Southern Italy - Knowledge (XXG)

2018: 915: 2310: 2053:, urging the invasion and reformation of the south. Although these views of the south were condescending, they also came with a genuine belief that in order to create a unified Italy, help from the north was necessary. Viewing southern Italy as barbaric served as a sort of justification to allow the "civilized, Piedmontese north" (167) to intervene. Another view however was marked by disdain for southern Italy. According to the article, "such manifestations of the south's difference threaten the glowing and gloating sense of northern superiority" (167). These viewpoints clearly indicate the divide between northern and southern Italy in the 1860s. 2342: 1027: 3418: 2838:

Italians from the south. Employment in the south is ranked the lowest when compared to countries in the European Union. Italians from the south are also ranked the lowest in terms of financial contributions into the economy of Italy from immigrants. In southern Italy tourism, distribution, food industries, wood furniture, whole sale, vehicle sales, sales in mineral and artisan fields are among the leading areas contributing to the projected employment growth. The economy of the south heavily relies on tourism. It attracts tourists through its rich historical background.

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merchant navy was made up of sailing vessels mainly for fishing and coastal shipping in the Mediterranean Sea and it had very few steamships, even if one of the first steamers was built and fitted out in Naples in 1818. Both merchant and military navy were insufficient compared to the great coastal extent of southern Italy defined by the Italian historian Raffaele De Cesare: "… a great pier towards the south".

1861: 222: 198: 186: 150: 3110: 3062: 2990: 2318: 1297: 2942: 210: 162: 1382: 3038: 3014: 2201:. In a famous final scene, Prince Salina, when invited to join the senate of unified Italy, tells a high-ranking Piedmontese officer "…the Sicilian will never want to change, because the Sicilian feels perfect…". With these and other words the author underscores the problem Sicilians had, having to change their old lifestyle while remaining on their island. The novel was adapted by 2834:

attracting new capital, stimulating local firms, and providing employment. However, the objectives were largely missed, and as a result the south became increasingly subsidised and state-dependent, incapable of generating private growth itself. Presently, huge regional disparities still persist. Problems still include pervasive organised crime and very high unemployment rates.

1722:. The French, however, did not give up their claim and, in 1501, agreed to a partition of the kingdom with Ferdinand of Aragon, who abandoned his cousin, King Frederick. The deal soon fell through, however, and the Crown of Aragon and France resumed their war over the kingdom, ultimately resulting in an Aragonese victory leaving Ferdinand in control of the kingdom by 1504. 6484: 3441: 3134: 2176:, and Italian institutional sources the problems of southern Italy existed way before Italian unification, and Giustino Fortunato emphasizes that the Bourbons were not the only ones responsible for the problems of the South, which had ancient and deep origins also in previous centuries of poverty and isolation, caused by foreign domination and foreign governments. 2102:, whereas in southern Italy history had been different and the fatherly Bourbon administrations produced nothing of value; the bourgeois class did not exist, agriculture was primitive and insufficient to satisfy the local market, there were no roads, no ports, the few waterways that the region had were not exploited, due to its special geographical features. 1413:. Consequently, the Lombard and the Byzantine areas became influenced by Eastern monasticism, and much of southern Italy experienced a slow process of orientalisation in religious life (rites, cults and liturgy), which accompanied a spread of Eastern churches and monasteries that preserved and transmitted the Greek and Hellenistic tradition (the 1745: 2795:

with the removal of protectionist tariffs on agricultural goods imposed to boost northern industry, made the situation nearly impossible for many tenant farmers, small businesses and land owners. Multitudes chose to emigrate rather than try to eke out a meagre living, especially from 1892 to 1921. In addition, the surge of

2818:, tried to defeat the already powerful criminal organizations flowering in the south, with some degree of success. However, when connections between mafia and the Fascists emerged, Mori was removed and the Fascist propaganda declared the mafia defeated. Economically, Fascist policy aimed at the creation of an 2794:

Starting from the unification of Italy in 1861–1870, a growing economic divide between the Northern provinces and the Southern half of Italy became evident. In the early decades of the new kingdom, the lack of effective land reform, heavy taxes, and other economic measures imposed on the south, along

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In 1860 the southern merchant navy amounted to 260,000 tons, whereas the northern merchant navy came to 347,000 tons, apart from the Venetian navy annexed in 1866 and assessed at 46,000 tons. In 1860 the whole Italian merchant navy was the fourth largest in Europe at about 607,000 tons. The southern

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with its economic, political and cultural powerhouse in northern Italy. The expedition resulted in a striking series of defeats for the Sicilian armies against the growing troops of Garibaldi. After the capture of Palermo and Sicily, he disembarked in Calabria and moved towards Naples, while in the

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figures published in 2019, southern Italy is the European area with the lowest employment percentages: in Apulia, Sicily, Campania and Calabria, less than 50% of the people aged between 20 and 64 had a job in 2018. This is largely due to the low participation of women in the workforce, as slightly

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Due to southern Italy's lack of progress in bettering the area, it has had record numbers of emigration. The most prevalent issue in southern Italy is its inability to attract businesses, and therefore create jobs. Between 2007 and 2014, 943,000 Italians were unemployed. From this figure, 70% were

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was set up as a huge public master plan to help industrialise the south, that aimed to do this in two ways: by land reforms creating 120,000 new small farms, and through the "Growth Pole Strategy" whereby 60% of all government investment would go to the south, thus boosting the southern economy by

2086:, by which the author emphasizes the "absolutely antithetical conditions" of northern and southern Italy at the time of Italian unification in 1861, when south and north were united again after more than one thousand years. Gramsci remarks that, in the north of Italy, the historical period of the 2048:

In the article "This is Not Italy! Ruling and Representing the South", it is clear how the northern elites considered the south. The Piedmontese north felt the need to invade the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and establish a new form of governance based on the northern system, since they viewed the

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and the southern two Sicilies was significant: northern Italy had about 75,500 kilometers of roads and 2,316 kilometers of railroads, combined with a wide range of canals connected to rivers for freight transportation; iron and steel production was 17,000 tons per year. By contrast, in the former

3582:«Con questa denominazione si indica lo Stato costituito nel dic. 1816 con l’unificazione dei regni di Napoli e di Sicilia, che restaurava l’autorità borbonica su tutta l’Italia meridionale; fu mantenuta fino all’ott. 1860, quando, tramite plebiscito, fu votata l’annessione al regno di Sardegna.» 2225:

The southern economy greatly suffered after the Italian unification and the process of industrialisation was interrupted. This situation of persistent backwardness in the socioeconomic development of the regions of southern Italy compared to the other regions of the country, especially the

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The kingdom remained disputed between France and Spain for the next several decades. The French efforts to gain control of it became feebler as the decades went on, and Spanish control was never genuinely endangered. The French finally abandoned their claims to the kingdom by the

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were long-standing issues in southern Italy as well and it got worse after unification. Cavour stated the basic problem was poor government, and believed the solution lay in the strict application of the Piedmontese legal system. The main result was an upsurge in

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shows that southern Italy has had a negative GDP growth in the last seven years, and that from the year 2000 it has been growing half as much as Greece. In 2016, southern Italy's GDP and economy was growing twice as much as northern Italy's. According to

2149:, outlining that brigandage was endemic in southern Italy, since the Bourbons themselves relied on it as their military agent. Unlike southern Italy, there was little brigandage in the other annexed states of northern and central Italy, like the 3274:. The Normans who settled in Sicily and southern Italy in the Middle Ages significantly impacted the architecture, religion and high culture of the region. Later, southern Italy was subjected to rule by the new European nation states, first the 3649:«Il regno meridionale, Napoli e Sicilia con 6 milioni e 200 mila abitanti,... pare in principio per certa foga di riforme e per valori d'ingegni filosofici e riformisti gareggiare con la Lombardia austriaca.» Carducci, III-18-21, citato in 1652:. Despite the king of Spain being able to seize both the two crowns starting from the 16th century, the administrations of the two halves of the Kingdom of Sicily remained separated until 1816 when they were reunited in the 2890:

known as SMEI Italy serves as a catalyst for private investment and supports economic growth and employment creation. Over €1 billion in finance has been catalyzed in these eight locations to far, supporting almost 5 000

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south as under-developed and lacking in social capital. These views of the south can largely be attributed to the letters of correspondents in southern Italy who sent biased letters to leaders of the north, specifically

1491:. Normans, Jews, Muslim Arabs, Byzantine Greeks, Lombards and "native" Sicilians lived in relative harmony. However, the Norman domination lasted only several decades before it formally ended in 1198 with the reign of 3235:, was captured by Muslims and turned into an Emirate for a period, and elements of Arab culture were introduced via Sicily to Italy and Europe. The rest of the mainland was subject to a struggle of power among the 2283:. Politically, it was at odds with northern Italy, which won the referendum to establish a republic. Today, the south remains less economically developed than the northern and central regions, which enjoyed an " 2066:, British historian, describes the radical difference between northern and the newly annexed southern Italy in 1860, for these two halves were on quite different levels of civilization, pointing out that the 2074:

were staunch supporters of a feudal system and that they had feared the traffic of ideas and had tried to keep their subjects insulated from the agricultural and industrial revolutions of northern Europe.

