Southern Ming - Knowledge

2447:

ordered that they be. The Tingzhou Hakka Liu Guoxuan, former Zhangzhou vice-garrison commander for the Qing, and the former Taizhou military commander for the Qing, northern Chinese Ma Xin defected to Koxinga's side. They rose to high ranks under Koxinga over his own Minnanese people because Koxinga held all power over them since they had no local base because they could not speak the dialects of coastal Fujian, where they were not born in. They were familiar with infantry war on land and knew how to fight the Qing. Most of his labor, taxpayers, sailors, and infantry troops were local Fujian coastal people. The Qing and Ming dynasty were based on the continent and stymied the activities of the coast while shipbuilding, cash cropping, sea trade, salt, and fishing were stimulated by Koxinga's rule. Koxinga, from his Jinmen and Xiamen island bases, went on the offensive, killing Zhejiang and Fujiang Qing governor-general Chen Jin, blockading Quanzhou, and taking over most of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou's counties in 1652. He controlled crucial coastal strips and islands on the Guangdong, Fujian, and Zhejiang coast where maritime trade occurred. The Yongli court was earlier regarded as more threatening by the Qing but now their attention was turned to the southeast coast by Koxinga's victories. The Qing were in no way ready to build a navy because of a lack of money and time. The Shunzhi emperor was more open to negotiations after regent Dorgon died in 1652. A ceasefire was issued by Shunzhi in 1653 after negotiations were started. He then sent Koxinga edicts. The Qing used Zheng Zhilong to send messages to his son and monitored the communications during negotiations. Koxinga rejected offers by the Qin, saying to his father "since my father has erred in front, how can I follow your footsteps?" The Qing offered him the status of Geng Jimao and Shang Kexi's Guangdong feudatories. He had to pay customs duties to the Qing while maintaining control of his maritime trading organization, the Qing would appoint civil officials in the four prefectures of Huizhou, Chaozhou, Quanzhou, and Zhangzhou which he would take control of while he would still command his army. The Qing ordered him to adopt the queue if he wanted to receive this deal. Adopting the queue could trigger revolt in his army if he conceded. Koxinga rejected the queue order and said that he would accept the same status of Korea, maintaining their hair and clothing and to "adopt the Qing calendar ... if not for the sake of the land and its mortals, then to bend on behalf of my father." if the Qing wanted him to agree to the 4 prefectures deal. Koxinga also said that if the Qing gave him what they offered to his father, total control of Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Fujiand, he would agree to adopt the queue. Negotiations were then terminated by the Qing after this counter-offer was rejected. European clothes were worn by Ma Xin when he fought. Koxinga held horseback riding and archery practice for coastal troops and naval practice for inland troops during training when they were not fighting. Confucian education and a stipend were provided for family of officers who died by the "Hall for Nourishing Descendants" in Xiamen. Koxinga implemented severe punishments and discipline for disobeying orders and other wrongs, like beatings, poisoning, forced suicide, and decapitation. If one of his underlings won a battle after they were given a suspended death sentence it could be lifted. There were also rewards which led to good battlefield performance. There was a dearth of food supply. Families of gentry, Ming princes, soldiers, and officers not engaged in work numbered 300,000 which he had to support with food. 1,500 soldiers in one southern Fujian town put a strain on food supply. They tried to solve the problem by looting Qing controlled prefectures for grain and raided Zhejiang, Guangdong, and Fujian 44 times in 1649–1660. Zheng forbade .... of women and said the rich should be plundered first by his soldiers. "Voluntary offers", "donations" and bullion and grain tax were extracted from people he ruled by Koxinga. The payments were taken to Xiamen via Haicheng port. 750,000 taels were paid by Quanzhou while 1,080,000 tales were paid by Zhangzhou in 1654. In Quanzhou and Zhangzhou his own fields were subject to intensified farming and in eastern Guangdong more farms were started by his soldiers. Koxinga seized more land during negotiations through military force and talks to take over independent militias and more land surrounding Jinmen and Xiamen. Administrative government offices were founded in 1654 by Koxinga. He officially titled them as Ming extensions but he also created new offices or changed the functions of offices. His headquarters was based in Siming, the new name for Xiamen. The Zheng organization started the Six offices as a regional variation of the central Ming Six Boards with the Yongli emperor's permission, they were personnel, military, revenue, punishment, rites, and works. Yongli court held civil service exams in southwest China where Koxinga sent students to after they were educated at his Xiamen-based Confucian academy. A total of 200 junks in the Western Sea Fleet and Eastern Sea Fleet reported to the five sea firms, trust, wisdom, propriety, righteousness, benevolence, reporting to the five mountain firms, earth, fire, water, wood, gold, reporting to the warehouse for nourishing the country, which reported to the Celestial Pier (Koxinga himself) or his generals and relatives who reported to the revenue office. Pass system was under the warehouse for benefiting the people which reported to private merchants which reported to the revenue office. Officials and gentry made up the workers in most offices which were only symbolic since Koxinga's forces mostly engaged in military occupation. Koxinga's mercantile followers and family made up the Revenue and Military offices. Trade and economic activity was controlled by the Revenue Office. Koxinga had 10 firms which sold and purchased products for his Celestial Pier company, which relied on funding from silver deposits with interest from the Warehouse for Nourishing the Country. In Qing areas there were branch offices conducting trade for Koxinga's five Mountain Firms. One branch office was in Beijing, and Nanjing and Suzhou had the other three which were run by assistant managers, reporting to Zeng Dinglao, chief manager at its Hangzhou headquarters. They pretended to be normal stores which trading foreign products and sending to Xiamen porcelain and silk while in Qing controlled areas. Zheng organization used gold plated bronze talleys and flag tokens for its spies, using both Buddhist monks and merchants in these firms for its spying activities. They reported on army movements by the Qing.

2443:

order, saying "no person, wise or stupid, is willing to become a slave with a head that looks like a fly" and he wanted revenge against the Qing for the death of his mother. Koxinga was conflicted by filial piety and loyalty but never allowed himself to be used and used others. He gained control over thousands of men after originally having only 300. Koxinga's uncles Zheng Zhiwan and Zheng Hongkui pledged allegiance to him and his revenue came from the commercial network of his father Zheng Zhilong. He rallied in Anhai on the coast. Koxinga did not recognize the Prince of Lu as the Emperor and instead continued to use the reign title of the Longwu emperor in contrast to other coastal southeastern warlords. There was hostility between the prince of Lu and Longwu during their reigns and he did not want to have a powerful authority figure with him. He later pledged allegiance to the Yongli Emperor, Prince Zhu Youlang. Koxinga's goals were a Ming dynasty retaking control over China with himself as an autonomous feudal lord in control of Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Fujian on the coastal southeastern area. This may have been similar to the Tokugawa bakufu which controlled Japan while the emperor reigned and he was referred to as a feudatory by his followers and himself with the title "Generalissimo Who Summons and Quells" which was similar to the "barbarian-quelling generalissimo" title of the shogun. The Chinese mufu (tent government) was the model for the bakufu in Japan. Koxinga was an idealist who fought for restoring the Ming before 1651 but the disaster at Xiamen changed his tactics. Koxinga's uncles Zheng Hongkui and Zheng Zhiwan had allowed the Qing to attack and pillage Xiamen without a fight after the Qing threatened they would harm Zheng Zhilong and his family who were under house arrest in Beijing. This was directly disobeyed Koxinga's orders, while Koxinga was on his way to help the Yongli emperor. Because the uncles had their own command chain in their armies and they were of the older generation than Koxinga they decided they had the right to violate standing orders Koxinga's men forced him to turn back after they heard what happened to their homes and families in Xiamen so he returned. Zheng Zhiwan and his staff were executed by Koxinga and his own army absorbed Zhiwan's troops. Because Zheng Hongkui sided with Koxinga most of the time and was nice to him before he was not executed but he was scared and went into retirement, giving up control over his troops to Koxinga. He died in 1654 after living on an island for the rest of his life. Shi Lang had warned that Xiamen could be subjected to attack so Shi Lang's arrogance and habit of disobeying orders grew. Koxinga responded by jailing his brother, his father, and him on a ship in 1651 for violating orders. Shi Lang defected to the Qing after breaking out of the ship. Shi Lang's family was then executed by Koxinga. Koxinga then started the build up his organization and strengthening it and going through formal rituals to pay allegiance to the Yongli Emperor. Koxinga's underlings were people who used to work for his father and his family. They were very experienced at trading and sailing and familiar with the inlets and harbors of the coast of Minnan where they grew up and were merchants and military men. One of them was a pirate partner of Zhilong, Hong Xu. Wang Zhongxiao and Li Maochun, who were gentry of Minnan, and Xu Fuyuan, a bureaucrat in the Ming government were among the number of people in Koxinga's organization. Prince of Ningjing Zhu Shugui, the prince of Lu and other Ming princes came in 1652 with Zhang Huangyan and Zhang Mingzhen, part of the anti-Qing resistance. A separate command chain was kept by Zhang Huangyan and Zhang Mingzhen and the military men and merchants were looked down upon by the elites. There were regional rivalries between Koxinga's Minnan followers and the Zhejiang followers of the two Zhangs.

2471:

Ming China. Japan and other maritime states with relations with Zheng organization were not previously part of the Ming system. He used "mutual dispatch of embassies according to a calendar of diplomatic ritual, cordial encounters, and equivalent treatment of these foreign rulers through regulation and practice." sizing up relations by power and status. Since the Yongli Emperor was the Zheng's overlord the Zheng organization itself could have equal diplomatic relations unlike the Ming with its tributary system placing itself at the top. Enemy states were treated as vassals as an insult by Koxinga in preparation for war. The Tokugawa Shogun Ietsuna received a diplomatic message of congratulations from Koxinga in 1651. The Zheng organization allied with Shogun Ietsuna. They were familiar with Japanese rules and were a united bloc of Chinese merchants under one leader. They served to balance against the Dutch. The Tokugawa bakufu gave asylum to Ming refugees, and allowed into Nagasaki to trade "only those Chinese merchants under anti- auspices" after the Manchu invasion since the majority of Japanese were pro-Ming and supported Koxinga. A fake uncle-nephew protocol was used by Ietsuna according to Chinese accounts with Koxinga.

2431:

Tokugawa shogun received two requests for samurai mercenaries and weapons in Nagasaki in 1645-1646 from Zheng Zhilong. The Tokugawa Bakufu originally urged Japanese women who were married to Chinese men, to leave Japan when they enacted the maritime ban (after which was passed, they would not be allowed to leave Japan), but a lot of Japanese women who were married to Chinese men like Tagawa Matsu remained in Japan and did not leave when the ban was enacted. The Tokugawa allowed them to stay unlike how they violently ejected the Japanese wives and children of Europeans. After the ban was first passed five years elapsed until Zheng requested his Japanese wife Tagawa be allowed to come to China and they were unsure if they would let her come in violation of the maritime ban. The Tokugawa Shogunate decided to allow Tagawa Matsu, his Japanese wife to violate the ban, leave Japan and reunite with him in China. Zheng Zhilong and one of his underlings, Zhou Ghezhi, both had connections to daimyo and the bakufi after living in Japan. Zhou Hezhi sent a letter on the first request for help and the next one was sent to the Kyto-based Japanese Emperor and the Edo-based Tokugawa Shogun along with gifts from Zheng Zhilong.

