336:"It was not without some surprise that we came to the realization that resident society is so strongly matrilineal. When the study began, many speculated that killer whale pods were the primary breeding units. The mature males in the group were thought to be the "harem masters," and they mated with the pod's cows. The calves and juveniles were therefore their offspring. This was not an unreasonable assumption, however, as many social carnivores live in groups with this kind of social system. But numerous other mammals, including some of the most socially advanced species, such as primates, live in multi-generation, matrilineal societies. However, in most of these matrilineal species, offspring, usually just males, disperse from the group upon reaching maturity and join or form new groups. This is probably also the case for certain other species of toothed cetaceans, such as bottlenose dolphins and sperm whales, which appear to live in matrilineal groups for at least part of their lives. Dispersal is thought to be primarily a mechanism by which the animals prevent excessive inbreeding."
538:, the neonate was dead and being carried on J35 Tahlequah's rostrum. She often had to make long dives to retrieve the dead neonate when it fell off. She was likely unable to forage for the next 17 days as she carried the dead calf, an act that requires a great deal of energy. When Bearzi et al. published their retrospective survey of 78 reports of cetacean responses to dead conspecificsâcoincidentally the month before J35 Tahlequah's extraordinary effortâthey wrote that up to that time, cetaceans had been âdocumented carrying a dead and decomposing individual for up to about one week.â Decomposition was significant in J35 Tahlequah's case. On day 17, the day the calf disappeared, researchers observed, âThe calf's body had lost all of its form and had opened on the ventral side, exposing the inner organs.â
1285:
identifiably captured or killed during capture operations in
British Columbia and Washington State. By pod or capture location, 48 of them were identified as southern residents. The captures were selective for physically immature orcas less than 4.5m in length: 30 of the 48 southern residents lost to their community were in this category. Until the capture of these whales was banned in Canada and the US in 1976, the number of whales was reduced significantly. Michael Bigg censused a total of 67 southern residents in 1976. 53 were older orcas, and 14 were assessed by size to be "young"âborn during the capture period or after the last southern resident capture in 1973. The community recovered to a size of 99 in 1995 then declined to reach the status of endangered that it holds today.
137:
967:. Rather, these 'screams' were produced in the same way as echolocation, but in pulses of clicks at a much faster repetition-rate, with the strong harmonic structure masking the individuality of the clicks. Moreover, whereas other delphinids could produce clicks and whistles concurrently, Moby Doll never produced clicks and pulsed calls simultaneously, which was supporting evidence that both of his types of sound were produced by the same mechanism. (In later research, however, John Ford did find some whistling to be a minor component of southern resident vocalizations, "whereas whistles are the primary social vocalization among the majority of
634:
717:
pod's dialect, including a limited number of vocalizations shared with other pods. Southern residents do not make the calls unique to a different pod's dialect even though southern resident pods frequently mix with the other pods in the clan and the orcas could in theory learn the other pods' calls. Discussing the function of resident orca dialects, researchers John Ford, Graeme Ellis and Ken
Balcomb wrote, "It may well be that dialects are used by the whales as acoustic indicators of group identity and membership, which might serve to preserve the integrity and cohesiveness of the social unit."
728:"J-Clan discrete calls were classified alphanumerically" by John Ford "with the letter âSâ preceding the number to indicate that it is from a Southern Resident (S1, S2, etc.). All three pods share some calls in common, while other calls are produced by only a single pod," or by K Pod and only one of the other two pods. For example, the S42 is one of three pulsed calls produced in all three pods, whereas the S17 is not produced in J Pod. It is unsurprising and perhaps genealogically significant that it is K Pod that 'pairs' with the other two pods, while J Pod and L Pod are vocally far apart.
1105:
proper location. Next is the releasing of live and dead salmon, the live salmon to feed J17, and the dead salmon to honor the qwe'lhol mechen ancestors. The purpose of the ceremony is to hope that the condition of the orcas improves as well as to honor the orcas' ancestors. In relation to such feedings, Lummi matriarch
Raynell Morris has explained that "Here at Lummi when we see a relative starving, we donât go in and do medical tests to see how much they are starving. We know they are and we do the right thing and we feed them."
579:
Research. This consisted of 32 whales in L Pod, its lowest point since 1976, 16 orcas in K Pod, its lowest in the last 20 years, and 25 in J Pod, which remained stable. In the year up to July 2022, three individuals died: K21, K44, and L89. On June 30, 2023, Center for Whale
Research confirmed the birth of two new calves in the L12s. In the encounter on the same day, both appeared healthy, and were at least two months old. They were designated L126 and L127. The pair are cousins of the same age in the same matriline.
33:
460:
773:, shared discrete calls are not necessary for social interactions, as the three clans in this community mix without sharing any discrete calls in their dialects. On the other hand, as markers of group identity, unique discrete calls may help matriarchs keep track of their pod mates when navigating or mixing with other pods in murky waters. The discrete calls "appear to serve generally as contact signals, coordinating group behaviour and keeping pod members in touch when they are out of sight of each other."
1027:
1013:"I put the hydrophone on the side of the boat, and I was recording the sounds, and they all sounded pretty alien to me, because the dialects are very different from the northern residents, which I had started becoming familiar with, and then, all of the sudden, in the middle of these calls, is the one I remembered so vividly from the Moby Doll tapes. I realized, in that moment, that this was the pod Moby Doll must have come from. It was J pod."
1252:
effects include endocrine and immune system disruption, both systems being critical to mammalian health and survival. A study examining 35 Northwest orcas found key genetic alterations that caused changes to normal physiological functions. These genetic level interferences, combined with the varied effects of PCBs at other physiological levels, suggest these contaminants may be partially responsible for declines in orca populations.
780:'s observations of the captured northern residents Corky and Orky found a different kind of correlation, a finding supported by observers of orcas in the wild. The pair of orcas repetitively called in "long 'conversations' while floating side by side" without engaging in any behaviors requiring the exchange of any information. Morton found, nonetheless, an association of some calls with particular moods, or shifts in mood.
944:'s pioneering work with bats, Schevill had been the first to describe echolocation in whales. The little southern resident gave him proof that orcas were among its users. Schevill also found that Moby Doll did not use it continually, but was content to use only his memory or eyesight if they sufficed. The scientists demonstrated the sharp, directional nature of his echolocation, giving support to
373:, the largest, has been recorded since surveys began. Although pods can split, the matrilines remain stable. Normally when the mother dies, moreover, her offspring maintain the matriarch's matriline. Nevertheless, a matriline in which there are no living potentially reproductive females is destined to die out as a social unit, no matter how many males or post-reproductive females are in it.
1361:
populations, while NOAA believes in observing before taking action. The Lummi are using "traditional ecological knowledge" practices to help sustain the orca population, including feeding of malnourished individuals, which has been criticized by NOAA as unsustainable. The groups have worked together though to create "helpful protocols" and strive for the overall wellbeing of the orcas.
475:âEpimeleticâ refers to the behavior of animals standing by others in danger, or caring for injured, ill or dead individuals. Examples in cetaceans include when a mother carries a dead calf, or when an animal is helped to survive by being lifted by others to the surface to breathe. When healthy individuals stay with a distressed individual in danger, this epimeletic behavior is called
451:
members of each pod group up in formation and swim side by side at the surface in a precise line facing the other pod's line. They pause when 10 to 50 metres (33 to 164 feet) apart. âAfter less than a minute, the two groups then submerge and a great deal of social excitement and vocal activity ensues as they swim and mill together in tight subgroups," researchers observed.
348:. Dialects came to partially supplant association modeling as a method for verifying the social structure because the orcas can "choose different travel associates at different times, based probably on social factors, such as age and sex composition. Dialects are very stable over time, however, and appear to better indicate pod genealogies than do associations."
442:, southern residents have never been seen to do that. On the other hand, southern residents have long been observed seeking tactile pleasure in kelping. This behavior can be seen close to shore from Lime Kiln Point State Park. The orcas drape the kelp over their body or lift it above the water with their tail flukes.