1023:). The relationships between the Greek settlers and the native peoples were initially hostile (especially with the Iapygian tribes). The Hellenic influence eventually shaped their culture and way of life. 959:

In the 8th and 7th centuries BCE, for various reasons, including demographic crisis (famine, overcrowding, etc.), the search for new commercial outlets and ports, and expulsion from their homeland,

587:, i.e. "South") to statistically identify in its reportings the six mainland regions of Southern Italy without Sicily and Sardinia, which form a distinct statistical region under the ISTAT denominated " 4202:"The Italian Unification (L'Unificazione Italiana)- Treccani with contribution of Aspen Italy – Section IV – pages 417–418 illiteracy, p. 419 iron/steel, p. 420 roads and channels, p. 421 railroads )" 2138:

had no interest in doing useful works to improve the neglected condition of public hygiene, particularly in the provinces where scarcity of sewer systems and often water shortages were known issues.

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Bourbon southern state, there were 14,700 kilometers of roads, 184 kilometers of railroads (only around Naples), no canals connected to rivers and iron and steel production was 1,500 tons per year.

3677:«Tra le maggiori novità del secolo ci fu proprio il ritorno all'indipendenza del regno meridionale, che riunì in un unico stato indipendente e sovrano il Mezzogiorno insulare e continentale.» 2017: 4663: 1911:, as King of the Two Sicilies, though this meant control only of the mainland portion of the kingdom. Throughout this Napoleonic interruption, King Ferdinand remained in Sicily, with 4771: 2309: 1834:

was installed as King of Naples and Sicily from 1735. When Charles inherited the Spanish throne from his older half-brother in 1759, he left Naples and Sicily to his younger son,

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National unification and economic development in Italy 1750–1913 (Unità nazionale e sviluppo economico in Italia 1750–1913) by Guido Pescosolido pages 95,133 – Italian edition

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invaded Italy, using the Angevin claim to the throne of Naples, which his father had inherited on the death of King René's nephew in 1481, as a pretext, thus beginning the

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In an attempt to explain the striking difference between the annexed territory of the former Two Sicilies and the economic and political powerhouse centred in the north,

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and southern Italian ports were strategic for all commerce towards the colonies. Naples enjoyed a demographic and economic rebirth, mainly due to the interest of King

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in 1302, dividing the old Kingdom of Sicily in two. The island of Sicily called the "Kingdom of Sicily beyond the Lighthouse" or the Kingdom of Trinacria, went to

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They included settlements in Sicily and the southern part of the Italian Peninsula. The first Greek settlers found Italy inhabited by three major populations:

4304: 1545:), a collection of laws for his realm that was remarkable for its time and was a source of inspiration for a long time after. It made the Kingdom of Sicily a 6217: 5569: 4861: 1903:

fled from Naples to Sicily until June of that year. In 1806, Bonaparte, by then French Emperor, again dethroned King Ferdinand and appointed his brother,

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began to settle in southern Italy. Also during this period, Greek colonies were established in places as widely separated as the eastern coast of the

4795: 6222: 3454: 3300:. At their height, Jewish Sicilians probably constituted around one tenth of the island's population. After the Edict, they partially converted to 5787: 4649: 3401: 3228: 4999: 4201: 1783:

instead and remained as such until the first years of the XVIII° century, when Sardinia was ceded to Austria and eventually handed over to the

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began to roam worldwide to seek a fortune, most of them would become professional instrumentalists in symphonic orchestras, especially in the

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The regions of southern Italy were exposed to some different historical influences than the rest of the peninsula, starting most notably with

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Report from the International Meeting of the International Council for Traditional Music's Study Group on Folk Musical Instruments, Volume 11

4540: 4509: 4481: 4410: 4081: 3938: 2855: 2276: 3628:«Meridionale: in part.: che fa parte delle regioni continentali e insulari del Mezzogiorno d'Italia (delimitate convenzionalmente dai fiumi 6262: 5537: 5345: 4826: 5454: 2030: 1955: 662: 4173: 2341: 1421:

conquest of the 11th century, the south of the peninsula was constantly plunged into wars between the Byzantines, Lombardy, and the

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Southern Italy is generally thought to comprise the administrative regions that correspond to the geopolitical extent of the historical

4810: 3836: 611:. Nonetheless, Sardinia and especially Sicily are included as “Southern Italy” in most definitions of the Southern Italy macroregion. 6310: 5895: 5522: 5355: 5116: 2892: 1426: 536: 5542: 5517: 5360: 4930: 4350: 4222: 4118: 4056: 3905: 3873: 3846: 3819: 3459: 3263: 1472: 1360: 3732: 4721: 5914: 5195: 5081: 2767: 2135: 1972: 1939: 1532: 1517: 876: 568: 5491: 2150: 6038: 5950: 5797: 5792: 5623: 3360: 1900: 1876: 1835: 2887: 5986: 5574: 5051: 4291: 1807: 984: 4442: 3527: 2243:. Because of this, the south experienced great economic difficulties resulting in massive emigration leading to a worldwide 561:

that would eventually annex the Bourbon-led and Southern Italian kingdom altogether, is nonetheless often subsumed into the

4878: 4746: 4154: 4004: 6237: 6068: 5955: 5486: 5481: 3584: 3557: 1795: 1727: 5633: 1907:, as King of Naples. In the Edict of Bayonne of 1808, Napoleon removed Joseph to Spain and appointed his brother-in-law, 5996: 5935: 5920: 5772: 5086: 3809: 3464: 2823: 2180: 1823: 1503: 316: 2851:

more than 30% of the women are employed, compared to a national and European average of 53.1% and 67.4%, respectively.

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existed an economic organization similar to that of the other states of Europe, propitious to further development of

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less related to the aforementioned regions than any of them is to each other, is frequently included as part of the

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had sought shelter, hoping for French help, which never came. The last towns to resist Garibaldi's expedition were

1964: 1943: 1475:, ending a millennium of imperial Roman rule in Italy, and eventually expelled the Muslims from Sicily. The Norman 856:

are each named after a large coastal city. Along the northern coast of the Salernitan Gulf and on the south of the

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In 1860, illiteracy rates on the Italian peninsula averaged 75%, with the lowest level of 54% in the northwestern

6529: 6524: 6425: 6191: 6114: 6078: 5096: 5061: 5056: 3393: 1775:. The island of Sardinia, which had fully come to be under Iberian sovereignty in 1409 upon the fall of the last 1681: 1582: 1574: 1293:) and customs. The Griko language is the last living trace of the Greek elements that once formed Magna Graecia. 837: 1390: 6440: 6430: 6410: 6380: 6335: 6033: 5875: 5807: 5777: 5757: 5638: 5314: 5279: 5076: 3424: 2830: 2800: 2284: 1513: 3636:), le quali, in età prerisorgimentale, costituivano il Regno delle due Sicilie.» Battaglia, Salvatore (1961). 2349: 2259:, and other parts of Europe. Many natives also relocated to the industrial cities in northern Italy, such as 1741:("state of the garrisons") was established and governed directly by Spain, as part of the Kingdom of Naples. 1636:, who had been ruling it. The peninsular territories, contemporaneously called Kingdom of Sicily, but called 1339:

in 476, and some form of imperial authority survived until the 1070s. Total East Roman rule was ended by the

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Chronological map of the main seismic events occurring in southern Italy over the modern and contemporary age

836:(named after the largest city on the tip of the heel). On the Adriatic, south of the "spur" of the boot, the 6320: 6083: 5940: 5910: 5885: 5802: 5762: 5701: 5600: 5365: 5335: 3320: 2207: 2146: 1855: 1756: 1653: 1645: 1629: 1262: 931: 4345:

Heroes and brigands (Eroi e briganti) by Francesco Saverio Nitti – (edition 1899) – Osanna Edizioni 2015 –

3708: 3164: 2105: 1983:(which capitulated on 20 March 1861). The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was dissolved and annexed to the new 114: 6018: 6006: 5782: 5767: 5459: 5101: 4501: 3293: 2162: 1896: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1699: 1625: 1546: 1536: 1269:, pockets of Greek culture and language remained and have survived to the present day. One example is the 1110: 1035: 755: 1604:. Opposition to French officialdom and taxation combined with incitement of rebellion by agents from the 6325: 6252: 6232: 6146: 6095: 5853: 5833: 5643: 5237: 5205: 5091: 5071: 4985: 3368: 3286:. The Spanish had a major impact on the culture of the south, having ruled it for over three centuries. 1968: 1892: 1695: 1120: 872: 336: 979: 4796:

GDP per capita in EU regions Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018

3863: 3209:. Greek influence in the south was dominant until Latinisation was completed by the time of the Roman 6176: 5991: 5880: 5858: 5512: 5410: 5294: 5162: 4379:"La Scuola per i 150 anni dell'Unità d'Italia - Il problema del Mezzogiorno - Il divario di partenza" 3267: 2198: 1980: 1884: 1827: 1735: 1707: 1641: 1578: 1336: 1315:

hegemony in 282 BCE, the south fell under Roman domination and remained in such a position until the

301: 35: 31: 747: 6460: 6450: 6405: 6171: 6136: 6131: 5848: 5469: 5405: 5325: 4420: 4415: 3408: 2087: 2060:, suggesting that such a divide had its roots in the coexistence of two mostly incompatible races. 2000: 1776: 1687: 1617: 1597: 1492: 1488: 1286: 1148: 724: 666: 608: 409: 357: 503:" today mostly refers to the regions that are associated with the people, lands or culture of the 6435: 6420: 6400: 6257: 6198: 6151: 6073: 5930: 5900: 5890: 5865: 5838: 5745: 5738: 5674: 5430: 5425: 5142: 3688: 3379: 3297: 3248: 3202: 2271:. A relative process of industrialisation has developed in some areas of the "Mezzogiorno" after 2173: 1947: 1919: 1888: 1811: 1798:

in the early 18th century, possession of the kingdom again changed hands. Under the terms of the