2475:

permit in Nagasaki in 1653. Wang was pardoned by Koxinga after Koxinga's brother Shichizaemon asked him to. The Japanese bakufu helped protect the Zheng network from Dutch violence through its law. Japanese Nagasaki magistrates received cases involving Dutch attacks on Koxinga ships, with Koxinga receiving help from his brother Shichizaemon in filing the cases. At the Malay peninsula around Johor, Chen Zhenguan, a Zheng agent whose junk was headed to Japan, was attacked by several Dutch ships in June 1657. The Dutch were heading for Taiwan with Chen's crew as prisoners but the Dutch ship Urk was blown to Kyushu in Japan by a storm. The Chinese sprang out and filed a case at the magistrates in Nagasaki on 23 August to the bakufu in Edo. They won the case and Japan threatened to kick out the Dutch if they attacked Japan bound junks and forced the Dutch to pay compensation to Chen. A silver tael payment of 20,000 was ordered by Japan to be paid to Chen by the Dutch in 1661. The Revenue Officer in Xiamen after 1657 was Zheng Tai, who also had been to Nagasaki and dealt with commerce related to Japan.

2435:

officially by the bakufu, a lot of Japanese in the Tokugawa government privately supported going to war against the Manchus and support the Ming. Samurai and daimyo were to be subjected to full scale mobilization and attack routes along the coast of China were planned by the Tokugawa shogunate. It was the Qing take over of Fuzhou in 1646 which caused the plans to be cancelled. Further requests came between 1645 and 1692. Food and financial shortage led to abandonment of the Jiangxi-Fujian and Zhejiang-Fujian mountain passes by Zheng Zhilong because he could not afford to pay salaries or feed his soldiers all over Fujian. His soldiers were sent to guard the coast. He started negotiations with the Qing and the Shunzhi Emperor officially appointed him as ruler over Guangdong, Fujian, and Zhejiang as "King of Three Provinces". However it asked Zhilong to come to Beijing to meet Shunzhi.

2427:. The Qing sent the 17 Ming princes still living on Taiwan back to mainland China where they spent the rest of their lives. Zheng Zhilong wrote "Grand Strategy for ordering the country". He argued that for the Southern Ming to retake the country, they should do it through regional military commanders all across China's provinces and not in a centralized fashion. This brought him at loggerheads with the Longwu Emperor. Famine also struck after drought and corps failed all along the southeastern coastal region. This led to outbreaks of banditry. Ports under Zheng Zhilong's control were running out of raw silk due to the Yangzi river delta under attack by the Qing. The Longwu emperor wanted the take over Huguang and Jiangxi provinces which were major producers of rice to help boost the southern Ming. Zhilong refused to expand out of Fujian to keep his control over the movement. 1981:

By the time he arrived in the vicinity of Nanjing, the prince could already count on the support of both Ma Shiying and Shi Kefa. He entered the city on June 5 and accepted the title "protector of the state" the next day. Prodded by some court officials, the Prince of Fu immediately begin to consider ascending the throne. The prince had a problematic reputation in terms of Confucian morality, so some members of the Donglin faction suggested the Prince of Lu as an alternative. Other officials noted that the Prince of Fu, as next in line by blood, was clearly the safer choice. In any case, the so-called "righteousness" faction was not keen to risk a confrontation with Ma, who arrived in Nanjing with a large fleet on June 17. The Prince of Fu was crowned as the Hongguang emperor on June 19. It was decided that the next lunar year would be the first year of the Hongguang reign.

2463:

Vietnam. 1,563,259 silver taels worth of products were imported every year by Japan from Koxinga. Yongli coins and weapons required copper which Koxinga imported from Japan. He also imported resin, tar, cannons, muskets, armor, swords, knives, with the majority of imports at 70% being silver. Taels numbering 1,513,93 were profit out of the 2,350,386 taels Koxinga received from trading with Japan. Most of the Japanese products were used for his military or currency. They were also exported to Vietnam's civil war in Quang Nam and Tonkin. The Dutch tried to get a Chinese coastal base but could not, trying to get Chinese silk for themselves. The Zheng had a monopoly on Chinese silk and sold it at high prices to the Dutch. The Dutch obtained Tonkin silk by allying with the Trinh lords against the Nguyen Lords but it was not of consistent quality.

2455:

Zheng agents also provided cargo space on their ships for a fee to private merchants. Japan bound Zheng Tai's dongli vessels also carried Celestial Pier products from Koxinga. Private businesses were also engaged in by official merchants. There was a major Southeast Asia and Japan based diaspora of Chinese with Ming loyalists and traders among them. There were official representatives of Koxinga, agents, and private traders among them. They sold permits and bought products for Koxinga and communicated between the European rulers of the colonies and Koxinga. The Revenue Office received reports from the family and patronage networks which synthesized them with the traditional bureaucracy of China.

2467:

by Zheng junks. Cloth and silk from India were bought with this gold by the Dutch. Spanish Manila used American silver to buy porcelain and silk from the Zheng which were taken to the Americas and the Philippines. Dutch were not allowed to trade in Manila. The Zheng sent the silver to China or to buy products in Taiwan, Philippines, Southeast Asian islands, Vietnam, Cambodian and Siam. Timber and rice were bought by the Zheng and so were rhinoceros horns, ivory, and sappanwood to be brought to Japan and China, while deerskins, spices, pepper, and sugar were bought by both the Dutch and Zheng. The Western Ocean received 20 or 16 vessels by the Zheng each year.

411: 1955:

fierce fighting, and negotiations, a peace agreement was agreed on in 1649, and Milayan and Ding nominally pledged allegiance to the Qing and were given ranks as members of the Qing military. When other Ming loyalists in southern China made a resurgence and the Qing were forced to withdraw their forces from Gansu to fight them, Milayan and Ding once again took up arms and rebelled against the Qing. The Muslim Ming loyalists were then crushed by the Qing with 100,000 of them, including Milayin, Ding Guodong, and Turumtay killed in battle.

2061: 2459:

Koxinga. Chinese merchants at ports overseas paid fees and bough licenses from his agents. There were some ships outside of his control like northern Chinese ships, Chinese, Macanese, and Portuguese in Macao, and Guangzhou based ships of Geng Jimao and Shang Kexi, feudatories of the Qing. The Japanese market and East Asian trade saw a struggle between the Dutch East India Company and Zheng organization. Japanese merchants were allowed to buy silk directly after the silk allotment guild was ended by the bakufu in 1655

2451:

traded with the Eastern Ocean Fleet. The junks operated in defensive quads of five or four and had cannons for defense. They two different fleets sometimes overlapped when going back. Koxinga's relative Zheng Tai owned the Dongli firm while leader of the revenue office after 1657 and his predecessors Hong Xu had the Xuyuan firm. Thousands of silver taels annually were gained through trade by Chen Yonghua. Koxinga also employed official merchants who worked for him like Zheng Tai, an adopted son of his family.

2165: 2227: 92: 1857:. However, comprehensive central decision-making was beyond the technology of the time. The principle of uniformity meant that the lowest common denominator was often selected as the standard. The need to implement change on an empire-wide basis complicated any effort to reform the system, leaving administrators helpless to respond in an age of upheaval. 2349: 1846:, an extended period from 1645 to 1715 when sunspots were absent. Whatever the cause, the change in the climate reduced agricultural yields and cut state revenue. It also led to drought, which displaced many peasants. There were a series of peasant revolts in the late Ming, culminating in a revolt led by 2474:

Xiamen received the money from permits sold in Japan. To make it so he would take most of the trade he sold a maximum annually of 10 new permits. Payment of permits was enforced by Japanese Nagasaki magistrates. Zheng agents received custody of Wang Yunsheng after he tried using a 10 year old expired

2466:

The Dutch Bengal factory found Bengali white silk and started export to Japan in 1655. However the Chinese silk always outsold it and Koxinga's revenue was more than half of the 708,564 taels worth of products the Dutch sold in Japan annually. Dutch Taiwan exchanged silver for gold from China brought

2454:

Travel distance and vessel size were factors in the price of Koxinga's permits which he sold to people who wanted to engage in overseas commerce like when Zheng Zhilong ruled. Private loans ere given out by the Xiamen Warehouse for Benefiting the People. The five Sea Firms lent out ships for rent and

2450:

The Ming regarded there to be two oceans, the Western Ocean and Eastern Ocean. Koxinga's firms had a fleet for each ocean made out of 60 ships, 12 junks per the 5 firms. Southeast Asia, Cambodia, Batavia, and Siam were traded with the Western Ocean Fleet, and Philippines, Dutch Taiwan, and Japan were

2446:

The Prince of Lu was also treated as their real ruler by the Zhejiang gentry leaders while Yongli was officially regarded as their emperor. In 1652 the Prince of Lu gave up his titles under Koxinga's pressure. Koxinga sent him to Penghu and did not reinstate his titles in 1659 when the Yongli emperor

2211:

The Portuguese in Macao provided military aid in the form of cannons to the two courts established by the Princes of Gui and Tang in exchange for tax exemption, more land around Macao and conversions to Catholicism. The Empress dowager, the two Empresses and the crown prince converted to Catholicism,

2470:

Violent Dutch efforts to try to undercut Zheng's organization were countered by Koxinga with alliances and diplomacy. The violence of the VOC was dampened by the laws of Tokugawa Japan. A new system of diplomatic relations was implemented by Koxinga with modifications to the tributary system used by

2462:

In 1650-1662 Nagasaki annually received 50 Chinese ships most of which bought Koxinga passes or were his ships. They sold books, medicine, porcelain, textiles, gold, and silk. Koxinga brought animal hides from Southeast Asia, and gold and silk from Quang Nam Nguyen lord Vietnam and Tonkin Trinh Lord

2242:

Li Chengdong suppressed more loyalist resistance in Guangdong in 1647, but mutinied against the Qing in May 1648 because he resented having been named only regional commander of the province he had conquered. The concurrent rebellion of another former Ming general in Jiangxi helped the Yongli regime

1763:

The literati in the provinces responded to the news from Yangzhou and Nanjing with an outpouring of emotion. Some recruited their own militia and became resistance leaders. Shi was lionized and there was a wave of hopeless sacrifice by loyalists who vowed to erase the shame of Nanjing. By late 1646,

2495:

came up with a plan to defeat the Chinese pirates by sending more than 300 girls who were beautiful singing girls and prostitutes with red handkerchiefs to go to the Chinese pirate junks on small boats. The Chinese pirates and northern Vietnamese (Tonkinese) girls had sex but the women then wet the

1996:

Because Ma was the emperor's main supporter, he started to monopolize the royal court's administration by reviving the functions of the remaining eunuchs. This resulted in rampant corruptions and illegal dealings. Moreover, Ma engaged in intense political bickering with Shi, who was affiliated with

1980:

When the news of the Chongzhen emperor's death reached Nanjing in May 1644, the fate of the heir apparent was still unknown. But court officials quickly agreed that an imperial figure was necessary to rally loyalist support. In early June, a caretaker government led by the Prince of Fu was created.

