325:"It was not without some surprise that we came to the realization that resident society is so strongly matrilineal. When the study began, many speculated that killer whale pods were the primary breeding units. The mature males in the group were thought to be the "harem masters," and they mated with the pod's cows. The calves and juveniles were therefore their offspring. This was not an unreasonable assumption, however, as many social carnivores live in groups with this kind of social system. But numerous other mammals, including some of the most socially advanced species, such as primates, live in multi-generation, matrilineal societies. However, in most of these matrilineal species, offspring, usually just males, disperse from the group upon reaching maturity and join or form new groups. This is probably also the case for certain other species of toothed cetaceans, such as bottlenose dolphins and sperm whales, which appear to live in matrilineal groups for at least part of their lives. Dispersal is thought to be primarily a mechanism by which the animals prevent excessive inbreeding."
527:, the neonate was dead and being carried on J35 Tahlequah's rostrum. She often had to make long dives to retrieve the dead neonate when it fell off. She was likely unable to forage for the next 17 days as she carried the dead calf, an act that requires a great deal of energy. When Bearzi et al. published their retrospective survey of 78 reports of cetacean responses to dead conspecificsâcoincidentally the month before J35 Tahlequah's extraordinary effortâthey wrote that up to that time, cetaceans had been âdocumented carrying a dead and decomposing individual for up to about one week.â Decomposition was significant in J35 Tahlequah's case. On day 17, the day the calf disappeared, researchers observed, âThe calf's body had lost all of its form and had opened on the ventral side, exposing the inner organs.â
1274:
identifiably captured or killed during capture operations in
British Columbia and Washington State. By pod or capture location, 48 of them were identified as southern residents. The captures were selective for physically immature orcas less than 4.5m in length: 30 of the 48 southern residents lost to their community were in this category. Until the capture of these whales was banned in Canada and the US in 1976, the number of whales was reduced significantly. Michael Bigg censused a total of 67 southern residents in 1976. 53 were older orcas, and 14 were assessed by size to be "young"âborn during the capture period or after the last southern resident capture in 1973. The community recovered to a size of 99 in 1995 then declined to reach the status of endangered that it holds today.
126:
956:. Rather, these 'screams' were produced in the same way as echolocation, but in pulses of clicks at a much faster repetition-rate, with the strong harmonic structure masking the individuality of the clicks. Moreover, whereas other delphinids could produce clicks and whistles concurrently, Moby Doll never produced clicks and pulsed calls simultaneously, which was supporting evidence that both of his types of sound were produced by the same mechanism. (In later research, however, John Ford did find some whistling to be a minor component of southern resident vocalizations, "whereas whistles are the primary social vocalization among the majority of
623:
706:
pod's dialect, including a limited number of vocalizations shared with other pods. Southern residents do not make the calls unique to a different pod's dialect even though southern resident pods frequently mix with the other pods in the clan and the orcas could in theory learn the other pods' calls. Discussing the function of resident orca dialects, researchers John Ford, Graeme Ellis and Ken
Balcomb wrote, "It may well be that dialects are used by the whales as acoustic indicators of group identity and membership, which might serve to preserve the integrity and cohesiveness of the social unit."
717:"J-Clan discrete calls were classified alphanumerically" by John Ford "with the letter âSâ preceding the number to indicate that it is from a Southern Resident (S1, S2, etc.). All three pods share some calls in common, while other calls are produced by only a single pod," or by K Pod and only one of the other two pods. For example, the S42 is one of three pulsed calls produced in all three pods, whereas the S17 is not produced in J Pod. It is unsurprising and perhaps genealogically significant that it is K Pod that 'pairs' with the other two pods, while J Pod and L Pod are vocally far apart.
1094:
proper location. Next is the releasing of live and dead salmon, the live salmon to feed J17, and the dead salmon to honor the qwe'lhol mechen ancestors. The purpose of the ceremony is to hope that the condition of the orcas improves as well as to honor the orcas' ancestors. In relation to such feedings, Lummi matriarch
Raynell Morris has explained that "Here at Lummi when we see a relative starving, we donât go in and do medical tests to see how much they are starving. We know they are and we do the right thing and we feed them."
568:
Research. This consisted of 32 whales in L Pod, its lowest point since 1976, 16 orcas in K Pod, its lowest in the last 20 years, and 25 in J Pod, which remained stable. In the year up to July 2022, three individuals died: K21, K44, and L89. On June 30, 2023, Center for Whale
Research confirmed the birth of two new calves in the L12s. In the encounter on the same day, both appeared healthy, and were at least two months old. They were designated L126 and L127. The pair are cousins of the same age in the same matriline.
22:
449:
762:, shared discrete calls are not necessary for social interactions, as the three clans in this community mix without sharing any discrete calls in their dialects. On the other hand, as markers of group identity, unique discrete calls may help matriarchs keep track of their pod mates when navigating or mixing with other pods in murky waters. The discrete calls "appear to serve generally as contact signals, coordinating group behaviour and keeping pod members in touch when they are out of sight of each other."
1016:
1002:"I put the hydrophone on the side of the boat, and I was recording the sounds, and they all sounded pretty alien to me, because the dialects are very different from the northern residents, which I had started becoming familiar with, and then, all of the sudden, in the middle of these calls, is the one I remembered so vividly from the Moby Doll tapes. I realized, in that moment, that this was the pod Moby Doll must have come from. It was J pod."
1241:
effects include endocrine and immune system disruption, both systems being critical to mammalian health and survival. A study examining 35 Northwest orcas found key genetic alterations that caused changes to normal physiological functions. These genetic level interferences, combined with the varied effects of PCBs at other physiological levels, suggest these contaminants may be partially responsible for declines in orca populations.
769:'s observations of the captured northern residents Corky and Orky found a different kind of correlation, a finding supported by observers of orcas in the wild. The pair of orcas repetitively called in "long 'conversations' while floating side by side" without engaging in any behaviors requiring the exchange of any information. Morton found, nonetheless, an association of some calls with particular moods, or shifts in mood.
933:'s pioneering work with bats, Schevill had been the first to describe echolocation in whales. The little southern resident gave him proof that orcas were among its users. Schevill also found that Moby Doll did not use it continually, but was content to use only his memory or eyesight if they sufficed. The scientists demonstrated the sharp, directional nature of his echolocation, giving support to
362:, the largest, has been recorded since surveys began. Although pods can split, the matrilines remain stable. Normally when the mother dies, moreover, her offspring maintain the matriarch's matriline. Nevertheless, a matriline in which there are no living potentially reproductive females is destined to die out as a social unit, no matter how many males or post-reproductive females are in it.
1350:
populations, while NOAA believes in observing before taking action. The Lummi are using "traditional ecological knowledge" practices to help sustain the orca population, including feeding of malnourished individuals, which has been criticized by NOAA as unsustainable. The groups have worked together though to create "helpful protocols" and strive for the overall wellbeing of the orcas.
464:âEpimeleticâ refers to the behavior of animals standing by others in danger, or caring for injured, ill or dead individuals. Examples in cetaceans include when a mother carries a dead calf, or when an animal is helped to survive by being lifted by others to the surface to breathe. When healthy individuals stay with a distressed individual in danger, this epimeletic behavior is called
440:
members of each pod group up in formation and swim side by side at the surface in a precise line facing the other pod's line. They pause when 10 to 50 metres (33 to 164 feet) apart. âAfter less than a minute, the two groups then submerge and a great deal of social excitement and vocal activity ensues as they swim and mill together in tight subgroups," researchers observed.
337:. Dialects came to partially supplant association modeling as a method for verifying the social structure because the orcas can "choose different travel associates at different times, based probably on social factors, such as age and sex composition. Dialects are very stable over time, however, and appear to better indicate pod genealogies than do associations."
431:, southern residents have never been seen to do that. On the other hand, southern residents have long been observed seeking tactile pleasure in kelping. This behavior can be seen close to shore from Lime Kiln Point State Park. The orcas drape the kelp over their body or lift it above the water with their tail flukes.