385:. The sympatric transient (Bigg's) orcas travel in small, family groups, with individuals cooperating to kill and eat marine mammals together. By contrast, the large, multi-family, multi-generation southern resident pods behave in a way that may increase their success in hunting the salmon that forms the
1360:
Both NOAA and the Lummi Nation have been making efforts to feed bolster the
Southern Resident population, however, there is disagreement in the types of conservation efforts that should be implemented. The Lummi believe that immediate action is necessary in order to sustain the already unhealthy orca
1251:
Correlative evidence shows orca may be vulnerable to effects of PCBs on many levels. Research has identified PCBs as being linked to restricting development of the reproductive system in orcas and dolphins. High contamination levels leads to low pregnancy rates and high mortality in dolphins. Further
624:
The pulsed calls of orcas may sound to humans like forms of speech, music, or wordless squeals, "with distinct tonal qualities and harmonic structure. These calls, typically 0.5â1.5 s in duration, are the primary social vocalization of killer whales." "By varying the timbre and frequency structure of
578:
Only two calves were born in 2022 and the total population of the
Southern Residents fell to one of its lowest numbers since the end of the live-capture era in 1974, when 71 individuals were counted. Only 73 Southern Residents were counted in the July 1, 2022, census conducted by the Center for Whale
1404:
There was a
Washington state-wide task force created in March 2018 to make recommendations on how to preserve the Southern Residents from extinction. Some of the recommendations include stopping the use of hormone disruptors and other toxins in consumer products and removing dams that interfere with
1100:
Due to pollution, lack of prey, and previous whaling efforts, the orcasâ populations have recently been in decline. The Lummi have been making efforts using
Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) to support the orca population. They are concerned about the future of the orcas if environmental issues
700:
Some vocalizations produced by southern residents are unrepeated, but the majority are repetitions of the same calls that have been produced for many years in a specific social group. These distinct and traditional calls are referred to as discrete, or stereotyped calls. Each southern resident pod's
553:
Have these cetaceans failed to recognize the individual has died? When cetaceans care for the dead, possibly a strong attachment has resulted in grieving. The behavior is not frequently reported, and difficulties in observing wild cetaceans make for a small sample size of verifiable incidents; there
118:
or J2, had belonged to and led J pod of the SRKW population. J2 was initially estimated to have been born around 1911, which would mean she would have been 105 years old at the time of her disappearance and death which occurred probably in late 2016. However, this estimate was later revealed to have
1222:
The depletion of large quantities of fish in the marine environments, while personal fishing in the salmon's upstream spawning grounds has continued, have further depleted stock replenishment. Aquaculture has had a negative effect on world fish supplies, including through the spread of pathogens to
1089:
The Lummi Nation has had a relationship with southern resident killer whales in the Salish Sea for thousands of years. Early proof of this can be seen in the recorded oral tradition of the tribes in the Puget Sound with the story "The Two
Brothers' Journey to the North", which was first recorded in
1017:
What Ford was hearing was a scientific breakthrough in the study of mammals: it was evidence of an acoustic culture unique to a single pod which outlived an individual mammal. "It was a wonderful moment out there in the boat when I recognized the sounds coming from J pod to be Moby Dollâs signature
574:
In
September 2020, J57 Phoenix was first seen traveling with J35 Tahlequah and is her second calf. His sex was determined as male a short time later. On September 24, 2020, J58 Crescent's birth was observed and she was confirmed as the second calf of J41 Eclipse by the Center for Whale Research the
510:
in the Yukon Harbor capture operation. Two members of the pod escaped from nets. Even though they had already seen a relative die after being entangled, they did not flee from the scene. Rather, they went towards their still trapped podâmates and kept swimming around the outside of the capture net,
340:
The Southern Resident social system never separates the sexes for long. The fact that the sons stay with their mothers for life and are their closest associates is exceptional. The males in the smallest social unit, the matriline, are all descendants of the matriarch. In the case of resident killer
275:
While J Pod always travels as a unit, and so does K Pod, L Pod orcas are usually encountered in two separate regular units traveling apart. The L4s, L47s, L90, and L72s are one consistent group; the L11s, L22s, L25, and L54s are the other; but sometimes the four L54s strikingly travel independently
68:
in the northeast Pacific Ocean. The southern resident orcas form a closed society with no emigration or dispersal of individuals, and no gene flow with other orca populations. The fish-eating ecotype was historically given the name 'resident,' but other ecotypes named 'transient' and 'offshore' are
1275:
The Southern Residents "deal with an unnatural age gap within the population, for which the capture era is to blame. Female whales that would have been the current generationâs matriarchs, born in the 60s and early 70s, are goneâmany were victims of a life of imprisonment that claimed them at much
526:
One day in 2010, L72 Racer was seen with her dead neonate in her mouth. She then travelled carrying it on her rostrum. Despite the body regularly sliding off into the sea, she would double back and retrieve it and resume carrying it on her rostrum. This was observed throughout the day for over six
450:
A particular way of socializing among southern resident pods is a behaviour referred to as a "greeting ceremony." The pods in the clan sometimes forage in the same area, but often travel separately to locations far apart. Sometimes when two pods reunite after travelling apart for a period, all the
317:
In studies of resident orcas, groupings have been inferred from measurements of the association of individuals in travel patterns with the aim of quantifying social bond strength. Relationships have been quantified using two methods: by measuring the distance between whales in photographs, and by
276:
of all the others. The part of L Pod containing the L11s is often referred to as the L12s after long-lived matriarch L12 Alexis, who died in 2012 after outliving L11 Squirty. L11 had been estimated by association to be L12's daughter, although her birth took place many years before research began.
1104:
J17, or Princess Angeline, is one such orca that has been under the care of the Lummi people in recent years. Before J17 passed away in 2019, the Lummi people practiced orca feeding ceremonies with J17. The ceremony for the spiritual feeding involves first leaving the mainland on a boat to find a
541:
Epimeletic behaviors including an initial rescuing response understandably aid survival of the species, but when the carcass is decomposing after some time, other explanations may be needed. Delphinidae species occurred in 92.3% of the records of postmortem attentive behaviour (PAB) by cetaceans.
392:
Salmon migrations aggregate the fish in different locations at different times of year, and the resident pods' movement patterns coincide with these salmon runs, which are especially large towards large rivers. The orcas seek to move from one good feeding spot to another, learning from elders the
1235:
Pacific Northwest orca are among the most contaminated marine mammals in the world, due to the high levels of toxic anthropogenic chemicals that accumulate in their tissues. Implicated in the decline of the southern resident orca population, these widespread contaminants pose a large problem for
971:
species.") The scientists noted that there was much variation in their recordings, but certain patterns were general. The pulses had a "strident" quality due to their harmonic structure, with many strong harmonics, and they were much louder than the echolocation. Moby Doll was able to change the
799:
knowâfrom just a peepâwho that was and what itâs about. Iâm sure that to them, their voices are as different and recognizable as our voices are to us. Iâm pretty sure they have names for each other like other dolphins do, and that right now some of what weâre hearing repeated are those signature
716:
Among orcas born and observed in captivity, calves at first babbled without making the discrete calls of adults. The calves gradually began to make the calls their mother made, but never made the calls of other, unrelated orcas. In the wild, juvenile southern residents use only their matrilineal
1284:
Before the 20th century, orca populations in the Salish Sea likely numbered over 200. Fishermen considered the orcas to be nuisances and competition. About 25% of captured, immature orcas carried evidence of already having been wounded by shootings. Between 1962 and 1977, 68 orcas in total were
418:
including spyhopping, tail slapping, and pec slapping (with pectoral fins). Researchers wrote that in play, they âoften chase one another, or roll and thrash together at the surface.â They "have been seen riding the wake of all types of vessels, from small skiffs to the largest cruise ships."
838:
A 2011 study compared sixty-nine calls in tests in which the nine listeners were blind to the sources of the calls. The samples were drawn from multiple North Pacific clans. The results categorized the S10 in a group of calls that showed some variations but seemed associated. The researchers
834:
In the SRKW catalog, one call, the S10, has come to be viewed in a different light to the others. Shared by all three pods and common in multi-pod aggregations such as superpods, the S10, with a duration of several seconds, has been likened to human laughter by many listeners over the years.
731:
Because it is unique to a particular group of orcas, a dialect makes it possible to identify which orcas are present from acoustic evidence without visual detection. At the Center for Whale Research, Ken Balcomb identified which pods were passing from their pulsed calls relayed by distant
843:, and was not acquired through social learning like the rest of the repertoire. They identified it as being an 'excitement' call "associated with arousal behaviours" of various kinds. Recordings of this 'excitement call' included northern as well as southern residents, and also
351:
The acoustic evidence of dialects revealed the clan to be the largest vocal, and probably matrilineal, unit. Because the Southern Resident community is only a single clan, the nature of the larger, community level of social grouping is clearer in the multi-clan
404:
Researchers concluded that "making a living on salmon undoubtedly requires specialized knowledge that is passed on from generation to generation, and a whale's survival is enhanced by staying with its pod and taking advantage of these behavioural traditions."
562:
The Center for Whale Research records all births and deaths, and collects demographic data of the southern resident orca population. From 1990 to 2023, 61 southern resident orca calves have survived beyond birth, while 107 southern residents have died.
1255:
Many of the chemicals that have been found to be toxic to the orca population continue to be widely used. Conservation efforts are said to have difficulty making progress if the chemicals that harm the orcas continue to pollute the water they live in.