2458:

Koxinga created an economic unity of Chinese in Southeast Asia, Japan, and in the Qing. His five sea firms used its navy to escort merchants who bought his permits to avoid Dutch attacks on their ships. In China their relatives would be punished and fined if they were trading without a permit from

2316:

province), he patiently built up his forces; only in late 1658 did well-fed and well-supplied Qing troops mount a multipronged campaign to take Guizhou and Yunnan. In late January 1659, a Qing army led by Manchu prince Doni took the capital of Yunnan, sending the Yongli emperor fleeing into nearby

2085:

and proceeded to Fujian from a land route that went through northeastern Jiangxi and mountainous areas in northern Fujian. Protected by General Zheng Hongkui, on July 10 he proclaimed his intention to become regent of the Ming dynasty, a title that he formally received on July 29, a few days after

2149:

continued to resist. Through Zheng networks, the Southern Ming continued to enjoy a privileged diplomatic position vis-a-vis Tokugawa Japan, who exempted Southern Ming ships from the ban on exports of weapons and strategic materials, and from the ban on Japanese wives of Southern Ming Chinese men

1962:(1640–1710) served with the Southern Ming loyalists against the Qing. Zhu Yu'ai, Prince of Gui was accompanied by Hui refugees when he fled from Huguang to the Burmese border in Yunnan and as a mark of their defiance against the Qing and loyalty to the Ming, they changed their surname to "Ming". 1864:

of righteous and unrighteous behavior, they were rarely as knowledgeable when it came to contemporary economic, social, or military matters. Unlike previous dynasties, the Ming had no prime minister. So when a young ruler retreated to the inner court to enjoy the company of his concubines, power

2442:

Tagawa Matsu was ..... by the Manchus according to one account and she committed suicide. One confused Chinese account said that Koxinga cut out his mother's intestines and washed them, following the "barbarian" (Japanese) custom. This may have referred to sepukku. Koxinga referred to the queue

2434:

Zheng Zhilong informed the Tokugawa Bakufu on how his son Koxinga rose through the ranks of the Ming military and asked for ten slaves and ...... in waiting and Shichizaemon to be allowed to come to China from Japan to help take care of his wife Tagawa Matsu. Although the requests were rejected

1954:

in order to drive the Qing out and restore Zhu Shichuan, Prince of Yanchang to the throne as the emperor. The Muslim Ming loyalists were supported by Hami's Sultan Sa'id Baba (巴拜汗) and his son Turumtay (土倫泰). The Muslim Ming loyalists were joined by Tibetans and Han Chinese in the revolt. After

2430:

Zheng tried to solve the problem by extorting and taxation and then seeking aid from Tokugawa Japan. He tried to solve the problem by extorting and taxation and then seeking aid from Tokugawa Japan. Sekisai Ugai said that Zheng Zhilong's brother had 1,000 musket armed Japanese mercenaries. The

2020:

immediately moved toward Nanjing, which surrendered without a fight on June 8, 1645. A detachment of Qing soldiers then captured the fleeing emperor on June 15, and he was brought back to Nanjing on June 18. The fallen emperor was later transported to Beijing, where he died the following year.

2438:

Zheng Zhilong refused to go because he most likely though it was a trap. Zheng Zhilong commanded his army not to fight against the Qing as they took over Fuzhou after coming into Fujian in 1646. The Longwu emperor was either killed or escaped and was never again found as he tried to escape to

1739:

as the Hongguang Emperor, marking the start of the Southern Ming. The Nanjing regime lasted until 1645, when Qing forces captured Nanjing. Zhu fled before the city fell, but was captured and executed shortly thereafter. Later figures continued to hold court in various southern Chinese cities,

2140:

sent the Zhejiang regime of Prince Lu into disarray and proceeded to attack the Longwu regime in Fujian. Zheng Zhilong, the Longwu emperor's main military defender, fled to the coast. On the pretext of relieving the siege of Ganzhou in southern Jiangxi, the Longwu court left their base in

2621:

is still under debate in academia. The controversy mainly focused on whether the regime should be regarded as a direct continuation of the legitimate dynastic historiography of the Ming dynasty (including the Southern Ming), or treating it as simply an independent polity ruled by the

2607:

would be required to fund military activity alone. Revenue of 6 million taels was anticipated based on normal receipts from the areas under Nanjing's control. Severe drought, rebellion, and unsettled conditions combined to ensure that actual revenue was only a fraction of this

2512:. The Chinese pirates having sex with north Vietnamese women may also have transmitted a deadly epidemic from China which ravaged the Tonkin regime of north Vietnam. French and Chinese sources say a typhoon contributed to the loss of ships along with the disease. The 1743:

The Nanjing regime lacked the resources to pay and supply its soldiers, who were left to live off the land and pillaged the countryside. The soldiers' behavior was so notorious that they were refused entry by those cities in a position to do so. Court official

2243:

to retake most of southern China, leaving the Qing in control of only a few enclaves in Guangdong and southern Jiangxi. But this resurgence of loyalist hopes was short-lived. New Qing armies managed to reconquer the central provinces of Huguang (present-day

2439:

Jiangxi. The Qing invited Zheng Zhilong to a banquet for negotiations. His son Koxinga and brother Zheng Hongkui cried and beseeched Zheng Zhilong not to go. He had 500 war junks and army which he could still use to rule. They also knew of the queue order.

1841:

conquest that followed was a period of catastrophic war and population decline in China. China experienced a period of extremely cold weather from the 1620s until the 1710s. Some modern scholars link the worldwide drop in temperature at this time to the

1756:. The cannons mowed down a large number of Qing soldiers, but this only enraged those who survived. After the Yangzhou city fell in May 1645, the Manchus started a general massacre pillage and enslaved all the women and children in the notorious 2816:"Government finance under the Ming represented an attempt to impose and extremely ambitious centralized system on an enormous empire before its level of technology had made such a degree of centralization practical." Ray Huang, 2076:

who had been put under house arrest in 1636 by the Chongzhen emperor. He was pardoned and restored to his princely title by the Hongguang emperor. When Nanjing fell in June 1645, he was in Suzhou en route to his new fiefdom in

3784: 3750: 2131:

In February 1646, Qing armies seized land west of the Qiantang River from the Lu regime and defeated a ragtag force representing the Longwu emperor in northeastern Jiangxi. In May of that year Qing forces besieged

1361: 3726: 1984:

The Hongguang court proclaimed that its goal was "to ally with the Tartars to pacify the bandits," that is, to seek cooperation with Qing military forces in order to annihilate rebel peasant militia led by

2340:

In the late summer of 1664, Li Lai-heng and his remaining followers were surrounded on one of these mountains. Unable to escape, Li gave orders to build a fire and then threw himself into the flames.

1780:

was the last and also the longest reigning Emperor of the dynasty (1646–1662) and managed to fight against the Qing forces alongside the peasant armies in southwestern China prior to his capture in

2277:

Though the Qing under the leadership of Prince Regent Dorgon (1612–1650) had successfully pushed the Southern Ming deep into southern China, Ming loyalism was not dead yet. In early August 1652,

2097:, a Chinese sea trader with exceptional organizational skills who had surrendered to the Ming in 1628 and recently been made an earl by the Hongguang emperor. Zheng Zhilong and his Japanese wife 2500:

navy then attacked the Chinese pirate fleet which was unable to fire back with their wet guns. The Chinese pirate fleet, originally 206 junks, was reduced to 50–80 junks by the time it reached

2028:, written under Qing sponsorship in the eighteenth century, blames Ma's lack of foresight, his hunger for power and money, and his thirst for private revenge for the fall of the Nanjing court. 2647:

because Yousong's father was not Wanli's eldest son. Although this was three generations earlier, Donglin officials in Nanjing nonetheless feared that the prince might retaliate against them.

2293:

province) from the Qing. Within a month, most of the commanders who had been supporting the Qing in Guangxi reverted to the Ming side. Despite occasional successful military campaigns in

1869:. Only the eunuchs had access to the inner court, but the eunuch cliques were distrusted by the officials who were expected to carry out the emperor's decrees. Officials educated at the 5987: 2196:

established the Yongli (永曆) regime in the same vicinity. The two Ming regimes fought each other until 20 January 1647, when a small Qing force led by former Southern Ming commander

1354: 2785: 4868: 5982: 5620: 2128:, and thus represented another center of loyalist resistance. But the two regimes failed to cooperate, making their chances of success even lower than they already were. 5347: 1347: 2090:. He was enthroned as emperor on August 18, 1645. Most Nanjing officials had surrendered to the Qing, but some followed the Prince of Tang in his flight to Fuzhou. 1860:

Civil servants were selected by an arduous examination system which tested knowledge of classic literature. While they might be adapt at citing precedents from the

4806: 6012: 5827: 5600: 5229: 2263:" who would rebel against the Qing in 1673 – captured Guangzhou after a ten-month siege and massacred the city's population, killing as many as 70,000 people. 6007: 5479: 5055: 5046: 1327: 1267: 2150:

remaining in Japan. The Zheng were also able to recruit Japanese troops, particularly from their strongest sympathizers, the Satsuma and Mito domains.

6027: 5632: 2105:. The pretender, who was childless, adopted Zheng Zhilong's eldest son Zheng Sen, granted him the imperial surname, and gave him a new personal name: 1950:

In 1644, Muslim Ming loyalists in Gansu led by Muslim leaders Milayin (米喇印) and Ding Guodong (丁國棟) led a revolt in 1646 against the Qing during the

6022: 5083: 5041: 5282: 3595:

Friars, Nobles and Burghers – Sermons, Images and Prints: Studies of Culture and Society in Early-Modern Europe – In Memoriam István György Tóth

5778: 5685: 5583: 957: 6017: 5673: 5521: 5145: 5019: 4994: 4757: 4715: 4673: 4631: 4589: 4547: 4505: 4463: 4421: 4379: 4337: 4295: 4253: 4211: 4169: 4127: 4085: 4043: 4001: 3959: 3917: 3875: 3833: 3794: 3760: 3171: 2726: 1592: 1257: 2192:

of Shaowu (紹武) on 11 December 1646. Short of official costumes, the court had to purchase robes from local theater troupes. On 24 December,

5723: 5578: 2550: 164: 35: 4941: 3161: 5393: 5287: 2782: 2555: 2169: 1299: 461: 91: 5690: 5117: 4882: 4845: 3602: 3577: 3524: 3341: 3137: 3100: 3062: 3024: 2990: 2956: 2922: 2888: 2854: 2760: 2584: 451: 2141:

northeastern Fujian in late September 1646, but the Qing army caught up with them. Longwu and his empress were summarily executed in

1128: 5222: 5065: 5858: 5322: 3815: 5413: 3439:, pp. 667–669 (for their failure to cooperate), 669–674 (for the deep financial and tactical problems that beset both regimes). 1587: 882: 5373: 2008:

and the death of Shi in May 1645. It also led directly to the demise of the Nanjing regime. After the Qing armies crossed the

356: 342: 317: 6032: 1645: 1320: 1272: 2487:(Dương Ngạn Địch) and his fleet sailed to Vietnam to leave the Qing dynasty in March 1682, first appearing off the coast of 5905: 5627: 2221: 1637: 1294: 1220: 1155: 374: 5885: 5663: 5531: 5501: 5215: 5185: 4795: 2545: 1814: 1693: 1572: 1420: 1371: 1230: 233: 1039: 6002: 5895: 5880: 5615: 5247: 2145:(western Fujian) on 6 October. After the fall of Fuzhou on 17 October, Zheng Zhilong defected to the Qing but his son 2031: 1975: 1282: 420: 31: 2496:

gun barrels of the pirates ships with their handkerchiefs which they got wet. They then left in the same boats. The

5706: 5428: 5327: 4840:. China Southeast Asia History (illustrated, reprint ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 199. 2272: 2045: 1287: 2200:(李成棟) captured Guangzhou, causing the Shaowu Emperor to commit suicide, and sending the Yongli emperor fleeing to 1800:) claimed to be the rightful successor to the throne of Ming until 1683, although he lacked real political power. 1760:. Nanjing was captured by the Qing on June 6 and the Hongguang Emperor was taken to Beijing and executed in 1646. 1413: 830: 820: 788: 5875: 5711: 5637: 5408: 5398: 4912:(organized by the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies: 10–11. 2643:(r. 1573–1620). Wanli's attempt to name Yousong's father as heir apparent had been thwarted by supporters of the 2177: 2159: 1971: 1951: 1562: 1313: 1250: 1215: 484: 394: 5716: 5317: 5092:] (in Chinese), Shanghai, China: East China Normal University Press, CSBN: 11135.24 / F552.9, archived from 2517: 5938: 5817: 5403: 4913: 3517:

Conflict and commerce in maritime East Asia: The Zheng family and the shaping of the modern world, c. 1620–1720

2711:

Conflict and commerce in maritime East Asia: The Zheng family and the shaping of the modern world, c. 1620–1720