374:. The sympatric transient (Bigg's) orcas travel in small, family groups, with individuals cooperating to kill and eat marine mammals together. By contrast, the large, multi-family, multi-generation southern resident pods behave in a way that may increase their success in hunting the salmon that forms the
1349:
Both NOAA and the Lummi Nation have been making efforts to feed bolster the
Southern Resident population, however, there is disagreement in the types of conservation efforts that should be implemented. The Lummi believe that immediate action is necessary in order to sustain the already unhealthy orca
1240:
Correlative evidence shows orca may be vulnerable to effects of PCBs on many levels. Research has identified PCBs as being linked to restricting development of the reproductive system in orcas and dolphins. High contamination levels leads to low pregnancy rates and high mortality in dolphins. Further
613:
The pulsed calls of orcas may sound to humans like forms of speech, music, or wordless squeals, "with distinct tonal qualities and harmonic structure. These calls, typically 0.5â1.5 s in duration, are the primary social vocalization of killer whales." "By varying the timbre and frequency structure of
567:
Only two calves were born in 2022 and the total population of the
Southern Residents fell to one of its lowest numbers since the end of the live-capture era in 1974, when 71 individuals were counted. Only 73 Southern Residents were counted in the July 1, 2022, census conducted by the Center for Whale
1393:
There was a
Washington state-wide task force created in March 2018 to make recommendations on how to preserve the Southern Residents from extinction. Some of the recommendations include stopping the use of hormone disruptors and other toxins in consumer products and removing dams that interfere with
1089:
Due to pollution, lack of prey, and previous whaling efforts, the orcasâ populations have recently been in decline. The Lummi have been making efforts using
Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) to support the orca population. They are concerned about the future of the orcas if environmental issues
689:
Some vocalizations produced by southern residents are unrepeated, but the majority are repetitions of the same calls that have been produced for many years in a specific social group. These distinct and traditional calls are referred to as discrete, or stereotyped calls. Each southern resident pod's
542:
Have these cetaceans failed to recognize the individual has died? When cetaceans care for the dead, possibly a strong attachment has resulted in grieving. The behavior is not frequently reported, and difficulties in observing wild cetaceans make for a small sample size of verifiable incidents; there
107:
or J2, had belonged to and led J pod of the SRKW population. J2 was initially estimated to have been born around 1911, which would mean she would have been 105 years old at the time of her disappearance and death which occurred probably in late 2016. However, this estimate was later revealed to have
1211:
The depletion of large quantities of fish in the marine environments, while personal fishing in the salmon's upstream spawning grounds has continued, have further depleted stock replenishment. Aquaculture has had a negative effect on world fish supplies, including through the spread of pathogens to
1078:
The Lummi Nation has had a relationship with southern resident killer whales in the Salish Sea for thousands of years. Early proof of this can be seen in the recorded oral tradition of the tribes in the Puget Sound with the story "The Two
Brothers' Journey to the North", which was first recorded in
1006:
What Ford was hearing was a scientific breakthrough in the study of mammals: it was evidence of an acoustic culture unique to a single pod which outlived an individual mammal. "It was a wonderful moment out there in the boat when I recognized the sounds coming from J pod to be Moby Dollâs signature
563:
In
September 2020, J57 Phoenix was first seen traveling with J35 Tahlequah and is her second calf. His sex was determined as male a short time later. On September 24, 2020, J58 Crescent's birth was observed and she was confirmed as the second calf of J41 Eclipse by the Center for Whale Research the
499:
in the Yukon Harbor capture operation. Two members of the pod escaped from nets. Even though they had already seen a relative die after being entangled, they did not flee from the scene. Rather, they went towards their still trapped podâmates and kept swimming around the outside of the capture net,
329:
The Southern Resident social system never separates the sexes for long. The fact that the sons stay with their mothers for life and are their closest associates is exceptional. The males in the smallest social unit, the matriline, are all descendants of the matriarch. In the case of resident killer
264:
While J Pod always travels as a unit, and so does K Pod, L Pod orcas are usually encountered in two separate regular units traveling apart. The L4s, L47s, L90, and L72s are one consistent group; the L11s, L22s, L25, and L54s are the other; but sometimes the four L54s strikingly travel independently
57:
in the northeast Pacific Ocean. The southern resident orcas form a closed society with no emigration or dispersal of individuals, and no gene flow with other orca populations. The fish-eating ecotype was historically given the name 'resident,' but other ecotypes named 'transient' and 'offshore' are
1264:
The Southern Residents "deal with an unnatural age gap within the population, for which the capture era is to blame. Female whales that would have been the current generationâs matriarchs, born in the 60s and early 70s, are goneâmany were victims of a life of imprisonment that claimed them at much
515:
One day in 2010, L72 Racer was seen with her dead neonate in her mouth. She then travelled carrying it on her rostrum. Despite the body regularly sliding off into the sea, she would double back and retrieve it and resume carrying it on her rostrum. This was observed throughout the day for over six
439:
A particular way of socializing among southern resident pods is a behaviour referred to as a "greeting ceremony." The pods in the clan sometimes forage in the same area, but often travel separately to locations far apart. Sometimes when two pods reunite after travelling apart for a period, all the
306:
In studies of resident orcas, groupings have been inferred from measurements of the association of individuals in travel patterns with the aim of quantifying social bond strength. Relationships have been quantified using two methods: by measuring the distance between whales in photographs, and by
265:
of all the others. The part of L Pod containing the L11s is often referred to as the L12s after long-lived matriarch L12 Alexis, who died in 2012 after outliving L11 Squirty. L11 had been estimated by association to be L12's daughter, although her birth took place many years before research began.
1093:
J17, or Princess Angeline, is one such orca that has been under the care of the Lummi people in recent years. Before J17 passed away in 2019, the Lummi people practiced orca feeding ceremonies with J17. The ceremony for the spiritual feeding involves first leaving the mainland on a boat to find a
530:
Epimeletic behaviors including an initial rescuing response understandably aid survival of the species, but when the carcass is decomposing after some time, other explanations may be needed. Delphinidae species occurred in 92.3% of the records of postmortem attentive behaviour (PAB) by cetaceans.
381:
Salmon migrations aggregate the fish in different locations at different times of year, and the resident pods' movement patterns coincide with these salmon runs, which are especially large towards large rivers. The orcas seek to move from one good feeding spot to another, learning from elders the
1224:
Pacific Northwest orca are among the most contaminated marine mammals in the world, due to the high levels of toxic anthropogenic chemicals that accumulate in their tissues. Implicated in the decline of the southern resident orca population, these widespread contaminants pose a large problem for
960:
species.") The scientists noted that there was much variation in their recordings, but certain patterns were general. The pulses had a "strident" quality due to their harmonic structure, with many strong harmonics, and they were much louder than the echolocation. Moby Doll was able to change the
788:
knowâfrom just a peepâwho that was and what itâs about. Iâm sure that to them, their voices are as different and recognizable as our voices are to us. Iâm pretty sure they have names for each other like other dolphins do, and that right now some of what weâre hearing repeated are those signature
705:
Among orcas born and observed in captivity, calves at first babbled without making the discrete calls of adults. The calves gradually began to make the calls their mother made, but never made the calls of other, unrelated orcas. In the wild, juvenile southern residents use only their matrilineal
1273:
Before the 20th century, orca populations in the Salish Sea likely numbered over 200. Fishermen considered the orcas to be nuisances and competition. About 25% of captured, immature orcas carried evidence of already having been wounded by shootings. Between 1962 and 1977, 68 orcas in total were
407:
including spyhopping, tail slapping, and pec slapping (with pectoral fins). Researchers wrote that in play, they âoften chase one another, or roll and thrash together at the surface.â They "have been seen riding the wake of all types of vessels, from small skiffs to the largest cruise ships."
827:
A 2011 study compared sixty-nine calls in tests in which the nine listeners were blind to the sources of the calls. The samples were drawn from multiple North Pacific clans. The results categorized the S10 in a group of calls that showed some variations but seemed associated. The researchers
823:
In the SRKW catalog, one call, the S10, has come to be viewed in a different light to the others. Shared by all three pods and common in multi-pod aggregations such as superpods, the S10, with a duration of several seconds, has been likened to human laughter by many listeners over the years.
720:
Because it is unique to a particular group of orcas, a dialect makes it possible to identify which orcas are present from acoustic evidence without visual detection. At the Center for Whale Research, Ken Balcomb identified which pods were passing from their pulsed calls relayed by distant
832:, and was not acquired through social learning like the rest of the repertoire. They identified it as being an 'excitement' call "associated with arousal behaviours" of various kinds. Recordings of this 'excitement call' included northern as well as southern residents, and also
340:
The acoustic evidence of dialects revealed the clan to be the largest vocal, and probably matrilineal, unit. Because the Southern Resident community is only a single clan, the nature of the larger, community level of social grouping is clearer in the multi-clan
393:
Researchers concluded that "making a living on salmon undoubtedly requires specialized knowledge that is passed on from generation to generation, and a whale's survival is enhanced by staying with its pod and taking advantage of these behavioural traditions."
551:
The Center for Whale Research records all births and deaths, and collects demographic data of the southern resident orca population. From 1990 to 2023, 61 southern resident orca calves have survived beyond birth, while 107 southern residents have died.
1244:
Many of the chemicals that have been found to be toxic to the orca population continue to be widely used. Conservation efforts are said to have difficulty making progress if the chemicals that harm the orcas continue to pollute the water they live in.