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conquered the Kingdom of Naples and unified Sicily and Naples once again as dependencies of the

2317: 6385: 6375: 6247: 6161: 6126: 6053: 6043: 5821: 5691: 5605: 5435: 5415: 5389: 5377: 5172: 5167: 5152: 5147: 5132: 4926: 4536: 4505: 4477: 4346: 4287: 4218: 4179: 4114: 4110: 4077: 4052: 3934: 3901: 3869: 3842: 3815: 3213:. Greek influences returned by the late Roman Empire, especially following the reconquests of 2804: 2786: 2231: 2099: 1880: 1860: 1831: 1819: 1799: 1780: 1664: 1637: 1566: 1476: 1430: 1368: 1364: 1356: 1308: 833: 798: 770: 645: 532: 516: 512: 504: 417: 362: 352: 306: 3930: 3923: 535:" and "across the Strait") and which later shared a common organization into Italy's largest 6455: 6277: 6227: 6208: 6203: 6156: 6063: 6001: 5981: 5969: 5925: 5728: 5708: 5696: 5559: 5527: 5440: 5157: 5020: 5012: 4279: 3236: 3218: 3175: 3170: 2811: 2781: 2244: 2202: 2067: 2063: 1984: 1904: 1872: 1843: 1772: 1613: 1605: 1570: 1541: 1422: 1328: 1316: 1206: 1136: 1124: 988: 943: 678: 652: 491: 454: 437: 404: 389: 377: 326: 285: 132: 103: 89: 75: 61: 4556: 4533:

Mafia Allies: The True Story of America's Secret Alliance with the Mob in World War II

1934:, which previously had a claim to the land. There were several rebellions on the island of 1509: 6365: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6242: 6166: 6028: 5547: 5445: 5330: 5230: 5137: 4101:

The Sicilian Vespers: a history of the Mediterranean world in the later thirteenth century

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after the war, the region voted to keep the monarchy, with its greatest support coming in

2235: 2079: 2057: 1691: 1609: 1529: 1434: 1171: 900: 845: 802: 635: 629: 508: 311: 4378: 1718:. Ferrantino was restored to the throne but died in 1496 and was succeeded by his uncle, 4364: 4332: 4235: 4135: 6498: 6445: 6415: 6360: 6267: 6141: 6088: 6048: 5718: 5713: 5564: 5464: 5420: 5372: 5274: 5242: 5200: 5177: 4266: 4027:"Sicilian Peoples: The Normans - Best of Sicily Magazine - Normans in Sicilian History" 3492: 3375: 3356: 3344: 3305: 3292:

communities lived in Sicily and southern Italy for over 15 centuries, but in 1492 King

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The study by Mack Smith is confirmed by the Italian historian and left-wing politician

1951: 1839: 1788: 1768: 1760: 1659: 1648:, who had likewise been ruling it. Thus, the peace was formal recognition of an uneasy 1601: 1398: 1373: 1290: 1152: 1140: 849: 841: 659: 558: 3605:«Mezzogiorno, region in Italy roughly coextensive with the former Kingdom of Naples.» 6513: 6370: 6011: 5581: 5269: 5247: 5106: 4099: 3535: 3502: 3497: 3485: 3313: 3206: 2252: 2248: 2220: 2050: 1908: 1562: 1450: 1320: 1248: 1106: 1079: 1031: 954: 853: 829: 817:, situated to the west of the Italian peninsula and right below the French island of 644:" refers to the intensity and the position of sunshine at midday in the south of the 588: 321: 1417:

in Stilo is the most representative of these Byzantine monuments). From then to the

6488: 6295: 6100: 5870: 5474: 5340: 5289: 5264: 4682:"Occupazione, nel Sud Italia 4 delle cinque regioni europee con il tasso più basso" 3446: 3324: 3301: 3271: 2272: 2166: 1931: 1923: 1748: 1731: 1710:

from Naples in 1495. However, he was soon forced to withdraw due to the support of

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At the time of Italian unification, the gap between the former northern states of

1441:, an independent republic from the 7th century until 1075, and to a lesser extent 1296: 887:

and the southern stretches of Sicily (BSw). The largest city of southern Italy is

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and other places in Italy and Europe. In the 19th century, street musicians from

809:, which is at an angle between the heel and the boot itself. It is an arm of the 6390: 6330: 6300: 5653: 5284: 4574: 4158: 3480: 3374:

In recent years, southern Italy has experienced a revival of its traditions and

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are also illustrated by Raffaele De Cesare, who reports that the king of Naples

1550: 1381: 1266: 1071: 1062: 1053: 1044: 572: 483: 24: 3783: 3607: 3561: 5648: 5257: 3811:

Mediterranean Tourism: Facets of Socioeconomic Development and Cultural Change

3629: 3436: 3384: 3309: 3210: 3194: 2971: 2883: 2117: 2095: 1200: 1087: 1020: 1016: 1004: 891:, an originally Greek name that it has historically maintained for millennia. 810: 782: 696: 178: 173: 4923:

The American South and the Italian Mezzogiorno: Essays in Comparative History

4772:"Initiative for SMEs: EUR 1.3 billion for small businesses in Southern Italy" 4026: 3664: 511:

that was once politically under the administration of the former Kingdoms of

3256: 3252: 2256: 1927: 1698:, Alfonso's illegitimate son, inherited Naples. When Ferrante died in 1494, 1561:, from around 1220 to his death, saw the first use of a literary form of an 1535:

endorsed a deep reform of the laws culminating with the promulgation of the

1401:, even though Byzantine domination was challenged in the 9th century by the 1179: 1144: 992: 973: 969: 965: 880: 2807:

once conceded that places existed "where the law does not operate at all".

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in 1720, but Austrian rule did not last long. Both Naples and Sicily were

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Raffaele De Cesare (1845–1918), southern Italian historian and politician

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Francesca Canale Cama; Daniele Casanova; Rosa Maria Delli Quadri (2017).

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killed 2,914 people, injured more than 10,000 and left 300,000 homeless.

884: 814: 797:(north of Molise) along with Sicily, removed from Calabria by the narrow 778: 774: 720: 716: 704: 700: 547: 226: 221: 202: 197: 190: 185: 4632:"Employment in Italy - Italy Employment - Jobs in Italy - seeitalia.com" 4613: 3980:"Per la difesa e la valorizzazione della Lingua e Cultura Greco-Calabra" 3359:. Some of its beaches, woodlands and mountains are preserved in several 2803:

provoked widespread violence, corruption and illegality. Prime Minister

5320: 5252: 4708:"Occupazione femminile sotto al 50% in tutte le regioni del sud Italia" 3364: 3352: 3348: 3328: 3283: 2947: 2904: 2879: 2545: 2465: 2445: 2425: 2385: 1976: 1912: 1767:

The administration of the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily, as well as the

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La guerra per il Mezzogiorno. Italiani, borbonici e briganti 1860-1870

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Apostolopoulos, Yorgos; Leontidou, Lila; Loukissas, Philippos (2014).

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Although many of the Greek inhabitants of Magna Graecia were entirely

1078:

The Romans used to call the area of Sicily and coastal southern Italy

5945: 4650:"Italy's south "much worse than Greece," economic think tank reports" 3633: 3340: 3336: 3244: 3224: 3179: 3091: 3043: 3019: 2875: 2871: 2859: 2531: 2525: 2471: 2451: 2431: 2411: 2391: 2365: 2194: 1960: 1935: 1815: 1803: 1752: 1593: 1521: 1496: 1438: 1397:, much of southern Italy's destiny was linked to the fortunes of the 1385:

The Kingdom of Sicily at its greatest extent, during the 12th century

1230: 1189: 1163: 1099: 1091: 961: 927: 904: 888: 790: 786: 712: 708: 692: 623: 603:"Islands"). These same subdivisions are at the bottom of the Italian 551: 238: 233: 214: 209: 166: 161: 4664:"Sud nel 2016 cresce più del Nord, che nel 2017 recupera - Economia" 1918:

After Napoleon's defeat, King Ferdinand IV was restored by the

1569:, that had a significant influence on what was to become the modern 1473:

occupied all the Lombard and Byzantine possessions in southern Italy

1158:

Many of the new Hellenic cities became very rich and powerful, like

4365:"Il Mezzogiorno e lo stato italiano; discorsi politici (1880-1910)" 1744: 5225: 5008: 3279: 3184: 3163: 3139: 2785: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2179:

In literature, the period of 1860 was depicted by Sicilian writer

2104: 2025:

from 1853, seven years before the annexation by the House of Savoy

2016: 2010: 1859: 1743: 1658: 1557:

remained the basis of Sicilian law until 1819. His royal court in

1508: 1459: 1442: 1380: 1372: 1344: 1295: 1236: 1212: 1115: 1025: 978: 913: 865: 746: 487: 125: 4977: 4944:

The View from Vesuvius: Italian Culture and the Southern Question

5733: 5210: 4811:

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in Italy 2019, by region

3289: 2583: 2405: 1784: 1254: 1242: 1128: 892: 883:

eastern stretches in Apulia and Molise, along the Ionian Sea in

763: 555: 4981: 3355:, which were founded several centuries before the start of the 3339:

and other archaeological sites (many of which are protected by

3319:

Southern Italy has many major tourist attractions, such as the

1950:, an icon of the Italian unification, with the support of the 1082:("Great Greece") since it was so densely populated by coastal 4178:. Archivio Storico per le Province Napoletane. Archived from 1846:

from 1735 onwards, they remained constitutionally separated.