2630:. The Yongli Emperor was the last generally recognized sovereign of the Southern Ming before his death in 1662. 2567: 2168:

A cannon cast in 1650 by the southern Ming when remnants of the Ming regime were based in Guangdong. (From the

1489: 633: 2060: 1853:

Ming ideology emphasized authoritarian and centralized administration, referred to as "imperial supremacy" or

5848: 5757: 5423: 5277: 2397: 2121: 2049: 1577: 2912: 1825:. With agriculture devastated by a severe drought, there was manpower available for numerous rebel armies. 711: 5977: 5785: 5733: 5541: 5433: 1545: 1262: 1240: 1225: 430: 2491:

in northern Vietnam. According to the Vietnamese account, Vũ Duy Chí (武惟志), a minister of the Vietnamese

5997: 5992: 5890: 5868: 5853: 5494: 5474: 5352: 5312: 5302: 2334: 2329:. The last sovereign of the Southern Ming stayed there until 1662, when he was captured and executed by 1805: 1235: 652: 1437: 5093: 3129:

Charities in the Non-Western World: The Development and Regulation of Indigenous and Islamic Charities

1764:

the heroics had petered out and the Qing advance had resumed. Notable Ming "pretenders" held court in

6037: 5921: 5489: 5388: 5267: 5036: 1277: 490: 5771: 5610: 5553: 5506: 5464: 5438: 5342: 5292: 5199: 2618: 2572: 2401: 2361: 2164: 1789: 1721: 1567: 1494: 1484: 1401: 442: 349: 5337: 2197: 5383: 5297: 4767: 4725: 4683: 4641: 4599: 4557: 4515: 4473: 4431: 4389: 4347: 4305: 4263: 4221: 4179: 4137: 4095: 4053: 4011: 3969: 3927: 3885: 3843: 3451:, pp. 670 (seizing land west of the Qiantang River) and 673 (defeating Longwu forces in Jiangxi). 2251:), Jiangxi, and Guangdong in 1649 and 1650. The Yongli emperor fled to Nanning and from there to 1818: 1810: 1677: 1535: 1515: 1505: 1500: 1479: 425: 5516: 5031: 2404:

on the site of the former Dutch colony. The Ming princes who accompanied Koxinga to Taiwan were

2226: 1525: 1459: 4935: 1888:

and some court ministers then sought refuge in the southern part of China and regrouped around

5595: 5332: 5272: 5141: 5138:

The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China

5113: 5103: 5061: 5015: 4990: 4878: 4841: 4831: 4753: 4711: 4669: 4627: 4585: 4543: 4501: 4459: 4417: 4375: 4333: 4291: 4249: 4207: 4165: 4123: 4081: 4039: 3997: 3955: 3913: 3871: 3829: 3790: 3756: 3598: 3573: 3520: 3337: 3167: 3133: 3127: 3096: 3058: 3020: 2986: 2952: 2946: 2918: 2884: 2850: 2844: 2756: 2746: 2722: 2562: 2260: 2005: 1881: 1757: 1709: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1173: 496: 378: 4980: 3014: 2878: 2520:, which had been newly acquired from the Khmers. Duong's followers named their settlement as 5764: 5573: 5536: 5526: 5511: 5484: 5469: 5307: 5133: 4796:""Righteous Yang": Pirate, Rebel, and Hero on the Sino-Vietnamese Water Frontier, 1644–1684" 3092: 3054: 2980: 2714: 2644: 2623: 2579: 2365: 2189: 1998: 1689: 1615: 1582: 1550: 1540: 1454: 1449: 852: 410: 402: 62: 3570:

Global Constitutional Narratives of Autonomous Regions: The Constitutional History of Macau

2501: 2212:

and the Jesuit missionaries carried letters to the Pope and the Portuguese asking for aid.

2004:

This displacement of troops facilitated the Qing capture of Yangzhou. This resulted in the

5955: 5807: 5750: 5668: 5443: 5418: 4780: 4738: 4696: 4654: 4612: 4570: 4528: 4486: 4444: 4402: 4360: 4318: 4276: 4234: 4192: 4150: 4108: 4066: 4024: 3982: 3940: 3898: 3856: 2789: 2484: 2352:

Depiction of a Southern Ming soldier and a Chinese man and his wife, by Georg Franz Müller

2326: 2282: 2106: 1990: 1870: 1843: 1781: 1597: 4869:"8 Epidemics, Trade, and Local Worship in Vietnam, Leizhou peninsula, and Hainan island" 4832:"8 Epidemics, Trade, and Local Worship in Vietnam, Leizhou peninsula, and Hainan island" 5931: 5926: 5802: 2420: 2416: 2305: 2235: 2231: 2082: 1822: 1245: 754: 671: 3359:, p. 665, note 24 (ninth-generation descendant), and p. 668 (release and pardon). 5971: 5812: 5605: 2742: 2640: 2492: 2424: 2374: 2137: 2094: 2073: 2017: 2009: 1893: 1728: 1530: 1520: 1510: 544: 511: 17: 3383:, pages 660 (date of the fall of Hangzhou) and 665 (route of his retreat to Fujian). 2801:

Eddy, John A., "The Maunder Minimum: Sunspots and Climate in the Age of Louis XIV",

2516:

of southern Vietnam allowed Yang (Duong) and his surviving followers to resettle in

1884:

committed suicide the next day to avoid humiliation at their hands. Remnants of the

5588: 5238: 5195: 5178: 5162: 3728:

Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science: Extra volumes

2627: 2538: 2533: 2513: 2509: 2230:

Letter from the Empress Dowager Helena Wang (the "honorary mother"(孝正皇太后王氏) of the

2136:, the last Ming bastion in Jiangxi. In July, a new Southern Campaign led by Manchu 2098: 1927: 1923: 1901: 1885: 1861: 1838: 1834: 1725: 1717: 1701: 1685: 1425: 1408: 1391: 1119: 1095: 1082: 1069: 1013: 994: 984: 972: 910: 624: 614: 591: 335: 322: 106: 41: 3620:, pp. 760–761 (Ming resistance in late 1647) and 765 (Li Chengdong's mutiny). 3086: 3048: 5107: 4984: 4872: 4835: 2803: 2750: 2718: 2674: 5900: 5843: 5378: 2752:

Sea Rovers, Silver, and Samurai: Maritime East Asia in Global History, 1550–1700

2497: 2390: 2322: 2193: 2142: 2055: 1777: 1736: 1210: 1026: 897: 741: 731: 721: 699: 686: 520: 280: 263: 219: 183: 2948:

Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864

2846:

Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864

5822: 5678: 5030: 2521: 2405: 2400:, defeating the Dutch and driving them out of Taiwan. He then established the 2278: 2256: 2069: 1986: 1938: 1912: 1905: 1847: 1785: 1731:, in hope of using them to annihilate the Shun forces. Ming loyalists fled to 1697: 1681: 1430: 778: 567: 246: 195: 2423:

with the title Duke of Hanjun and he and his soldiers were inducted into the

5863: 4906:"Epidemics in late pre-modern Vietnam and their links with her neighbours 1" 2505: 2409: 2333:, whose surrender to the Qing in April 1644 had allowed Dorgon to start the 2330: 2298: 2185: 2181: 2102: 2013: 1769: 1713: 207: 135: 5167: 2234:) to the Pope with a request for help. November 1650. Latin translation by 1873:

were known for accusing the eunuchs and others of a lack of righteousness.

2016:

on June 1, the emperor fled Nanjing. Qing armies led by the Manchu prince

2309: 2125: 1753: 1745: 157: 141: 1876:

On April 24, 1644, Li's soldiers breached the walls of the Ming capital

2370: 2357: 2294: 2290: 2252: 2205: 2201: 2146: 2133: 2120:

In October 1645, the Longwu Emperor heard that another Ming pretender,

2110: 2078: 2025: 1916: 1889: 1877: 1732: 1705: 1339: 921: 772: 766: 382: 267: 250: 122: 5207: 4986:

Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800

2348: 1803:

The end of the Ming and the subsequent Nanjing regime are depicted in

2488: 2286: 2087: 1959: 1931: 1866: 1797: 1793: 1773: 1765: 1749: 1653: 1623: 129: 75: 5112:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 641–725, 4905: 2396:

Koxinga then decided to take Taiwan from the Dutch. He launched the

5106:, in Frederic W. Mote; Denis Twitchett; John King Fairbank (eds.), 4989:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 73–119, 5728: 5647: 2347: 2318: 2313: 2248: 2244: 2225: 2180:, who had fled Fuzhou by sea, soon founded another Ming regime in 2163: 2059: 2034:, declared himself regent in 1645, but surrendered the next year. 5109:

Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644

1937:

The remnants of the Ming dynasty could only survive south of the

5642: 2982:

Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1

2951:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 171. 2849:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 298. 2604: 2419:

surrendered to the Qing dynasty in 1683 and was rewarded by the

5211: 4752:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 102–.

4710:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 100–.

1343: 4668:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 98–.

4626:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 97–.

4584:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 96–.

4542:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 95–.

4500:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 93–.

4458:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 91–.

4416:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–.

4374:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 89–.

4332:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 88–.

4290:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–.

4248:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 84–.

4206:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 83–.

4080:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 79–.

4038:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 77–.

3996:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–.

3954:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–.

3912:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–.

3870:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–.

3828:

Xing Hang (2015). . Cambridge University Press. pp. 67–.

2831:

Disorder Under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty

5090:

Private Ocean Trade in the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

3163:

China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects

2985:(illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 8. 2301:

in the next two years, Li failed to retake important cities.

5140:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2285:(d. 1647) and was now protecting the Yongli emperor, retook 1813:. The upheaval of this period, sometimes referred to as the 3126:

Brown, Rajeswary Ampalavanar; Pierce, Justin, eds. (2013).

3016:

Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China

2914:

Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China

2880:

Familiar strangers: a history of Muslims in Northwest China

2688:

The Cambridge History of China: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644

2093:

In Fuzhou, the Prince of Tang was under the protection of

2281:, who had served as general in Sichuan under bandit king 2113:

is derived of his title "lord of the imperial surname" (

4164:

Xing Hang. . Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–.

4122:

Xing Hang. . Cambridge University Press. pp. 81–.

5057:

The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam

2308:

in charge of retaking the southwest. Headquartered in

4803:

Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review

69: 2818:

Taxation and Finance in Sixteenth-Century Ming China

2626:, as distinct from the rump states those founded by 2081:. When Hangzhou fell on July 6, he retreated up the 1740:

although the Qing considered them to be pretenders.