1183:
Although resident orcas are often in the vicinity of seals and porpoises, which are eaten by transient (Bigg's) orcas, they typically ignore them. Even when on rare occasions they attack them, they do not eat themâthe attacks are harassment or sport.
1295:
How many of the other southern residents lost to the community in the 1965â1973 captures were from K Pod is unclear. As of 2023, the one living K Pod survivor of the capture era was grandmother and matriarch K12 Sequim, who was born in 1971 or 1972.
606:"Whistles are non-pulsed continuous signals with much simpler harmonic structure" than pulsed calls. Whistling is a minor component of southern resident orca vocalizations, "whereas whistles are the primary social vocalization among the majority of
746:
While whistles are rarer than pulsed calls among southern resident orcas, many are also stereotyped and form part of their dialects. Southern resident orca stereotyped whistles have been given "a similar alphanumeric designation (SW1, SW2, etc.)."
389:
When they find the salmon, the orcas spread out, and mostly eat the fish individually, although some sharing occurs, especially from a mother to her offspring. Pod members use underwater calls from their dialect to maintain contact at a distance.
539:). In odontocete cetaceans such as orcas and dolphins, âselective pressure towards a large brain resulted from cognitive demands imposed by mutual dependence within a network of associates, and the benefits of developing complex social skills.â
1253:
Noise and crowding from tour boats and larger vessels interrupt foraging behavior, or scare away prey. The noise can mask echolocation causing difficulty with catching prey. Also, sonar is speculated to cause hemorrhaging, and possibly death.
283:, where scientists have been able to study them more readily than many other cetacean populations. There are no unidentified orcas in these waters, and every individual's place in their society is known. Continuous field studies since
555:
In late 2014, J50 Scarlet was born into the J pod; her mother J16 Slick was 42 years old, the oldest recorded age for an orca mother. In August 2018, the pod attracted international attention after the death of a female calf born to
402:
Orcas have good vision above the surface as well as below. Southern resident socializing includes a great variety of tactile interactions and surface activities. Breaches are a speciality of the southern residents, as well as other
73:
Schedule 1. They are commonly referred to as "fish-eating orcas", "southern residents", or the "SRKW population". Unlike some other resident communities, the SRKW is only one clan (J) that consists of 3 pods (J, K, L) with several
4160:
O'Neill, S, and J West. "Marine Distribution, Life History Traits, and the Accumulation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Chinook Salmon from Puget Sound, Washington." Transactions of the American Fisheries Societies. 138.3 (2009):
614:
the calls, the whales can generate a variety of signals...Most calls contain sudden shifts or rapid sweeps in pitch, which give them distinctive qualities recognizable over distance and background noise," wrote the researchers.
145:
which is stable over time. A southern resident calf is born into the pod of their mother and remains in it for life. The southern resident pod is their normal traveling unit. The three southern resident pods form the single
4687:
Bigg, Michael A.; MacAskie, Ian B.; Ellis, Graeme (March 8, 1976). Abundance and movements of killer whales off eastern and southern Vancouver Island, with comments on management (Report). Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec:
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too young of an age. By 1987, SkâaliChâelh-tenaut was the last known survivor of the Southern Resident population still in captivity." The effects of the capture era have been felt in the reduced population ever since.
1085:
is used to refer to the J, K, and L pods of the Southern Resident orcas by their "Lummi family name". The Lummi Nation considers the southern resident killer whales as kin and has sacred ceremonies dedicated to them.
1046:, California in the winter and early spring. Members of L pod have been seen as far north as southeast Alaska. During the late spring through fall, the southern residents tend to travel around the inland waterways of
353:
The social units of resident orcas are mostly very stable. Especially in periods of population growth, however, travel patterns can reveal the gradual splitting of pods into two separate units, more evidently in the
4150:
Cullon, D.L., et al. 2009. Persistent organic pollutants in Chinook salmon (oncorynchus tshawytscha): implications for resident orca of British Columbia and adjacent waters. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
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was captured in 1964, it was a watershed for the then very misunderstood and hated species. He began the transformation of the species' public image, and made possible the first closeup studies of a live orca.
278:
The closed society of the southern resident orcas has exceptionally stable social groupings, and they have been encountered with some predictability in the easily accessible, sheltered coastal waters of the
805:
like a party. When theyâre excited, the calls get higher and shorterâin other words, shrill." The calls might not have syntax, but what comes across among the whales is who, where, mood, and, perhaps, food.
290:"The social lives of resident killer whales are without doubt as rich and complex as those of the most advanced land mammals." The lifelong bonds within a matriline are the most significant feature of the
4086:
Naylor, R. L.; Goldburg, R. J.; Primavera, J. H.; Kautsky, N.; Beveridge, M. C.; Clay, J.; Folke, C.; Lubchenco, J.; Mooney, H.; Troell, M. (June 27, 2000). "Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies".
697:
The three southern resident pods share some calls with one another, and also have unique calls. Together, the three pods form a clan, J-Clan. Clans share no calls with other clans. Thus the three clans of
1237:(PCBs). Each of these have detrimental physiological effects on orca, and can be found in such high concentrations in dead individuals that those individuals must be disposed of in hazardous waste sites.
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in Yukon Harbor on the west side of Puget Sound in 1967. Of the 15 trapped southern residents, three died in the operation, and five were taken into captivity, roughly halving the population of K Pod.
4191:
Ross, P.S, G.M Ellis, et al. "High PCB Concentrations in Free- Ranging Pacific Killer Whales, Orcinus orca: Effects of Age, Sex and Dietary Preference." Marine Pollution Bulletin. 40.6 (2000): 504â515
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Buckman, AH, N Veldhoen, et al. "PCB-Associated Changes in mRNA Expression in Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) from the NE Pacific Ocean."ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. 40.23 (2011): 10194-10202
755:
Early research found that most sequences of orca calls included the same call being repeated at least five times. This would not occur if the calls were letters or words in a syntactical language.
1515:
714:
Discrete orca calls "can be readily identified by the trained ear or sound analyzerâsome dialects are so distinctive that even an inexperienced listener can immediately discern the differences."
408:
Juvenile southern residents spend more time in these activities. Vocalizations produced during socializing are excited, highly variable and less confined to the stereotyped calls of the dialect.
1212:
the wild fish stock. A study also found that Chinook salmon found in South Puget Sound have less fat than those farther north, causing an increased need for consumption. Due to four dams in the
665:, bony tympanic plates, which vibrate in response. From there, sound data are transmitted through the middle and inner ears to the brain, which is able to resolve echoes into information.
3222:
Nummela, Sirpa; Thewissen, J.G.M.; Bajpai, Sunil; Hussain, Taseer; Kumar, Kishor (2007). "Sound transmission in archaic and modern whales: Anatomical adaptations for underwater hearing".
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Noakes, Donald J, Richard J Beamish, and Michael J Kent. "On the decline of Pacific salmon and speculative links to salmon farming in British Columbia." Aquaculture. 183.3-4 (363): 386.
815:
Not all vocalizations are repetitive and discrete. When closely socializing, for example, the "whales employ a wide range of highly variable" vocalizations, according to researchers.
287:'s in 1973 have created a near-complete genealogy of the living Southern Residents, with only one individual born prior to the 1970s remaining alive as of August 2023: L25 Ocean Sun.
1090:
that negatively impact the orcas continue to persist, and have been seeking support from agencies with the government to work harder in upholding the integrity of orca populations.
330:
whales, association has only indicated maternal relatedness. Fathers are not present in the same matriline as their offspring. Paternity remained unknown prior to genetic studies.
298:. By 1990, Michael Bigg and fellow researchers had come to that conclusion, and there has been no fundamental change in the Southern Resident social system documented since then.
3500:
Rehn, Nicola; Filatova, Olga A; Durban, John W; Foote, Andrew D (2011). "Cross-cultural and Cross-ecotype Production of a Killer Whale 'Excitement' Call Suggests Universality".
836:, who produce it in characteristic celebrations after a kill. Each ecotype's behavior may be different, but the happy emotional state of excitement is common to both behaviors.
4657:
2565:
198:
Note that in several matrilines the matriarch is absent because deceased; nonetheless her descendants continue to associate as a group. Date of census is January 1, 2024.
870:
on February 19, 1958, and in spring, 1961. These historical field recordings would ultimately provide a suggestive reference for the stability in time of discrete calls.
3397:
Hoelzel, AR; Osborne, RW (1986). "Killer whale call characteristics: implications for cooperative foraging strategies". In Kirkevold, Barbara C; Lockard, Joan S (eds.).
2736:
4299:
519:
In 2018, J35 Tahlequah carried her dead neonate for 17 days and an estimated minimum of 1,600 km. The newborn calf was alive and swimming with her northeast from
321:
During their long-term studies of resident orcas, researchers John Ford, Graeme Ellis and Ken Balcomb changed their conception of the male's position in the matriline:
125:
2477:
Reggente Melissa A. L.; et al. (2016). "Nurturant behavior toward dead conspecifics in free-ranging mammals: new records for odontocetes and a general review".
