Southampton, the walls were still too thin to block a
1922:
English Heritage listing for "Section of wall running north from a point opposite the entrance to East Gate Street to rear of No 107 East Street" (Grade II)
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468:, were reinforced and pressed into service as part of the defences. South Gate was built to protect the southern quays, with a wide archway, complete with
418:
House Gate and Tower; O – South Gate; P – West Gate; Q – Blue Anchor Gate; R – Biddles Gate; S – King John's Palace; T – Norman House; U – Castle Eastgate.
1819:
Kenyon, John R. (1994) "Coastal Artillery Fortification in England in the Late Fourteenth and Early Fifteenth Centuries," in Curry and Hughes (ed) (1994).
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maintaining the guns and manufacturing gunpowder. As late as the mid-16th century, additional improved rectangular gunports, similar to those on the
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1941:
397:£100 in 1202 and again in 1203 to help develop the earth banks around the town. By 1217 East Gate had been built, probably of stone. In 1260 a
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town had a ditch dug around it, 3 m (10 feet) wide and 1.5 m (5 feet) deep, and possibly was defended by a bank of earth. In the 10th century,
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God's House Gate and tower took their name from the nearby hospital called God's House; the origins of Catchcold Tower's name are unclear.
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ceased to be used as the guildhall in 1888 and was heavily restored by the town in what was felt to be a more consistent medieval style.
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from at least 1441 onwards, and the treasury was kept in one of the towers. Elaborate feasts were served there on special occasions.
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English Heritage listing for "Section of wall running along back of the Walls from just north of No 39 to Briton Street" (Grade II)
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built a planned settlement called Hamwic, close to the current location of Southampton, approximately on the location of the later
1816:
Hughes, Michael. (1994) "The Fourteenth Century French Raids on Hampshire and the Isle of Wight," in Curry and Hughes (ed) (1994).
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wall to maintain, varying according to the size of the property. For these purposes, the walls were measured out in units called
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English Heritage listing for "Section of wall running north from God's House along back of the Walls to Round Tower" (Grade I)
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Several earlier settlements were built near modern Southampton featuring protective town walls. Following the
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was built to defend the southern quays around 1417 and the sluices that controlled the level of the town's
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557:(2.49 feet) thick, compared to a typical thickness in other English town walls of around 1 m (3.28 feet).
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499:, but Southampton was not far behind. Around 1378 to 1379 the ongoing French threat led to gunports for
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284:, today a suburb of modern Southampton. Clausentum was defended on its eastern, landwards side by a
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586:. Some of the masonry from the castle was reused to strengthen the town walls in 1650 during the
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483:, commencing a new sequence of raids along the English coast. In due course first Edward, then
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697:, France. The West Gate still stands three storeys high and was originally defended by two
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1687:
The Fifth Report of the Committee of the Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline.
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in 1066, the town of Southampton occupied a rectangular area overlooking the mouth of the
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was established. It was an important trading port and a defensive outpost for the town of
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The name of the Tudor Merchants Hall is misleading, as it in fact dates from around 1400.
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By the 12th century, Southampton was an important trading port with trade routes to
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being built into the western Arcade wall, and by 1382 the town bought its own gun.
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1668:
Brown, Duncan. (1999) "Class and rubbish," in Funari, Hall and Jones (eds) (1999).
523:. The four wards were also responsible for the security and policing of the town.
1858:
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The Committee of the Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline, pp.95–95.
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The Committee of the Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline. (1823)
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raids prompted the settlement of Southampton to move to its current location.
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Medieval Town Walls: an Archaeology and Social History of Urban Defence.
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God's House Gate (l) and Tower (r) on the south-east corner of the walls
1974:
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The Reign of King Henry VI: the Exercise of Royal Authority, 1422–1461.
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London: The Committee of the Society for the Improvement of Prison.
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and its inner bailey became used first as a rubbish tip, then for
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Funari, Pedro Paulo A., Martin Hall and Sian Jones (eds). (1999)
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223:; the town's defences proved inadequate, particularly along the
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and stone walls to the north and east sides of the settlement.