1194:
Although resident orcas are often in the vicinity of seals and porpoises, which are eaten by transient (Bigg's) orcas, they typically ignore them. Even when on rare occasions they attack them, they do not eat themâthe attacks are harassment or sport.
1306:
How many of the other southern residents lost to the community in the 1965â1973 captures were from K Pod is unclear. As of 2023, the one living K Pod survivor of the capture era was grandmother and matriarch K12 Sequim, who was born in 1971 or 1972.
617:"Whistles are non-pulsed continuous signals with much simpler harmonic structure" than pulsed calls. Whistling is a minor component of southern resident orca vocalizations, "whereas whistles are the primary social vocalization among the majority of
757:
While whistles are rarer than pulsed calls among southern resident orcas, many are also stereotyped and form part of their dialects. Southern resident orca stereotyped whistles have been given "a similar alphanumeric designation (SW1, SW2, etc.)."
400:
When they find the salmon, the orcas spread out, and mostly eat the fish individually, although some sharing occurs, especially from a mother to her offspring. Pod members use underwater calls from their dialect to maintain contact at a distance.
550:). In odontocete cetaceans such as orcas and dolphins, âselective pressure towards a large brain resulted from cognitive demands imposed by mutual dependence within a network of associates, and the benefits of developing complex social skills.â
1264:
Noise and crowding from tour boats and larger vessels interrupt foraging behavior, or scare away prey. The noise can mask echolocation causing difficulty with catching prey. Also, sonar is speculated to cause hemorrhaging, and possibly death.
294:, where scientists have been able to study them more readily than many other cetacean populations. There are no unidentified orcas in these waters, and every individual's place in their society is known. Continuous field studies since
566:
In late 2014, J50 Scarlet was born into the J pod; her mother J16 Slick was 42 years old, the oldest recorded age for an orca mother. In August 2018, the pod attracted international attention after the death of a female calf born to
413:
Orcas have good vision above the surface as well as below. Southern resident socializing includes a great variety of tactile interactions and surface activities. Breaches are a speciality of the southern residents, as well as other
84:
Schedule 1. They are commonly referred to as "fish-eating orcas", "southern residents", or the "SRKW population". Unlike some other resident communities, the SRKW is only one clan (J) that consists of 3 pods (J, K, L) with several
4171:
O'Neill, S, and J West. "Marine Distribution, Life History Traits, and the Accumulation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Chinook Salmon from Puget Sound, Washington." Transactions of the American Fisheries Societies. 138.3 (2009):
625:
the calls, the whales can generate a variety of signals...Most calls contain sudden shifts or rapid sweeps in pitch, which give them distinctive qualities recognizable over distance and background noise," wrote the researchers.
156:
which is stable over time. A southern resident calf is born into the pod of their mother and remains in it for life. The southern resident pod is their normal traveling unit. The three southern resident pods form the single
4698:
Bigg, Michael A.; MacAskie, Ian B.; Ellis, Graeme (March 8, 1976). Abundance and movements of killer whales off eastern and southern Vancouver Island, with comments on management (Report). Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec:
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too young of an age. By 1987, SkâaliChâelh-tenaut was the last known survivor of the Southern Resident population still in captivity." The effects of the capture era have been felt in the reduced population ever since.
1096:
is used to refer to the J, K, and L pods of the Southern Resident orcas by their "Lummi family name". The Lummi Nation considers the southern resident killer whales as kin and has sacred ceremonies dedicated to them.
1057:, California in the winter and early spring. Members of L pod have been seen as far north as southeast Alaska. During the late spring through fall, the southern residents tend to travel around the inland waterways of
364:
The social units of resident orcas are mostly very stable. Especially in periods of population growth, however, travel patterns can reveal the gradual splitting of pods into two separate units, more evidently in the
4161:
Cullon, D.L., et al. 2009. Persistent organic pollutants in Chinook salmon (oncorynchus tshawytscha): implications for resident orca of British Columbia and adjacent waters. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
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was captured in 1964, it was a watershed for the then very misunderstood and hated species. He began the transformation of the species' public image, and made possible the first closeup studies of a live orca.
289:
The closed society of the southern resident orcas has exceptionally stable social groupings, and they have been encountered with some predictability in the easily accessible, sheltered coastal waters of the
816:
like a party. When theyâre excited, the calls get higher and shorterâin other words, shrill." The calls might not have syntax, but what comes across among the whales is who, where, mood, and, perhaps, food.
301:"The social lives of resident killer whales are without doubt as rich and complex as those of the most advanced land mammals." The lifelong bonds within a matriline are the most significant feature of the
4097:
Naylor, R. L.; Goldburg, R. J.; Primavera, J. H.; Kautsky, N.; Beveridge, M. C.; Clay, J.; Folke, C.; Lubchenco, J.; Mooney, H.; Troell, M. (June 27, 2000). "Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies".
708:
The three southern resident pods share some calls with one another, and also have unique calls. Together, the three pods form a clan, J-Clan. Clans share no calls with other clans. Thus the three clans of
1248:(PCBs). Each of these have detrimental physiological effects on orca, and can be found in such high concentrations in dead individuals that those individuals must be disposed of in hazardous waste sites.
1303:
in Yukon Harbor on the west side of Puget Sound in 1967. Of the 15 trapped southern residents, three died in the operation, and five were taken into captivity, roughly halving the population of K Pod.
4202:
Ross, P.S, G.M Ellis, et al. "High PCB Concentrations in Free- Ranging Pacific Killer Whales, Orcinus orca: Effects of Age, Sex and Dietary Preference." Marine Pollution Bulletin. 40.6 (2000): 504â515
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Buckman, AH, N Veldhoen, et al. "PCB-Associated Changes in mRNA Expression in Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) from the NE Pacific Ocean."ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. 40.23 (2011): 10194-10202
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Early research found that most sequences of orca calls included the same call being repeated at least five times. This would not occur if the calls were letters or words in a syntactical language.
1526:
725:
Discrete orca calls "can be readily identified by the trained ear or sound analyzerâsome dialects are so distinctive that even an inexperienced listener can immediately discern the differences."
419:
Juvenile southern residents spend more time in these activities. Vocalizations produced during socializing are excited, highly variable and less confined to the stereotyped calls of the dialect.
1223:
the wild fish stock. A study also found that Chinook salmon found in South Puget Sound have less fat than those farther north, causing an increased need for consumption. Due to four dams in the
676:, bony tympanic plates, which vibrate in response. From there, sound data are transmitted through the middle and inner ears to the brain, which is able to resolve echoes into information.
3233:
Nummela, Sirpa; Thewissen, J.G.M.; Bajpai, Sunil; Hussain, Taseer; Kumar, Kishor (2007). "Sound transmission in archaic and modern whales: Anatomical adaptations for underwater hearing".
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Noakes, Donald J, Richard J Beamish, and Michael J Kent. "On the decline of Pacific salmon and speculative links to salmon farming in British Columbia." Aquaculture. 183.3-4 (363): 386.
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Not all vocalizations are repetitive and discrete. When closely socializing, for example, the "whales employ a wide range of highly variable" vocalizations, according to researchers.
298:'s in 1973 have created a near-complete genealogy of the living Southern Residents, with only one individual born prior to the 1970s remaining alive as of August 2023: L25 Ocean Sun.
1101:
that negatively impact the orcas continue to persist, and have been seeking support from agencies with the government to work harder in upholding the integrity of orca populations.
341:
whales, association has only indicated maternal relatedness. Fathers are not present in the same matriline as their offspring. Paternity remained unknown prior to genetic studies.
309:. By 1990, Michael Bigg and fellow researchers had come to that conclusion, and there has been no fundamental change in the Southern Resident social system documented since then.
3511:
Rehn, Nicola; Filatova, Olga A; Durban, John W; Foote, Andrew D (2011). "Cross-cultural and Cross-ecotype Production of a Killer Whale 'Excitement' Call Suggests Universality".
847:, who produce it in characteristic celebrations after a kill. Each ecotype's behavior may be different, but the happy emotional state of excitement is common to both behaviors.
4668:
2576:
209:
Note that in several matrilines the matriarch is absent because deceased; nonetheless her descendants continue to associate as a group. Date of census is January 1, 2024.
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on February 19, 1958, and in spring, 1961. These historical field recordings would ultimately provide a suggestive reference for the stability in time of discrete calls.
3408:
Hoelzel, AR; Osborne, RW (1986). "Killer whale call characteristics: implications for cooperative foraging strategies". In Kirkevold, Barbara C; Lockard, Joan S (eds.).
2747:
4310:
530:
In 2018, J35 Tahlequah carried her dead neonate for 17 days and an estimated minimum of 1,600 km. The newborn calf was alive and swimming with her northeast from
332:
During their long-term studies of resident orcas, researchers John Ford, Graeme Ellis and Ken Balcomb changed their conception of the male's position in the matriline:
136:
2488:
Reggente Melissa A. L.; et al. (2016). "Nurturant behavior toward dead conspecifics in free-ranging mammals: new records for odontocetes and a general review".