4397:

Italy: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present

4005:"Una lingua, un'identità: alla scoperta del griko salentino" 2841:

A report published in July 2015 by the Italian organization

2578: 1113:, its religious rites and its traditions of the independent 1102:

being the most prominent advocate of the wider definitions.

2287:" in the 1950s and 1960s and became highly industrialized. 1959:

meantime the Piedmontese also invaded the Kingdom from the

1942:, but the end of the kingdom was only brought about by the 1155:, which became the most widely used alphabet in the world. 30:"Mezzogiorno" redirects here. For the Italian actress, see 4937:

Nations Divided: America, Italy, and the Southern Question

4335:. Città di Castello, S. Lapi – via Internet Archive. 4238:. Città di Castello, S. Lapi – via Internet Archive. 3709:"Il rapporto annuale Svimez sull'economia del Mezzogiorno" 3266:

of the 11th and 12th centuries much of the south followed

2037:"), and the highest in the south, where illiteracy in the 879:

Csa), except at the highest elevations (Dsa, Dsb) and the

3900:. Los Angeles: Getty Trust Publications. pp. 14–18. 3896:

Cerchiai, Lucia; Jannelli, Lorena; Longo, Fausto (2004).

4474:

Italy today: Facing the Challenges of the New Millennium

3955:"Multilinguismo in Sicilia ea Napoli nel primo Medioevo" 4916:

Italy's 'Southern Question': Orientalism in One Country

3865:

National Geographic Traveler: Naples and Southern Italy

2907:

is the richest of the regions of southern Italy, while

1090:

differed on whether the term included Sicily or merely

762:, and the second-highest mountain in Italy outside the 1899:, a French client state, as successor to the kingdom. 1457:

in their domestic prosperity and maritime importance.

4722:"EIB Group Activities in EU cohesion regions in 2021" 3925:"Greek dialects", in: The Ancient Languages of Europe 1694:. At his death in 1458, the kingdom was again split. 1347:'s conquest in the final quarter of the 6th century. 1289:), some of whom still maintain their Greek language ( 801:. Separating the "heel" and toe of the "boot" is the 651:

The term came into vogue after the annexation of the

4175:

Luigi de' Medici come uomo di stato e amministratore

1011:(these last ones were subdivided into three tribes: 6276: 6113: 5968: 5820: 5673: 5616: 5505: 5492:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