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along the Channel, were added to the West Gate by the quays.
1405:, Southampton HER, accessed 14 October 2011; Turner, p.170.
1825:
The Castles of England: Their Story and Structure, Vol II.
1719:
Arms, Armies and Fortifications in the Hundred Years War.
1623:
Creighton and Higham, p.33; Creighton and Higham, p.140.
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Some parts of the Southampton walls were used to mount
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fought for control of England, Southampton was held by
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Approximately half the medieval circuit remains intact
1699:
Creighton, Oliver Hamilton and Robert Higham. (2005)
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1184:, Southampton City Council, accessed 15 October 2011.
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Arundel Tower on the north-east corner of the circuit
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speculators in 1618, but they played no part in the
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are a sequence of defensive structures built around
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373:The Tudor Merchants Hall (l) and the West Gate (r)
1024:Turner, p.173; Hughes, p.131; Coppack, pp.19–20.
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
479:In 1370 the French made a successful attack on
1791:Berkeley, US: University of California Press.
1524:, Gatehouse website, accessed 21 October 2011.
1310:Pugh, p.103; Creigton and Higham, pp.170–171;
63:
1942:
1716:Curry, Anne and Michael Hughes. (eds) (1994)
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1494:, Southampton HER, accessed 14 October 2011;
1399:, Southampton HER, accessed 14 October 2011;
1393:, Southampton HER, accessed 19 October 2011;
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821:Drage, p.119; Ottaway, p.171; Liddiard, p.19.
8:
1647:, Southampton HER, accessed 14 October 2011.
1605:, Southampton HER, accessed 14 October 2011.
1539:, Southampton HER, accessed 19 October 2011.
1470:, Southampton HER, accessed 14 October 2011.
1456:, Southampton HER, accessed 14 October 2011.
1442:, Southampton HER, accessed 14 October 2011.
1419:, Southampton HER, accessed 14 October 2011.
1379:, Southampton HER, accessed 14 October 2011.
1331:, Southampton HER, accessed 14 October 2011.
1316:, Southampton HER, accessed 14 October 2011.
1301:, Southampton HER, accessed 19 October 2011.
1145:, Southampton HER, accessed 14 October 2011.
1097:, Southampton HER, accessed 14 October 2011.
976:, Southampton HER, accessed 19 October 2011.
1771:Historical Archaeology: Back From The Edge.
1521:Southampton town wall and God's House tower
1282:Creighton and Higham, p.155; Hughes, p.134.
1254:
1252:
1042:Turner, p.173; Creighton and Higham, p.183.
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1949:
1935:
1927:
1501:Southampton HER, accessed 20 January 2011.
1365:Southampton HER, accessed 20 January 2011.
1264:Southampton HER, accessed 20 January 2011.
1174:God's House Tower: A History of the Museum
1001:Southampton HER, accessed 20 January 2011.
20:
1088:
1086:
1084:
829:
827:
540:troops successfully attacked the town of
2612:Buildings and structures in Southampton
1862:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1757:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
778:
732:
711:List of town walls in England and Wales
881:Mackenzie, p.212; Brown (1999), p.156.
288:stone wall and two ditches. After the
2607:Grade I listed buildings in Hampshire
1078:Emery, pp.284, 298; Mackenzie, p.213.
7:
2177:Southampton Terminus railway station
656:Arcades and the William Nycoll tower
300:church. At least some parts of this
272:in AD 43 the fortress settlement of
2172:Southampton Central railway station
1875:Town Defences in England and Wales.
292:, in the 7th and 8th centuries the
227:on the west and south of the city.
2617:Tourist attractions in Southampton
1510:Creighton and Higham, pp.244, 246.
681:and decoration above the gateway.
401:grant was given to Southampton by
16:Defensive walls in Southampton, UK
14:
2041:286 (Swaythling Methodist Church)
1859:Imprisonment in Medieval England.
1578:Creigham and Higham, pp.114, 257.
851:Brown (1962), p.42; Pounds, p.78.