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2876:
165:. The clan is possibly a single lineage that split into pods in the past. The clan has a unique stable dialect that shares no calls with other killer whale clans.
963:
Schevill and Watkins examined orca pulsed calls for the first time, too. They labeled them "screams." Moby Doll never produced the "whistle-like squeal" of other
499:
in 1964, podâmates raised the J Pod juvenile to the surface after he was harpooned. One orca followed as the captorsâ boat led Moby Doll by the harpoon line from
3969:
503:
to Vancouver. Plausibly the same orca exchanged longâdistance pulsed calls with him over two miles (3.2 kilometres) the next day when he was at Burrard Dry Dock.
2853:
1191:
While Chinook are less abundant than other salmon, they are larger and have a high fat content, both of which make them apparently preferable to other species.
652:
The orca produces vocalizations inside the blowhole, its nose. Echolocation clicks are anatomically reflected forwards, and focused and directed by fats in the
4055:
1132:
Southern residents are exclusively fish-eating orcas. From visual sources, necropsy, and feces collection, the following food preferences have been reported:
856:
492:
in 1962, a female southern resident was lassoed. A male joined her to thump the collector's boat with their flukes, but she was shot and killed as a result.
4927:
4403:
3898:"How the Lummi Nation Revealed the Limits of Species and Habitats as Conservation Values in the Endangered Species Act: Healing as Indigenous Conservation"
1090:
the mid-1850s. The Lummi Nation refer to the southern resident killer whales as qwe'lhol'mechen, which translates to "people beneath the waves". The term
534:
when first spotted by a Center for Whale Research associate. When other researchers from the center located the pod of orcas again a half hour later near
1333:, approximately 80 orcas were herded into net pens and 7 young orcas were captured to be placed in aquariums and theme parks. The orca commonly known as
1123:
typically seen as an "open" saddle patch; five different pigmentation patterns have been reported with similarities noted among clans within a community.
4541:
791:"They donât seem to be saying stuff to each other like 'Big fish here,' or whatever. They donât seem to have one call for âpreyâ and another for 'hello.
2803:
261:
L54s: L54, L108, L117, plus the unrelated L88 who is an adult male born in 1993 with no living close relatives and who always travels with the L54s.
4932:
4708:
Bigg, M. A.; Olesiuk, P. F.; Ellis, G. M.; Ford, J. K. B.; Balcomb III, K. C. (1990). "Social Organization and Genealogy of Resident Killer Whales (
3799:
4907:
878:
4182:
3865:
795:" Each of their calls may be heard whenever the whales are vocalizing; it doesnât matter what theyâre doing. Ken feels certain, however, that "
3217:
2957:
930:
4324:
4213:
991:
professor H.D. Fisher's tape of Moby Dollâs pulsed calls. "These calls were burnt into my acoustic memory," Ford said when interviewed by
4617:
2982:
4273:
Mishael, Mongillo, Teresa; Maria, Ylitalo, Gina; D., Rhodes, Linda; M., O'Neill, Sandra; Page, Noren, Dawn; Bradley, Hanson, M. (2016).
1294:
656:. The orca's anatomy is adapted to hearing underwater rather than in air. Incoming sounds, including echoes, are collected by the lower
535:
507:
2322:
Castro, Joana; Oliveira, Joana M.; Estrela, Guilherme; Cid, André; Quirin, Alicia (2022). "Epimeletic Behavior in Bottlenose Dolphins (
4462:
41:
697:, including orcas, are known for large brains and complex social structure with correspondingly complex vocal communication systems.
4878:
4838:
4794:
4742:
3659:
3466:
2370:
2246:
2225:
Bearzi, Giovanni; Reggente, Melissa A.L. (2018). "Epimeletic Behavior". In WĂŒrsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J.G.M.; Kovacs, Kit M. (eds.).
1714:
1073:. More information is now available about their range and movements during the winter months, which appears to follow the return of
73:
148:. A matriline is formed by a matriarch and all her descendants of all generations. A number of matrilines form a southern resident
1741:
869:
Orcas had been recorded in the field five times previously; three of the recordings had been of J Pod. J Pod had been recorded in
4897:
1053:. Historic sightings and more recent data from satellite-tagged individuals show frequent use of coastal waters as far south as
4917:
1416:
and should be protected due to the orca's significant "cultural, spiritual, and economic" value to the state and its citizens.
1002:
that he would use for his Ph. D. thesis. After starting with northern residents, in the autumn he traveled to the mouth of the
823:
do depict subtle differences among instances of discrete calls, which might communicate emotional state and current behavior.
4761:
1437:
1241:
668:, are connected to the rear of the lower mandible. Inside the lower mandible, sound travels through wide fat pads acting as
4275:"Exposure to a mixture of toxic chemicals : implications for the health of endangered southern resident killer whales"
305:. The basic rule is that individuals remain, for life, in the pod into which they were born and to which they are tied by
251:
L25: L25, the oldest southern resident, has no surviving close relatives since the death of the captive southern resident
4235:
4952:
4592:
415:
1665:
1227:, native salmon flow has been heavily restricted, endangering both Chinook Salmon and Southern Resident Killer Whales.
4861:
4700:
926:
325:'s early surveys, with continuing recordings of births and observations of calves, it gradually became clear that the
2861:
1236:
conservation efforts. While many chemicals can be found in the tissues of orca, the most common are the insecticide
4804:
Olesiuk, P. F.; Bigg, M. A.; Ellis, G. M. (1990). "Life History and Population Dynamics of Resident Killer Whales (
2295:
2267:
1447:
1031:
844:
995:. In time, the calls would make it possible for Ford to posthumously identify that Moby Doll had come from J Pod.
4942:
4937:
4643:
2546:
1409:
956:
might function as an acoustic lens. The orca's clicks were narrower-band and lower-frequency than those of other
754:
Vocal divergence between the two parts of L Pod supports the idea that L Pod may actually (almost?) be two pods.
4947:
3583:
2909:
1245:
861:
A southern resident initiated the scientific study of orca sounds. When the juvenile J Pod member later named
89:
within each pod. As of July 2023, there were only 75 individuals (not counting the captive southern resident,
3200:
Cranford TW (2000). "In Search of Impulse Sound Sources in Odontocetes". In Au WW, Popper AN, Fay RR (eds.).
356:
community. Unlike the clan, the community is "defined by travel patterns and not on genealogy or acoustics."
4734:
770:
710:
439:
366:
353:
32:
4830:
1062:
77:
776:
Researchers have been unable to find a consistent correlation of specific calls with specific behaviors.
4922:
4290:
3807:
3235:
1552:
267:
L90: L90 is an adult female born 1993 who has no living close relatives. She associates with the L47s.
140:
Younger and older Southern Resident orcas hunting salmon prey as a group; sometimes they share the fish
3079:
899:
Schevill and Watkins' study of Moby Doll created the fundamental basis for understanding orca sounds.
4912:
4107:
3524:
3204:. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research series. Vol. 12. New York: Springer. pp. 109â155.
2690:
Bearzi Giovanni; et al. (2018). "Whale and dolphin behavioural responses to dead conspecifics".
2490:
1425:
1117:
rounded at the tip (leading edge) and positioned over the rear insertion of the fin towards the back.
4376:
4220:. Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals & Northern Arizona University. Archived from
839:
concluded that, with minor variation, this was one call that crossed the cultures of clans and even
381:
The foraging specializations that distinguish between orca populations appear to represent distinct
329:
is a stable ordering of a series of units from small to large according to matrilineal relatedness.
4186:
3707:
Schevill, William E.; McBride, Arthur F. (1956). "Evidence for echolocation by cetaceans, (1953)".
902:
680:
642:
611:
81:
2262:
1009:
Ford recalled the moment he heard a call by Moby Doll being produced by living southern residents:
144:
All groupings in southern resident society are essentially friendly. The basic social unit is the
4141:
3925:
3838:
3548:
3260:
3119:
2343:
1553:"Recovery Strategy for the Northern and Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) in Canada"
1183:
1042:
2607:
4221:
76:
listed this distinct population segment of orcas as endangered, effective from 2005, under the
4874:
4834:
4813:
4790:
4738:
4717:
4567:
4514:
4347:
4332:
4133:
3917:
3830:
3728:
3655:
3540:
3462:
3413:
3350:"A catalogue of underwater calls produced by killer whales (Orcinus orca) in British Columbia"
3313:
3252:
3213:
3111:
3103:
3060:
2784:
2723:
2692:
2581:
2473:
2456:
2436:
2366:
2242:
1316:
1078:
992:
945:
17:
3080:"Context-specific use suggests that bottlenose dolphin signature whistles are cohesion calls"
603:
Orca vocal production is classified in three categories: clicks, whistles, and pulsed calls.