5398: 5307: 5188: 5125: 5044: 5028: 5019: 2141:The problem of brigandage is explained in the book 1730:in 1559. With the Treaty of London (1557), the new 922:The region is geologically very active, except for 345: 291: 281: 273: 265: 260: 252: 247: 131: 121: 48: 4535:. London: MBI Publishing Company. pp. 47–48. 4098: 3922: 3367:, between Basilicata and Calabria, that hosts the 1123:soon developed, later interacting with the native 4157:. Tolentino815.it. 7 October 2007. Archived from 2145:by the southern Italian historian and politician 1131:. The most important cultural transplant was the 733:, often for statistical and economical purposes. 21:Southern Italy (European Parliament constituency) 4879:"Visit Italy's largest park - Parco del Pollino" 4590: 4588: 4575:"Naples | History & Points of Interest" 3197:as "one of the most unique landscapes in Europe" 4747:"National operational programme SME Initiative" 4367:. Bari G. Laterza – via Internet Archive. 3681:Storia del Mediterraneo moderno e contemporaneo 2790:Map of the southern Italian criminal syndicates 1483:was characterised by its competent governance, 531:, i.e. "Kingdom of Sicily on the other side of 1706:. Charles VIII expelled Ferrante’s successor, 1109:was exported to Italy, in its dialects of the 4993: 1616:insurrection and successful invasion by king 728: 639: 598: 592: 582: 576: 562: 498: 442: 425: 394: 95: 81: 67: 53: 23:. For the statistical regions of the EU, see 8: 4250:Ruling and Representing the South, 1860–1861 3898:The Greek cities of Magna Graecia and Sicily 3693:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2569: 2301:Most populous urban areas in southern Italy 2172:According to the southern Italian historian 2090:had given a special boost to history and in 1311:failed in his attempt to stop the spread of 627: 4862:International Council for Traditional Music 3868:(2nd ed.). National Geographic Books. 2130:The living conditions of the people of the 1502:dynasty, thanks to Constance's marriage to 769:Southern Italy forms the lower part of the 550:, which was not part of the aforementioned 526: 520: 467: 6119: 5974: 5826: 5679: 5025: 5000: 4986: 4978: 4557:"Victor Emmanuel III | king of Italy" 4476:. New York: Lang Publishing. p. 181. 4305:"Antonio Gramsci La Questione Meridionale" 4074:The University in Medieval Life, 1179–1499 3803: 3801: 2913: 2568: 1553:. With relatively small modifications, the 1192:). Other cities in Magna Graecia included 45: 4921:Dal Lago, Enrico, and Rick Halpern, eds. 1979:(which capitulated on 13 March 1861) and 1759:, it was heavily altered as it served as 911:are the next largest cities in the area. 864:. Off the peninsula's tip is the isle of 715:. The island of Sardinia, although being 4333:"La fine di un regno (Napoli e Sicilia)" 4236:"La fine di un regno (Napoli e Sicilia)" 4155:"The Battle of Tolentino, Joachim Murat" 3720: 3718: 3455:National Institute of Statistics (Italy) 3407:Range of the southern Italian dialects ( 2915:Southern Italy regions by GDP per capita 2854:In southern Italy, which contains eight 1573:. During this period, he also built the 569:Italian National Institute of Statistics 256:123,024 km (47,500 sq mi) 4137:History of the Kingdom of Naples (1858) 3665:"Kingdom and House of the Two Sicilies" 3651:Grande dizionario della lingua italiana 3638:Grande dizionario della lingua italiana 3519: 3390: 607:and the Italian constituencies for the 272: 259: 246: 145: 130: 120: 111: 4827:"Regional accounts: per capita values" 4051:. London: Octagon Books. p. 156. 3929:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3686: 2299: 1838:. Despite the two kingdoms being in a 605:First level NUTS of the European Union 519:(officially denominated as one entity 3683:. Napoli: Guida Editori. p. 173. 1895:, captured Naples and proclaimed the 1377:Detailed map of the Kingdom of Sicily 453: 436: 403: 388: 344: 290: 280: 264: 251: 7: 5538:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 4263:Italiani del nord e Italiani del sud 4049:Frederick II of Hohenstaufen: a life 2917:(in euro, at current market prices) 1763:headquarters until the 18th century. 4409:Sexton, Renard (15 December 2009). 4363:Fortunato, Giustino (6 July 1911). 4331:De Cesare, Raffaele (6 July 1900). 4234:De Cesare, Raffaele (6 July 1900). 3862:Jepson, Tim; Soriano, Tino (2011). 3758:"Classificazione demografica ISTAT" 3508:Southern Italy autonomist movements 3251:established outposts as trade with 2782:Italy's North–South economic divide 2005:Post-Unification Italian Brigandage 1991:Southern and Northern Italy in 1860 1922:of 1815 as Ferdinand I of the 554:and had been under the rule of the 4951:Storia del Regno delle Due Sicilie 4829:. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica 4284:Modern Italy: A Political History. 3838:Regional Economic Change in Europe 3347:cities in southern Italy, such as 1495:, and was replaced by that of the 14: 4909:Gramsci and the Southern Question 4498:Modern Italy; A Political History 3726:"Classificazione economica ISTAT" 3560:. Webcitation.org. Archived from 3460:NUTS statistical regions of Italy 1361:Norman conquest of southern Italy 852:, the Gulf of Policastro and the 6494: 6493: 6482: 4443:"Statistiche demografiche ISTAT" 3528:"Statistiche demografiche ISTAT" 3439: 3416: 3400: 3168:Modern-style pizza, such as the 3132: 3108: 3084: 3060: 3036: 3012: 2988: 2964: 2940: 2348: 2340: 2316: 2308: 1714:to his cousin, Alfonso II's son 232: 220: 208: 196: 184: 172: 160: 148: 113: 6223:Orders, decorations, and medals 4852:, Fodor's Travel, 22 March 2011 2058:racist theories were postulated 2001:Defeat of the Kingdom of Naples 1963:. The last battles fought were 1640:by modern scholarship, went to 1549:and established the primacy of 1393:, and until the arrival of the 828:, leading into the rest of the 405:[iˈtaːljameridjoˈnaːle] 4907:Albanese, Salvatore Nicodemo. 4614:"Southern Italian Immigration" 4286:University of Michigan Press. 1879:was a natural opponent of the 1779:, was an integral part of the 1588:In 1266, conflict between the 1577:, and in 1224, he founded the 1331:control in the 530s after the 1151:subsequently evolved into the 821:, may also often be included. 758:, the highest mountain in the 294:Official linguistic minorities 1: 3229:Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture 2829:Starting from the 1950s, the 2205:for his homonymous 1963 film 2121: 1965:that of the Volturnus in 1860 1822:by a Spanish army during the 1796:War of the Spanish Succession 1425:. The latter established two 1327:control). It was restored to 877:Köppen climate classification 19:For the EU constituency, see 4097:Sir Steven Runciman (1958). 3760:(in Italian). Archived from 3731:(in Italian). Archived from 3653:, UTET, Torino, V. X, p.160. 3640:, UTET, Torino, V. X, p.160. 3585:"Regno delle Due Sicilie in 3465:Italian NUTS level 1 regions 2181:Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa 1987:, founded in the same year. 1824:War of the Polish Succession 1814:. He also gained control of 1596:led to Sicily's conquest by 1038:groupings in southern Italy 824:On the eastern coast is the 522:Regnum Siciliae citra Pharum 140: 6263:Water supply and sanitation 5687:Italian geographical region 5555:Monarchy and the World Wars 5497:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 5383:War of the Sicilian Vespers 5036:Timeline of Italian history 4949:Spagnoletti, Angelantonio. 4816:, accessed 25 December 2022 4801:, accessed 25 December 2022 3294:Ferdinand II of Aragon 2151:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 2132:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 2072:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 2039:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 2023:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1866:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1622:War of the Sicilian Vespers 1583:Università Federico II 1323:is a notable suspension of 1143:, which was adopted by the 685:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 656:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 541:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 490:consisting of its southern 266: • Estimate 6546: 6182:Inventions and discoveries 5592:Fall of the Fascist regime 5575:Fourth War of Independence 5533:Expedition of the Thousand 5523:Second War of Independence 4956:Nitti, Francesco Saverio. 4868:, Musikmuseet, 1992, p. 54 4688:(in Italian). 22 June 2019 4502:The University of Michigan 4472:Mignone, Mario B. (2008). 4140:. University of Michigan. 4107:Cambridge University Press 4076:. McFarland. p. 132. 3392:Linguistic borders of the 3130: 3106: 3082: 3058: 3034: 3010: 2986: 2962: 2938: 2888:public–private partnership 2779: 2543: 2523: 2503: 2483: 2463: 2443: 2423: 2403: 2383: 2363: 2338: 2305: 2218: 1997:Expedition of the Thousand 1994: 1944:Expedition of the Thousand 1864:A 19th century map of the 1853: 1728:Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis 1675: 1455:Italian maritime republics 1427:emirates in southern Italy 1405:, who annexed the area of 1354: 1030:Ancient Greek colonies of 952: 941: 930:, and highly seismic: the 838:peninsula of Monte Gargano 805:, named after the city of 740: 676: 571:(ISTAT) employs the term " 346: – Regional languages 29: 18: 6478: 6122: 5977: 5956:Security and intelligence 5829: 5682: 5543:Third War of Independence 5518:First War of Independence 4596:"A tale of two economies" 4496:Denis Mack Smith (1997). 4411:"Berlusconi the Survivor" 4261:Alfredo Niceforo (1901). 4134:Colletta, Pietro (1858). 4007:(in Italian). 25 May 2020 3921:Roger D. Woodard (2008). 3835:Hospers, Gert J. (2004). 3786:. Encyclopædia Britannica 3610:. Encyclopædia Britannica 3363:; a major example is the 2765: 2596:— 2560: 1682:War of Spanish Succession 1581:, now called, after him, 1520:between 1240 and 1250 in 1506:, member of this family. 282: – Official language 112: 5634:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 5629:Institutional referendum 4521:(Smith (1997), pp. 199.) 3425:extreme southern Italian 2931:% of nationwide average 2911:appears as the poorest. 2899:Per capita GDP by region 2831:Cassa per il Mezzogiorno 2562:Sources: 2019 Demo Istat 1830:, a younger son of King 1618:Peter III of Aragon 1105:With this colonisation, 949:Prehistory and antiquity 773:, containing the ankle ( 622:In a similar fashion to 455:[ˌmɛddzoˈdʒorno] 52: 6157:Emigration and diaspora 5366:Guelphs and Ghibellines 5351:the Sardinian Judicates 4579:Encyclopedia Britannica 4561:Encyclopedia Britannica 3343:). There are also many 3193:have been described by 2147:Francesco Saverio Nitti 2021:Map of the Bourbon-led 1856:Kingdom of Two Sicilies 1654:Kingdom of Two Sicilies 1620:in 1282. The resulting 1433:and, for 25 years, the 932:1980 Irpinia earthquake 634:("midday" or "noon" in 463: 459: 421: 413: 6039:Science and technology 5987:Italian regions by GDP 5788:Marine protected areas 5460:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 4963:Di Lampedusa, Tomasi. 