688:Arundel tower and Catchcold tower
361:and a supporter of Stephen. When
2592:City walls in the United Kingdom
2563:
2552:
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2111:St Michael and All Angels Church
2005:St Mary's Church, South Stoneham
803:Mackenzie, p.212; Pounds, p.152.
62:
55:
39:
1740:London: Yale University Press.
1722:Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press.
994:Ottaway, p.171; Turner, p.172;
2238:Regents Park Community College
1785:Griffiths, Ralph Alan. (1981)
970:Turner, p.172; Hughes, p.135;
1:
2468:Southampton Old Bowling Green
2417:Southampton Courts of Justice
2253:Saint George Catholic College
1488:Creighton and Higham, p.237;
1325:Creighton and Higham, p.169;
1154:Turner, p.175; Kenyon, p.146.
1139:Creighton and Higham, p.111;
1130:Pounds, p.253; Turner, p.175.
2422:Southampton General Hospital
2397:National Oceanography Centre
2312:Southampton City Art Gallery
1957:Buildings and structures in
1569:Creighton and Higham, p.257.
1479:Creighton and Higham, p.237.
1349:Creighton and Higham, p.223.
1340:Creighton and Higham, p.170.
1210:Creighton and Higham, p.190.
1196:Creighton and Higham, p.191.
1121:Creighton and Higham, p.111.
1051:Creighton and Higham, p.147.
1033:Creighton and Higham, p.110.
2432:Titanic Musicians' Memorial
2347:Titanic Engineers' Memorial
2273:Woodlands Community College
1822:Mackenzie, James D. (1896)
1802:Grinsell, Leslie V. (1958)
1590:Creigham and Higham, p.116.
1560:Creighton and Higham, p.37.
1273:Creighton and Higham, p.89.
890:Creighton and Higham, p.70.
794:Creighton and Higham, p.56.
2633:
2407:Solent Sky aviation museum
2372:King George V Graving Dock
2342:Royal South Hants Hospital
2243:Sholing Technology College
2233:Redbridge Community School
2187:Swaythling railway station
2046:Avenue St. Andrew's Church
1804:The Archaeology of Wessex.
1733:Dyer, Christopher. (2009)
2547:
2529:Southampton Power Station
2332:Ordnance Survey buildings
2263:Upper Shirley High School
2248:St Anne's Catholic School
2223:Oasis Academy Lord's Hill
2162:Redbridge railway station
2147:Millbrook railway station
2101:St James' Church, Shirley
2056:Christ Church, Freemantle
1995:Medieval Merchant's House
1839:Ottaway, Patrick. (1992)
328:Normans conquered England
280:, located on the site of
270:Roman conquest of Britain
50:
38:
28:
2392:Marlands Shopping Centre
2289:Carlton Place drill hall
2192:Woolston railway station
2182:St Denys railway station
2127:Bitterne railway station
1671:Brown, R. Allen. (1962)
437:successful French attack
290:fall of the Roman Empire
219:In 1338 Southampton was
184:Southampton's town walls
2524:Northam railway station
2412:South Stoneham Cemetery
2268:Weston Secondary School
2167:Sholing railway station
1873:Turner, Hilary. (1971)
1751:Emery, Anthony. (2006)
588:Third English Civil War
547:small-scale agriculture
456:on the existing walls.
247:and housing the town's
221:raided by French forces
2602:History of Southampton
2387:Ford Southampton plant
2228:Oasis Academy Mayfield
2051:Central Baptist Church
2020:Tudor House and Garden
1856:Pugh, Ralph B. (1968)
689:
657:
609:
536:
419:
374:
323:
70:Southampton town walls
45:Southampton town walls
24:Southampton town walls
2316:Southampton Guildhall
2218:King Edward VI School
2120:Transport and bridges
1828:New York: Macmillan.
687:
655:
604:
534:
416:
372:
326:By the time that the
321:
2597:Grade I listed walls
2322:South Stoneham House
2294:God's House Hospital
2208:Bitterne Park School
2201:Schools and colleges
1877:London: John Baker.
1705:Stroud, UK: Tempus.
1533:Turner, pp.165–166;
872:Brown (1999), p.156.