4891:
2865:
154:. The clan is possibly a single lineage that split into pods in the past. The clan has a unique stable dialect that shares no calls with other killer whale clans.
952:
Schevill and Watkins examined orca pulsed calls for the first time, too. They labeled them "screams." Moby Doll never produced the "whistle-like squeal" of other
488:
in 1964, podâmates raised the J Pod juvenile to the surface after he was harpooned. One orca followed as the captorsâ boat led Moby Doll by the harpoon line from
3958:
492:
to Vancouver. Plausibly the same orca exchanged longâdistance pulsed calls with him over two miles (3.2 kilometres) the next day when he was at Burrard Dry Dock.
2842:
1180:
While Chinook are less abundant than other salmon, they are larger and have a high fat content, both of which make them apparently preferable to other species.
641:
The orca produces vocalizations inside the blowhole, its nose. Echolocation clicks are anatomically reflected forwards, and focused and directed by fats in the
4044:
1121:
Southern residents are exclusively fish-eating orcas. From visual sources, necropsy, and feces collection, the following food preferences have been reported:
845:
481:
in 1962, a female southern resident was lassoed. A male joined her to thump the collector's boat with their flukes, but she was shot and killed as a result.
4916:
4392:
3887:"How the Lummi Nation Revealed the Limits of Species and Habitats as Conservation Values in the Endangered Species Act: Healing as Indigenous Conservation"
1079:
the mid-1850s. The Lummi Nation refer to the southern resident killer whales as qwe'lhol'mechen, which translates to "people beneath the waves". The term
523:
when first spotted by a Center for Whale Research associate. When other researchers from the center located the pod of orcas again a half hour later near
1322:, approximately 80 orcas were herded into net pens and 7 young orcas were captured to be placed in aquariums and theme parks. The orca commonly known as
1112:
typically seen as an "open" saddle patch; five different pigmentation patterns have been reported with similarities noted among clans within a community.
4530:
780:"They donât seem to be saying stuff to each other like 'Big fish here,' or whatever. They donât seem to have one call for âpreyâ and another for 'hello.
2792:
250:
L54s: L54, L108, L117, plus the unrelated L88 who is an adult male born in 1993 with no living close relatives and who always travels with the L54s.
4921:
4697:
Bigg, M. A.; Olesiuk, P. F.; Ellis, G. M.; Ford, J. K. B.; Balcomb III, K. C. (1990). "Social Organization and Genealogy of Resident Killer Whales (
3788:
4896:
867:
4171:
3854:
784:" Each of their calls may be heard whenever the whales are vocalizing; it doesnât matter what theyâre doing. Ken feels certain, however, that "
3206:
2946:
919:
4313:
4202:
980:
professor H.D. Fisher's tape of Moby Dollâs pulsed calls. "These calls were burnt into my acoustic memory," Ford said when interviewed by
4606:
2971:
4262:
Mishael, Mongillo, Teresa; Maria, Ylitalo, Gina; D., Rhodes, Linda; M., O'Neill, Sandra; Page, Noren, Dawn; Bradley, Hanson, M. (2016).
1283:
645:. The orca's anatomy is adapted to hearing underwater rather than in air. Incoming sounds, including echoes, are collected by the lower
524:
496:
2311:
Castro, Joana; Oliveira, Joana M.; Estrela, Guilherme; Cid, André; Quirin, Alicia (2022). "Epimeletic Behavior in Bottlenose Dolphins (
4451:
30:
686:, including orcas, are known for large brains and complex social structure with correspondingly complex vocal communication systems.
4867:
4827:
4783:
4731:
3648:
3455:
2359:
2235:
2214:
Bearzi, Giovanni; Reggente, Melissa A.L. (2018). "Epimeletic Behavior". In WĂŒrsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J.G.M.; Kovacs, Kit M. (eds.).
1703:
1062:. More information is now available about their range and movements during the winter months, which appears to follow the return of
62:
137:. A matriline is formed by a matriarch and all her descendants of all generations. A number of matrilines form a southern resident
1730:
858:
Orcas had been recorded in the field five times previously; three of the recordings had been of J Pod. J Pod had been recorded in
4886:
1042:. Historic sightings and more recent data from satellite-tagged individuals show frequent use of coastal waters as far south as
4906:
1405:
and should be protected due to the orca's significant "cultural, spiritual, and economic" value to the state and its citizens.
991:
that he would use for his Ph. D. thesis. After starting with northern residents, in the autumn he traveled to the mouth of the
812:
do depict subtle differences among instances of discrete calls, which might communicate emotional state and current behavior.
4750:
1426:
1230:
657:, are connected to the rear of the lower mandible. Inside the lower mandible, sound travels through wide fat pads acting as
4264:"Exposure to a mixture of toxic chemicals : implications for the health of endangered southern resident killer whales"
294:. The basic rule is that individuals remain, for life, in the pod into which they were born and to which they are tied by
240:
L25: L25, the oldest southern resident, has no surviving close relatives since the death of the captive southern resident
4224:
4941:
4581:
404:
1654:
1216:, native salmon flow has been heavily restricted, endangering both Chinook Salmon and Southern Resident Killer Whales.
4850:
4689:
915:
314:'s early surveys, with continuing recordings of births and observations of calves, it gradually became clear that the
2850:
1225:
conservation efforts. While many chemicals can be found in the tissues of orca, the most common are the insecticide
4793:
Olesiuk, P. F.; Bigg, M. A.; Ellis, G. M. (1990). "Life History and Population Dynamics of Resident Killer Whales (
2284:
2256:
1436:
1020:
833:
984:. In time, the calls would make it possible for Ford to posthumously identify that Moby Doll had come from J Pod.
4931:
4926:
4632:
2535:
1398:
945:
might function as an acoustic lens. The orca's clicks were narrower-band and lower-frequency than those of other
743:
Vocal divergence between the two parts of L Pod supports the idea that L Pod may actually (almost?) be two pods.
4936:
3572:
2898:
1234:
850:
A southern resident initiated the scientific study of orca sounds. When the juvenile J Pod member later named
78:
within each pod. As of July 2023, there were only 75 individuals (not counting the captive southern resident,
3189:
Cranford TW (2000). "In Search of Impulse Sound Sources in Odontocetes". In Au WW, Popper AN, Fay RR (eds.).
345:
community. Unlike the clan, the community is "defined by travel patterns and not on genealogy or acoustics."
4723:
759:
699:
428:
355:
342:
21:
4819:
1051:
66:
765:
Researchers have been unable to find a consistent correlation of specific calls with specific behaviors.
4911:
4279:
3796:
3224:
1541:
256:
L90: L90 is an adult female born 1993 who has no living close relatives. She associates with the L47s.
129:
Younger and older Southern Resident orcas hunting salmon prey as a group; sometimes they share the fish
3068:
888:
Schevill and Watkins' study of Moby Doll created the fundamental basis for understanding orca sounds.
4901:
4096:
3513:
3193:. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research series. Vol. 12. New York: Springer. pp. 109â155.
2679:
Bearzi Giovanni; et al. (2018). "Whale and dolphin behavioural responses to dead conspecifics".
2479:
1414:
1106:
rounded at the tip (leading edge) and positioned over the rear insertion of the fin towards the back.
4365:
4209:. Institute for Tribal Environmental Professionals & Northern Arizona University. Archived from
828:
concluded that, with minor variation, this was one call that crossed the cultures of clans and even
370:
The foraging specializations that distinguish between orca populations appear to represent distinct
318:
is a stable ordering of a series of units from small to large according to matrilineal relatedness.
4175:
3696:
Schevill, William E.; McBride, Arthur F. (1956). "Evidence for echolocation by cetaceans, (1953)".
891:
669:
631:
600:
70:
2251:
998:
Ford recalled the moment he heard a call by Moby Doll being produced by living southern residents:
133:
All groupings in southern resident society are essentially friendly. The basic social unit is the
4130:
3914:
3827:
3537:
3249:
3108:
2332:
1542:"Recovery Strategy for the Northern and Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) in Canada"
1172:
1031:
2596:
4210:
65:
listed this distinct population segment of orcas as endangered, effective from 2005, under the
4863:
4823:
4802:
4779:
4727:
4706:
4556:
4503:
4336:
4321:
4122:
3906:
3819:
3717:
3644:
3529:
3451:
3402:
3339:"A catalogue of underwater calls produced by killer whales (Orcinus orca) in British Columbia"
3302:
3241:
3202:
3100:
3092:
3049:
2773:
2712:
2681:
2570:
2462:
2445:
2425:
2355:
2231:
1305:
1067:
981:
934:
3069:"Context-specific use suggests that bottlenose dolphin signature whistles are cohesion calls"
592:
Orca vocal production is classified in three categories: clicks, whistles, and pulsed calls.