4765:
4278:
4123:
4115:
4015:
3996:
3909:
3720:
3532:
3303:
3293:
3244:
3205:
3095:
3050:
3040:
2808:
2774:
2764:
2756:
2713:
2705:
2555:
2499:
2335:
2234:
1452:
1413:
1344:
1330:
1050:
1046:
999:
976:
949:
885:
777:
653:
592:
568:
521:
108:
633:
4848:
Schevill, William; Watkins, William (Summer 1966). "Sound Structure and Directionality in
4303:
3520:
2743:"Social relationships and death-related behaviour in aquatic mammals: a systematic review"
2608:"Researchers won't take dead orca calf away from mother as she carries it into a 17th day"
2290:
1179:
665:
547:
344:
In 1978, John Ford began the highly innovative thesis research that revealed killer whale
93:) in the annual census conducted by the Center for Whale Research. Lolita, also known as
4111:
3943:
3528:
1412:
issued a non-binding resolution in 2022 declaring that the Southern resident orcas have
4669:"Government of Canada taking further action to protect Southern Resident Killer Whales"
4056:"Species in the Spotlight: Southern Resident Killer Whales Priority Actions: 2021â2025"
3308:
3279:
3055:
3024:
2779:
2742:
2238:
2230:
1326:
1141:
1074:
1066:
941:
702:
690:
500:
479:. The companions may also attempt to protect or rescue the individual from the danger.
463:
394:
382:
119:
been based on mistaken information and more recent studies put her at 65â80 years old.
4274:
2633:
1570:
107:, was captured during the 1970 Penn Cove capture, and died on August 18, 2023, at the
4891:
4348:"Whales, interrupted: How noise pollution from boats and sonar from ships hurt orcas"
3929:
3724:
3677:
3568:
3349:
2347:
937:
874:
694:
607:
115:
90:
3382:
3278:
Marino L; Connor RC; Fordyce RE; Herman LM; Hof PR; Lefebvre L; et al. (2007).
3264:
3123:
2655:
2577:"Southern-resident killer whales lose newborn calf, and another youngster is ailing"
1203:
The primary, interactive threats to this very small population have been listed as:
459:
255:
aka Lolita, probably a member of her matriline. L25 travels with the L22s and L11s.
4145:
3675:
Allgood, Fred (August 17, 1964). "Moby-Talk Draws Expert Here for 1st-Hand Study".
3552:
1442:
1054:
1003:
984:
918:
906:
489:
322:
295:
104:
3913:
1428:
committed $ 61.5 million to implement new protections for the Southern Residents.
1343:
to the Lummi, was captured during this event, and died on August 18, 2023, at the
575:
next day. Her sex was later confirmed as female by the Center for Whale Research.
546:
and the dependence of calves, as well as intelligence (measured by brain size and
3298:
4754:
Call Traditions and Dialects of Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca) in British Columbia
3897:
3209:
1936:
1863:
1599:
1224:
1147:
1058:
968:
940:
the scientists found an acoustically exceptional site for their work. Following
820:
784:
618:
422:
Southern residents also playfully interact with objects, in particular floating
2709:
2131:
1838:
4282:
3806:. NOAA Fisheries: Office of Protected Resources. June 25, 2014. Archived from
3536:
1070:
914:
733:
531:
291:
4817:
4721:
3921:
3834:
3732:
3107:
2560:
2537:
2503:
2339:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1788:
1786:
1784:
812:
carry meaning? When the pods congregate, you sense intensity, excitement; it
4644:"A City in Washington Wants to Give Orcas Their Own Version of Human Rights"
4445:
4443:
4441:
4428:
4426:
4424:
3970:"Lummi Nation asks NOAA for emergency intervention to aid Puget Sound orcas"
3284:
1322:
1159:
964:
957:
953:
870:
862:
669:
661:
543:
496:
423:
86:
4185:. Center for Conservation Biology. University of Washington. Archived from
4137:
4038:
4036:
3866:"Lummi's sacred obligation is to feed orcas, our relations under the waves"
3566:
White, Don (April 12, 1975). "Let's not lose our remaining killer whales".
3544:
3317:
3256:
3099:
3064:
2877:"Lummi Nation, biologists prepare to feed starving orca. But where is she?"
2788:
2760:
2727:
1504:
892:
would years later have great significance for pivotal researcher John Ford
3171:
3169:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3115:
2454:
Hannula, Don (February 25, 1967). "Whale Calf Moved To Griffin Aquarium".
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2111:
2109:
2096:
2094:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2050:
2048:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1577:. National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Region, Seattle, Washington
1026:
3997:"Variation in saddle patch pigmentation in populations of killer whales (
3896:
Guernsey, Paul J.; Keeler, Kyle; Julius, Jeremiah 'Jay' (July 21, 2021).
3716:
3654:(epub ed.). Vancouver, B.C.: Greystone Books Ltd. pp. 113â114.
3584:"Watkins Marine Mammal Sound Database: 25 master tapes for Killer Whale (
3091:
2701:
2611:
975:
John K.B. Ford saw Moby Doll the day the captured orca was on display at
922:
657:
3842:
3822:
3045:
2769:
2434:
Hannula, Don (February 23, 1967). "Female Whale Dies in Griffin's Pen".
1810:
393:
local seasonal movements of salmon. In the southern resident territory,
4769:
4066:
3944:"'Our relatives under the water.' Lummi release salmon to ailing orcas"
3746:
3744:
3742:
3690:
3688:
3592:
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the New Bedford Whaling Museum
2718:
1334:
1165:
988:
910:
840:
673:
582:
252:
94:
61:
60:), are the smallest of four communities of the exclusively fish-eating
4128:
4404:"A brief history of the Southern Residents âą Georgia Strait Alliance"
4119:
3248:
1038:
4019:
3823:"Whales and Whaling in Puget Sound Coast Salish History and Culture"
2931:
2901:
527:
hours. The next day, when she was seen again, the carcass was gone.
4808:) in the Coastal Waters of British Columbia and Washington State".
4712:) in the Coastal Waters of British Columbia and Washington State".
2854:"Endangered species has hope with the birth of a baby killer whale"
1299:
The first large capture event was the trapping of probably much of
1037:
The southern residents have been seen off the coast of California,
3036:
1692:
1025:
632:
458:
135:
31:
2830:
2326:) in the South of Portugal: Underwater and Aerial Perspectives".
1767:
4731:
Orca: how we came to know and love the ocean's greatest predator
3494:
3492:
3490:
3440:
3438:
3425:
3423:
2471:"LSD Tests on Griffin's Whales By U. of W. Scientist Possible".
1374:
Continue evaluating and improving guidelines for vessel activity
1153:
933:
colleague William A. Watkins to study Moby Doll for three days.
427:
65:
4777:
Ford, John K.B.; Ellis, Graeme M.; Balcomb, Kenneth C. (2000).
3645:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
2958:"Southern resident orca pod falls to lowest number in 46 years"
1666:"One stolen whale, the web of life, and our collective healing"
4786:
2659:
1715:"Oldest Puget Sound Orca, 'Granny,' Missing and Presumed Dead"
1237:
980:
979:. Ford was nine at the time. While he was studying science at
889:
681:
Animal echolocation § Mechanics of echolocation in whales
168:
The following is a listing of southern resident social units:
4568:"Puget Sound Partnership - Southern Resident Orca Task Force"
2804:"Dolphins' Big Social Brains Linked to Attention to the Dead"
2365:(eBook ed.). Richmond Hill, Ontario: Firefly Books Ltd.
1630:
808:," says Ken. "Does that mean something specific? Or does its
242:
L4s: L55, L82, L86, L103, L106, L109, L116, L118, L123, L125
152:, which is ongoing and stable in membership, and has its own
972:
frequency and harmonics in the pulses and vary the signals.
318:
counting the number of times individuals appeared together.
2538:"Epimeletic behaviour in a Southern Resident Killer Whale (
4449:
1527:"The Endangered Species Act - Protecting Marine Resources"
4432:
4183:"Causes of Decline among Southern Resident Killer Whales"
4042:
3995:
Baird, Robin William; Stacey, Pam Joyce (March 3, 1988).
3175:
3145:
3025:"Stereotyped whistles in southern resident killer whales"
2183:
2152:
2115:
2100:
2085:
2066:
2054:
2039:
2027:
2003:
1974:
1962:
1920:
1899:
1792:
1631:"Our hearts are broken. Our beloved Toki has passed away"
637:
Schematic illustration of echolocation pathway in an orca
610:
are very brief vocal sounds produced in rapid series for
554:
is much more to learn about cetacean responses to death.