4849:Fodor's Southern Italy 3841:. LIT Verlag Münster. 3304:and some moved to the 3198: 3182: 2826:, who was born there. 2814:, the "Iron Prefect", 2791: 2163:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 2127: 2026: 1897:Parthenopaean Republic 1871:Being a member of the 1868: 1832:Philip V of Spain 1828:Charles, Duke of Parma 1764: 1712:Ferdinand II of Aragon 1700:Charles VIII of France 1668: 1626:Peace of Caltabellotta 1537:Constitutions of Melfi 1525: 1468:From 999 to 1139, the 1465: 1464:Southern Italy in 1112 1386: 1378: 1304: 1258:(Βάριον), and others. 1216:(Λοκροὶ Ἐπιζεφύριοι), 1111:Ancient Greek language 1075: 996: 919: 871:The climate is mainly 793:(north of Apulia) and 766: 729: 658:by the mainland-based 640: 628: 616: 599: 593: 583: 577: 563: 527: 521: 499: 443: 426: 395: 390:[ˈsudiˈtaːlja] 381: 96: 82: 68: 54: 34:. For her father, see 6238:Public administration 5346:the Holy Roman Empire 4248:"This Is Not Italy!" 3369:largest national park 3337:Trulli di Alberobello 3188: 3167: 2789: 2570:Historical population 2108: 2084:The Southern Question 2020: 1891:, in the name of the 1863: 1747: 1662: 1539:(1231, also known as 1512: 1463: 1384: 1376: 1300:Southern Italy under 1299: 1121:Hellenic civilization 1029: 982: 917: 750: 741:Further information: 677:Further information: 665:, and the subsequent 638:), the Italian term " 438:[meriˈdjoːne] 6466:World Heritage Sites 5921:Council of Ministers 5659:Coronavirus pandemic 5057:Currency and coinage 4618:www.italiamerica.org 4531:Newark, Tim (2007). 4031:www.bestofsicily.com 3587:Dizionario di Storia 3564:on 24 September 2015 2895:and small mid-caps. 2183:in his famous novel 1981:Civitella del Tronto 1708:Alfonso II of Naples 1672:Early modern history 1579:University of Naples 1391:Gothic War (535–554) 858:Sorrentine Peninsula 36:Vittorio Mezzogiorno 32:Giovanna Mezzogiorno 16:Macroregion of Italy 5997:Automotive industry 5936:Metropolitan cities 5482:Early Modern period 5455:Kingdom of Sardinia 5406:Italian city-states 4686:Il Fatto Quotidiano 4416:FiveThirtyEight.com 4161:on 1 February 2008. 4072:Hunt Janin (2008). 3538:on 17 December 2020 3247:. In addition, the 2918: 2824:Victor Emmanuel III 2571: 2302: 2277:the 1946 referendum 2199:Italian unification 2143:Heroes and Brigands 2031:Kingdom of Sardinia 1956:Kingdom of Sardinia 1926:. He established a 1887:. In January 1799, 1755:: initiated by the 1493:Constance of Sicily 1489:religious tolerance 1415:Cattolica monastery 1317:barbarian invasions 1149:Old Italic alphabet 1129:Latin civilisations 985:Temple of Concordia 756:Gran Sasso d'Italia 667:Italian unification 663:Kingdom of Sardinia 609:European Parliament 537:pre-unitarian state 6520:Geography of Italy 6059:Telecommunications 5426:Maritime republics 4423:on 5 December 2013 4182:on 24 October 2008 3298:Edict of Expulsion 3203:Greek colonisation 3199: 3183: 2914: 2810:After the rise of 2792: 2300: 2230:, is known as the 2174:Giustino Fortunato 2128: 2116:("brigands") from 2027: 1920:Congress of Vienna 1889:Napoleon Bonaparte 1869: 1850:Early 19th century 1812:Holy Roman Emperor 1765: 1669: 1634:House of Barcelona 1630:Frederick III 1526: 1466: 1411:Duchy of Benevento 1387: 1379: 1305: 1213:Epizephyrian Locri 1076: 997: 920: 767: 743:Geography of Italy 578:Italia meridionale 396:Italia meridionale 253: • Total 55:Italia meridionale 6507: 6506: 6474: 6473: 6109: 6108: 6044:Southern question 5964: 5963: 5896:Political parties 5844:Foreign relations 5816: 5815: 5669: 5668: 5390:Kingdom of Naples 5378:Kingdom of Sicily 4914:Schneider, Jane. 4883:italymagazine.com 4636:www.seeitalia.com 4542:978-0-7603-2457-8 4510:978-0-472-10895-4 4483:978-1-4331-0187-8 4142:Edict of Bayonne. 4083:978-0-7864-3462-6 3940:978-0-521-68495-8 3738:on 9 January 2015 3532:www.demo.istat.it 3321:Palace of Caserta 3157: 3156: 2805:Giovanni Giolitti 2773: 2772: 2567: 2566: 2563: 2273:World War II 2232:Southern question 2111:southern Italian 1940:Ferdinand II 1938:against the King 1881:French Revolution 1877:Ferdinand IV 1836:Ferdinand IV 1800:Treaty of Utrecht 1781:Council of Aragon 1771:, was run by the 1665:Kingdom of Sicily 1638:Kingdom of Naples 1624:lasted until the 1547:centralised state 1477:Kingdom of Sicily 1453:, rivalled other 1431:Emirate of Sicily 1369:Kingdom of Naples 1365:Kingdom of Sicily 1357:Emirate of Sicily 1309:Pyrrhus of Epirus 834:Strait of Otranto 799:Strait of Messina 785:), and the heel ( 646:Italian peninsula 424:), also known as 371: 370: 6537: 6530:Regions of Italy 6525:Society of Italy 6497: 6496: 6489:Italy portal 6486: 6485: 6426:National symbols 6120: 5975: 5827: 5680: 5560:Kingdom of Italy 5487:Napoleonic Italy 5026: 5002: 4995: 4988: 4979: 4970:Pinto, Carmine. 4895: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4875: 4869: 4859: 4853: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4823: 4817: 4814:www.statista.com 4808: 4802: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4592: 4583: 4582: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4513: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4449:. Archived from 4439: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4419:. Archived from 4406: 4400: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4360: 4354: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4328: 4322: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4301: 4295: 4280:Denis Mack Smith 4277: 4271: 4270: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4231: 4225: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4104: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3984: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3959: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3928: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3764:on 15 April 2016 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3737: 3730: 3722: 3713: 3712: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3692: 3684: 3675: 3669: 3668: 3660: 3654: 3647: 3641: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3534:. Archived from 3524: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3420: 3404: 3396:southern Italian 3264:Norman conquests 3227:, a distinctive 3219:Byzantine Empire 3171:pizza Margherita 3138: 3136: 3135: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3066: 3064: 3063: 3042: 3040: 3039: 3018: 3016: 3015: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2970: 2968: 2967: 2946: 2944: 2943: 2919: 2812:Benito Mussolini 2585: 2580: 2572: 2561: 2352: 2344: 2320: 2312: 2303: 2285:economic miracle 2247:, especially to 2245:Italian diaspora 2203:Luchino Visconti 2126: 2123: 2064:Denis Mack Smith 2033:(also known as " 1985:Kingdom of Italy 1946:in 1860, led by 1915:as his capital. 1905:Joseph Bonaparte 1873:House of Bourbon 1844:House of Bourbon 1777:indigenous state 1773:Council of Italy 1614:Sicilian Vespers 1606:Byzantine Empire 1575:Castel del Monte 1571:Italian language 1555:Liber Augustalis 1542:Liber Augustalis 1514:Castel del Monte 1423:Aghlabid dynasty 1287:Grecìa Salentina 1069: 1060: 1051: 1042: 989:Valle dei Templi 944:History of Italy 813:. The island of 732: 679:Regions of Italy 643: 633: 602: 596: 586: 580: 566: 530: 524: 502: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 457: 452: 448: 440: 435: 431: 407: 402: 398: 392: 387: 317:Franco-Provençal 237: 236: 225: 224: 213: 212: 201: 200: 189: 188: 177: 176: 165: 164: 153: 152: 117: 107: 99: 93: 85: 79: 71: 65: 57: 46: 6545: 6544: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6510: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6483: 6470: 6441:Public holidays 6272: 6218:Life expectancy 6105: 5960: 5876:Law enforcement 5812: 5665: 5612: 5601:Social Republic 5565:Colonial Empire 5548:Capture of Rome 5501: 5394: 5303: 5196:Ancient peoples 5184: 5121: 5082:Historic states 5040: 5015: 5006: 4958:Eroi e briganti 4904: 4902:Further reading 4899: 4898: 4888: 4886: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4830: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4809: 4805: 4794: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4755: 4753: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4670:. 28 July 2017. 4662: 4661: 4657: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4594: 4593: 4586: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4453:on 24 July 2019 4441: 4440: 4436: 4426: 4424: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4399:(2004) pp 567–8 4394: 4390: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4344: 4340: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4278: 4274: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4216: 4212: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4133: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4059: 4045:Georgina Masson 4043: 4042: 4038: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4010: 4008: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3807: 3806: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3716: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3685: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3663:Luigi Mendola. 3662: 3661: 3657: 3648: 3644: 3627: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3593:www.treccani.it 3583: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3541: 3539: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3476:Northeast Italy 3471:Northwest Italy 3445: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3428: 3421: 3412: 3405: 3394:Italo-Dalmatian 3380:Neapolitan song 3333:Sassi di Matera 3296:proclaimed the 3276:Crown of Aragon 3231:throughout the 3191:Sassi di Matera 3162: 3133: 3131: 3109: 3107: 3085: 3083: 3061: 3059: 3037: 3035: 3013: 3011: 2989: 2987: 2965: 2963: 2941: 2939: 2916: 2901: 2784: 2778: 2486:Reggio Calabria 2355: 2353: 2347: 2345: 2323: 2321: 2315: 2313: 2306: 2298: 2293: 2236:organised crime 2223: 2217: 2197:at the time of 2159:Duchy of Modena 2124: 2080:Antonio Gramsci 2007: 1993: 1973:Francis II 1893:French Republic 1858: 1852: 1808:Charles VI 1692:Crown of Aragon 1684: 1674: 1642:Charles II 1610:Crown of Aragon 1435:Emirate of Bari 1371: 1353: 1204:(Μεταπόντιον), 1166:, "New City"), 1139:variety of the 1074: 1067: 1065: 1058: 1056: 1049: 1047: 1045:Northwest Doric 1040: 957: 951: 946: 940: 901:Reggio Calabria 846:Gulf of Salerno 803:Gulf of Taranto 745: 739: 681: 675: 620: 594:Italia insulare 509:cultural region 479: 476: 473: 470: 450: 433: 422:Italia dû Suddi 400: 385: 367: 341: 312:Calabrian Greek 243: 231: 219: 207: 195: 183: 171: 159: 147: 144: 143: 108: 101: 94: 87: 80: 73: 66: 59: 51: 44: 39: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6543: 6541: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6512: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6501: 6491: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6282: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6049:Stock exchange 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6009: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5951:Municipalities 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5911:Prime Minister 5908: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5798:Regional parks 5795: 5793:National parks 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5702:Climate change 5694: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5567: 5562: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5467: 5465:Duchy of Savoy 5462: 5457: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5375: 5373:Lombard League 5370: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5295:Western Empire 5287: 5282: 5280:Roman conquest 5277: 5272: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5201:Italic peoples 5192: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5007: 5005: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4933: 4919: 4912: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4885:. 