4754:
4267:
4112:
4104:
4004:
3985:
3898:
3709:
3521:
3292:
3282:
3233:
3194:
3084:
3039:
3029:
2797:
2763:
2753:
2745:
2702:
2694:
2544:
2488:
2324:
2223:
1441:
1402:
1333:
1319:
1039:
1035:
988:
965:
938:
874:
766:
642:
581:
557:
510:
97:
622:
4837:
Schevill, William; Watkins, William (Summer 1966). "Sound Structure and Directionality in
4292:
3509:
2732:"Social relationships and death-related behaviour in aquatic mammals: a systematic review"
2597:"Researchers won't take dead orca calf away from mother as she carries it into a 17th day"
2279:
1168:
654:
536:
333:
In 1978, John Ford began the highly innovative thesis research that revealed killer whale
82:) in the annual census conducted by the Center for Whale Research. Lolita, also known as
4100:
3932:
3517:
1401:
issued a non-binding resolution in 2022 declaring that the Southern resident orcas have
4658:"Government of Canada taking further action to protect Southern Resident Killer Whales"
4045:"Species in the Spotlight: Southern Resident Killer Whales Priority Actions: 2021â2025"
3297:
3268:
3044:
3013:
2768:
2731:
2227:
2219:
1315:
1130:
1063:
1055:
930:
691:
679:
489:
468:. The companions may also attempt to protect or rescue the individual from the danger.
452:
383:
371:
108:
been based on mistaken information and more recent studies put her at 65â80 years old.
4263:
2622:
1559:
96:, was captured during the 1970 Penn Cove capture, and died on August 18, 2023, at the
4880:
4337:"Whales, interrupted: How noise pollution from boats and sonar from ships hurt orcas"
3918:
3713:
3666:
3557:
3338:
2336:
926:
863:
683:
596:
104:
79:
3371:
3267:
Marino L; Connor RC; Fordyce RE; Herman LM; Hof PR; Lefebvre L; et al. (2007).
3253:
3112:
2644:
2566:"Southern-resident killer whales lose newborn calf, and another youngster is ailing"
1192:
The primary, interactive threats to this very small population have been listed as:
448:
244:
aka Lolita, probably a member of her matriline. L25 travels with the L22s and L11s.
4134:
3664:
Allgood, Fred (August 17, 1964). "Moby-Talk Draws Expert Here for 1st-Hand Study".
3541:
1431:
1043:
992:
973:
907:
895:
478:
311:
284:
93:
3902:
1417:
committed $ 61.5 million to implement new protections for the Southern Residents.
1332:
to the Lummi, was captured during this event, and died on August 18, 2023, at the
564:
next day. Her sex was later confirmed as female by the Center for Whale Research.
535:
and the dependence of calves, as well as intelligence (measured by brain size and
3287:
4743:
Call Traditions and Dialects of Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca) in British Columbia
3886:
3198:
1925:
1852:
1588:
1213:
1136:
1047:
957:
929:
the scientists found an acoustically exceptional site for their work. Following
809:
773:
607:
411:
Southern residents also playfully interact with objects, in particular floating
2698:
2120:
1827:
4271:
3795:. NOAA Fisheries: Office of Protected Resources. June 25, 2014. Archived from
3525:
1059:
903:
722:
520:
280:
4806:
4710:
3910:
3823:
3721:
3096:
2549:
2526:
2492:
2328:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1777:
1775:
1773:
801:
carry meaning? When the pods congregate, you sense intensity, excitement; it
4633:"A City in Washington Wants to Give Orcas Their Own Version of Human Rights"
4434:
4432:
4430:
4417:
4415:
4413:
3959:"Lummi Nation asks NOAA for emergency intervention to aid Puget Sound orcas"
3273:
1311:
1148:
953:
946:
942:
859:
851:
658:
650:
532:
485:
412:
75:
4174:. Center for Conservation Biology. University of Washington. Archived from
4126:
4027:
4025:
3855:"Lummi's sacred obligation is to feed orcas, our relations under the waves"
3555:
White, Don (April 12, 1975). "Let's not lose our remaining killer whales".
3533:
3306:
3245:
3088:
3053:
2866:"Lummi Nation, biologists prepare to feed starving orca. But where is she?"
2777:
2749:
2716:
1493:
881:
would years later have great significance for pivotal researcher John Ford
3160:
3158:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3104:
2443:
Hannula, Don (February 25, 1967). "Whale Calf Moved To Griffin Aquarium".
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2100:
2098:
2085:
2083:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2039:
2037:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1566:. National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Region, Seattle, Washington
1015:
3986:"Variation in saddle patch pigmentation in populations of killer whales (
3885:
Guernsey, Paul J.; Keeler, Kyle; Julius, Jeremiah 'Jay' (July 21, 2021).
3705:
3643:(epub ed.). Vancouver, B.C.: Greystone Books Ltd. pp. 113â114.
3573:"Watkins Marine Mammal Sound Database: 25 master tapes for Killer Whale (
3080:
2690:
2600:
964:
John K.B. Ford saw Moby Doll the day the captured orca was on display at
911:
646:
3831:
3811:
3034:
2758:
2423:
Hannula, Don (February 23, 1967). "Female Whale Dies in Griffin's Pen".
1799:
382:
local seasonal movements of salmon. In the southern resident territory,
4758:
4055:
3933:"'Our relatives under the water.' Lummi release salmon to ailing orcas"
3735:
3733:
3731:
3679:
3677:
3581:
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the New Bedford Whaling Museum
2707:
1323:
1154:
977:
899:
829:
662:
571:
241:
83:
50:
49:), are the smallest of four communities of the exclusively fish-eating
4117:
4393:"A brief history of the Southern Residents âą Georgia Strait Alliance"
4108:
3237:
1027:
4008:
3812:"Whales and Whaling in Puget Sound Coast Salish History and Culture"
2920:
2890:
516:
hours. The next day, when she was seen again, the carcass was gone.
4797:) in the Coastal Waters of British Columbia and Washington State".
4701:) in the Coastal Waters of British Columbia and Washington State".
2843:"Endangered species has hope with the birth of a baby killer whale"
1288:
The first large capture event was the trapping of probably much of
1026:
The southern residents have been seen off the coast of California,
3025:
1681:
1014:
621:
447:
124:
20:
2819:
2315:) in the South of Portugal: Underwater and Aerial Perspectives".
1756:
4720:
Orca: how we came to know and love the ocean's greatest predator
3483:
3481:
3479:
3429:
3427:
3414:
3412:
2460:"LSD Tests on Griffin's Whales By U. of W. Scientist Possible".
1363:
Continue evaluating and improving guidelines for vessel activity
1142:
922:
colleague William A. Watkins to study Moby Doll for three days.
416:
54:
4766:
Ford, John K.B.; Ellis, Graeme M.; Balcomb, Kenneth C. (2000).
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
2947:"Southern resident orca pod falls to lowest number in 46 years"
1655:"One stolen whale, the web of life, and our collective healing"
4775:
2648:
1704:"Oldest Puget Sound Orca, 'Granny,' Missing and Presumed Dead"
1226:
969:
968:. Ford was nine at the time. While he was studying science at
878:
670:
Animal echolocation § Mechanics of echolocation in whales
157:
The following is a listing of southern resident social units:
4557:"Puget Sound Partnership - Southern Resident Orca Task Force"
2793:"Dolphins' Big Social Brains Linked to Attention to the Dead"
2354:(eBook ed.). Richmond Hill, Ontario: Firefly Books Ltd.
1619:
797:," says Ken. "Does that mean something specific? Or does its
231:
L4s: L55, L82, L86, L103, L106, L109, L116, L118, L123, L125
141:, which is ongoing and stable in membership, and has its own
961:
frequency and harmonics in the pulses and vary the signals.
307:
counting the number of times individuals appeared together.
2527:"Epimeletic behaviour in a Southern Resident Killer Whale (
4438:
1516:"The Endangered Species Act - Protecting Marine Resources"
4421:
4172:"Causes of Decline among Southern Resident Killer Whales"
4031:
3984:
Baird, Robin William; Stacey, Pam Joyce (March 3, 1988).
3164:
3134:
3014:"Stereotyped whistles in southern resident killer whales"
2172:
2141:
2104:
2089:
2074:
2055:
2043:
2028:
2016:
1992:
1963:
1951:
1909:
1888:
1781:
1620:"Our hearts are broken. Our beloved Toki has passed away"
626:
Schematic illustration of echolocation pathway in an orca
599:
are very brief vocal sounds produced in rapid series for
543:
is much more to learn about cetacean responses to death.