1138: 1060: 940: 873: 803: 677: 5947: 5914: 5836: 5795: 5742: 5699: 5656: 5566: 5452: 5361: 5255: 5246: 2675:

The Oxford History of Historical Writing: 1400–1800

370: 277: 260: 243: 229: 213: 201: 189: 177: 163: 153: 112: 101: 96:

Various regimes of the Southern Ming, November 1644

49: 27:

Rump state in China during the Ming–Qing transition

5163:Maoist era propaganda poster glorifying Li Zicheng 3667: 3665: 3597:. Central European University Press. p. 221. 2524:, to recall their allegiance to the Ming dynasty. 5012:A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China 3696: 3694: 3692: 3568:Jason Buh (2021). "2.3.5 Collapse of the Ming". 3519:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 68, 104, 2755:, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 348–350, 2713:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 146–175, 2709:Xing Hang (2017), "The Zheng state on Taiwan", 5085:Mingmo Qingchu siren haishang maoyi 明末清初私人海上贸易 3640: 3638: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3303: 3301: 3252: 3250: 3019:. University of Washington Press. p. 55. 2917:. University of Washington Press. p. 54. 2883:. University of Washington Press. p. 53. 2408:, Prince of Ningjing and Zhu Honghuan, son of 5988:States and territories disestablished in 1683 5828:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties 5223: 3498: 3496: 3471: 3469: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3391: 3389: 2804:The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century 2064:Qing conquest of the Southern Ming, 1645–1683 1355: 1321: 54: 8: 3752:Government of China 1644 – Cb: Govt of China 1904:(大順), led by Li Zicheng, ruled north of the 1896:. Four different power groups thus emerged: 5014:, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 4940:(R.229 • NLVNPF-0744 ed.). p. 2. 2807:edited by Geoffrey Parker, Lesley M. Smith. 1941:, known retroactively as the Southern Ming. 1926:(大清) controlled the north-east area beyond 1892:, the Ming auxiliary capital, south of the 5983:States and territories established in 1644 5252: 5230: 5216: 5208: 5172: 4961: 4910:Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours 4874:Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours 4837:Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours 4834:. In Mair, Victor H; Kelley, Liam (eds.). 3700: 3091:. University of California Press. p. 3053:. University of California Press. p. 2255:. On 24 November 1650, Qing forces led by 1362: 1348: 1340: 1328: 1314: 1144: 1139: 1061: 946: 941: 874: 809: 804: 678: 389: 90: 46: 1915:(大西), led by Zhang Xianzhong, controlled 5060:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 5047:United States Government Printing Office 4877:. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. 3593:Jaroslav Miller, László Kontler (2010). 3683: 3656: 3644: 3629: 3617: 3555: 3543: 3319: 3307: 3292: 3280: 3256: 3241: 2665: 2596: 1688:that came into existence following the 1632:), also known in historiography as the 401: 5779:Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty 4776: 4765: 4734: 4723: 4692: 4681: 4650: 4639: 4608: 4597: 4566: 4555: 4524: 4513: 4482: 4471: 4440: 4429: 4398: 4387: 4356: 4345: 4314: 4303: 4272: 4261: 4230: 4219: 4188: 4177: 4146: 4135: 4104: 4093: 4062: 4051: 4020: 4009: 3978: 3967: 3936: 3925: 3894: 3883: 3852: 3841: 3712: 3671: 3502: 3487: 3475: 3460: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3407: 3395: 3380: 3368: 3356: 3268: 3229: 3217: 3205: 3193: 3166:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 45–. 2783:China's 2,000 Year Temperature History 1946:Ming loyalist Muslims in the Northwest 3336:. Taylor & Francis. p. 645. 2176:The Longwu Emperor's younger brother 2072:was a ninth-generation descendant of 276: 259: 242: 238: 212: 200: 188: 176: 172: 162: 7: 6013:Military history of the Ming dynasty 5042:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period 4916:from the original on 8 November 2021 1712:committed suicide. The Ming general 36:List of emperors of the Ming dynasty 6008:Former countries in Chinese history 2170:Hong Kong Museum of Coastal Defence 3789:. Psychology Press. pp. 57–. 3786:The Government of China, 1644–1911 2747:"Koxinga and his maritime kingdom" 2585:Empress Dowager Ma (Southern Ming) 2267:Yunnan and Burma exile (1651–1661) 1817:, has been linked to a decline in 25: 4983:, in Peterson, Willard J. (ed.), 2639:The prince was a grandson of the 2483:The Ming loyalist Chinese pirate 1958:The Confucian Hui Muslim scholar 6028:1680s disestablishments in China 3013:Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). 2911:Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). 2877:Lipman, Jonathan Neaman (1998). 2628:the imperial members of the Ming 2603:It was projected that 7 million 1850:which captured Beijing in 1644. 409: 354: 340: 315: 5414:Japanese missions to Ming China 4944:from the original on 2021-11-04 4812:from the original on 2021-11-15 4794:Antony, Robert J. (June 2014). 3334:Encyclopedia of Chinese History 2377:, was awarded with the titles: 2344:Kingdom of Tungning (1661–1683) 2321:, which was then ruled by King 2154:The Guangzhou court (1646–1647) 1588:Revolt of the Three Feudatories 6023:1683 disestablishments in Asia 5288:Campaign against the Uriankhai 3085:Wakeman Jr., Frederic (1986). 3047:Wakeman Jr., Frederic (1986). 2551:List of Southern Ming emperors 2124:, had named himself regent in 1720:in the eastern section of the 1672: 1658: 1649: 1641: 1628: 1268:Science and technology history 55: 1: 5348:Campaigns against the Mongols 3725:Herbert Baxter Adams (1925). 3572:. Routledge. pp. 35–36. 2678:(2011) by Jose Rabasa, p. 37. 2222:Zhu Changqing, Prince of Huai 2216:The Nanning court (1646–1651) 1966:The Nanjing court (1644–1645) 1716:then opened the gates of the 638: 597: 573: 550: 526: 467: 6018:1644 establishments in China 5886:Covered jar with carp design 5502:Transition from Ming to Qing 5186:Dynasties in Chinese history 5082:Lin, Renchuan (林仁川) (1987), 4904:Li, Tana (28–29 June 2012). 2719:10.1017/CBO9781316401224.007 2546:Transition from Ming to Qing 2304:In 1653, the Qing court put 2259:– the father of one of the " 2040:The Fuzhou court (1645–1646) 1752:and organized resistance at 1700:who founded the short-lived 234:Transition from Ming to Qing 5881:Ming presentation porcelain 5480:Japanese invasions of Korea 5029:Kennedy, George A. (1943). 5010:Hucker, Charles O. (1985), 4871:. In Mair, Victor H (ed.). 3755:. Routledge. pp. 57–. 3244:, pp. 345 and 346, note 86. 2945:Millward, James A. (1998). 2843:Millward, James A. (1998). 2617:The historical position of 2032:Zhu Changfang, Prince of Lu 1976:Zhu Changfang, Prince of Lu 70: 32:History of the Ming dynasty 6054: 5743:Compilations and Documents 5374:Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns 4979:Dennerline, Jerry (2002), 3132:. Routledge. p. 152. 2979:Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). 2699:Wakeman, Volume 1, p. 354. 2619:Koxinga's regime on Taiwan 2373:(Zheng Chenggong), son of 2355: 2273:Zhu Youlang, Prince of Gui 2270: 2219: 2194:Zhu Youlang, Prince of Gui 2188:Province, proclaiming the 2157: 2053: 2046:Zhu Yujian, Prince of Tang 2043: 1969: 375:People's Republic of China 39: 29: 5876:Chinese lacquerware table 5638:Embroidered Uniform Guard 5399:Prince of Anhua rebellion 5192: 5183: 5175: 3232:, p. 149 (item 840). 2160:Zhu Yuyue, Prince of Tang 1972:Zhu Yousong, Prince of Fu 1930:, as well as many of the 1678:imperial dynasty of China 1667: 1619: 1563:Manchuria under Ming rule 1381: 1142: 1064: 944: 877: 807: 681: 294: 290: 239: 225: 173: 89: 84: 5939:Great Ming Treasure Note 5818:Ming Ancestors Mausoleum 5601:Administrative divisions 5404:Prince of Ning rebellion 3686:, p. 973, note 194. 3332:Dillon, Michael (2016). 2568:Koxinga Ancestral Shrine 40:Not to be confused with 5758:The Hundred-word Eulogy 5424:Great Rites Controversy 5278:Ming conquest of Yunnan 3749:Pao Chao Hsieh (2013). 3283:, pp. 396 and 404. 3160:Michael Dillon (2013). 2398:Siege of Fort Zeelandia 2122:Zhu Yihai, Prince of Lu 2050:Zhu Yihai, Prince of Lu 1735:, where they enthroned 5796:Palaces and Mausoleums 5786:Ming Veritable Records 5434:Luso-Chinese agreement 4937:公餘捷記 • Công dư tiệp ký 2353: 2239: 2173: 2065: 1792:(based in present-day 1578:2nd invasion of Joseon 1573:1st invasion of Joseon 6033:17th century in China 5891:Yongning Temple Stele 5628:Imperial Commissioner 5353:Reign of Ren and Xuan 5313:Ming treasure voyages 5303:Dao Ganmeng rebellion 5134:Wakeman, Frederic Jr. 5102:Struve, Lynn (1988), 5037:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr. 4981:"The Shun-chih Reign" 3783:Pao C. Hsieh (1967). 2556:Emperor's family tree 2351: 2335:Qing conquest of Ming 2229: 2167: 2063: 1806:The Peach Blossom Fan 1133:(mainland, 1912–1949) 18:Southern Ming Dynasty 5490:Sino-Dutch conflicts 5389:Rebellion of Cao Qin 5318:Ming–Turpan conflict 5268:Red Turban Rebellion 2745:; Xing Hang (2016), 1886:Ming imperial family 1373:Ming−Qing transition 5837:Society and Culture 5772:Yongle Encyclopedia 5611:Imperial Clan Court 5554:Kingdom of Tungning 5507:Jurchen unification 5439:Jiajing wokou raids 5328:Battle of Palembang 5293:Battle of Buir Lake 5200:Kingdom of Tungning 5104:"The Southern Ming" 5054:Khánh Trần (1993). 5032:"Chu Yu-sung" 3659:, pp. 767–768. 3490:, pp. 675–676. 3196:, pp. 641–642. 2573:Kingdom of Tungning 2415:Koxinga's grandson 2402:Kingdom of Tungning 2362:Kingdom of Tungning 1815:Ming–Qing cataclysm 1790:Kingdom of Tungning 1646:traditional Chinese 1568:Jurchen unification 350:Kingdom of Tungning 6003:Dynasties of China 5686:Military conquests 5532:Peasant rebellions 5409:Capture of Malacca 5384:Defense of Beijing 5298:Lin Kuan rebellion 5096:on August 15, 2007 5049:. pp. 195–96. 3515:Xing Hang (2015), 2788:2016-11-10 at the 2379:Marquis of Weiyuan 2354: 2240: 2174: 2066: 1819:global temperature 1811:Chinese literature 1786:Prince of Ningjing 1662:), officially the 1638:simplified Chinese 1421:Peasant rebellions 1148: 958:Five Dynasties and 950: 885:Southern dynasties 813: 712:Chu–Han Contention 704:(206 BCE – 220 CE) 105:Rump state of the 5965: 5964: 5674:Gunpowder weapons 5633:Grand coordinator 5596:Grand Secretariat 5562: 5561: 5456:(1572–1683) 5365:(1435–1572) 5333:Battle of Kherlen 5283:Ming–Mong Mao War 5273:Wu Mian rebellion 5259:(1368–1435) 5206: 5205: 5193:Succeeded by 5147:978-0-520-04804-1 5021:978-0-8047-1193-7 4996:978-0-521-24334-6 4962:Khánh Trần (1993) 4867:Li, Tana (2016). 4830:Li, Tana (2015). 4759:978-1-107-12184-3 4717:978-1-107-12184-3 4675:978-1-107-12184-3 4633:978-1-107-12184-3 4591:978-1-107-12184-3 4549:978-1-107-12184-3 4507:978-1-107-12184-3 4465:978-1-107-12184-3 4423:978-1-107-12184-3 4381:978-1-107-12184-3 4339:978-1-107-12184-3 4297:978-1-107-12184-3 4255:978-1-107-12184-3 4213:978-1-107-12184-3 4171:978-1-107-12184-3 4129:978-1-107-12184-3 4087:978-1-107-12184-3 4045:978-1-107-12184-3 4003:978-1-107-12184-3 3961:978-1-107-12184-3 3919:978-1-107-12184-3 3877:978-1-107-12184-3 3835:978-1-107-12184-3 3796:978-0-7146-1026-9 3762:978-1-136-90274-1 3173:978-1-136-80940-8 3088:Great Entereprise 2728:978-1-107-12184-3 2690:, pt. 1, p. 645). 