3156:
3154:
2741:
Reggente Melissa A. L. V.; et al. (July 16, 2018).
645:
and William A. Watkins in their study of the J Pod orca
4701:
Department of Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service
2536:
Shedd, Taylor; Northey, Allison; Larson, Shawn (2020).
1742:"Oldest Southern Resident killer whale considered dead"
438:
While northern resident orcas are culturally known for
4593:"Task Force on Contaminates meeting notes, Aug 7 2018"
4001:) from British Columbia, Alaska, and Washington State"
3774:
3762:
3750:
3694:
3610:
3608:
3354:
Canadian Data Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
3187:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2220:
2218:
2216:
998:
In 1978, Ford began making the recordings of orcas in
713:
and the single southern resident clan share no calls.
4871:
Endangered Orcas: the story of the Southern Residents
3280:"Cetaceans Have Complex Brains for Complex Cognition"
2656:"Killer whale spotted pushing dead calf for two days"
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
542:
Attending dead or dying conspecifics correlates with
369:
community. In the Southern Residents, a tendency for
4779:
Killer Whales: the natural history and genealogy of
1833:
1831:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1571:"Recovery Plan for Southern Resident Killer Whales (
1338:
1091:
1030:
Lâpod male and salmon prey in Haro Strait, south of
1006:
to make his first recordings of southern residents.
693:
are marked by socially-determined vocal traditions.
586:
520:
Further information on J35 Tahlequah's episode:
98:
1594:
1592:
905:first heard the underwater sounds of whales during
245:L11s: L77, L94, L113, L119, L121, L124, L126, L127
3459:Listening To Whales: What the Orcas Have Taught Us
1077:to major rivers in California and North America's
873:on October 20, 1960, by US Navy personnel; and in
739:The most common call for identifying each pod is:
397:occur in every season, depending on the location.
4758:Retrospective Theses and Dissertations, 1919-2007
2748:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
1931:
1929:
1625:
1623:
1621:
80:. In Canada the SRKW are listed as endangered on
4873:. Friday Harbor, Washington, USA: Orca Watcher.
3377:
3375:
2601:
2599:
2126:
2124:
4675:. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. October 31, 2018
4212:Wotkyns, Sue; Khatibi, Mehrdad (May 10, 2012).
3498:
3444:
3429:
3330:
2516:
2207:
2195:
2164:
1887:
1600:"Southern Resident Orca Community Demographics"
1011:
789:
641:Echolocation in an orca was first described by
334:
4810:Report of the International Whaling Commission
4714:Report of the International Whaling Commission
1499:
1497:
800:calls." There may be more communicated in the
664:. The remaining parts of the two ears, in the
591:to the Lummi, died on August 18, 2023, at the
3343:
3341:
3339:
2449:
2447:
1210:High levels of contaminants in prey and water
921:. He had already studied 20 other species of
27:Community of orcas in the North Pacific Ocean
8:
4370:
4368:
1389:Coordinate monitoring, research, enforcement
1364:Current conservation efforts are listed as:
804:that comes across. "A call might sound like
4528:
4236:"The Dolphin Defender: The effects of PCBs"
1986:
248:L22s: L22, L85 (1st cousin), L87 (brother)
3078:Vincent M Janik; Peter J.B Slater (1998).
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2636:. Center for Whale Research. July 24, 2018
1569:National Marine Fisheries Service (2008).
4827:Beyond Words: what animals think and feel
4618:"Task Force on Forage Fish meeting notes"
4463:"Protect the environment/Right of nature"
4309:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4127:
3461:. Toronto: Random House. pp. 97â99.
3307:
3297:
3054:
3044:
2778:
2768:
2717:
2559:
1691:Balcomb, Kenneth C. (December 31, 2016).
1405:the salmon's access to breeding grounds.
884:Harold Dean Fisher recorded Moby Doll at
857:Moby Doll's impact in scientific research
490:Marineland of the Pacific capture attempt
483:Early observations of epimeletic behavior
4812:(Special Issue 12). Cambridge: 209â244.
4716:(Special Issue 12). Cambridge: 383â405.
4512:"Griffin Adds Fifth Whale To Aquarium".
4198:
4196:
1386:Improve responses to live and dead orcas
3412:. Zoo biology monographs. Vol. 1.
1493:
1464:
511:âsqueakingâ vocally at those within it.
370:
4903:Endemic fauna of the Pacific Northwest
4398:
4396:
4394:
4346:Slaughter, Graham (December 9, 2011).
4299:
4288:
4268:
4266:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3652:The Killer Whale Who Changed the World
3481:
3160:
2983:"Not ONE But TWO New Babies in L Pod!"
2956:Mapes, Lynda V. (September 29, 2022).
1564:
1562:
879:Defence Research Establishment Pacific
4499:
4487:
2912:from the original on December 6, 2021
2421:
2409:
2397:
2385:
1766:Podt, Annemieke (December 31, 2016).
1471:Updated for January 2024 death of J60
1300:
326:
302:
7:
4642:Mercado, Angely (December 8, 2022).
4331:. Vancouver Aquarium. Archived from
3786:
3626:
3614:
2015:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1371:Clean up existing contaminated sites
931:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
925:when in August 1964 he travelled to
571:, who carried the body for 17 days.
466:at nine months with mother J16 Slick
303:Southern Residents' social structure
3410:Behavioral Biology of Killer Whales
2606:Mapes, Lynda V. (August 10, 2018).
1295:Yukon Harbor orca capture operation
745:S16: K Pod, also produced in L Pod
221:J17s: J35, J44, J46, J47, J53, J57
4928:Cetacean research and conservation
4783:in British Columbia and Washington
3457:Hubbard-Morton, Alexandra (2002).
2875:Mapes, Lynda V. (August 6, 2018).
2239:10.1016/B978-0-12-804327-1.00121-7
1768:"Orca Granny: was she really 105?"
1368:Support salmon restoration efforts
1085:Relationship with the Lummi Nation
742:S1: J Pod, also produced in K Pod
409:Sport, recreation, and socializing
327:Southern Resident social structure
42:Northwest Fisheries Science Center
25:
4752:Ford, John Kenneth Baker (1984).
2575:Mapes, Lynda V. (July 24, 2018).
948:'s new hypothesis that the fatty
672:, reaching the orca's version of
258:L47s: L83, L91, L110, L115, L122
74:National Marine Fisheries Service
4869:Wieland Shields, Monika (2019).
4542:"Southern Resident Killer Whale
4377:"Toki will always be remembered"
4375:Jones, Katie (August 24, 2023).
3902:Ethics, Policy & Environment
2852:Gamby, Sonja (January 7, 2015).
2477:. February 24, 1967. p. 44.
1533:. Office of the Federal Register
660:, which functions as the orca's
285:Current knowledge of the society
175:Southern Resident orca community
69:also resident in the same area.
4933:Independent research institutes
4785:(2nd ed.). Vancouver, BC:
4450:Bigg, MacAskie & Ellis 1976
2860:. Modus Vivendi. Archived from
2634:"Encounter #52 - 24 July, 2018"
701:set of discrete calls is their
114:The world's oldest known orca,
54:southern resident killer whales
4908:Cetaceans of the Pacific Ocean
4762:University of British Columbia
4548:. NOAA Fisheries. June 3, 2020
4433:Olesiuk, Bigg & Ellis 1990
4043:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
3202:Hearing by Whales and Dolphins
3176:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
3146:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
3023:Souhaut M; Shields MW (2021).
2227:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals
2184:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
2153:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
2116:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
2101:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
2086:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
2067:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
2055:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
2040:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
2028:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
2004:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
1975:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
1963:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
1921:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
1900:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
1793:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
1438:Northern resident killer whale
1242:polybrominated diphenyl ethers
1213:Impacts and sound from vessels
913:. He was inspired to become a
893:
721:Identifying calls and whistles
646:
230:K12s: K12, K22, K33, K37, K43
215:J14s: J37, J40, J45, J49, J59
18:Southern Resident Killer Whale
1:
3914:10.1080/21550085.2021.1955605
3821:Clapperton, Jonathan (2019).
2802:Bekoff, Marc (May 24, 2018).
2363:Orca: the whale called killer
1480:Updated for 2023 death of K34
1144:(78% in late spring and fall)
896:, who heard it as a student.
508:K Pod orcas were being herded
44:in close proximity to an orca
4703:, Arctic Biological Station.
3725:10.1016/0146-6313(56)90096-X
3299:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050139
1395:Cooperation and coordination
1380:Continue Agency coordination
1225:Lower Snake River Dam System
917:and pioneer in the study of
345:
306:
153:
4862:New York Zoological Society
4518:. March 6, 1967. p. 8.