3145:
3143:
2730:
Reggente Melissa A. L. V.; et al. (July 16, 2018).
634:
and William A. Watkins in their study of the J Pod orca
4690:
Department of Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service
2525:
Shedd, Taylor; Northey, Allison; Larson, Shawn (2020).
1731:"Oldest Southern Resident killer whale considered dead"
427:
While northern resident orcas are culturally known for
4582:"Task Force on Contaminates meeting notes, Aug 7 2018"
3990:) from British Columbia, Alaska, and Washington State"
3763:
3751:
3739:
3683:
3599:
3597:
3343:
Canadian Data Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
3176:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2209:
2207:
2205:
987:
In 1978, Ford began making the recordings of orcas in
702:
and the single southern resident clan share no calls.
4860:
Endangered Orcas: the story of the Southern Residents
3269:"Cetaceans Have Complex Brains for Complex Cognition"
2645:"Killer whale spotted pushing dead calf for two days"
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
531:
Attending dead or dying conspecifics correlates with
358:
community. In the Southern Residents, a tendency for
4768:
Killer Whales: the natural history and genealogy of
1822:
1820:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1560:"Recovery Plan for Southern Resident Killer Whales (
1327:
1080:
1019:
Lâpod male and salmon prey in Haro Strait, south of
995:
to make his first recordings of southern residents.
682:
are marked by socially-determined vocal traditions.
575:
509:
Further information on J35 Tahlequah's episode:
87:
1583:
1581:
894:first heard the underwater sounds of whales during
234:L11s: L77, L94, L113, L119, L121, L124, L126, L127
3448:Listening To Whales: What the Orcas Have Taught Us
1066:to major rivers in California and North America's
862:on October 20, 1960, by US Navy personnel; and in
728:The most common call for identifying each pod is:
386:occur in every season, depending on the location.
4747:Retrospective Theses and Dissertations, 1919-2007
2737:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
1920:
1918:
1614:
1612:
1610:
69:. In Canada the SRKW are listed as endangered on
4862:. Friday Harbor, Washington, USA: Orca Watcher.
3366:
3364:
2590:
2588:
2115:
2113:
4664:. Fisheries and Oceans Canada. October 31, 2018
4201:Wotkyns, Sue; Khatibi, Mehrdad (May 10, 2012).
3487:
3433:
3418:
3319:
2505:
2196:
2184:
2153:
1876:
1589:"Southern Resident Orca Community Demographics"
1000:
778:
630:Echolocation in an orca was first described by
323:
4799:Report of the International Whaling Commission
4703:Report of the International Whaling Commission
1488:
1486:
789:calls." There may be more communicated in the
653:. The remaining parts of the two ears, in the
580:to the Lummi, died on August 18, 2023, at the
3332:
3330:
3328:
2438:
2436:
1199:High levels of contaminants in prey and water
910:. He had already studied 20 other species of
16:Community of orcas in the North Pacific Ocean
8:
4359:
4357:
1378:Coordinate monitoring, research, enforcement
1353:Current conservation efforts are listed as:
793:that comes across. "A call might sound like
4517:
4225:"The Dolphin Defender: The effects of PCBs"
1975:
237:L22s: L22, L85 (1st cousin), L87 (brother)
3067:Vincent M Janik; Peter J.B Slater (1998).
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2625:. Center for Whale Research. July 24, 2018
1558:National Marine Fisheries Service (2008).
4816:Beyond Words: what animals think and feel
4607:"Task Force on Forage Fish meeting notes"
4452:"Protect the environment/Right of nature"
4298:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4116:
3450:. Toronto: Random House. pp. 97â99.
3296:
3286:
3043:
3033:
2767:
2757:
2706:
2548:
1680:Balcomb, Kenneth C. (December 31, 2016).
1394:the salmon's access to breeding grounds.
873:Harold Dean Fisher recorded Moby Doll at
846:Moby Doll's impact in scientific research
479:Marineland of the Pacific capture attempt
472:Early observations of epimeletic behavior
4801:(Special Issue 12). Cambridge: 209â244.
4705:(Special Issue 12). Cambridge: 383â405.
4501:"Griffin Adds Fifth Whale To Aquarium".
4187:
4185:
1375:Improve responses to live and dead orcas
3401:. Zoo biology monographs. Vol. 1.
1482:
1453:
500:âsqueakingâ vocally at those within it.
359:
4892:Endemic fauna of the Pacific Northwest
4387:
4385:
4383:
4335:Slaughter, Graham (December 9, 2011).
4288:
4277:
4257:
4255:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3641:The Killer Whale Who Changed the World
3470:
3149:
2972:"Not ONE But TWO New Babies in L Pod!"
2945:Mapes, Lynda V. (September 29, 2022).
1553:
1551:
868:Defence Research Establishment Pacific
4488:
4476:
2901:from the original on December 6, 2021
2410:
2398:
2386:
2374:
1755:Podt, Annemieke (December 31, 2016).
1460:Updated for January 2024 death of J60
1289:
315:
291:
7:
4631:Mercado, Angely (December 8, 2022).
4320:. Vancouver Aquarium. Archived from
3775:
3615:
3603:
2004:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1360:Clean up existing contaminated sites
920:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
914:when in August 1964 he travelled to
560:, who carried the body for 17 days.
455:at nine months with mother J16 Slick
292:Southern Residents' social structure
3399:Behavioral Biology of Killer Whales
2595:Mapes, Lynda V. (August 10, 2018).
1284:Yukon Harbor orca capture operation
734:S16: K Pod, also produced in L Pod
210:J17s: J35, J44, J46, J47, J53, J57
4917:Cetacean research and conservation
4772:in British Columbia and Washington
3446:Hubbard-Morton, Alexandra (2002).
2864:Mapes, Lynda V. (August 6, 2018).
2228:10.1016/B978-0-12-804327-1.00121-7
1757:"Orca Granny: was she really 105?"
1357:Support salmon restoration efforts
1074:Relationship with the Lummi Nation
731:S1: J Pod, also produced in K Pod
398:Sport, recreation, and socializing
316:Southern Resident social structure
31:Northwest Fisheries Science Center
14:
4741:Ford, John Kenneth Baker (1984).
2564:Mapes, Lynda V. (July 24, 2018).
937:'s new hypothesis that the fatty
661:, reaching the orca's version of
247:L47s: L83, L91, L110, L115, L122
63:National Marine Fisheries Service
4858:Wieland Shields, Monika (2019).
4531:"Southern Resident Killer Whale
4366:"Toki will always be remembered"
4364:Jones, Katie (August 24, 2023).
3891:Ethics, Policy & Environment
2841:Gamby, Sonja (January 7, 2015).
2466:. February 24, 1967. p. 44.
1522:. Office of the Federal Register
649:, which functions as the orca's
274:Current knowledge of the society
164:Southern Resident orca community
58:also resident in the same area.
4922:Independent research institutes
4774:(2nd ed.). Vancouver, BC:
4439:Bigg, MacAskie & Ellis 1976
2849:. Modus Vivendi. Archived from
2623:"Encounter #52 - 24 July, 2018"
690:set of discrete calls is their
103:The world's oldest known orca,
43:southern resident killer whales
4897:Cetaceans of the Pacific Ocean
4751:University of British Columbia
4537:. NOAA Fisheries. June 3, 2020
4422:Olesiuk, Bigg & Ellis 1990
4032:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
3191:Hearing by Whales and Dolphins
3165:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
3135:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
3012:Souhaut M; Shields MW (2021).
2216:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals
2173:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
2142:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
2105:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
2090:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
2075:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
2056:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
2044:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
2029:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
2017:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
1993:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
1964:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
1952:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
1910:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
1889:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
1782:Ford, Ellis & Balcomb 2000
1427:Northern resident killer whale
1231:polybrominated diphenyl ethers
1202:Impacts and sound from vessels
902:. He was inspired to become a
882:
710:Identifying calls and whistles
635:
219:K12s: K12, K22, K33, K37, K43
204:J14s: J37, J40, J45, J49, J59
1:
3903:10.1080/21550085.2021.1955605
3810:Clapperton, Jonathan (2019).
2791:Bekoff, Marc (May 24, 2018).
2352:Orca: the whale called killer
1469:Updated for 2023 death of K34
1133:(78% in late spring and fall)
885:, who heard it as a student.
497:K Pod orcas were being herded
33:in close proximity to an orca
4692:, Arctic Biological Station.
3714:10.1016/0146-6313(56)90096-X
3288:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050139
1384:Cooperation and coordination
1369:Continue Agency coordination
1214:Lower Snake River Dam System
906:and pioneer in the study of
334:
295:
142:
4851:New York Zoological Society
4507:. March 6, 1967. p. 8.