2563:History of Taiwan 2387:Prince of Yanping 2261:Three Feudatories 2184:, the capital of 2006:Yangzhou massacre 1952:Milayin rebellion 1882:Chongzhen Emperor 1776:(1652–1659). The 1772:(1646–1647), and 1758:Yangzhou massacre 1710:Chongzhen Emperor 1607: 1606: 1338: 1337: 1295:Transport history 1221:Education history 1193: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1174:Republic of China 1156:People's Republic 1129:Republic of China 1108: 1107: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1051: 937: 936: 870: 869: 865: 864: 801: 800: 634:Spring and Autumn 497:Liao civilization 388: 387: 379:Republic of China 366: 365: 362: 361: 328: 327: 264:Hongguang Emperor 215:• 1646–1662 203:• 1646–1647 191:• 1645–1646 184:Hongguang Emperor 179:• 1644–1645 16:(Redirected from 6045: 5765:Huang-Ming Zuxun 5537:Jiashen Incident 5527:She-An Rebellion 5512:Seven Grievances 5485:Donglin movement 5470:Bozhou rebellion 5457: 5366: 5343:Lam Sơn uprising 5323:Ming–Đại Ngu War 5308:Jingnan campaign 5260: 5253: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5209: 5176:Preceded by 5173: 5150: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5097: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5050: 5034: 5024: 5005: 5004: 5003: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4901: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4811: 4800: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4778: 4773: 4771: 4763: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4721: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4694: 4689: 4687: 4679: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4652: 4647: 4645: 4637: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4610: 4605: 4603: 4595: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4568: 4563: 4561: 4553: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4526: 4521: 4519: 4511: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4484: 4479: 4477: 4469: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4442: 4437: 4435: 4427: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4400: 4395: 4393: 4385: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4358: 4353: 4351: 4343: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4316: 4311: 4309: 4301: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4274: 4269: 4267: 4259: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4232: 4227: 4225: 4217: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4175: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4148: 4143: 4141: 4133: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4106: 4101: 4099: 4091: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4064: 4059: 4057: 4049: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4022: 4017: 4015: 4007: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3980: 3975: 3973: 3965: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3938: 3933: 3931: 3923: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3896: 3891: 3889: 3881: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3854: 3849: 3847: 3839: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3530: 3529: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3082: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3050:Great Enterprise 3044: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2840: 2834: 2827: 2821: 2814: 2808: 2799: 2793: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2670: 2648: 2645:Donglin movement 2637: 2631: 2624:House of Koxinga 2615: 2609: 2601: 2412:, Prince of Lu. 2366:House of Koxinga 2312:(in what is now 2026:official history 1999:Donglin movement 1865:devolved to the 1833:The fall of the 1748:obtained modern 1690:Jiashen Incident 1680:and a series of 1674: 1669: 1660: 1651: 1643: 1630: 1621: 1583:Seven Grievances 1438:She–An Rebellion 1376: 1374: 1364: 1357: 1350: 1341: 1330: 1323: 1316: 1258:Military history 1216:Economic history 1204:Related articles 1181: 1163: 1145: 1140: 1134: 1101: 1088: 1075: 1062: 1045: 1032: 1019: 1000: 990: 978: 965: 947: 942: 926: 916: 903: 890: 875: 858: 853:Sixteen Kingdoms 836: 826: 810: 805: 794: 760: 747: 737: 727: 726:(202 BCE – 9 CE) 717: 705: 692: 679: 657: 649: 647: 643: 640: 630: 620: 608: 606: 602: 599: 584: 582: 578: 575: 561: 559: 555: 552: 537: 535: 531: 528: 478: 476: 472: 469: 413: 403:History of China 390: 358: 357: 344: 343: 332: 331: 319: 318: 312: 311: 296: 295: 279:• Death of 126: 94: 79: 73: 66: 58: 57: 47: 21: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6042: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5956:History of Ming 5943: 5910: 5832: 5808:Chaotian Palace 5791: 5751:History of Yuan 5738: 5695: 5652: 5558: 5458: 5455: 5448: 5444:Single whip law 5419:Ningbo incident 5394:Miao rebellions 5367: 5364: 5357: 5261: 5258: 5242: 5236: 5202: 5198: 5189: 5181: 5159: 5154: 5148: 5132: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5101: 5081: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5053: 5028: 5022: 5009: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4947: 4945: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4866: 4865: 4861: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4798: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4774: 4764: 4760: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4732: 4722: 4718: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4690: 4680: 4676: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4648: 4638: 4634: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4606: 4596: 4592: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4564: 4554: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4522: 4512: 4508: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4480: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4438: 4428: 4424: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4396: 4386: 4382: 4373: 4372: 4368: 4354: 4344: 4340: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4312: 4302: 4298: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4270: 4260: 4256: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4228: 4218: 4214: 4205: 4204: 4200: 4186: 4176: 4172: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4144: 4134: 4130: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4102: 4092: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4060: 4050: 4046: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4018: 4008: 4004: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3976: 3966: 3962: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3934: 3924: 3920: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3892: 3882: 3878: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3850: 3840: 3836: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3734: 3732: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3701:Dennerline 2002 3699: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3533: 3527: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3501: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3394: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2833:(1991), p. 112. 2828: 2824: 2815: 2811: 2800: 2796: 2790:Wayback Machine 2780: 2776: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2651: 2638: 2634: 2616: 2612: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2530: 2481: 2479:South East Asia 2368: 2356:Main articles: 2346: 2327:Toungoo dynasty 2283:Zhang Xianzhong 2275: 2269: 2224: 2218: 2162: 2156: 2058: 2052: 2044:Main articles: 2042: 1991:Zhang Xianzhong 1978: 1970:Main articles: 1968: 1948: 1922:The Manchu-led 1871:Donglin Academy 1844:Maunder Minimum 1831: 1809:, a classic of 1608: 1603: 1602: 1598:Great Clearance 1499: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1334: 1305: 1304: 1300:Women's history 1206: 1205: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1137: 1132: 1123: 1122: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1091: 1086: 1078: 1073: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1035: 1030: 1022: 1017: 1009: 1003: 998: 988: 976: 968: 963: 959: 939: 938: 933: 924: 914: 906: 901: 893: 888: 884: 872: 871: 866: 861: 856: 848: 845: 839: 834: 824: 802: 797: 792: 784: 758: 750: 745: 735: 725: 715: 703: 695: 690: 675: 674: 663: 662: 655: 645: 641: 636: 628: 618: 604: 600: 595: 587: 580: 576: 571: 558: 1046 BCE 557: 553: 548: 540: 534: 1600 BCE 533: 529: 524: 515: 514: 503: 502: 475: 2000 BCE 474: 470: 465: 457: 446: 445: 381: 377: 355: 341: 316: 283: 270: 253: 216: 204: 192: 180: 149: 121: 97: 80: 68: 67: 60: 52: 45: 38: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6051: 6049: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5970: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5951: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5932:Yongle Tongbao 5929: 5927:Hongwu Tongbao 5918: 5916: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5851: 5846: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5803:Forbidden City 5799: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5714: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5691:Nine Garrisons 5688: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5671: 5666: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5475:Ordos campaign 5472: 5467: 5461: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5370: 5368: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5338:Ming–Kotte War 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5264: 5262: 5257: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5212: 5204: 5203: 5194: 5191: 5182: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5168:Taiwan history 5165: 5158: 5157:External links 5155: 5153: 5152: 5146: 5130: 5119:978-0521243322 5118: 5099: 5079: 5066: 5051: 5026: 5020: 5007: 4995: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4954: 4927: 4896: 4884:978-9814620550 4883: 4859: 4847:978-9814620536 4846: 4822: 4786: 4758: 4744: 4716: 4702: 4674: 4660: 4632: 4618: 4590: 4576: 4548: 4534: 4506: 4492: 4464: 4450: 4422: 4408: 4380: 4366: 4338: 4324: 4296: 4282: 4254: 4240: 4212: 4198: 4170: 4156: 4128: 4114: 4086: 4072: 4044: 4030: 4002: 3988: 3960: 3946: 3918: 3904: 3876: 3862: 3834: 3820: 3816:Manthorpe 2008 3808: 3795: 3775: 3761: 3741: 3717: 3715:, p. 710. 3705: 3703:, p. 117. 3688: 3676: 3674:, p. 704. 3661: 3649: 3647:, p. 767. 3634: 3632:, p. 766. 3622: 3610: 3604:978-9633864609 3603: 3585: 3579:978-1000369472 3578: 3560: 3558:, p. 738. 3548: 3546:, p. 737. 3531: 3526:978-1107121843 3525: 3507: 3505:, p. 676. 3492: 3480: 3478:, p. 675. 3465: 3463:, p. 674. 3453: 3441: 3429: 3427:, p. 667. 3412: 3410:, pp. 666–667. 