23 July 2009 4870: 4854: 4840: 4818: 4803: 4788: 4763: 4738: 4713: 4699: 4673: 4655: 4641: 4623: 4605: 4602:. 16 May 2015. 4584: 4581:. 9 June 2023. 4566: 4563:. 12 May 2023. 4548: 4541: 4523: 4514: 4489: 4482: 4464: 4434: 4401: 4395:Roland Sarti, 4388: 4383:www.150anni.it 4370: 4355: 4338: 4323: 4314: 4296: 4272: 4267:Fratelli Bocca 4253: 4241: 4226: 4210: 4193: 4164: 4146: 4126: 4119: 4089: 4082: 4064: 4057: 4036: 4018: 3996: 3971: 3946: 3939: 3913: 3906: 3888: 3874: 3854: 3847: 3827: 3820: 3797: 3775: 3749: 3714: 3700: 3670: 3655: 3642: 3621: 3598: 3575: 3549: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3493:Northern Italy 3490: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3422: 3415: 3413: 3406: 3399: 3397: 3378:, such as the 3361:National Parks 3357:Roman Republic 3306:Ottoman Empire 3161: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3147: 3142: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3105: 3101: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3081: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3009: 3005: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2900: 2897: 2820:Italian Empire 2780:Main article: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2565: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2549: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2529: 2522: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2509: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2489: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2474: 2469: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2449: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2429: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2409: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2394: 2389: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2374: 2369: 2362: 2358: 2357: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2234:. Poverty and 2216: 2213: 2155:Duchy of Parma 2092:northern Italy 1992: 1989: 1969:siege of Gaeta 1952:House of Savoy 1901:King Ferdinand 1851: 1848: 1840:personal union 1789:House of Savoy 1769:Duchy of Milan 1736:the so-called 1673: 1670: 1646:House of Anjou 1598:Charles I 1592:house and the 1399:Eastern Empire 1389:Following the 1352: 1349: 1291:Griko language 1153:Latin alphabet 1141:Greek alphabet 1119:. An original 1086:; the ancient 1084:Greek colonies 1066: 1057: 1048: 1039: 972:and Massalia ( 950: 947: 942:Main article: 939: 936: 850:Gulf of Naples 842:Tyrrhenian Sea 771:Italian "boot" 738: 735: 721:linguistically 674: 671: 619: 613: 559:House of Savoy 546:The island of 458:; Neapolitan: 374:Southern Italy 369: 368: 366: 365: 360: 355: 349: 347: 343: 342: 340: 339: 337:Serbo-Croatian 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 298: 296: 289: 288: 283: 279: 278: 275: 271: 270: 267: 263: 262: 258: 257: 254: 250: 249: 245: 244: 242: 241: 229: 217: 205: 193: 181: 169: 157: 139: 138: 137: 135: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 110: 109: 50:Southern Italy 49: 43:Place in Italy 42: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6542: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6500: 6492: 6490: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6200: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5644:Years of Lead 5642: 5640: 5639:Economic Boom 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5582:Fascist Italy 5580: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5528:Niçard exodus 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5248:Magna Graecia 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5003: 4998: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4984: 4983: 4980: 4973: 4969: 4966: 4965:Il gattopardo 4962: 4959: 4955: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4942:Moe, Nelson. 4941: 4938: 4934: 4932: 4931:0-333-73971-X 4928: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4828: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4812: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4792: 4789: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4764: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4739: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4601: 4600:The Economist 4597: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4544: 4538: 4534: 4527: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4512:, pp. 209–210 4511: 4507: 4503: 4500:. Ann Arbor: 4499: 4493: 4490: 4485: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4465: 4452: 4448: 4447:demo.istat.it 4444: 4438: 4435: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4405: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4366: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4351:9788881674695 4348: 4342: 4339: 4334: 4327: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4273: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4237: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4223:9788868124229 4220: 4214: 4211: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4181: 4177: 4176: 4168: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4130: 4127: 4122: 4120:0-521-43774-1 4116: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4102: 4093: 4090: 4085: 4079: 4075: 4068: 4065: 4060: 4058:0-374-95297-3 4054: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4006: 4000: 3997: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3942: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3926: 3917: 3914: 3909: 3907:0-89236-751-2 3903: 3899: 3892: 3889: 3877: 3875:9781426207105 3871: 3867: 3866: 3858: 3855: 3850: 3848:9783825881771 3844: 3840: 3839: 3831: 3828: 3823: 3821:9781317798385 3817: 3814:. Routledge. 3813: 3812: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3785: 3784:"Mezzogiorno" 3779: 3776: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3734: 3727: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3696: 3690: 3682: 3674: 3671: 3666: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3609: 3608:"Mezzogiorno" 3602: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3588: 3579: 3576: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3503:Meridionalism 3501: 3499: 3498:Central Italy 3496: 3494: 3491: 3487: 3486:Insular Italy 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3437: 3432: 3426: 3423:Range of the 3419: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3345:ancient Greek 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3314:United States 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3207:Magna Graecia 3204: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2783: 2775: 2769: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2582: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2559: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2527: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2507: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2487: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2467: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2447: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2427: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2407: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2387: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2367: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2351: 2343: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2319: 2311: 2304: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253:South America 2250: 2249:North America 2246: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2228:northern ones 2222: 2221:Meridionalism 2214: 2212: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2185:Il Gattopardo 2182: 2177: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2107: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2051:Camillo Benso 2046: 2042: 2041:reached 87%. 2040: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1971:, where King 1970: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1909:Joachim Murat 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1826:in 1734, and 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1806:was given to 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1740: 1739: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1679: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563:Italo-Romance 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1383: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1329:Eastern Roman 1326: 1322: 1321:Gladiator War 1318: 1314: 1310: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1170:(Συράκουσαι, 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1108: 1107:Greek culture 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1080:Magna Graecia 1073: 1064: 1055: 1054:Achaean Doric 1046: 1037: 1033: 1032:Magna Graecia 1028: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 994: 990: 986: 981: 977: 975: 971: 970:Eastern Libya 967: 963: 956: 955:Magna Graecia 948: 945: 937: 935: 933: 929: 925: 916: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 873:Mediterranean 869: 867: 863: 859: 855: 854:Gulf of Gaeta 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 830:Mediterranean 827: 822: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 781:), the arch ( 780: 776: 772: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 744: 736: 734: 731: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 680: 672: 670: 668: 664: 661: 657: 654: 649: 647: 642: 637: 632: 631: 625: 618: 615:Etymology of 614: 612: 610: 606: 601: 595: 590: 589:Insular Italy 585: 579: 574: 570: 565: 560: 557: 553: 549: 544: 542: 538: 534: 529: 523: 518: 514: 510: 506: 501: 495: 493: 489: 485: 465: 461: 456: 447: 446: 439: 430: 429: 423: 419: 415: 411: 406: 397: 391: 383: 379: 375: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 350: 348: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 322:Griko dialect 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 299: 297: 295: 287: 284: 276: 268: 255: 240: 235: 230: 228: 223: 218: 216: 211: 206: 204: 199: 194: 192: 187: 182: 180: 175: 170: 168: 163: 158: 156: 151: 146: 142: 136: 134: 127: 124: 116: 105: 98: 91: 84: 77: 70: 63: 56: 47: 41: 37: 33: 26: 22: 6326:Architecture 6296:Quattrocento 6253:Social class 6233:Prostitution 6147:Demographics 6069:Trade unions 6012:Central Bank 5854:Human rights 5834:Constitution 5617:Contemporary 5587:World War II 5475:Italian Wars 5399:Early modern 5341:Papal States 5319:Italy under 5265:Ancient Rome 4971: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4935:Doyle, Don. 4922: 4915: 4908: 4887:. Retrieved 4882: 4873: 4865: 4857: 4847: 4843: 4831:. Retrieved 4821: 4813: 4806: 4799:ec.europa.eu 4798: 4791: 4779:. Retrieved 4776:ec.europa.eu 4775: 4766: 4754:. Retrieved 4751:ec.europa.eu 4750: 4741: 4729:. Retrieved 4725: 4716: 4710:. Openpolis. 