4368:. Center for Whale Research
3764:Schevill & Watkins 1966
3752:Schevill & Watkins 1966
3740:Schevill & Watkins 1966
3684:Schevill & Watkins 1966
3639:Leiren-Young, Mark (2016).
3199:10.1007/978-1-4612-1150-1_3
3177:Schevill & Watkins 1966
2822:. Center for Whale Research
2123:. Center for Whale Research
1928:. Center for Whale Research
1684:. Center for Whale Research
1496:. Center for Whale Research
1310:On a single day in 1970 in
376:southern resident orca diet
302:Evolution of social studies
150:of this small killer whale
4960:
2699:10.1016/j.zool.2018.05.003
2257:Collins English Dictionary
1437:Orca types and populations
1303:
1281:
1021:Lime Kiln Point State Park
877:, and the tape he kept at
843:
667:
508:
349:Stability in social groups
4207:Tribes and Climate Change
3526:10.1007/s00114-010-0732-5
2976:Center for Whale Research
2925:Center for Whale Research
2895:Center for Whale Research
2536:Canadian Field-Naturalist
1857:Center for Whale Research
1832:Center for Whale Research
1804:Center for Whale Research
1413:On October 31, 2018, the
1235:polychlorinated biphenyls
925:At Moby Doll's seapen at
834:Gulf of Alaska transients
375:
225:K14s: K14, K26, K36, K42
222:K13s: K20, K27, K38, K45
213:J19s: J19, J41, J51, J58
207:J16s: J16, J26, J36, J42
201:J11s: J27, J31, J39, J56
4718:Colby, Jason M. (2018).
2921:"Update: J58 is a girl!"
2820:"Orca Survey Since 1976"
2550:10.22621/cfn.v134i4.2555
2329:10.1578/AM.48.6.2022.646
1372:Enhance public awareness
751:Meaning of vocalizations
547:Recent births and deaths
477:During an illâconceived
4887:Southern resident orcas
4724:Oxford University Press
4397:Georgia Strait Alliance
4272:10.7289/V5/TM-NWFSC-135
4140:(subscription required)
3376:Orca Behavior Institute
2285:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1520:www.federalregister.gov
1328:
1098:Distinguishing features
1081:
1058:- an area known as the
898:, in the fight against
772:Ken Balcomb spoke with
760:northern resident orcas
700:northern resident orcas
576:
88:
39:southern resident orcas
4907:ESA endangered species
4820:Henry Holt and Company
4287:Cite journal requires
3089:10.1006/anbe.1998.0881
2750:10.1098/rstb.2017.0260
2493:10.1093/jmammal/gyw089
2280:"Altruistic behaviour"
1300:1970 Penn Cove capture
1220:Chemical contamination
1139:(11%, more so in fall)
1052:Strait of Juan de Fuca
1023:
1004:
807:
758:In the example of the
627:
456:
327:
269:Social system research
130:
67:Endangered Species Act
34:
4814:Safina, Carl (2015).
3512:Switzerland AG: 1â6.
3225:The Anatomical Record
2897:. September 6, 2020.
1800:"Orca Identification"
1304:Further information:
1018:
668:Further information:
625:
451:
366:Foraging implications
128:
24:
4231:. PBS. June 12, 2008
3488:Wieland Shields 2019
3434:Wieland Shields 2019
3419:Wieland Shields 2019
3320:Wieland Shields 2019
2853:on January 16, 2015.
2506:Wieland Shields 2019
2480:Journal of Mammalogy
2350:Hoyt, Erich (2013).
2222:. pp. 337â338.
2197:Wieland Shields 2019
2185:Wieland Shields 2019
2154:Wieland Shields 2019
1877:Wieland Shields 2019
1415:Government of Canada
1397:The city council of
1340:Conservation efforts
1278:Yukon Harbor capture
1007:sounds," Ford said.
41:, also known as the
25:The research vessel
4942:Animal intelligence
4818:. New York NY USA:
4491:, pp. 103â106.
4479:, pp. 103â104.
4341:Canadian Geographic
4101:2000Natur.405.1017N
4095:(6790): 1017â1024.
3518:2011NW.....98....1R
3502:Naturwissenschaften
3337:Ford, John (1987).
3035:10.7717/peerj.12085
2603:. The Seattle Times
1978:, pp. 403â404.
1329:Sk'aliCh'elh-tenaut
892:William E. Schevill
740:S19: rest of L Pod
632:William E. Schevill
577:Sk'aliCh'elh-tenaut
574:(Lolita), known as
486:Moby Doll's capture
460:Epimeletic behavior
384:Chinook salmon runs
310:In the years after
89:Sk'aliCh'elh-tenaut
71:Species at Risk Act
4759:10.14288/1.0096602
4681:General references
4458:. October 22, 2019
4314:"Boat Disturbance"
4203:"Fisheries Impact"
3378:. January 12, 2022
2313:Tursiops truncatus
2218:(Third ed.).
1661:. October 28, 2021
1366:Prevent oil spills
1269:Population numbers
1173:quillback rockfish
1024:
795:Ee-rahâi, ee-rahâi
628:
457:
360:splitting in L Pod
260:Splitting in L Pod
131:
35:
4841:(killer whale)".
4504:The Seattle Times
4324:on June 17, 2016.
4213:on June 29, 2015.
4003:(11): 2582â2585.
3859:The Seattle Times
3799:on July 16, 2014.
3754:, pp. 73â74.
3698:Deep Sea Research
3322:, pp. 80â81.
3208:978-1-4612-7024-9
3179:, pp. 72â74.
2951:The Seattle Times
2870:The Seattle Times
2571:The Seattle Times
2463:The Seattle Times
2446:The Seattle Times
2426:The Seattle Times
2144:, pp. 30â31.
2058:, pp. 20â21.
1966:, pp. 23â24.
1954:, pp. 24â26.
1926:"Orca Population"
1879:, pp. 71â78.
1853:"2021 Encounters"
1828:"2022 Encounters"
1784:, pp. 24â25.
1682:"J2: In Memoriam"
1626:. August 18, 2023
1544:. April 27, 2011.
1306:Penn Cove capture
1196:Insufficient prey
1068:Pacific Northwest
982:Mark Leiren-Young
776:about the issues:
680:Cetacean cultures
435:Greeting ceremony
405:surface behaviors
356:Northern Resident
343:Northern Resident
4949:
4932:Cetacean anatomy
4927:Individual orcas
4873:
4854:
4833:
4810:
4789:
4762:
4737:
4714:
4693:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4612:. August 7, 2018
4611:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4587:. August 7, 2018
4586:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4527:
4521:
4518:Bigg et al. 1990
4515:
4509:
4508:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4456:Earth Law Center
4448:
4442:
4436:
4425:
4419:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4389:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4361:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4296:
4290:
4285:
4283:
4275:
4259:
4250:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4180:
4179:
4168:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4120:
4109:10.1038/35016500
4083:
4077:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4058:. April 21, 2021
4049:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
3994:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3939:. April 12, 2019
3929:
3923:
3922:
3882:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3851:
3836:
3835:
3816:RCC Perspectives
3807:
3801:
3800:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3726:
3725:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3636:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3443:
3437:
3431:
3422:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3372:"Orca Acoustics"
3368:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3334:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3300:
3290:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3238:10.1002/ar.20528
3219:
3213:
3212:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3153:
3147:
3138:
3132:
3117:
3116:
3073:Animal Behaviour
3064:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3037:
3009:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2798:Psychology Today
2788:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2761:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2676:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2522:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2487:(5): 1428â1434.
2474:
2468:
2467:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2308:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2211:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2117:
2108:
2102:
2093:
2087:
2078:
2072:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1979:
1976:Bigg et al. 1990
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1922:
1913:
1907:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1796:
1785:
1779:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1651:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1616:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1490:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1442:Salish Sea Orcas
1403:rights of nature
1389:Washington state
1381:Conduct research
1334:Miami Seaquarium
1331:
1320:Washington state
1084:
1040:British Columbia
1036:Vancouver Island
989:British Columbia
966:Burrard Dry Dock
875:Burrard Dry Dock
819:Excitement sound
783:
767:Alexandra Morton
582:Miami Seaquarium
579:
525:Discovery Island
511:Tahlequah (orca)
253:L72s: L72, L105
121:Social structure
98:Miami Seaquarium
91:
4959:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4937:Animal emotions
4877:
4876:
4870:
4857:
4836:
4830:
4813:
4792:
4786:
4765:
4740:
4734:
4717:
4696:
4686:
4683:
4678:
4677:
4667:
4665:
4662:Newswire Canada
4656:
4655:
4651:
4641:
4639:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4565:
4563:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4540:
4538:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4516:
4512:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4475:
4471:
4461:
4459:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4437:
4428:
4420:
4411:
4401:
4399:
4391:
4390:
4381:
4371:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4355:
4345:
4343:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4297:
4286:
4276:
4261:
4260:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4232:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4183:
4178:on May 9, 2014.