605:Water Gate tower at
435:In 1338 there was a
359:Bishop of Winchester
341:During the years of
2514:Day's Itchen Ground
2446:Pubs and recreation
2367:Hollybrook Cemetery
2352:Townhill Park House
2258:St Mark's CE School
2034:Religious buildings
2010:St Michael's Church
1845:London: Routledge.
1774:London: Routledge.
1614:Turner, pp.167–168.
1060:Turner, pp.174–175.
931:Turner, pp.170–171.
577:17th–20th centuries
527:15th–16th centuries
314:11th–13th centuries
194:. Although earlier
176:French raid of 1338
99: /
2499:All Saints' Church
2473:The Old Farm House
2299:Southampton Castle
2096:St Joseph's Church
2091:St Edmund's Church
2081:St. Alban's Church
2000:St Julien's Church
1990:King John's Palace
1675:London: Batsford.
716:Chester city walls
690:
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642:scheduled monument
610:
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264:1st–10th centuries
253:tourist attraction
103:50.9007°N 1.4054°W
2579:
2578:
2534:Television Centre
2483:Mayflower Theatre
2427:St Mary's Stadium
2362:God's House Tower
1868:978-0-521-06005-9
1851:978-0-415-00068-0
1806:London: Methuen.
1797:978-0-520-04372-5
1780:978-0-415-11787-6
1763:978-0-521-58132-5
1746:978-0-300-10191-1
1728:978-0-85115-755-9
1711:978-0-7524-1445-4
1228:Griffiths, p.815.
1179:5 August 2012 at
863:Mackenzie, p.212.
584:English Civil War
505:God's House Tower
181:
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2570:Listed buildings
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2157:Redbridge Bridge
2106:St Mary's Church
2066:Highfield Church
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634:tourist industry
630:Second World War
192:southern England
146:Site information
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1980:Canute's Palace
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2025:The Wool House
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1968:Grade I listed
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1889:External links
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159:Site history
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2463:The Joiners
2142:Mans Bridge
1960:Southampton
833:White, p.7.
812:Dyer, p.62.
626:machineguns
343:the Anarchy
200:Anglo-Saxon
106: /
82:Coordinates
2586:Categories
2492:Demolished
2458:The Hobbit
2015:Town Walls
774:References
521:embrasures
485:Richard II
481:Portsmouth
442:Edward III
332:River Test
278:Winchester
274:Clausentum
229:Edward III
214:gatehouses
140:City walls
129:SU41911141
91:50°54′03″N
33:, England
1883:463160092
1834:504892038
667:Cow Tower
640:and as a
607:Town Quay
571:guildhall
451:springald
298:St Mary's
245:guildhall
234:gunpowder
164:Materials
151:Condition
94:1°24′19″W
31:Hampshire
2558:Category
2519:The Dell
2437:Westquay
1695:50637575
1177:Archived
705:See also
679:heraldry
542:Sandwich
501:handguns
493:gunports
470:parapets
466:dovecote
447:mangonel
429:barbican
403:Edward I
379:Normandy
363:Henry II
209:a castle
188:the town
1975:Bargate
1681:1392314
1453:MSH2240
1390:MSH2247
1328:MSH2240
1313:MSH2240
1298:MSH2247
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671:Norwich
425:Bargate
387:Gascony
351:Stephen
259:History
205:Normans
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554:cannon
517:loupes
399:murage
383:Levant
381:, the
357:, the
336:castle
308:Viking
238:cannon
207:built
2282:Other
1644:MSH52
1602:MSH36
1536:MSH60
1497:MSH23
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1467:MSH50
1416:MSH36
1396:MSH39
1376:MSH39
1361:MSH23
1260:MSH23
997:MSH23
727:Notes
695:Rouen
519:, or
509:moats
286:flint
225:quays
196:Roman
167:Stone
1879:OCLC
1864:ISBN
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1830:OCLC
1808:OCLC
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1707:ISBN
1691:OCLC
1677:OCLC
624:and
472:and
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392:The
385:and
349:and
303:burh
249:gaol
198:and
136:Type
1912:II)
669:in
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