4702: 4690:. Retrieved 4685: 4676: 4667: 4658: 4644: 4635: 4626: 4617: 4608: 4599: 4578: 4569: 4560: 4551: 4532: 4526: 4517: 4497: 4492: 4473: 4467: 4455:. Retrieved 4451:the original 4446: 4437: 4425:. Retrieved 4421:the original 4414: 4404: 4396: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4358: 4341: 4326: 4317: 4308: 4299: 4283: 4275: 4262: 4256: 4249: 4244: 4229: 4213: 4196: 4184:. Retrieved 4180:the original 4174: 4167: 4159:the original 4149: 4141: 4136: 4129: 4100: 4092: 4073: 4067: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4021: 4009:. Retrieved 3999: 3987:. Retrieved 3985:(in Italian) 3974: 3962:. Retrieved 3960:(in Italian) 3949: 3924: 3916: 3897: 3891: 3879:. Retrieved 3864: 3857: 3837: 3830: 3810: 3788:. Retrieved 3778: 3766:. Retrieved 3762:the original 3752: 3740:. 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Retrieved 3536:the original 3531: 3522: 3447:Italy portal 3383: 3373: 3325:Amalfi Coast 3318: 3302:Christianity 3288: 3272:Christianity 3268:Eastern rite 3261: 3223: 3200: 3169: 3152: 3149: 3144: 2902: 2853: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2828: 2809: 2793: 2544: 2524: 2504: 2484: 2464: 2444: 2424: 2404: 2384: 2364: 2339: 2307: 2224: 2206: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2171: 2167:Papal States 2142: 2140: 2136:Ferdinand II 2129: 2112: 2083: 2082:in his book 2077: 2062: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2028: 2008: 1932:Papal States 1924:Two Sicilies 1917: 1870: 1793: 1766: 1749:Castel Nuovo 1737: 1732:client state 1724: 1720:Frederick IV 1704:Italian Wars 1685: 1678:Italian Wars 1649: 1590:Hohenstaufen 1587: 1554: 1540: 1533:Frederick II 1527: 1518:Frederick II 1500:Hohenstaufen 1485:multi-ethnic 1467: 1388: 1333:fall of Rome 1306: 1271:Griko people 1260: 1253: 1247: 1241: 1235: 1229: 1223: 1217: 1211: 1210:(Ἡράκλεια), 1205: 1199: 1193: 1183: 1175: 1167: 1159: 1157: 1114: 1104: 1077: 1063:Doric proper 998: 958: 921: 870: 862:Amalfi Coast 832:through the 826:Adriatic Sea 823: 777:), the toe ( 768: 725:historically 687:, including 682: 650: 621: 597:, or simply 545: 528:ultra Pharum 496: 462:; Sicilian: 444: 427: 373: 372: 40: 6391:Italophilia 6351:Coat of arm 6301:Cinquecento 6177:Immigration 6127:Aristocracy 5992:Agriculture 5886:Nationality 5859:LGBT rights 5773:Earthquakes 5654:Mani pulite 5570:World War I 5513:Unification 5506:Late modern 5470:Renaissance 5315:Middle Ages 5308:Middle Ages 5285:Roman Italy 5052:Citizenship 4967:(1958-2018) 4960:(1899-2015) 4889:19 November 4833:24 November 4781:8 September 4756:7 September 4731:7 September 4726:www.eib.org 4457:17 February 4427:16 December 4309:archive.org 4172:Blanch, L. 3558:"Legge 482" 3481:South Italy 3282:, and then 3259:increased. 3233:Middle Ages 2816:Cesare Mori 2336:Population 2208:The Leopard 2190:The Leopard 2125: 1860 1612:led to the 1551:written law 1528:In Sicily, 1516:, built by 1487:nature and 1351:Middle Ages 1267:Middle Ages 1265:during the 1234:(Θούριοι), 1162:(Νεάπολις, 1088:geographers 730:Mezzogiorno 641:Mezzogiorno 617:Mezzogiorno 573:South Italy 564:Mezzogiorno 500:Mezzogiorno 484:macroregion 460:Miezojuorno 445:Mezzogiorno 97:Mezzogiorno 25:South Italy 6514:Categories 6461:Traditions 6451:Television 6436:Philosophy 6401:Literature 6341:Cathedrals 6311:Settecento 6172:Healthcare 6137:Corruption 6132:Censorship 5891:Parliament 5849:Government 5649:Maxi Trial 5597:Resistance 5326:Ostrogoths 5258:Messapians 5143:Villanovan 5133:Prehistory 5126:Prehistory 4292:0472108956 4109:. p. 3768:23 October 3742:23 October 3630:Garigliano 3568:17 October 3514:References 3409:Neapolitan 3385:tarantella 3371:in Italy. 3310:Basilicata 3262:Until the 3237:Byzantines 3211:Principate 3176:originated 2972:Basilicata 2884:Basilicata 2797:brigandage 2758:19,932,825 2747:20,619,697 2736:20,515,736 2725:20,537,484 2714:20,053,334 2703:18,874,266 2692:18,576,001 2681:17,685,424 2670:15,277,000 2659:14,688,000 2648:14,449,000 2637:13,500,000 2626:12,661,000 2615:11,030,000 2604:10,209,000 2296:Population 2291:Demography 2241:brigandage 2219:See also: 2215:After 1861 2193:), set in 2118:Basilicata 2109:A band of 2096:capitalism 1995:See also: 1954:and their 1854:See also: 1842:under the 1794:After the 1716:Ferrantino 1676:See also: 1650:status quo 1600:, Duke of 1565:language, 1355:See also: 1252:(Σύεσσα), 1228:(Κρότων), 1222:(Ῥήγιον), 1201:Metapontum 1188:(Σύβαρις, 1178:(Ἀκράγας, 1168:Syrakousai 1133:Chalcidean 1034:and their 1021:Messapians 1017:Peucetians 1005:Oenotrians 983:The Greek 953:See also: 811:Ionian Sea 783:Basilicata 717:culturally 697:Basilicata 581:, or just 533:the Strait 505:historical 497:The term " 464:Menzujornu 410:Neapolitan 382:Sud Italia 358:Neapolitan 269:20,637,360 261:Population 179:Basilicata 69:Sud Italia 6421:Mythology 6396:Libraries 6316:Ottocento 6258:Terrorism 6199:Languages 6152:Education 6074:Transport 6024:Companies 5931:Provinces 5901:President 5866:Judiciary 5839:Elections 5751:Volcanoes 5746:Volcanism 5739:Apennines 5724:Mountains 5692:Peninsula 5675:Geography 5606:Civil War 5331:Byzantium 5238:Etruscans 5173:Canegrate 5168:Golasecca 5153:Rinaldone 5148:Terramare 5138:Neolithic 4353:– page 33 3689:cite book 3542:4 October 3257:Near East 3253:Byzantium 3249:Venetians 3215:Justinian 2593:9,632,000 2257:Australia 1948:Garibaldi 1930:with the 1928:concordat 1820:conquered 1802:in 1713, 1791:in 1720. 1688:Alfonso V 1686:In 1442, 1409:to their 1263:Latinized 1198:(Τάρας), 1180:Agrigento 1145:Etruscans 993:Agrigento 974:Marseille 966:Black Sea 881:semi-arid 860:runs the 840:; on the 760:Apennines 737:Geography 669:of 1861. 428:Meridione 332:Sardinian 274:Languages 83:Meridione 6499:Category 6386:Internet 6376:Folklore 6306:Seicento 6291:Trecento 6286:Duecento 6248:Religion 6209:Regional 6187:Italians 6162:Gambling 6054:Taxation 5881:Military 5822:Politics 5624:Republic 5411:Florence 5336:Lombards 5275:Republic 5221:Samnites 5216:Picentes 5158:Apennine 5117:Railways 5097:Military 5045:By topic 5029:Overview 5013:articles 4282:(1998). 4186:21 April 4047:(1973). 3433:See also 3427:dialects 3382:and the 3270:(Greek) 3255:and the 3241:Lombards 3217:and the 3116:Calabria 3068:Campania 2996:Sardinia 2909:Calabria 2868:Campania 2864:Calabria 2856:cohesion 2848:Eurostat 2766:Source: 2556:132,640 2552:Campania 2536:150,185 2516:154,108 2512:Sardinia 2506:Cagliari 2496:179,049 2492:Calabria 2476:195,279 2456:231,708 2436:311,777 2416:319,482 2396:659,894 2376:955,503 2372:Campania 2281:Campania 2165:and the 2113:briganti 2100:industry 2035:Piedmont 1967:and the 1885:Napoleon 1696:Ferrante 1608:and the 1567:Sicilian 1524:, Apulia 1504:Henry VI 1481:Roger II 1447:Molfetta 1403:Lombards 1341:Lombards 1337:the West 1325:imperial 1302:Augustus 1275:Calabria 1246:(Νῶλα), 1240:(Ἐλέα), 1207:Heraclea 1195:Tarentum 1172:Syracuse 1160:Neapolis 1096:Calabria 1013:Daunians 995:, Sicily 885:Calabria 815:Sardinia 779:Calabria 775:Campania 705:Campania 701:Calabria 660:Savoyard 548:Sardinia 482:), is a 451:Italian: 434:Italian: 418:Sicilian 414:'o Sudde 401:Italian: 386:Italian: 363:Sicilian 353:Corsican 302:Arbëresh 292: – 227:Sardinia 203:Campania 191:Calabria 6456:Theatre 6431:Palaces 6411:Museums 6381:Gardens 6366:Fashion 6356:Cuisine 6336:Castles 6278:Culture 6228:Poverty 6204:Italian 6115:Society 6096:Welfare 6064:Tourism 6034:Exports 6002:Banking 5982:Economy 5970:Economy 5926:Regions 5808:Valleys 5778:Islands 5758:Beaches 5729:Prealps 5709:Geology 5697:Climate 5361:Normans 5321:Odoacer 5270:Kingdom 5253:Ligures 5189:Ancient 5163:Nuragic 5112:Postage 5087:Judaism 5077:Genetic 5067:Fashion 5062:Economy 5021:History 4925:(2002) 4668:ANSA.it 4504:Press. 4294:, p. 3. 4011:15 July 3989:15 July 3964:15 July 3881:23 July 3790:23 July 3711:. 2007. 3614:23 July 3365:Pollino 3353:Paestum 3349:Sybaris 3329:Pompeii 3284:Austria 3278:, then 3195:Fodor's 3160:Culture 3120:17,400 3096:17,700 3072:18,500 3048:18,700 3024:20,100 3000:20,900 2976:21,400 2952:25,000 2948:Abruzzo 2905:Abruzzo 2903:Today, 2880:Abruzzo 2858:areas ( 2776:Economy 2546:Salerno 2466:Taranto 2446:Messina 2426:Catania 2386:Palermo 2354:Catania 2333:Region 2322:Palermo 2088:Comunes 2070:in the 2068:Bourbon 1977:Messina 1913:Palermo 1875:, King 1787:-based 1761:Spanish 1738:Presidi 1667:in 1154 1644:of the 1632:of the 1559:Palermo 1497:Swabian 1470:Normans 1407:Cosenza 1395:Normans 1283:Salento 1279:Bovesia 1219:Rhegium 1185:Sybaris 1182:), and 1176:Akragas 1137:Cumaean 1036:dialect 1009:Iapyges 1001:Ausones 938:History 924:Salento 909:Salerno 897:Taranto 819:Corsica 807:Taranto 795:Abruzzo 752:Abruzzo 689:Abruzzo 673:Regions 653:Bourbon 492:regions 471: 378:Italian 327:Occitan 307:Catalan 286:Italian 155:Abruzzo 133:Regions 122:Country 104:Italian 90:Italian 76:Italian 62:Italian 6487: 6361:Design 6346:Cinema 6321:Anthem 6243:Racism 6192:People 6167:Health 6029:Energy 6019:Brands 5946:Comune 5941:Cities 5803:Rivers 5763:Canals 5446:Amalfi 5431:Venice 5290:Empire 5231:Veneti 5206:Latins 5178:Latial 5011: 4974:(2019) 4953:(2008) 4946:(2002) 4939:(2002) 4929: 4918:(1998) 4911:(1980) 4692:3 July 4539: 4508: 4480: 4349: 4290: 4221: 4117: 4080: 4055: 3937: 3904: 3872: 3845: 3818: 3634:Sangro 3341:UNESCO 3323:, the 3290:Jewish 3245:Franks 3243:, and 3225:Sicily 3180:Naples 3150:100.00 3145:28,900 3137: 3123:60.21 3113: 3099:61.25 3092:Sicily 3089: 3075:64.01 3065: 3051:64.71 3044:Apulia 3041: 3027:69.55 3020:Molise 3017: 3003:72.32 2993: 2979:74.05 2969: 2955:86.51 2945: 2925:Region 2876:Puglia 2872:Molise 2860:Sicily 2843:SVIMEZ 2684:+15.8% 2629:+14.8% 2532:Apulia 2526:Foggia 2472:Apulia 2452:Sicily 2432:Sicily 2412:Apulia 2392:Sicily 2366:Naples 2314:Naples 2195:Sicily 2161:, the 2157:, the 2153:, the 2003:, and 1961:Marche 1936:Sicily 1816:Sicily 1810:, the 1804:Naples 1785:Alpine 1753:Naples 1594:Papacy 1522:Andria 1479:under 1439:Amalfi 1429:: the 1419:Norman 1367:, and 1307:After 1281:) and 1249:Syessa 1231:Thurii 1225:Croton 1190:Sibari 1164:Naples 1147:; 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