4170:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4061:
4059:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4030:
4023:
4013:
4011:
4009:10.1139/z88-380
3992:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3968:
3966:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3884:
3883:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3861:. March 3, 2019
3853:
3852:
3839:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3789:"Killer Whale (
3787:
3786:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3758:
3750:
3746:
3738:
3729:
3708:B.V.: 153â154.
3695:
3694:
3690:
3682:
3675:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3651:
3638:
3637:
3622:
3614:
3610:
3602:
3595:
3585:
3583:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3510:Springer Nature
3499:
3498:
3494:
3486:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3410:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3336:
3335:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3156:
3148:
3141:
3133:
3120:
3083:Ltd.: 829â838.
3066:
3065:
3061:
3018:Aquatic Biology
3011:
3010:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2978:. June 30, 2023
2970:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2678:
2677:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2651:. July 27, 2018
2643:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2524:
2523:
2512:
2504:
2500:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2317:Aquatic Mammals
2310:
2309:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2213:
2212:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2081:
2073:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1798:
1797:
1788:
1780:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1664:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1624:Friends of Toki
1618:
1617:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1423:
1411:
1391:
1347:
1342:
1308:
1302:
1286:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1251:
1222:
1209:
1207:Decline in prey
1190:
1169:Pacific herring
1119:
1100:
1076:
1054:, and southern
1013:
848:
842:
821:
781:
753:
712:
677:
672:
655:auditory bullae
620:
595:Clicks made by
590:
549:
537:encephalization
513:
507:
474:
462:
446:
444:Caring behavior
437:
425:
400:
372:animal cultures
368:
351:
304:
276:
271:
262:
228:K16s: K16, K35
216:J22s: J22, J38
123:
116:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4868:
4855:
4834:
4828:
4811:
4790:
4784:
4763:
4738:
4732:
4715:
4694:
4682:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4649:
4623:
4598:
4573:
4561:www.psp.wa.gov
4548:
4533:(Orcinus orca)
4522:
4520:, p. 400.
4510:
4493:
4481:
4469:
4443:
4426:
4424:, p. 214.
4409:
4379:
4353:
4327:
4305:
4289:|journal=
4251:
4242:
4216:
4193:
4181:
4163:
4153:
4143:
4078:
4069:
4052:NOAA Fisheries
4036:
4021:
3976:
3965:. May 22, 2019
3950:
3924:
3897:(3): 266â282.
3872:
3837:
3802:
3780:
3778:, p. 284.
3768:
3756:
3744:
3727:
3688:
3673:
3656:
3649:
3620:
3608:
3606:, p. 287.
3593:
3564:
3547:
3492:
3475:
3473:, p. 317.
3463:
3456:
3438:
3423:
3408:
3389:
3360:
3324:
3312:
3259:
3232:(6): 716â733.
3214:
3207:
3181:
3169:
3154:
3152:, p. 308.
3139:
3118:
3059:
2989:
2963:
2937:
2912:
2882:
2856:
2833:
2811:
2783:
2722:
2662:
2636:
2614:
2584:
2556:
2510:
2508:, p. 106.
2498:
2469:
2452:
2432:
2415:
2413:, p. 106.
2403:
2391:
2379:
2367:
2360:
2342:
2323:(6): 646â651.
2298:
2271:
2243:
2236:
2220:Academic Press
2201:
2189:
2177:
2158:
2146:
2134:
2109:
2094:
2079:
2060:
2048:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1980:
1968:
1956:
1939:
1914:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1844:
1816:
1786:
1769:
1747:
1721:
1708:abcnews.go.com
1695:
1672:
1637:
1606:
1595:. July 6, 2023
1577:
1547:
1533:
1507:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1462:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1410:
1407:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1316:Whidbey Island
1301:
1298:
1282:Main article:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1250:
1247:
1221:
1218:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1189:
1186:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1099:
1096:
1075:
1072:
1064:Chinook salmon
1056:Georgia Strait
1012:
1009:
972:, he recorded
935:Kenneth Norris
931:Donald Griffin
844:Main article:
841:
838:
820:
817:
752:
749:
711:
708:
684:Toothed whales
676:
673:
619:
616:
597:toothed whales
589:
586:
548:
545:
506:
503:
502:
501:
493:
490:Saturna Island
482:
473:
470:
461:
458:
445:
442:
436:
433:
424:
421:
399:
396:
367:
364:
350:
347:
303:
300:
275:
272:
270:
267:
261:
258:
196:
195:
192:
186:
180:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
122:
119:
115:
112:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4955:
4954:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4871:
4869:9781733693400
4865:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4829:9780805098884
4825:
4821:
4817:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4787:
4785:9780774808002
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4739:
4735:
4733:9780190673116
4729:
4725:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4668:September 27,
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4638:
4634:
4627:
4624:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4541:September 27,
4536:
4534:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4506:
4505:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4473:
4470:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4441:, p. 12.
4440:
4435:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4367:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4301:
4294:
4281:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4157:
4154:
4147:
4144:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4082:
4079:
4073:
4070:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4034:, p. 19.
4033:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3989:
3980:
3977:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3818:(5): 99â104.
3817:
3813:
3806:
3803:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3769:
3766:, p. 73.
3765:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3745:
3742:, p. 72.
3741:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3689:
3686:, p. 71.
3685:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3667:Vancouver Sun
3660:
3657:
3652:
3650:9781771641944
3646:
3642:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3618:, p. ii.
3617:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3582:
3578:
3576:
3568:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3558:Vancouver Sun
3551:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3493:
3490:, p. 85.
3489:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3459:
3457:9780307487544
3453:
3449:
3442:
3439:
3436:, p. 84.
3435:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3421:, p. 82.
3420:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3390:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3167:, p. 96.
3166:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3137:, p. 21.
3136:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2938:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2834:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2557:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2404:
2401:, p. 61.
2400:
2395:
2392:
2389:, p. 58.
2388:
2383:
2380:
2377:, p. 52.
2376:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2361:9781770880672
2357:
2353:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2237:9780128043271
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2199:, p. 10.
2198:
2193:
2190:
2187:, p. 95.
2186:
2181:
2178:
2175:, p. 31.
2174:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2156:, p. 96.
2155:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2107:, p. 30.
2106:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2092:, p. 32.
2091:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2077:, p. 20.
2076:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2046:, p. 12.
2045:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2031:, p. 26.
2030:
2025:
2022:
2019:, p. 25.
2018:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1995:, p. 24.
1994:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1912:, p. 23.
1911:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1891:, p. 88.
1890:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1762:September 11,
1758:
1751:
1748:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1696:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1565:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1399:Port Townsend
1395:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1345:United States
1344:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1285:
1277:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:Other fish 3%
1161:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1111:
1110:Saddle patch:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1003:
999:
996:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:Jericho Beach
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
886:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
864:Saanich Inlet
861:
856:
853:
847:
839:
837:
835:
831:
825:
818:
816:
813:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
777:
775:
770:
768:
763:
761:
756:
750:
748:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
724:
718:
715:
709:
707:
703:
701:
695:
693:
687:
685:
681:
674:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
624:
617:
615:
611:
609:
604:
602:
598:
593:
587:
585:
583:
578:
573:
569:
565:
561:
559:
558:J35 Tahlequah
553:
546:
544:
540:
538:
534:
528:
526:
522:
517:
512:
504:
498:
494:
491:
487:
483:
480:
476:
475:
471:
469:
467:
459:
454:
450:
443:
441:
434:
432:
430:
429:beach rubbing
422:
420:
418:
414:
409:
406:
397:
395:
391:
387:
385:
379:
377:
373:
365:
363:
361:
357:
348:
346:
344:
338:
336:
331:
326:
322:
319:
317:
313:
308:
301:
299:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
273:
268:
266:
259:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
243:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
193:
191:
187:
185:
181:
179:
175:
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
158:
155:
153:
149:
144:
140:
136:
127:
120:
118:
113:
111:
109:
106:
101:
99:
95:
90:
85:
81:
77:
72:
68:
64:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
28:
23:
19:
4912:Whale sounds
4859:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4815:
4798:
4795:Orcinus orca
4794:
4771:
4770:Orcinus orca
4767:
4746:
4742:
4719:
4702:
4699:Orcinus orca
4698:
4666:. Retrieved
4661:
4652:
4640:. Retrieved
4636:
4626:
4614:. Retrieved
4601:
4589:. Retrieved
4576:
4564:. Retrieved
4560:
4551:
4539:. Retrieved
4532:
4525:
4513:
4502:
4496:
4484:
4472:
4460:. Retrieved
4455:
4446:
4402:September 5,
4400:. Retrieved
4396:
4370:. Retrieved
4344:. Retrieved
4340:
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