4379:. Center for Whale Research
3775:Schevill & Watkins 1966
3763:Schevill & Watkins 1966
3751:Schevill & Watkins 1966
3695:Schevill & Watkins 1966
3650:Leiren-Young, Mark (2016).
3210:10.1007/978-1-4612-1150-1_3
3188:Schevill & Watkins 1966
2833:. Center for Whale Research
2134:. Center for Whale Research
1939:. Center for Whale Research
1695:. Center for Whale Research
1507:. Center for Whale Research
1321:On a single day in 1970 in
387:southern resident orca diet
313:Evolution of social studies
161:of this small killer whale
4969:
2710:10.1016/j.zool.2018.05.003
2268:Collins English Dictionary
1448:Orca types and populations
1314:
1292:
1032:Lime Kiln Point State Park
888:, and the tape he kept at
854:
678:
519:
360:Stability in social groups
4218:Tribes and Climate Change
3537:10.1007/s00114-010-0732-5
2987:Center for Whale Research
2936:Center for Whale Research
2906:Center for Whale Research
2547:Canadian Field-Naturalist
1868:Center for Whale Research
1843:Center for Whale Research
1815:Center for Whale Research
1424:On October 31, 2018, the
1246:polychlorinated biphenyls
936:At Moby Doll's seapen at
845:Gulf of Alaska transients
386:
236:K14s: K14, K26, K36, K42
233:K13s: K20, K27, K38, K45
224:J19s: J19, J41, J51, J58
218:J16s: J16, J26, J36, J42
212:J11s: J27, J31, J39, J56
4729:Colby, Jason M. (2018).
2932:"Update: J58 is a girl!"
2831:"Orca Survey Since 1976"
2561:10.22621/cfn.v134i4.2555
2340:10.1578/AM.48.6.2022.646
1383:Enhance public awareness
762:Meaning of vocalizations
558:Recent births and deaths
488:During an illâconceived
4898:Southern resident orcas
4735:Oxford University Press
4408:Georgia Strait Alliance
4283:10.7289/V5/TM-NWFSC-135
4151:(subscription required)
3387:Orca Behavior Institute
2296:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1531:www.federalregister.gov
1339:
1109:Distinguishing features
1092:
1069:- an area known as the
909:, in the fight against
783:Ken Balcomb spoke with
771:northern resident orcas
711:northern resident orcas
587:
99:
50:southern resident orcas
4918:ESA endangered species
4831:Henry Holt and Company
4298:Cite journal requires
3100:10.1006/anbe.1998.0881
2761:10.1098/rstb.2017.0260
2504:10.1093/jmammal/gyw089
2291:"Altruistic behaviour"
1311:1970 Penn Cove capture
1231:Chemical contamination
1150:(11%, more so in fall)
1063:Strait of Juan de Fuca
1034:
1015:
818:
769:In the example of the
638:
467:
338:
280:Social system research
141:
78:Endangered Species Act
45:
4825:Safina, Carl (2015).
3523:Switzerland AG: 1â6.
3236:The Anatomical Record
2908:. September 6, 2020.
1811:"Orca Identification"
1315:Further information:
1029:
679:Further information:
636:
462:
377:Foraging implications
139:
35:
4242:. PBS. June 12, 2008
3499:Wieland Shields 2019
3445:Wieland Shields 2019
3430:Wieland Shields 2019
3331:Wieland Shields 2019
2864:on January 16, 2015.
2517:Wieland Shields 2019
2491:Journal of Mammalogy
2361:Hoyt, Erich (2013).
2233:. pp. 337â338.
2208:Wieland Shields 2019
2196:Wieland Shields 2019
2165:Wieland Shields 2019
1888:Wieland Shields 2019
1426:Government of Canada
1408:The city council of
1351:Conservation efforts
1289:Yukon Harbor capture
1018:sounds," Ford said.
52:, also known as the
36:The research vessel
4953:Animal intelligence
4829:. New York NY USA:
4502:, pp. 103â106.
4490:, pp. 103â104.
4352:Canadian Geographic
4112:2000Natur.405.1017N
4106:(6790): 1017â1024.
3529:2011NW.....98....1R
3513:Naturwissenschaften
3348:Ford, John (1987).
3046:10.7717/peerj.12085
2614:. The Seattle Times
1989:, pp. 403â404.
1340:Sk'aliCh'elh-tenaut
903:William E. Schevill
751:S19: rest of L Pod
643:William E. Schevill
588:Sk'aliCh'elh-tenaut
585:(Lolita), known as
497:Moby Doll's capture
471:Epimeletic behavior
395:Chinook salmon runs
321:In the years after
100:Sk'aliCh'elh-tenaut
82:Species at Risk Act
4770:10.14288/1.0096602
4692:General references
4469:. October 22, 2019
4325:"Boat Disturbance"
4214:"Fisheries Impact"
3389:. January 12, 2022
2324:Tursiops truncatus
2229:(Third ed.).
1672:. October 28, 2021
1377:Prevent oil spills
1280:Population numbers
1184:quillback rockfish
1035:
806:Ee-rahâi, ee-rahâi
639:
468:
371:splitting in L Pod
271:Splitting in L Pod
142:
46:
4852:(killer whale)".
4515:The Seattle Times
4335:on June 17, 2016.
4224:on June 29, 2015.
4014:(11): 2582â2585.
3870:The Seattle Times
3810:on July 16, 2014.
3765:, pp. 73â74.
3709:Deep Sea Research
3333:, pp. 80â81.
3219:978-1-4612-7024-9
3190:, pp. 72â74.
2962:The Seattle Times
2881:The Seattle Times
2582:The Seattle Times
2474:The Seattle Times
2457:The Seattle Times
2437:The Seattle Times
2155:, pp. 30â31.
2069:, pp. 20â21.
1977:, pp. 23â24.
1965:, pp. 24â26.
1937:"Orca Population"
1890:, pp. 71â78.
1864:"2021 Encounters"
1839:"2022 Encounters"
1795:, pp. 24â25.
1693:"J2: In Memoriam"
1637:. August 18, 2023
1555:. April 27, 2011.
1317:Penn Cove capture
1207:Insufficient prey
1079:Pacific Northwest
993:Mark Leiren-Young
787:about the issues:
691:Cetacean cultures
446:Greeting ceremony
416:surface behaviors
367:Northern Resident
354:Northern Resident
16:(Redirected from
4960:
4943:Cetacean anatomy
4938:Individual orcas
4884:
4865:
4844:
4821:
4800:
4773:
4748:
4725:
4704:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4623:. August 7, 2018
4622:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4598:. August 7, 2018
4597:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4538:
4532:
4529:Bigg et al. 1990
4526:
4520:
4519:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4467:Earth Law Center
4459:
4453:
4447:
4436:
4430:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4400:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4372:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4307:
4301:
4296:
4294:
4286:
4270:
4261:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4191:
4190:
4179:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4131:
4120:10.1038/35016500
4094:
4088:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4069:. April 21, 2021
4060:
4052:
4046:
4040:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4005:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3950:. April 12, 2019
3940:
3934:
3933:
3893:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3862:
3847:
3846:
3827:RCC Perspectives
3818:
3812:
3811:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3737:
3736:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3683:
3682:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3647:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3612:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3433:
3427:
3418:
3417:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3383:"Orca Acoustics"
3379:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3345:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3311:
3301:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3249:10.1002/ar.20528
3230:
3224:
3223:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3164:
3158:
3149:
3143:
3128:
3127:
3084:Animal Behaviour
3075:
3069:
3068:
3058:
3048:
3020:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2809:Psychology Today
2799:
2793:
2792:
2782:
2772:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2721:
2687:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2533:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2498:(5): 1428â1434.
2485:
2479:
2478:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2319:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2222:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2104:
2098:
2089:
2083:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1990:
1987:Bigg et al. 1990
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1933:
1924:
1918:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1807:
1796:
1790:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1662:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1627:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1501:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1453:Salish Sea Orcas
1414:rights of nature
1400:Washington state
1392:Conduct research
1345:Miami Seaquarium
1342:
1331:Washington state
1095:
1051:British Columbia
1047:Vancouver Island
1000:British Columbia
977:Burrard Dry Dock
886:Burrard Dry Dock
830:Excitement sound
794:
778:Alexandra Morton
593:Miami Seaquarium
590:
536:Discovery Island
522:Tahlequah (orca)
264:L72s: L72, L105
132:Social structure
109:Miami Seaquarium
102:
21:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4948:Animal emotions
4888:
4887:
4881:
4868:
4847:
4841:
4824:
4803:
4797:
4776:
4751:
4745:
4728:
4707:
4697:
4694:
4689:
4688:
4678:
4676:
4673:Newswire Canada
4667:
4666:
4662:
4652:
4650:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4576:
4574:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4527:
4523:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4486:
4482:
4472:
4470:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4448:
4439:
4431:
4422:
4412:
4410:
4402:
4401:
4392:
4382:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4356:
4354:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4308:
4297:
4287:
4272:
4271:
4264:
4259:
4255:
4245:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4194:
4189:on May 9, 2014.