3400: 3398:, p. 665. 3385: 3373: 3371:, p. 663. 3361: 3349: 3343:978-1317817161 3342: 3324: 3322:, p. 196. 3312: 3310:, p. 580. 3297: 3295:, p. 578. 3285: 3273: 3271:, p. 644. 3261: 3259:, p. 346. 3246: 3234: 3222: 3220:, p. 642. 3210: 3198: 3186: 3172: 3152: 3139:978-1317938521 3138: 3118: 3102:978-0520048041 3101: 3077: 3064:978-0520048041 3063: 3039: 3026:978-0295800554 3025: 3005: 2992:978-3447040914 2991: 2971: 2958:978-0804729338 2957: 2937: 2924:978-0295800554 2923: 2903: 2890:978-0295800554 2889: 2869: 2856:978-0804729338 2855: 2835: 2822: 2809: 2794: 2774: 2762:978-0824852771 2761: 2734: 2727: 2701: 2692: 2680: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2632: 2610: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2570: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2548: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2529: 2526: 2480: 2477: 2421:Kangxi Emperor 2417:Zheng Keshuang 2391:Yongli Emperor 2345: 2342: 2306:Hong Chengchou 2268: 2265: 2232:Yongli emperor 2217: 2214: 2155: 2152: 2083:Qiantang River 2041: 2038: 1967: 1964: 1947: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1935: 1920: 1909: 1830: 1827: 1823:Little Ice Age 1778:Yongli Emperor 1694:Peasant rebels 1670:; pinyin: 1666:(Chinese: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1369: 1367: 1366: 1359: 1352: 1344: 1336: 1335: 1333: 1332: 1325: 1318: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1231:Jewish history 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1207: 1203: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1183: 1182: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1164: 1162:(1949–present) 1151: 1149: 1143: 1136: 1135: 1124: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1103: 1102: 1090: 1089: 1077: 1076: 1065: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1047: 1046: 1036: 1033: 1023: 1020: 1010: 1006: 1004: 1002: 1001: 991: 980: 979: 967: 966: 953: 951: 945: 935: 934: 932: 931: 930: 929: 928: 927: 905: 904: 892: 891: 878: 868: 867: 863: 862: 860: 859: 849: 846: 842: 840: 838: 837: 827: 816: 814: 808: 799: 798: 796: 795: 783: 782: 762: 761: 755:Three Kingdoms 749: 748: 738: 728: 718: 707: 706: 694: 693: 682: 676: 670: 669: 668: 665: 664: 661: 660: 659: 658: 653:Warring States 650: 646: 476 BCE 621: 619:(1046–771 BCE) 610: 609: 605: 256 BCE 586: 585: 563: 562: 539: 538: 516: 510: 509: 508: 505: 504: 501: 500: 480: 479: 456: 455: 447: 441: 440: 439: 436: 435: 434: 433: 431:Historiography 428: 423: 415: 414: 406: 405: 399: 398: 386: 385: 372: 368: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 352: 346: 345: 338: 329: 326: 325: 320: 308: 307: 302: 292: 291: 288: 287: 284: 281:Yongli Emperor 278: 275: 274: 271: 261: 258: 257: 254: 244: 241: 240: 237: 236: 231: 230:Historical era 227: 226: 223: 222: 220:Yongli Emperor 217: 214: 211: 210: 208:Shaowu Emperor 205: 202: 199: 198: 196:Longwu Emperor 193: 190: 187: 186: 181: 178: 175: 174: 171: 170: 167: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 148: 147: 146: 145: 139: 133: 127: 116: 114: 110: 109: 103: 99: 98: 95: 87: 86: 82: 81: 53: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6050: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5978:Southern Ming 5976: 5975: 5973: 5958: 5957: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5813:Ming Xiaoling 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5753: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5621:Vassal prince 5619: 5618: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5606:Eastern Depot 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5549:Southern Ming 5547: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5451: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5360: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5233: 5228: 5226: 5221: 5219: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5201: 5197: 5188: 5187: 5180: 5174: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5086: 5080: 5069: 5067:9789813016675 5063: 5059: 5058: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5013: 5008: 4998: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4964:, p. 15. 4963: 4958: 4955: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4931: 4928: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4897: 4886: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4863: 4860: 4849: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4826: 4823: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4787: 4782: 4769: 4761: 4755: 4748: 4745: 4740: 4727: 4719: 4713: 4706: 4703: 4698: 4685: 4677: 4671: 4664: 4661: 4656: 4643: 4635: 4629: 4622: 4619: 4614: 4601: 4593: 4587: 4580: 4577: 4572: 4559: 4551: 4545: 4538: 4535: 4530: 4517: 4509: 4503: 4496: 4493: 4488: 4475: 4467: 4461: 4454: 4451: 4446: 4433: 4425: 4419: 4412: 4409: 4404: 4391: 4383: 4377: 4370: 4367: 4362: 4349: 4341: 4335: 4328: 4325: 4320: 4307: 4299: 4293: 4286: 4283: 4278: 4265: 4257: 4251: 4244: 4241: 4236: 4223: 4215: 4209: 4202: 4199: 4194: 4181: 4173: 4167: 4160: 4157: 4152: 4139: 4131: 4125: 4118: 4115: 4110: 4097: 4089: 4083: 4076: 4073: 4068: 4055: 4047: 4041: 4034: 4031: 4026: 4013: 4005: 3999: 3992: 3989: 3984: 3971: 3963: 3957: 3950: 3947: 3942: 3929: 3921: 3915: 3908: 3905: 3900: 3887: 3879: 3873: 3866: 3863: 3858: 3845: 3837: 3831: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3809: 3798: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3779: 3776: 3764: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3745: 3742: 3730: 3729: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3611: 3606: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3586: 3581: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3211: 3208:, p. 642 3207: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3187: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3156: 3153: 3141: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3104: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3089: 3081: 3078: 3066: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3043: 3040: 3028: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3009: 3006: 2994: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2975: 2972: 2960: 2954: 2950: 2949: 2941: 2938: 2926: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2907: 2904: 2892: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2873: 2870: 2858: 2852: 2848: 2847: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2829:Tong, James, 2826: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2764: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2743:Tonio Andrade 2738: 2735: 2730: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2669: 2666: 2659: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2641:Wanli Emperor 2636: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2606: 2600: 2597: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2580:Iquan's Party 2578: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502:South Vietnam 2499: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2426: 2425:Eight Banners 2422: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2383:Duke of Zhang 2380: 2376: 2375:Zheng Zhilong 2372: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2350: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2274: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2095:Zheng Zhilong 2091: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2074:Zhu Yuanzhang 2071: 2062: 2057: 2051: 2047: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010:Yangtze River 2007: 2002: 2000: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1956: 1953: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1894:Yangtze River 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1821:known as the 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1784:in 1662. The 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1768:(1645–1646), 1767: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1647: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1625: 1617: 1613: 1612:Southern Ming 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1397:Southern Ming 1395: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1331: 1326: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1308: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1263:Naval history 1261: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1246:Music history 1244: 1242: 1241:Media history 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1226:Legal history 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1200: 1199: 1180:1949–present) 1176: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1168: 1160: 1159: 1153: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1042: 1041: 1037: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1005: 997: 996: 995:Southern Song 992: 987: 986: 985:Northern Song 982: 981: 975: 974: 970: 969: 962: 961: 955: 954: 952: 949: 948: 943: 923: 920: 919: 918: 917: 913: 912: 908: 907: 900: 899: 895: 894: 887: 886: 880: 879: 876: 855: 854: 850: 847: 844: 843: 841: 833: 832: 828: 823: 822: 818: 817: 815: 812: 811: 806: 791: 790: 786: 785: 781: 780: 775: 774: 769: 768: 764: 763: 757: 756: 752: 751: 744: 743: 739: 734: 733: 729: 724: 723: 719: 716:(206–202 BCE) 714: 713: 709: 708: 702: 701: 697: 696: 691:(221–207 BCE) 689: 688: 684: 683: 680: 673: 667: 666: 656:(475–221 BCE) 654: 651: 635: 632: 631: 629:(771–256 BCE) 627: 626: 622: 617: 616: 612: 611: 594: 593: 589: 588: 570: 569: 565: 564: 547: 546: 542: 541: 523: 522: 518: 517: 513: 507: 506: 499: 498: 493: 492: 487: 486: 482: 481: 464: 463: 459: 458: 454: 453: 449: 448: 444: 438: 437: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 418: 417: 416: 412: 408: 407: 404: 400: 396: 392: 391: 384: 380: 376: 373: 371:Today part of 369: 353: 351: 348: 347: 339: 337: 334: 333: 330: 324: 321: 314: 313: 310: 309: 306: 303: 301: 298: 297: 293: 289: 285: 282: 272: 269: 266:enthroned in 265: 255: 252: 248: 235: 232: 228: 224: 221: 218: 209: 206: 197: 194: 185: 182: 168: 166: 159: 156: 152: 143: 140: 137: 134: 131: 128: 124: 120: 119: 118: 117: 115: 111: 108: 104: 100: 93: 88: 83: 77: 72: 64: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 5998:Qing dynasty 5993:Ming dynasty 5954: 5948:Other topics 5859:Four Masters 5784: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5589:House of Zhu 5548: 5542:Shanhai Pass 5522:Great Plague 5465:Jianzhou war 5239:Ming dynasty 5196:Qing dynasty 5184: 5179:Ming dynasty 5137: 5123:, retrieved 5108: 5094:the original 5089: 5084: 5071:. Retrieved 5056: 5040: 5011: 5000:, retrieved 4985: 4957: 4946:. Retrieved 4936: 4930: 4918:. Retrieved 4909: 4899: 4888:. Retrieved 4873: 4862: 4851:. Retrieved 4836: 4825: 4814:. Retrieved 4805:(11): 4–30. 