4181:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4041:
4034:
4024:
4022:
4020:10.1139/z88-380
4003:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3895:
3894:
3885:
3875:
3873:
3872:. March 3, 2019
3864:
3863:
3850:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3800:"Killer Whale (
3798:
3797:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3761:
3757:
3749:
3740:
3719:B.V.: 153â154.
3706:
3705:
3701:
3693:
3686:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3649:
3648:
3633:
3625:
3621:
3613:
3606:
3596:
3594:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3521:Springer Nature
3510:
3509:
3505:
3497:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3443:
3436:
3428:
3421:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3347:
3346:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3152:
3144:
3131:
3094:Ltd.: 829â838.
3077:
3076:
3072:
3029:Aquatic Biology
3022:
3021:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2989:. June 30, 2023
2981:
2980:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2938:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2689:
2688:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2662:. July 27, 2018
2654:
2653:
2649:
2639:
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2632:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2574:
2573:
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2535:
2534:
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2515:
2511:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2453:
2452:
2445:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2328:Aquatic Mammals
2321:
2320:
2311:
2301:
2299:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2224:
2223:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2092:
2084:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1799:
1791:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1635:Friends of Toki
1629:
1628:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1551:
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1534:
1525:
1524:
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1510:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1434:
1422:
1402:
1358:
1353:
1319:
1313:
1297:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1262:
1233:
1220:
1218:Decline in prey
1201:
1180:Pacific herring
1130:
1111:
1087:
1065:, and southern
1024:
859:
853:
832:
792:
764:
723:
688:
683:
666:auditory bullae
631:
606:Clicks made by
601:
560:
548:encephalization
524:
518:
485:
473:
457:
455:Caring behavior
448:
436:
411:
383:animal cultures
379:
362:
315:
287:
282:
273:
239:K16s: K16, K35
227:J22s: J22, J38
134:
127:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4966:
4964:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4879:
4866:
4845:
4839:
4822:
4801:
4795:
4774:
4749:
4743:
4726:
4705:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4660:
4634:
4609:
4584:
4572:www.psp.wa.gov
4559:
4544:(Orcinus orca)
4533:
4531:, p. 400.
4521:
4504:
4492:
4480:
4454:
4437:
4435:, p. 214.
4420:
4390:
4364:
4338:
4316:
4300:|journal=
4262:
4253:
4227:
4204:
4192:
4174:
4164:
4154:
4089:
4080:
4063:NOAA Fisheries
4047:
4032:
3987:
3976:. May 22, 2019
3961:
3935:
3908:(3): 266â282.
3883:
3848:
3813:
3791:
3789:, p. 284.
3779:
3767:
3755:
3738:
3699:
3684:
3667:
3660:
3631:
3619:
3617:, p. 287.
3604:
3575:
3558:
3503:
3486:
3484:, p. 317.
3474:
3467:
3449:
3434:
3419:
3400:
3371:
3335:
3323:
3270:
3243:(6): 716â733.
3225:
3218:
3192:
3180:
3165:
3163:, p. 308.
3150:
3129:
3070:
3000:
2974:
2948:
2923:
2893:
2867:
2844:
2822:
2794:
2733:
2673:
2647:
2625:
2595:
2567:
2521:
2519:, p. 106.
2509:
2480:
2463:
2443:
2426:
2424:, p. 106.
2414:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2371:
2353:
2334:(6): 646â651.
2309:
2282:
2254:
2247:
2231:Academic Press
2212:
2200:
2188:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2120:
2105:
2090:
2071:
2059:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1950:
1925:
1904:
1892:
1880:
1855:
1827:
1797:
1780:
1758:
1732:
1719:abcnews.go.com
1706:
1683:
1648:
1617:
1606:. July 6, 2023
1588:
1558:
1544:
1518:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1421:
1418:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1327:Whidbey Island
1312:
1309:
1293:Main article:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1261:
1258:
1232:
1229:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1200:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1110:
1107:
1086:
1083:
1075:Chinook salmon
1067:Georgia Strait
1023:
1020:
983:, he recorded
946:Kenneth Norris
942:Donald Griffin
855:Main article:
852:
849:
831:
828:
763:
760:
722:
719:
695:Toothed whales
687:
684:
630:
627:
608:toothed whales
600:
597:
559:
556:
517:
514:
513:
512:
504:
501:Saturna Island
493:
484:
481:
472:
469:
456:
453:
447:
444:
435:
432:
410:
407:
378:
375:
361:
358:
314:
311:
286:
283:
281:
278:
272:
269:
207:
206:
203:
197:
191:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
133:
130:
126:
123:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4965:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4882:
4880:9781733693400
4876:
4872:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4840:9780805098884
4836:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4796:9780774808002
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4746:
4744:9780190673116
4740:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4691:
4679:September 27,
4674:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4635:
4619:
4613:
4610:
4594:
4588:
4585:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4552:September 27,
4547:
4545:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4522:
4517:
4516:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4481:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4452:, p. 12.
4451:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4378:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4312:
4305:
4292:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4254:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4168:
4165:
4158:
4155:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4093:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4045:, p. 19.
4044:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4002:
4000:
3991:
3988:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3962:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3829:(5): 99â104.
3828:
3824:
3817:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3780:
3777:, p. 73.
3776:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3753:, p. 72.
3752:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3700:
3697:, p. 71.
3696:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3678:Vancouver Sun
3671:
3668:
3663:
3661:9781771641944
3657:
3653:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3629:, p. ii.
3628:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3569:Vancouver Sun
3562:
3559:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3504:
3501:, p. 85.
3500:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3475:
3470:
3468:9780307487544
3464:
3460:
3453:
3450:
3447:, p. 84.
3446:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3432:, p. 82.
3431:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3401:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3237:
3229:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3178:, p. 96.
3177:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3148:, p. 21.
3147:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2963:
2959:
2952:
2949:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2845:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2798:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2412:, p. 61.
2411:
2406:
2403:
2400:, p. 58.
2399:
2394:
2391:
2388:, p. 52.
2387:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2372:9781770880672
2368:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2248:9780128043271
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2210:, p. 10.
2209:
2204:
2201:
2198:, p. 95.
2197:
2192:
2189:
2186:, p. 31.
2185:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2167:, p. 96.
2166:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2118:, p. 30.
2117:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2103:, p. 32.
2102:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2088:, p. 20.
2087:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2060:
2057:, p. 12.
2056:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2042:, p. 26.
2041:
2036:
2033:
2030:, p. 25.
2029:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2006:, p. 24.
2005:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1923:, p. 23.
1922:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1902:, p. 88.
1901:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1773:September 11,
1769:
1762:
1759:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1576:
1574:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1410:Port Townsend
1406:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1356:United States
1355:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1296:
1288:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:Other fish 3%
1172:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1122:
1121:Saddle patch:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
970:
966:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:Jericho Beach
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
897:
895:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
875:Saanich Inlet
872:
867:
864:
858:
850:
848:
846:
842:
836:
829:
827:
824:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
788:
786:
781:
779:
774:
772:
767:
761:
759:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
735:
729:
726:
720:
718:
714:
712:
706:
704:
698:
696:
692:
685:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
635:
628:
626:
622:
620:
615:
613:
609:
604:
598:
596:
594:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
570:
569:J35 Tahlequah
564:
557:
555:
551:
549:
545:
539:
537:
533:
528:
523:
515:
509:
505:
502:
498:
494:
491:
487:
486:
482:
480:
478:
470:
465:
461:
454:
452:
445:
443:
441:
440:beach rubbing
433:
431:
429:
425:
420:
417:
408:
406:
402:
398:
396:
390:
388:
384:
376:
374:
372:
368:
359:
357:
355:
349:
347:
342:
337:
333:
330:
328:
324:
319:
312:
310:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
284:
279:
277:
270:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
254:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
204:
202:
198:
196:
192:
190:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
169:
166:
164:
160:
155:
151:
147:
138:
131:
129:
124:
122:
120:
117:
112:
110:
106:
101:
96:
92:
88:
83:
79:
75:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
4923:Whale sounds
4870:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4826:
4809:
4806:Orcinus orca
4805:
4782:
4781:Orcinus orca
4778:
4757:
4753:
4730:
4713:
4710:Orcinus orca
4709:
4677:. Retrieved
4672:
4663:
4651:. Retrieved
4647:
4637:
4625:. Retrieved
4612:
4600:. Retrieved
4587:
4575:. Retrieved
4571:
4562:
4550:. Retrieved
4543:
4536:
4524:
4513:
4507:
4495:
4483:
4471:. Retrieved
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