4802: 4789: 4747: 4705: 4663: 4621: 4579: 4537: 4495: 4453: 4411: 4369: 4327: 4285: 4243: 4201: 4159: 4117: 4075: 4033: 3991: 3949: 3907: 3865: 3823: 3811: 3800:. Retrieved 3785: 3778: 3766:. Retrieved 3751: 3744: 3733:. Retrieved 3731:. p. 57 3727: 3720: 3708: 3684:Wakeman 1985 3679: 3657:Wakeman 1985 3652: 3645:Wakeman 1985 3630:Wakeman 1985 3625: 3618:Wakeman 1985 3613: 3594: 3588: 3569: 3563: 3556:Wakeman 1985 3551: 3544:Wakeman 1985 3516: 3510: 3483: 3456: 3444: 3432: 3403: 3376: 3364: 3352: 3333: 3327: 3320:Kennedy 1943 3315: 3308:Wakeman 1985 3293:Wakeman 1985 3288: 3281:Wakeman 1985 3276: 3264: 3257:Wakeman 1985 3242:Wakeman 1985 3237: 3225: 3213: 3201: 3189: 3177:. Retrieved 3162: 3155: 3143:. Retrieved 3128: 3121: 3113: 3106:. Retrieved 3087: 3080: 3068:. Retrieved 3049: 3042: 3030:. Retrieved 3015: 3008: 2996:. Retrieved 2981: 2974: 2962:. Retrieved 2947: 2940: 2928:. Retrieved 2913: 2906: 2894:. Retrieved 2879: 2872: 2860:. Retrieved 2845: 2838: 2830: 2825: 2817: 2812: 2802: 2797: 2777: 2766:, retrieved 2751: 2737: 2710: 2704: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2668: 2635: 2613: 2599: 2539:House of Zhu 2534:Ming dynasty 2514:Nguyễn court 2510:Mekong delta 2482: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2414: 2395: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2369: 2339: 2303: 2276: 2241: 2210: 2198:Li Chengdong 2175: 2130: 2119: 2114: 2099:Tagawa Matsu 2092: 2067: 2036: 2030: 2023: 2003: 1995: 1983: 1979: 1957: 1949: 1928:Shanhai Pass 1875: 1862:Zhou dynasty 1859: 1854: 1852: 1832: 1804: 1802: 1762: 1742: 1718:Shanhai Pass 1702:Shun dynasty 1686:Ming dynasty 1671: 1663: 1657: 1633: 1627: 1611: 1609: 1593:Great Plague 1546:Shanhai Pass 1396: 1386:Belligerents 1236:LGBT history 1172: 1154: 1127: 1094: 1081: 1068: 1038: 1025: 1012: 993: 983: 971: 960:Ten Kingdoms 956: 909: 896: 883:Northern and 881: 851: 829: 819: 787: 777: 771: 765: 759:(220–280 CE) 753: 740: 730: 720: 710: 698: 685: 625:Eastern Zhou 623: 615:Western Zhou 613: 590: 566: 543: 519: 495: 489: 483: 460: 450: 336:Qing dynasty 323:Ming dynasty 305:Succeeded by 304: 299: 107:Ming dynasty 42:Southern Min 6038:Rump states 5901:Tai history 5584:Family tree 5495:Liaoluo Bay 5429:Renyin plot 5379:Tumu Crisis 3713:Struve 1988 3672:Struve 1988 3503:Struve 1988 3488:Struve 1988 3476:Struve 1988 3461:Struve 1988 3449:Struve 1988 3437:Struve 1988 3425:Struve 1988 3408:Struve 1988 3396:Struve 1988 3381:Struve 1988 3369:Struve 1988 3357:Struve 1988 3269:Struve 1988 3230:Hucker 1985 3218:Struve 1988 3206:Struve 1988 3194:Struve 1988 2498:Trinh Lords 2323:Pindale Min 2236:Michał Boym 2138:Prince Bolo 2109:. The name 2101:had a son, 2056:Zhu Hengjia 1737:Zhu Yousong 1682:rump states 1283:Discoveries 1278:Cartography 1273:Archaeology 1211:Art history 1100:(1644–1912) 1087:(1368–1644) 1074:(1271–1368) 1044:(1115–1234) 1031:(1038–1227) 1027:Western Xia 999:(1127–1279) 831:Eastern Jin 821:Western Jin 746:(25–220 CE) 742:Eastern Han 722:Western Han 601: 1046 581: 1046 577: 1250 554: 1600 530: 2070 471: 8500 452:Paleolithic 443:Prehistoric 300:Preceded by 132:(1645–1646) 125:(1644–1645) 5972:Categories 5869:Zhe School 5823:Ming tombs 5707:Inner Asia 5679:Shenjiying 5669:Great Wall 5567:Government 5190:1644–1662 5125:2020-05-18 5002:2016-08-27 4948:2021-11-09 4920:9 November 4890:2021-12-04 4853:2021-11-09 4816:2021-11-09 4777:|url= 4735:|url= 4693:|url= 4651:|url= 4609:|url= 4567:|url= 4525:|url= 4483:|url= 4441:|url= 4399:|url= 4357:|url= 4315:|url= 4273:|url= 4231:|url= 4189:|url= 4147:|url= 4105:|url= 4063:|url= 4021:|url= 3979:|url= 3937:|url= 3895:|url= 3853:|url= 3802:2020-10-20 3768:20 October 3735:2015-11-22 3179:20 October 2768:2021-07-11 2655:References 2522:Minh Huong 2493:Lê dynasty 2485:Yang Yandi 2406:Zhu Shugui 2279:Li Dingguo 2271:See also: 2257:Shang Kexi 2220:See also: 2158:See also: 2070:Zhu Yujian 2054:See also: 1987:Li Zicheng 1939:Huai River 1924:Great Qing 1906:Huai river 1902:Great Shun 1848:Li Zicheng 1829:Background 1722:Great Wall 1698:Li Zicheng 1676:), was an 1664:Great Ming 1634:Later Ming 1288:Inventions 1018:(916–1125) 989:(960–1127) 977:(960–1279) 644: – c. 642: 770 603: – c. 579: – c. 568:Late Shang 556: – c. 532: – c. 473: – c. 247:Li Zicheng 154:Government 51:Great Ming 30:See also: 5864:Wu School 5849:Musicians 5712:Manchuria 5700:Frontiers 4768:cite book 4726:cite book 4684:cite book 4642:cite book 4600:cite book 4558:cite book 4516:cite book 4474:cite book 4432:cite book 4390:cite book 4348:cite book 4306:cite book 4264:cite book 4222:cite book 4180:cite book 4138:cite book 4096:cite book 4054:cite book 4012:cite book 3970:cite book 3928:cite book 3886:cite book 3844:cite book 3818:, p. 108. 2820:, p. 313. 2660:Citations 2506:Quang Nam 2410:Zhu Yihai 2331:Wu Sangui 2299:Guangdong 2186:Guangdong 2182:Guangzhou 2178:Zhu Yuyue 2115:guóxìngyé 2107:Chenggong 2103:Zheng Sen 2086:reaching 2068:In 1644, 2014:Zhenjiang 1919:province. 1788:, in the 1770:Guangzhou 1714:Wu Sangui 1704:captured 1692:of 1644. 1495:Guangning 1490:Zhenjiang 1485:Shen-Liao 1414:Later Jin 964:(907–979) 925:(690–705) 915:(618–907) 902:(581–618) 889:(420–589) 857:(304–439) 835:(317–420) 825:(266–316) 793:(266–420) 736:(9–23 CE) 462:Neolithic 426:Dynasties 249:captured 136:Guangzhou 85:1644–1662 5915:Currency 5854:Painting 5664:Military 5657:Military 5136:(1985), 5073:26 April 4942:Archived 4914:Archived 4807:Archived 3145:24 April 3114:milayin. 3108:24 April 3070:24 April 3032:24 April 2998:24 April 2964:24 April 2930:24 April 2896:24 April 2862:24 April 2786:Archived 2528:See also 2518:Đồng Nai 2508:and the 2310:Changsha 2143:Tingzhou 2126:Zhejiang 1913:Great Xi 1837:and the 1754:Yangzhou 1746:Shi Kefa 1708:and the 1659:Hòu Míng 1629:Nán Míng 1536:Song-Jin 1516:Dalinghe 1506:Ning-Jin 1501:Ningyuan 1402:Tungning 1251:Timeline 1178:(Taiwan, 1158:of China 672:Imperial 421:Timeline 395:a series 393:Part of 158:Monarchy 142:Zhaoqing 130:Tianxing 123:Yingtian 5922:Coinage 5896:Economy 5724:Vietnam 5616:Princes 5574:Emperor 5362:Middle 5248:History 5039:(ed.). 4972:Sources 4779:value ( 4737:value ( 4695:value ( 4653:value ( 4611:value ( 4569:value ( 4527:value ( 4485:value ( 4443:value ( 4401:value ( 4359:value ( 4317:value ( 4275:value ( 4233:value ( 4191:value ( 4149:value ( 4107:value ( 4065:value ( 4023:value ( 3981:value ( 3939:value ( 3897:value ( 3855:value ( 2608:amount. 2389:by the 2371:Koxinga 2358:Koxinga 2325:of the 2295:Huguang 2291:Guangxi 2253:Guizhou 2206:Guangxi 2202:Nanning 2147:Koxinga 2134:Ganzhou 2111:Koxinga 2079:Guangxi 1934:tribes. 1917:Sichuan 1890:Nanjing 1878:Beijing 1867:eunuchs 1855:huángjí 1782:Myanmar 1750:cannons 1733:Nanjing 1729:banners 1724:to the 1706:Beijing 1696:led by 1684:of the 1673:Dà Míng 1616:Chinese 1557:Related 1541:Beijing 1475:Xicheng 1470:Tieling 1465:Kaiyuan 1444:Battles 922:Wu Zhou 512:Ancient 491:Yangtze 383:Myanmar 268:Nanjing 262:• 251:Beijing 245:• 165:Emperor 113:Capital 71:Dà Míng 63:Chinese 5844:Poetry 5734:Yunnan 5256:Early 5241:topics 5144: 5116: 5064: 5018: 4993: 4881: 4844: 4775:Check 4756: 4733:Check 4714: 4691:Check 4672: 4649:Check 4630: 4607:Check 4588: 4565:Check 4546: 4523:Check 4504: 4481:Check 4462: 4439:Check 4420: 4397:Check 4378: 4355:Check 4336: 4313:Check 4294: 4271:Check 4252: 4229:Check 4210: 4187:Check 4168: 4145:Check 4126: 4103:Check 4084: 4061:Check 4042: 4019:Check 4000: 3977:Check 3958: 3935:Check 3916: 3893:Check 3874: 3851:Check 3832: 3793: 3759: 3601: 3576: 3523: 3340: 3170: 3136: 3099: 3061: 3023: 2989: 2955: 2921: 2887: 2853: 2759: 2725: 2489:Tonkin 2385:, and 2364:, and 2287:Guilin 2088:Fuzhou 1960:Ma Zhu 1932:Mongol 1880:. The 1798:Taiwan 1794:Tainan 1774:Anlong 1766:Fuzhou 1656:: 1654:pinyin 1648:: 1640:: 1626:: 1624:pinyin 1618:: 1551:Penghu 1526:Lüshun 1521:Wuqiao 1480:Chahar 1455:Qinghe 1450:Fushun 1120:Modern 776:, and 494:, and 485:Yellow 397:on the 169: 144:(1646) 138:(1646) 102:Status 76:Pinyin 59: 5906:Islam 5729:Wokou 5717:Tibet 5648:Fotou 5517:Sarhū 5453:Late 5088:[ 5035:. In 4810:(PDF) 4799:(PDF) 2605:taels 2591:Notes 2319:Burma 2314:Hunan 2249:Hunan 2245:Hubei 2012:near 1460:Sarhū 545:Shang 5643:Tusi 5579:List 5142:ISBN 5114:ISBN 5075:2012 5062:ISBN 5016:ISBN 4991:ISBN 4922:2021 4879:ISBN 4842:ISBN 4781:help 4754:ISBN 4739:help 4712:ISBN 4697:help 4670:ISBN 4655:help 4628:ISBN 4613:help 4586:ISBN 4571:help 4544:ISBN 4529:help 4502:ISBN 4487:help 4460:ISBN 4445:help 4418:ISBN 4403:help 4376:ISBN 4361:help 4334:ISBN 4319:help 4292:ISBN 4277:help 4250:ISBN 4235:help 4208:ISBN 4193:help 4166:ISBN 4151:help 4124:ISBN 4109:help 4082:ISBN 4067:help 4040:ISBN 4025:help 3998:ISBN 3983:help 3956:ISBN 3941:help 3914:ISBN 3899:help 3872:ISBN 3857:help 3830:ISBN 3791:ISBN 3770:2020 3757:ISBN 3599:ISBN 3574:ISBN 3521:ISBN 3338:ISBN 3181:2020 3168:ISBN 3147:2014 3134:ISBN 3110:2014 3097:ISBN 3072:2014 3059:ISBN 3034:2014 3021:ISBN 3000:2014 2987:ISBN 2966:2014 2953:ISBN 2932:2014 2919:ISBN 2898:2014 2885:ISBN 2864:2014 2851:ISBN 2757:ISBN 2723:ISBN 2672:See 2297:and 2247:and 2048:and 2024:The 2018:Dodo 1997:the 1989:and 1974:and 1911:The 1900:The 1839:Qing 1835:Ming 1726:Qing 1610:The 1531:Amur 1511:Jisi 1426:Shun 1409:Qing 1392:Ming 1096:Qing 1083:Ming 1070:Yuan 1014:Liao 973:Song 911:Tang 592:Zhou 583:BCE) 286:1662 273:1644 256:1644 34:and 3093:803 3055:802 2715:doi 2504:'s 2204:in 2190:era 2117:). 1040:Jin 898:Sui 789:Jin 773:Shu 767:Wei 732:Xin 700:Han 687:Qin 521:Xia 5974:: 5045:. 4908:. 4801:. 4772:: 4770:}} 4766:{{ 4730:: 4728:}} 4724:{{ 4688:: 4686:}} 4682:{{ 4646:: 4644:}} 4640:{{ 4604:: 4602:}} 4598:{{ 4562:: 4560:}} 4556:{{ 4520:: 4518:}} 4514:{{ 4478:: 4476:}} 4472:{{ 4436:: 4434:}} 4430:{{ 4394:: 4392:}} 4388:{{ 4352:: 4350:}} 4346:{{ 4310:: 4308:}} 4304:{{ 4268:: 4266:}} 4262:{{ 4226:: 4224:}} 4220:{{ 4184:: 4182:}} 4178:{{ 4142:: 4140:}} 4136:{{ 4100:: 4098:}} 4094:{{ 4058:: 4056:}} 4052:{{ 4016:: 4014:}} 4010:{{ 3974:: 3972:}} 3968:{{ 3932:: 3930:}} 3926:{{ 3890:: 3888:}} 3884:{{ 3848:: 3846:}} 3842:{{ 3691:^ 3664:^ 3637:^ 3534:^ 3495:^ 3468:^ 3415:^ 3388:^ 3300:^ 3249:^ 3112:. 3095:. 3057:. 2749:, 2721:, 2393:. 2381:, 2360:, 2337:. 2208:. 2172:.) 2001:. 1993:. 1796:, 1668:大明 1652:; 1650:後明 1644:; 1642:后明 1622:; 1620:南明 1431:Xi 779:Wu 770:, 639:c. 598:c. 574:c. 551:c. 527:c. 488:, 468:c. 56:大明 5231:e 5224:t 5217:v 5151:. 5129:. 5098:. 5077:. 5025:. 5006:. 4951:. 4924:. 4893:. 4856:. 4819:. 4783:) 4762:. 4741:) 4720:. 4699:) 4678:. 4657:) 4636:. 4615:) 4594:. 4573:) 4552:. 4531:) 4510:. 4489:) 4468:. 4447:) 4426:. 4405:) 4384:. 4363:) 4342:. 4321:) 4300:. 4279:) 4258:. 4237:) 4216:. 4195:) 4174:. 4153:) 4132:. 4111:) 4090:. 4069:) 4048:. 4027:) 4006:. 3985:) 3964:. 3943:) 3922:. 3901:) 3880:. 3859:) 3838:. 3805:. 3772:. 3738:. 3607:. 3582:. 3346:. 3183:. 3149:. 3074:. 3036:. 3002:. 2968:. 2934:. 2900:. 2866:. 2792:" 2781:" 2771:. 2731:. 2717:: 2289:( 2238:. 1908:. 1636:( 1614:( 1363:e 1356:t 1349:v 1329:e 1322:t 1315:v 648:) 637:( 607:) 596:( 572:( 560:) 549:( 536:) 525:( 477:) 466:( 78:) 74:( 65:) 61:( 44:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index